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Kluska M, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW, Tokarz P. Cell Cycle Status Influences Resistance to Apoptosis Induced by Oxidative Stress in Human Breast Cancer Cells, Which Is Accompanied by Modulation of Autophagy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6325-6338. [PMID: 37623218 PMCID: PMC10453102 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45080399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterised by uncontrolled cell proliferation; however, some of them can temporarily arrest their cell cycle at the G0 or G1 phase, which could contribute to tumour heterogeneity and drug resistance. The cell cycle status plays a critical role in chemosensitivity; however, the influence of G0- and G1-arrest has not been elucidated. To study the cell cycle arrest-mediated resistance, we used MCF-7 cells and generated three populations of cells: (1) cells arrested in the G0-like phase, (2) cells that resumed the cell cycle after the G0-like phase and (3) cells arrested in early G1 with a history of G0-like arrest. We observed that both the G0-like- and the G1-arrested cells acquired resistance to apoptosis induced by oxidative stress, accompanied by a decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species and DNA damage. This effect was associated with increased autophagy, likely facilitating their survival at DNA damage insult. The cell cycle reinitiation restored a sensitivity to oxidative stress typical for cells with a non-modulated cell cycle, with a concomitant decrease in autophagy. Our results support the need for further research on the resistance of G0- and G1-arrested cancer cells to DNA-damaging agents and present autophagy as a candidate for targeting in anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kluska
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Paulina Tokarz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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2
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Boonyaratanakornkit V, McGowan EM, Márquez-Garbán DC, Burton LP, Hamilton N, Pateetin P, Pietras RJ. Progesterone Receptor Signaling in the Breast Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1329:443-474. [PMID: 34664251 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73119-9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex infrastructure composed of stromal, epithelial, and immune cells embedded in a vasculature ECM. The microenvironment surrounding mammary epithelium plays a critical role during the development and differentiation of the mammary gland, enabling the coordination of the complex multihormones and growth factor signaling processes. Progesterone/progesterone receptor paracrine signaling interactions in the microenvironment play vital roles in stem/progenitor cell function during normal breast development. In breast cancer, the female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, and growth factor signals are altered in the TME. Progesterone signaling modulates not only breast tumors but also the breast TME, leading to the activation of a series of cross-communications that are implicated in the genesis of breast cancers. This chapter reviews the evidence that progesterone and PR signaling modulates not only breast epitheliums but also the breast TME. Furthermore, crosstalk between estrogen and progesterone signaling affecting different cell types within the TME is discussed. A better understanding of how PR and progesterone affect the TME of breast cancer may lead to novel drugs or a therapeutic approach for the treatment of breast cancer shortly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viroj Boonyaratanakornkit
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Eileen M McGowan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Diana C Márquez-Garbán
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - L P Burton
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nalo Hamilton
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Prangwan Pateetin
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Richard J Pietras
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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3
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Menendez JA, Peirce SK, Papadimitropoulou A, Cuyàs E, Steen TV, Verdura S, Vellon L, Chen WY, Lupu R. Progesterone receptor isoform-dependent cross-talk between prolactin and fatty acid synthase in breast cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:24671-24692. [PMID: 33335078 PMCID: PMC7803566 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor (PR) isoforms can drive unique phenotypes in luminal breast cancer (BC). Here, we hypothesized that PR-B and PR-A isoforms differentially modify the cross-talk between prolactin and fatty acid synthase (FASN) in BC. We profiled the responsiveness of the FASN gene promoter to prolactin in T47Dco BC cells constitutively expressing PR-A and PR-B, in the PR-null variant T47D-Y cell line, and in PR-null T47D-Y cells engineered to stably re-express PR-A (T47D-YA) or PR-B (T47D-YB). The capacity of prolactin to up-regulate FASN gene promoter activity in T47Dco cells was lost in T47D-Y and TD47-YA cells. Constitutively up-regulated FASN gene expression in T47-YB cells and its further stimulation by prolactin were both suppressed by the prolactin receptor antagonist hPRL-G129R. The ability of the FASN inhibitor C75 to decrease prolactin secretion was more conspicuous in T47-YB cells. In T47D-Y cells, which secreted notably less prolactin and downregulated prolactin receptor expression relative to T47Dco cells, FASN blockade resulted in an augmented secretion of prolactin and up-regulation of prolactin receptor expression. Our data reveal unforeseen PR-B isoform-specific regulatory actions in the cross-talk between prolactin and FASN signaling in BC. These findings might provide new PR-B/FASN-centered predictive and therapeutic modalities in luminal intrinsic BC subtypes.
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MESH Headings
- 4-Butyrolactone/analogs & derivatives
- 4-Butyrolactone/pharmacology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Databases, Genetic
- Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I/genetics
- Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I/metabolism
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Prolactin/metabolism
- Prolactin/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Isoforms
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor Cross-Talk
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Receptors, Prolactin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prolactin/genetics
- Receptors, Prolactin/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A. Menendez
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Metabolism and Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | | | | | - Elisabet Cuyàs
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Metabolism and Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Travis Vander Steen
- Mayo Clinic, Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sara Verdura
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Metabolism and Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Luciano Vellon
- Stem Cells Laboratory, Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Wen Y. Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Greenville, SC 29634, USA
| | - Ruth Lupu
- Mayo Clinic, Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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4
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Dwyer AR, Truong TH, Ostrander JH, Lange CA. 90 YEARS OF PROGESTERONE: Steroid receptors as MAPK signaling sensors in breast cancer: let the fates decide. J Mol Endocrinol 2020; 65:T35-T48. [PMID: 32209723 PMCID: PMC7329584 DOI: 10.1530/jme-19-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormone receptors (SRs) are classically defined as ligand-activated transcription factors that function as master regulators of gene programs important for a wide range of processes governing adult physiology, development, and cell or tissue homeostasis. A second function of SRs includes the ability to activate cytoplasmic signaling pathways. Estrogen (ER), androgen (AR), and progesterone (PR) receptors bind directly to membrane-associated signaling molecules including mitogenic protein kinases (i.e. c-SRC and AKT), G-proteins, and ion channels to mediate context-dependent actions via rapid activation of downstream signaling pathways. In addition to making direct contact with diverse signaling molecules, SRs are further fully integrated with signaling pathways by virtue of their N-terminal phosphorylation sites that act as regulatory hot-spots capable of sensing the signaling milieu. In particular, ER, AR, PR, and closely related glucocorticoid receptors (GR) share the property of accepting (i.e. sensing) ligand-independent phosphorylation events by proline-directed kinases in the MAPK and CDK families. These signaling inputs act as a 'second ligand' that dramatically impacts cell fate. In the face of drugs that reliably target SR ligand-binding domains to block uncontrolled cancer growth, ligand-independent post-translational modifications guide changes in cell fate that confer increased survival, EMT, migration/invasion, stemness properties, and therapy resistance of non-proliferating SR+ cancer cell subpopulations. The focus of this review is on MAPK pathways in the regulation of SR+ cancer cell fate. MAPK-dependent phosphorylation of PR (Ser294) and GR (Ser134) will primarily be discussed in light of the need to target changes in breast cancer cell fate as part of modernized combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Dwyer
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - Thu H. Truong
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - Julie H. Ostrander
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455
- Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - Carol A. Lange
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455
- Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455
- Corresponding author: Carol A Lange, Professor, ; 612-626-0621 (phone), University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Delivery Code 2812, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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5
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Pateetin P, Pisitkun T, McGowan E, Boonyaratanakornkit V. Differential quantitative proteomics reveals key proteins related to phenotypic changes of breast cancer cells expressing progesterone receptor A. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 198:105560. [PMID: 31809870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor isoforms A and B exert different biological effects in breast cancer cells. Alteration of PRA/PRB ratio is often observed during breast cancer progression. High PRA/PRB ratios in breast cancer patients are associated with resistance to chemotherapy and poor prognosis. While it is well accepted that PRA and PRB regulate different sets of genes, how the expression of PRA and PRB alters breast cancer proteomes has not been fully investigated. To directly investigate the effects of PR isoform expression on the breast cancer proteome, both in the presence and absence of progestin, PRA and PRB were independently stably expressed in T47DC42 PR-null breast cancer cells using a doxycycline (Dox)-regulated promoter. Dox induction dose-dependently increased PRA and PRB expression. Dox-induced PRA and PRB showed normal receptor localization and were transcriptionally active. Differential quantitative proteomic analysis by stable isotope dimethyl labeling was performed to quantitatively examine how PR isoforms altered global breast cancer proteomes. Cells expressing PRA in the absence of progestin were enriched in proteins involved in the TCA cycle and enriched in proteins involved in glycolysis in the presence of progestin, whilst cells expressing PRB in the absence and presence progestin were significantly enriched in proteins involved in the cell cycle and cell apoptosis pathways. This proteomic data revealed a link between PR isoform expression and alteration in cell metabolism, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. The enrichment of proteins involved in the glycolytic pathway in breast cancer cells expressing PRA is consistent with stem cell-like properties, previously reported in PRA-rich breast cancer cells. Moreover, compared to liganded PRB, liganded PRA differentially upregulated proteins involved in chromatin remodeling, such as linker histone H1.2. Silencing H1.2 gene expression suppressed PRA-mediated cell proliferation and promoted G2/M and S phase entry of the cell cycle. Additionally, liganded PRA upregulated the expression of cathepsin D (CTSD) protease, whose expression is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Together, our data demonstrated that the expression of PRA or PRB dramatically and differentially altered breast cancer cell proteomes. These isoform-specific changes in the breast cancer proteome will help to explain the distinct phenotypic properties of breast cancer cells expressing different levels of PRA and PRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prangwan Pateetin
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Systems Biology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Eileen McGowan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Viroj Boonyaratanakornkit
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Age-related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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6
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Asavasupreechar T, Saito R, Edwards DP, Sasano H, Boonyaratanakornkit V. Progesterone receptor isoform B expression in pulmonary neuroendocrine cells decreases cell proliferation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:212-223. [PMID: 30926428 PMCID: PMC9968952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The progesterone receptor (PR) has been reported to play important roles in lung development and function, such as alveolarization, alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) and upper airway dilator muscle activity. In the lung, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) are important in the etiology and progression of lung neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Women with lung NETs had significantly better survival rates than men, suggesting that sex steroids and their receptors, such as the PR, could be involved in the progression of lung NETs. The PR exists as two major isoforms, PRA and PRB. How the expression of different PR isoforms affects proliferation and the development of lung NETs is not well understood. To determine the role of the PR isoforms in PNECs, we constructed H727 lung NET cell models expressing PRB, PRA, Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) (control). The expression of PRB significantly inhibited H727 cell proliferation better than that of PRA in the absence of progestin. The expression of the unrelated protein, GFP, had little to no effect on H727 cell proliferation. To better understand the role of the PR isoform in PNECs, we examined PR isoform expression in PNECs in lung tissues. A monoclonal antibody specific to the N-terminus of PRB (250H11 mAb) was developed to specifically recognize PRB, while a monoclonal antibody specific to a common N-terminus epitope present in both PRA and PRB (1294 mAb) was used to detect both PRA and PRB. Using these PR and PRB-specific antibodies, we demonstrated that PR (PRA&PRB) and PRB were expressed in the PNECs of the normal fetal and adult lung, with significantly higher PR expression in the fetal lung. Interestingly, PRB expression in the normal lung was associated with lower cell proliferation than PR expression, suggesting a distinct role of PRB in the PNECs. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism of PR and PR isoform signaling in lung NET cells may help in developing novel therapeutic strategies that will benefit lung NET patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teeranut Asavasupreechar
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ryoko Saito
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Viroj Boonyaratanakornkit
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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7
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Fettig LM, Sartorius CA. Phospho-PR Isoforms and Cancer Stem Cells: What Does the FOXO1 Say? Endocrinology 2019; 160:1067-1068. [PMID: 30901022 PMCID: PMC6760320 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynsey M Fettig
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Carol A Sartorius
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Correspondence: Carol A. Sartorius, PhD, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue MS8104, Aurora, Colorado 80045. E-mail:
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8
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Truong TH, Dwyer AR, Diep CH, Hu H, Hagen KM, Lange CA. Phosphorylated Progesterone Receptor Isoforms Mediate Opposing Stem Cell and Proliferative Breast Cancer Cell Fates. Endocrinology 2019; 160:430-446. [PMID: 30597041 PMCID: PMC6349004 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone receptors (PRs) are key modifiers of estrogen receptor (ER) target genes and drivers of luminal breast cancer progression. Total PR expression, rather than isoform-specific PR expression, is measured in breast tumors as an indicator of functional ER. We identified phenotypic differences between PR-A and PR-B in luminal breast cancer models with a focus on tumorsphere biology. Our findings indicated that PR-A is a dominant driver of cancer stem cell (CSC) expansion in T47D models, and PR-B is a potent driver of anchorage-independent proliferation. PR-A+ tumorspheres were enriched for aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, CD44+/CD24-, and CD49f+/CD24- cell populations relative to PR-B+ tumorspheres. Progestin promoted heightened expression of known CSC-associated target genes in PR-A+ but not PR-B+ cells cultured as tumorspheres. We report robust phosphorylation of PR-A relative to PR-B Ser294 and found that this residue is required for PR-A-induced expression of CSC-associated genes and CSC behavior. Cells expressing PR-A S294A exhibited impaired CSC phenotypes but heightened anchorage-independent cell proliferation. The PR target gene and coactivator, FOXO1, promoted PR phosphorylation and tumorsphere formation. The FOXO1 inhibitor (AS1842856) alone or combined with onapristone (PR antagonist), blunted phosphorylated PR, and tumorsphere formation in PR-A+ and PR-B+ T47D, MCF7, and BT474 models. Our data revealed unique isoform-specific functions of phosphorylated PRs as modulators of distinct and opposing pathways relevant to mechanisms of late recurrence. A clear understanding of PR isoforms, phosphorylation events, and the role of cofactors could lead to novel biomarkers of advanced tumor behavior and reveal new approaches to pharmacologically target CSCs in luminal breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu H Truong
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amy R Dwyer
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Caroline H Diep
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hsiangyu Hu
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kyla M Hagen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Carol A Lange
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Correspondence: Carol A. Lange, PhD, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Delivery Code 2812, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455. E-mail:
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9
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Lamb CA, Fabris VT, Jacobsen B, Molinolo AA, Lanari C. Biological and clinical impact of imbalanced progesterone receptor isoform ratios in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:ERC-18-0179. [PMID: 29991638 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a consensus that progestins and thus their cognate receptor molecules, the progesterone receptors (PR), are essential in the development of the adult mammary gland and regulators of proliferation and lactation. However, a role for natural progestins in breast carcinogenesis remains poorly understood. A hint to that possible role came from studies in which the synthetic progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate was associated with an increased breast cancer risk in women under hormone replacement therapy. However, progestins have been also used for breast cancer treatment and to inhibit the growth of several experimental breast cancer models. More recently, PR have been shown to be regulators of estrogen receptor signaling. With all this information, the question is how can we target PR, and if so, which patients may benefit from such an approach? PR are not single unique molecules. Two main PR isoforms have been characterized, PRA and PRB, that exert different functions and the relative abundance of one isoform respect to the other determines the response of PR agonists and antagonists. Immunohistochemistry with standard antibodies against PR do not discriminate between isoforms. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the expression of both PR isoforms in mammary glands, in experimental models of breast cancer and in breast cancer patients, to better understand how the PRA/PRB ratio can be exploited therapeutically to design personalized therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Lamb
- C Lamb, Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis Hormonal, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria T Fabris
- V Fabris, Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis Hormonal, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Britta Jacobsen
- B Jacobsen, Department of Pathology, University of Colorado at Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- A Molinolo, Biorepository and Tissue Technology Shared Resource, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, United States
| | - Claudia Lanari
- C Lanari, Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis Hormonal, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Boonyaratanakornkit V, Hamilton N, Márquez-Garbán DC, Pateetin P, McGowan EM, Pietras RJ. Extranuclear signaling by sex steroid receptors and clinical implications in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 466:51-72. [PMID: 29146555 PMCID: PMC5878997 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen and progesterone play essential roles in the development and progression of breast cancer. Over 70% of breast cancers express estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR), emphasizing the need for better understanding of ER and PR signaling. ER and PR are traditionally viewed as transcription factors that directly bind DNA to regulate gene networks. In addition to nuclear signaling, ER and PR mediate hormone-induced, rapid extranuclear signaling at the cell membrane or in the cytoplasm which triggers downstream signaling to regulate rapid or extended cellular responses. Specialized membrane and cytoplasmic proteins may also initiate hormone-induced extranuclear signaling. Rapid extranuclear signaling converges with its nuclear counterpart to amplify ER/PR transcription and specify gene regulatory networks. This review summarizes current understanding and updates on ER and PR extranuclear signaling. Further investigation of ER/PR extranuclear signaling may lead to development of novel targeted therapeutics for breast cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viroj Boonyaratanakornkit
- Department of Clinical Chemistry Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Age-related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Nalo Hamilton
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Diana C Márquez-Garbán
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Prangwan Pateetin
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Eileen M McGowan
- Chronic Disease Solutions Team, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard J Pietras
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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11
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Clare SE, Gupta A, Choi M, Ranjan M, Lee O, Wang J, Ivancic DZ, Kim JJ, Khan SA. Progesterone receptor blockade in human breast cancer cells decreases cell cycle progression through G2/M by repressing G2/M genes. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:326. [PMID: 27215412 PMCID: PMC4878043 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The synthesis of specific, potent progesterone antagonists adds potential agents to the breast cancer prevention and treatment armamentarium. The identification of individuals who will benefit from these agents will be a critical factor for their clinical success. Methods We utilized telapristone acetate (TPA; CDB-4124) to understand the effects of progesterone receptor (PR) blockade on proliferation, apoptosis, promoter binding, cell cycle progression, and gene expression. We then identified a set of genes that overlap with human breast luteal-phase expressed genes and signify progesterone activity in both normal breast cells and breast cancer cell lines. Results TPA administration to T47D cells results in a 30 % decrease in cell number at 24 h, which is maintained over 72 h only in the presence of estradiol. Blockade of progesterone signaling by TPA for 24 h results in fewer cells in G2/M, attributable to decreased expression of genes that facilitate the G2/M transition. Gene expression data suggest that TPA affects several mechanisms that progesterone utilizes to control gene expression, including specific post-translational modifications, and nucleosomal organization and higher order chromatin structure, which regulate access of PR to its DNA binding sites. Conclusions By comparing genes induced by the progestin R5020 in T47D cells with those increased in the luteal-phase normal breast, we have identified a set of genes that predict functional progesterone signaling in tissue. These data will facilitate an understanding of the ways in which drugs such as TPA may be utilized for the prevention, and possibly the therapy, of human breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2355-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Clare
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Akash Gupta
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - MiRan Choi
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Manish Ranjan
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Oukseub Lee
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - David Z Ivancic
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - J Julie Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Seema A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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12
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Progesterone receptor (PR) polyproline domain (PPD) mediates inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2016; 374:279-91. [PMID: 26892043 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested a possible role for progesterone receptor (PR) in the progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, little is known concerning roles of PR in NSCLC. PR contains a polyproline domain (PPD), which directly binds to the SH3 domain of signaling molecules. Because PPD-SH3 interactions are essential for EGFR signaling, we hypothesized that the presence of PR-PPD interfered with EGFR-mediated signaling and cell proliferation. We examined the role of PR-PPD in cell proliferation and signaling by stably expressing PR-B, or PR-B with disrupting mutations in the PPD (PR-BΔSH3), from a tetracycline-regulated promoter in A549 NSCLC cells. PR-B dose-dependently inhibited cell growth in the absence of ligand, and progestin (R5020) treatment further suppressed the growth. Treatment with RU486 abolished PR-B- and R5020-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation. Expression of PR-BΔSH3 and treatment with R5020 or RU486 had no effect on cell proliferation. Furthermore, PR-B expression but not PR-BΔSH3 expression reduced EGF-induced A549 proliferation and activation of ERK1/2, in the absence of ligand. Taken together, our data demonstrated the significance of PR extranuclear signaling through PPD interactions in EGFR-mediated proliferation and signaling in NSCLC.
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Zheng Y, Murphy LC. Regulation of steroid hormone receptors and coregulators during the cell cycle highlights potential novel function in addition to roles as transcription factors. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2016; 14:e001. [PMID: 26778927 PMCID: PMC4714463 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle progression is tightly controlled by several kinase families including Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, Polo-Like Kinases, and Aurora Kinases. A large amount of data show that steroid hormone receptors and various components of the cell cycle, including cell cycle regulated kinases, interact, and this often results in altered transcriptional activity of the receptor. Furthermore, steroid hormones, through their receptors, can also regulate the transcriptional expression of genes that are required for cell cycle regulation. However, emerging data suggest that steroid hormone receptors may have roles in cell cycle progression independent of their transcriptional activity. The following is a review of how steroid receptors and their coregulators can regulate or be regulated by the cell cycle machinery, with a particular focus on roles independent of transcription in G2/M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics (YZ, LCM), University of Manitoba; Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology (YZ, LCM), CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Leigh C Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics (YZ, LCM), University of Manitoba; Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology (YZ, LCM), CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Diep CH, Knutson TP, Lange CA. Active FOXO1 Is a Key Determinant of Isoform-Specific Progesterone Receptor Transactivation and Senescence Programming. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 14:141-62. [PMID: 26577046 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Progesterone promotes differentiation coupled to proliferation and prosurvival in the breast, but inhibits estrogen-driven growth in the reproductive tract and ovaries. Herein, it is demonstrated, using progesterone receptor (PR) isoform-specific ovarian cancer model systems, that PR-A and PR-B promote distinct gene expression profiles that differ from PR-driven genes in breast cancer cells. In ovarian cancer models, PR-A primarily regulates genes independently of progestin, while PR-B is the dominant ligand-dependent isoform. Notably, FOXO1 and the PR/FOXO1 target gene p21 (CDKN1A) are repressed by PR-A, but induced by PR-B. In the presence of progestin, PR-B, but not PR-A, robustly induced cellular senescence via FOXO1-dependent induction of p21 and p15 (CDKN2B). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays performed on PR isoform-specific cells demonstrated that while each isoform is recruited to the same PRE-containing region of the p21 promoter in response to progestin, only PR-B elicits active chromatin marks. Overexpression of constitutively active FOXO1 in PR-A-expressing cells conferred robust ligand-dependent upregulation of the PR-B target genes GZMA, IGFBP1, and p21, and induced cellular senescence. In the presence of endogenous active FOXO1, PR-A was phosphorylated on Ser294 and transactivated PR-B at PR-B target genes; these events were blocked by the FOXO1 inhibitor (AS1842856). PR isoform-specific regulation of the FOXO1/p21 axis recapitulated in human primary ovarian tumor explants treated with progestin; loss of progestin sensitivity correlated with high AKT activity. IMPLICATIONS This study indicates FOXO1 as a critical component for progesterone signaling to promote cellular senescence and reveals a novel mechanism for transcription factor control of hormone sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H Diep
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Todd P Knutson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Carol A Lange
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Department of Pharmacology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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Wargon V, Riggio M, Giulianelli S, Sequeira GR, Rojas P, May M, Polo ML, Gorostiaga MA, Jacobsen B, Molinolo A, Novaro V, Lanari C. Progestin and antiprogestin responsiveness in breast cancer is driven by the PRA/PRB ratio via AIB1 or SMRT recruitment to the CCND1 and MYC promoters. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2680-92. [PMID: 25363551 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is emerging interest in understanding the role of progesterone receptors (PRs) in breast cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the proliferative effect of progestins and antiprogestins depending on the relative expression of the A (PRA) and B (PRB) isoforms of PR. In mifepristone (MFP)-resistant murine carcinomas antiprogestin responsiveness was restored by re-expressing PRA using demethylating agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors. Consistently, in two human breast cancer xenograft models, one manipulated to overexpress PRA or PRB (IBH-6 cells), and the other expressing only PRA (T47D-YA) or PRB (T47D-YB), MFP selectively inhibited the growth of PRA-overexpressing tumors and stimulated IBH-6-PRB xenograft growth. Furthermore, in cells with high or equimolar PRA/PRB ratios, which are stimulated to proliferate in vitro by progestins, and are inhibited by MFP, MPA increased the interaction between PR and the coactivator AIB1, and MFP favored the interaction between PR and the corepressor SMRT. In a PRB-dominant context in which MFP stimulates and MPA inhibits cell proliferation, the opposite interactions were observed. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in T47D cells in the presence of MPA or MFP confirmed the interactions between PR and the coregulators at the CCND1 and MYC promoters. SMRT downregulation by siRNA abolished the inhibitory effect of MFP on MYC expression and cell proliferation. Our results indicate that antiprogestins are therapeutic tools that selectively inhibit PRA-overexpressing tumors by increasing the SMRT/AIB1 balance at the CCND1 and MYC promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Wargon
- Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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Girgis CM, Clifton-Bligh RJ, Mokbel N, Cheng K, Gunton JE. Vitamin D signaling regulates proliferation, differentiation, and myotube size in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Endocrinology 2014; 155:347-57. [PMID: 24280059 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is linked to a range of muscle disorders including myalgia, muscle weakness, and falls. Humans with severe vitamin D deficiency and mice with transgenic vitamin D receptor (VDR) ablation have muscle fiber atrophy. However, molecular mechanisms by which vitamin D influences muscle function and fiber size remain unclear. A central question is whether VDR is expressed in skeletal muscle and is able to regulate transcription at this site. To address this, we examined key molecular and morphologic changes in C2C12 cells treated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)(2)D). As well as stimulating VDR expression, 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)(2)D dose-dependently increased expression of the classic vitamin D target cytochrome P450, family 24, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP24A1), demonstrating the presence of an autoregulatory vitamin D-endocrine system in these cells. Luciferase reporter studies demonstrated that cytochrome P450, family 27, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 (CYP27B1) was functional in these cells. Both 25OHD and 1,25(OH)(2)D altered C2C12 proliferation and differentiation. These effects were related to the increased expression of genes involved in G(0)/G(1) arrest (retinoblastoma protein [Rb], 1.3-fold; ATM, 1.5-fold, both P < .05), downregulation of mRNAs involved in G(1)/S transition, including myc and cyclin-D1 (0.7- and 0.8-fold, both P < .05) and reduced phosphorylation of Rb protein (0.3-fold, P < .005). After serum depletion, 1,25(OH)(2)D (100nM) suppressed myotube formation with decreased mRNAs for key myogenic regulatory factors (myogenin, 0.5-fold; myf5, 0.4-fold, P < .005) but led to a 1.8-fold increase in cross-sectional size of individual myotubes associated with markedly decreased myostatin expression (0.2-fold, P < .005). These data show that vitamin D signaling alters gene expression in C2C12 cells, with effects on proliferation, differentiation, and myotube size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Girgis
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research (C.M.G., N.M., K.C., J.E.G.), Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (C.M.G., R.J.C.-B., J.E.G.), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2008, Australia; The Kolling Institute of Medical Research (R.J.C.-B.) and Royal North Shore Hospital (R.J.C.-B.), Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.E.G.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia; and St Vincent's Clinical School (J.E.G.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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17
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Díaz Flaqué MC, Galigniana NM, Béguelin W, Vicario R, Proietti CJ, Russo RC, Rivas MA, Tkach M, Guzmán P, Roa JC, Maronna E, Pineda V, Muñoz S, Mercogliano MF, Charreau EH, Yankilevich P, Schillaci R, Elizalde PV. Progesterone receptor assembly of a transcriptional complex along with activator protein 1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and ErbB-2 governs breast cancer growth and predicts response to endocrine therapy. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R118. [PMID: 24345432 PMCID: PMC3978912 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of the progesterone receptor (PR) in breast cancer remains a major clinical challenge. Although PR induces mammary tumor growth, its presence in breast tumors is a marker of good prognosis. We investigated coordinated PR rapid and nonclassical transcriptional effects governing breast cancer growth and endocrine therapy resistance. METHODS We used breast cancer cell lines expressing wild-type and mutant PRs, cells sensitive and resistant to endocrine therapy, a variety of molecular and cellular biology approaches, in vitro proliferation studies and preclinical models to explore PR regulation of cyclin D1 expression, tumor growth, and response to endocrine therapy. We investigated the clinical significance of activator protein 1 (AP-1) and PR interaction in a cohort of 99 PR-positive breast tumors by an immunofluorescence protocol we developed. The prognostic value of AP-1/PR nuclear colocalization in overall survival (OS) was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox model was used to explore said colocalization as an independent prognostic factor for OS. RESULTS We demonstrated that at the cyclin D1 promoter and through coordinated rapid and transcriptional effects, progestin induces the assembly of a transcriptional complex among AP-1, Stat3, PR, and ErbB-2 which functions as an enhanceosome to drive breast cancer growth. Our studies in a cohort of human breast tumors identified PR and AP-1 nuclear interaction as a marker of good prognosis and better OS in patients treated with tamoxifen (Tam), an anti-estrogen receptor therapy. Rationale for this finding was provided by our demonstration that Tam inhibits rapid and genomic PR effects, rendering breast cancer cells sensitive to its antiproliferative effects. CONCLUSIONS We here provided novel insight into the paradox of PR action as well as new tools to identify the subgroup of ER+/PR + patients unlikely to respond to ER-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Díaz Flaqué
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Natalia M Galigniana
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Wendy Béguelin
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Rocío Vicario
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Cecilia J Proietti
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Rosalía Cordo Russo
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Martín A Rivas
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Tkach
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | | | - Juan C Roa
- Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Esteban Maronna
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
- Sanatorio Mater Dei, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Eduardo H Charreau
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Patricio Yankilevich
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA), CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxana Schillaci
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Patricia V Elizalde
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
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Diep CH, Charles NJ, Gilks CB, Kalloger SE, Argenta PA, Lange CA. Progesterone receptors induce FOXO1-dependent senescence in ovarian cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1433-49. [PMID: 23574718 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of nuclear progesterone receptors (PR) and low circulating progesterone levels are associated with increased ovarian cancer (OC) risk. However, PR are abundantly expressed in a significant percentage of serous and endometrioid ovarian tumors; patients with PR+ tumors typically experience longer progression-free survival relative to those with PR-null tumors. The molecular mechanisms of these protective effects are poorly understood. To study PR action in OC in the absence of added estrogen (i.e., needed to induce robust PR expression), we created ES-2 OC cells stably expressing vector control or GFP-tagged PR-B (GFP-PR). Progestin (R5020) stimulation of ES-2 cells stably expressing GFP-PR induced cellular senescence characterized by altered cellular morphology, prolonged survival, senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, G1 cell cycle arrest and upregulation of the cell cycle inhibitor, p21, as well as the Forkhead-box transcription factor, FOXO1; these results repeated in unmodified ER+/PR+ PEO4 OC cells. PR-B and FOXO1 were detected within the same PRE-containing regions of the p21 upstream promoter. Knockdown of p21 resulted in molecular compensation via FOXO1-dependent upregulation of numerous FOXO1 target genes (p15, p16, p27) and an increased rate of senescence. Inhibition of FOXO1 (with AS1842856) or stable FOXO1 knockdown inhibited progestin-induced p21 expression and blocked progestin-induced senescence. Overall, these findings support a role for PR as a tumor suppressor in OC cells, which exhibits inhibitory effects by inducing FOXO1-dependent cellular senescence. Clinical "priming" of the PR-FOXO1-p21 signaling pathway using PR agonists may provide a useful strategy to induce irreversible cell cycle arrest and thereby sensitize OC cells to existing chemotherapies as part of combination "two-step" therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H Diep
- Department of Medicine, Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Bolt MJ, Stossi F, Newberg JY, Orjalo A, Johansson HE, Mancini MA. Coactivators enable glucocorticoid receptor recruitment to fine-tune estrogen receptor transcriptional responses. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:4036-48. [PMID: 23444138 PMCID: PMC3627592 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are central regulators of pathophysiological processes; however, how their responses intertwine is still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether and how steroid NRs can influence each other’s activity under co-agonist treatment. We used a unique system consisting of a multicopy integration of an estrogen receptor responsive unit that allows direct visualization and quantification of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) DNA binding, co-regulator recruitment and transcriptional readout. We find that ERα DNA loading is required for other type I nuclear receptors to be co-recruited after dual agonist treatment. We focused on ERα/glucocorticoid receptor interplay and demonstrated that it requires steroid receptor coactivators (SRC-2, SRC-3) and the mediator component MED14. We then validated this cooperative interplay on endogenous target genes in breast cancer cells. Taken together, this work highlights another layer of mechanistic complexity through which NRs cross-talk with each other on chromatin under multiple hormonal stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bolt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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McGowan EM, Alling N, Jackson EA, Yagoub D, Haass NK, Allen JD, Martinello-Wilks R. Evaluation of cell cycle arrest in estrogen responsive MCF-7 breast cancer cells: pitfalls of the MTS assay. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20623. [PMID: 21673993 PMCID: PMC3108819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine resistance is a major problem with anti-estrogen treatments and how to overcome resistance is a major concern in the clinic. Reliable measurement of cell viability, proliferation, growth inhibition and death is important in screening for drug treatment efficacy in vitro. This report describes and compares commonly used proliferation assays for induced estrogen-responsive MCF-7 breast cancer cell cycle arrest including: determination of cell number by direct counting of viable cells; or fluorescence SYBR®Green (SYBR) DNA labeling; determination of mitochondrial metabolic activity by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay; assessment of newly synthesized DNA using 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) nucleoside analog binding and Alexa Fluor® azide visualization by fluorescence microscopy; cell-cycle phase measurement by flow cytometry. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with ICI 182780 (Faslodex), FTY720, serum deprivation or induction of the tumor suppressor p14ARF showed inhibition of cell proliferation determined by the Trypan Blue exclusion assay and SYBR DNA labeling assay. In contrast, the effects of treatment with ICI 182780 or p14ARF-induction were not confirmed using the MTS assay. Cell cycle inhibition by ICI 182780 and p14ARF-induction was further confirmed by flow cytometric analysis and EdU-DNA incorporation. To explore this discrepancy further, we showed that ICI 182780 and p14ARF-induction increased MCF-7 cell mitochondrial activity by MTS assay in individual cells compared to control cells thereby providing a misleading proliferation readout. Interrogation of p14ARF-induction on MCF-7 metabolic activity using TMRE assays and high content image analysis showed that increased mitochondrial activity was concomitant with increased mitochondrial biomass with no loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, or cell death. We conclude that, whilst p14ARF and ICI 182780 stop cell cycle progression, the cells are still viable and potential treatments utilizing these pathways may contribute to drug resistant cells. These experiments demonstrate how the combined measurement of metabolic activity and DNA labeling provides a more reliable interpretation of cancer cell response to treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M McGowan
- Translational Cancer Research Group, School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Goldhar AS, Duan R, Ginsburg E, Vonderhaar BK. Progesterone induces expression of the prolactin receptor gene through cooperative action of Sp1 and C/EBP. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 335:148-57. [PMID: 21238538 PMCID: PMC3045478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin (Prl) and progesterone (P) cooperate synergistically during mammary gland development and tumorigenesis. We hypothesized that one mechanism for these effects may be through mutual induction of receptors (R). EpH4 mouse mammary epithelial cells stably transfected with PR-A express elevated levels of PrlR mRNA and protein compared to control EpH4 cells that lack the PR. Likewise, T47D human breast cancer cells treated with P overexpress the PrlR and activate PrlR promoter III. PrlR promoter III does not contain a classical P response element but contains several binding sites for transcription proteins, including C/EBP, Sp1 and AP1, which may also interact with the PR. Using promoter deletion and site directed mutagenesis analyses as well as gel shift assays, cooperative activation of the C/EBP and adjacent Sp1A, but not the Sp1B or AP1, sites by P is shown to confer P responsiveness leading to increased PrlR transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Goldhar
- Mammary Biology and Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892-4254, USA
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Vadivelu S, Sharer L, Schulder M. Regression of multiple intracranial meningiomas after cessation of long-term progesterone agonist therapy. J Neurosurg 2010; 112:920-4. [PMID: 19731987 DOI: 10.3171/2009.8.jns09201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The authors present the case of a patient that demonstrates the long-standing use of megestrol acetate, a progesterone agonist, and its association with multiple intracranial meningioma presentation. Discontinuation of megestrol acetate led to shrinkage of multiple tumors and to the complete resolution of one tumor. Histological examination demonstrated that the largest tumor had high (by > 25% of tumor cell nuclei) progesterone-positive expression, including progesterone receptor (PR) isoform B, compared with low expression of PR isoform A; there was no evidence of estrogen receptor expression and only unaccentuated collagen expression. This is the first clinical report illustrating a causal relationship between exogenous hormones and modulation of meningioma biology in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Vadivelu
- The Brain Tumor Institute at the Harvey Cushing Institutes of Neuroscience, North Shore University-Long Island Jewish Hospitals, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
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Afhüppe W, Beekman JM, Otto C, Korr D, Hoffmann J, Fuhrmann U, Möller C. In vitro characterization of ZK 230211--A type III progesterone receptor antagonist with enhanced antiproliferative properties. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 119:45-55. [PMID: 20043998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The progesterone receptor (PR) is a key regulator of female reproductive functions. Compounds with progesterone inhibiting effects (PR antagonists) have found numerous utilities in female reproductive health, ranging from contraception to potential treatment of progesterone-dependent diseases like uterine leiomyomas. Based on in vitro characteristics such as DNA binding activity and partial agonistic transcriptional behavior in the presence of protein kinase A activators (cyclic-AMP), three types of PR modulators with antagonistic properties have been defined. In this study, we analyzed the in vitro characteristics of the PR antagonist ZK 230211 in comparison to the classical antagonists onapristone and mifepristone. We focused on PR actions in genomic signaling pathways, including DNA binding activity, nuclear localization and association with the nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) as well as actions in non-genomic signaling, such as the activation of c-Src kinase signaling and cyclin D1 gene promoter activity. ZK 230211 represents a type of PR antagonist with increased inhibitory properties in comparison to mifepristone and onapristone. When liganded to the progesterone receptor, ZK 230211 induces a strong and persistent binding to its target response element (PRE) and increases NCoR recruitment in CV-1 cells. Furthermore, ZK 230211 displays less agonistic properties with regard to the association of PR isoform B and the cytoplasmic c-Src kinase in HeLa cells. It represses T47D cell cycle progression, in particular estradiol-induced S phase entry. In summary, our studies demonstrate ZK 230211 to be a type III progesterone receptor antagonist which is characterized by very strong DNA binding activity and strong antiproliferative effects in the cancer cell lines HeLa and T47D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Afhüppe
- Bayer Schering Pharma AG, TRG Women's Healthcare, Müllerstr. 178, D-13342 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Dressing GE, Lange CA. Integrated actions of progesterone receptor and cell cycle machinery regulate breast cancer cell proliferation. Steroids 2009; 74:573-6. [PMID: 19118566 PMCID: PMC4871707 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple laboratories have investigated progesterone receptor (PR) involvement in breast cancer cell cycle progression. There is now a growing body of evidence demonstrating complex interactions between PR and cell cycle regulatory proteins. Here we review the current literature linking PR to cell cycle control and discuss gaps in the current knowledge. A more complete understanding of the relationships between PR and cell cycle regulatory molecules may reveal additional avenues for prevention and treatment of steroid receptor positive breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol A. Lange
- Corresponding Author: Carol A. Lange, Ph.D., University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, MMC 806, 420 Delaware St., Minneapolis, MN 55455, (phone): 612-626-0621, (fax): 612-626-4915,
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25
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Mori T, Murata M, Yoshino T, Nakasono S, Saito F, Takeyama H, Matsunaga T. A stable human progesterone receptor expressing HeLa reporter cell line as a tool in chemical evaluation at the different cell-cycle phases. Toxicol Lett 2009; 186:123-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Progesterone is an ovarian steroid hormone that is essential for normal breast development during puberty and in preparation for lactation and breastfeeding. The actions of progesterone are primarily mediated by its high-affinity receptors, which include the classical progesterone receptor (PR)-A and -B isoforms, located in diverse tissues, including the brain, where progesterone controls reproductive behavior, and the breast and reproductive organs. Progestins are frequently prescribed for contraception or during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy, in which progestins are combined with estrogen as a means to block estrogen-induced endometrial growth. The role of estrogen as a potent breast mitogen is undisputed, and inhibitors of the estrogen receptor and estrogen-producing enzymes (aromatases) are effective first-line cancer therapies. However, PR action in breast cancer is grossly understudied and remains controversial. Herein, we review existing evidence and discuss the challenges to defining a role for progesterone in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Lange
- University of Minnesota, Cancer Center, Department of Medicine (Hematology, Oncology & Transplantation), 420 Delaware Street SE, MMC 806, MN 55455, USA.
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Cabrera-Muñoz E, González-Arenas A, Saqui-Salces M, Camacho J, Larrea F, García-Becerra R, Camacho-Arroyo I. Regulation of progesterone receptor isoforms content in human astrocytoma cell lines. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 113:80-4. [PMID: 19095059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone regulates several functions through the interaction with its intracellular receptor (PR) which expresses two isoforms with different functions and regulation: PR-A and PR-B. Both PR isoforms have been detected in human astrocytomas, the most common and aggressive primary brain tumours, but their regulation and function are unknown. We studied the effects of estradiol, progesterone and their receptor antagonists (ICI 182,780 and RU 486) on PR isoforms content in U373 and D54 human astrocytoma cell lines, respectively derived from grades III and IV astrocytomas, by Western blot analysis. In U373 cells we also evaluated the effects of PR-A overexpression on cell growth. We observed that in U373 cells estradiol increased the content of both PR isoforms whereas in D54 cells it had no effects. Estradiol effects were blocked by ICI 182,780. In both cell lines, PR isoforms content was down-regulated by progesterone after estradiol treatment. This effect was blocked by RU 486. We observed that overexpression of PR-A significantly diminished the increase in U373 cells number produced after progesterone treatment. Our results suggest a differential PR isoforms regulation depending on the evolution grade of human astrocytoma cells, and an inhibitory role of PR-A on progesterone effects on astrocytomas cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Cabrera-Muñoz
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF 04510, Mexico
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28
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Abstract
Progesterone is an ovarian steroid hormone that is essential for normal breast development during puberty and in preparation for lactation. The actions of progesterone are primarily mediated by its high affinity receptors, including the classical progesterone receptor (PR) -A and -B isoforms, located in diverse tissues such as the brain where progesterone controls reproductive behavior, and the breast and reproductive organs. Progestins are frequently prescribed as contraceptives or to alleviate menopausal symptoms, wherein progestin is combined with estrogen as a means to block estrogen-induced endometrial growth. Estrogen is undisputed as a potent breast mitogen, and inhibitors of the estrogen receptor (ER) and estrogen producing enzymes (aromatases) are effective first-line cancer therapies. However, PR action in breast cancer remains controversial. Herein, we review existing evidence from in vitro and in vivo models, and discuss the challenges to defining a role for progesterone in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Lange
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, 420 Delaware Street SE, MMC 806, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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