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Leone R, Zuglian C, Brambilla R, Morella I. Understanding copy number variations through their genes: a molecular view on 16p11.2 deletion and duplication syndromes. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1407865. [PMID: 38948459 PMCID: PMC11211608 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1407865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) include a broad spectrum of pathological conditions that affect >4% of children worldwide, share common features and present a variegated genetic origin. They include clinically defined diseases, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), motor disorders such as Tics and Tourette's syndromes, but also much more heterogeneous conditions like intellectual disability (ID) and epilepsy. Schizophrenia (SCZ) has also recently been proposed to belong to NDDs. Relatively common causes of NDDs are copy number variations (CNVs), characterised by the gain or the loss of a portion of a chromosome. In this review, we focus on deletions and duplications at the 16p11.2 chromosomal region, associated with NDDs, ID, ASD but also epilepsy and SCZ. Some of the core phenotypes presented by human carriers could be recapitulated in animal and cellular models, which also highlighted prominent neurophysiological and signalling alterations underpinning 16p11.2 CNVs-associated phenotypes. In this review, we also provide an overview of the genes within the 16p11.2 locus, including those with partially known or unknown function as well as non-coding RNAs. A particularly interesting interplay was observed between MVP and MAPK3 in modulating some of the pathological phenotypes associated with the 16p11.2 deletion. Elucidating their role in intracellular signalling and their functional links will be a key step to devise novel therapeutic strategies for 16p11.2 CNVs-related syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Leone
- Università di Pavia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Zuglian
- Università di Pavia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Brambilla
- Università di Pavia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Pavia, Italy
- Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Morella
- Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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2
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Fu M, Deng F, Chen J, Fu L, Lei J, Xu T, Chen Y, Zhou J, Gao Q, Ding H. Current data and future perspectives on DNA methylation in ovarian cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2024; 64:62. [PMID: 38757340 PMCID: PMC11095605 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2024.5650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) represents the most prevalent malignancy of the female reproductive system. Its distinguishing features include a high aggressiveness, substantial morbidity and mortality, and a lack of apparent symptoms, which collectively pose significant challenges for early detection. Given that aberrant DNA methylation events leading to altered gene expression are characteristic of numerous tumor types, there has been extensive research into epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation, in human cancers. In the context of OC, DNA methylation is often associated with the regulation of critical genes, such as BRCA1/2 and Ras‑association domain family 1A. Methylation modifications within the promoter regions of these genes not only contribute to the pathogenesis of OC, but also induce medication resistance and influence the prognosis of patients with OC. As such, a more in‑depth understanding of DNA methylation underpinning carcinogenesis could potentially facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic approaches for this intricate disease. The present review focuses on classical tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, signaling pathways and associated microRNAs in an aim to elucidate the influence of DNA methylation on the development and progression of OC. The advantages and limitations of employing DNA methylation in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of OC are also discussed. On the whole, the present literature review indicates that the DNA methylation of specific genes could potentially serve as a prognostic biomarker for OC and a therapeutic target for personalized treatment strategies. Further investigations in this field may yield more efficacious diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives for patients with OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Fu
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Fengying Deng
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Li Fu
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xu
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, P.R. China
| | - Youguo Chen
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jinhua Zhou
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Qinqin Gao
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Ding
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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Fancy NN, Smith AM, Caramello A, Tsartsalis S, Davey K, Muirhead RCJ, McGarry A, Jenkyns MH, Schneegans E, Chau V, Thomas M, Boulger S, Cheung TKD, Adair E, Papageorgopoulou M, Willumsen N, Khozoie C, Gomez-Nicola D, Jackson JS, Matthews PM. Characterisation of premature cell senescence in Alzheimer's disease using single nuclear transcriptomics. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:78. [PMID: 38695952 PMCID: PMC11065703 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02727-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Aging is associated with cell senescence and is the major risk factor for AD. We characterized premature cell senescence in postmortem brains from non-diseased controls (NDC) and donors with Alzheimer's disease (AD) using imaging mass cytometry (IMC) and single nuclear RNA (snRNA) sequencing (> 200,000 nuclei). We found increases in numbers of glia immunostaining for galactosidase beta (> fourfold) and p16INK4A (up to twofold) with AD relative to NDC. Increased glial expression of genes related to senescence was associated with greater β-amyloid load. Prematurely senescent microglia downregulated phagocytic pathways suggesting reduced capacity for β-amyloid clearance. Gene set enrichment and pseudo-time trajectories described extensive DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress associated with increased β-amyloid leading to premature senescence in microglia. We replicated these observations with independent AD snRNA-seq datasets. Our results describe a burden of senescent glia with AD that is sufficiently high to contribute to disease progression. These findings support the hypothesis that microglia are a primary target for senolytic treatments in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurun N Fancy
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Amy M Smith
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alessia Caramello
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stergios Tsartsalis
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karen Davey
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert C J Muirhead
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aisling McGarry
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marion H Jenkyns
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eleonore Schneegans
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vicky Chau
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Thomas
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Boulger
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - To Ka Dorcas Cheung
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Emily Adair
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marianna Papageorgopoulou
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nanet Willumsen
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Combiz Khozoie
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Johanna S Jackson
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul M Matthews
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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4
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McGrath MK, Abolhassani A, Guy L, Elshazly AM, Barrett JT, Mivechi NF, Gewirtz DA, Schoenlein PV. Autophagy and senescence facilitate the development of antiestrogen resistance in ER positive breast cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1298423. [PMID: 38567308 PMCID: PMC10986181 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1298423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer is the most common breast cancer diagnosed annually in the US with endocrine-based therapy as standard-of-care for this breast cancer subtype. Endocrine therapy includes treatment with antiestrogens, such as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs), and aromatase inhibitors (AIs). Despite the appreciable remission achievable with these treatments, a substantial cohort of women will experience primary tumor recurrence, subsequent metastasis, and eventual death due to their disease. In these cases, the breast cancer cells have become resistant to endocrine therapy, with endocrine resistance identified as the major obstacle to the medical oncologist and patient. To combat the development of endocrine resistance, the treatment options for ER+, HER2 negative breast cancer now include CDK4/6 inhibitors used as adjuvants to antiestrogen treatment. In addition to the dysregulated activity of CDK4/6, a plethora of genetic and biochemical mechanisms have been identified that contribute to endocrine resistance. These mechanisms, which have been identified by lab-based studies utilizing appropriate cell and animal models of breast cancer, and by clinical studies in which gene expression profiles identify candidate endocrine resistance genes, are the subject of this review. In addition, we will discuss molecular targeting strategies now utilized in conjunction with endocrine therapy to combat the development of resistance or target resistant breast cancer cells. Of approaches currently being explored to improve endocrine treatment efficacy and patient outcome, two adaptive cell survival mechanisms, autophagy, and "reversible" senescence, are considered molecular targets. Autophagy and/or senescence induction have been identified in response to most antiestrogen treatments currently being used for the treatment of ER+ breast cancer and are often induced in response to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Unfortunately, effective strategies to target these cell survival pathways have not yet been successfully developed. Thus, there is an urgent need for the continued interrogation of autophagy and "reversible" senescence in clinically relevant breast cancer models with the long-term goal of identifying new molecular targets for improved treatment of ER+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. McGrath
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ali Abolhassani
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Luke Guy
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ahmed M. Elshazly
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - John T. Barrett
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Nahid F. Mivechi
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - David A. Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Patricia V. Schoenlein
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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5
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Nechanitzky R, Ramachandran P, Nechanitzky D, Li WY, Wakeham AC, Haight J, Saunders ME, Epelman S, Mak TW. CaSSiDI: novel single-cell "Cluster Similarity Scoring and Distinction Index" reveals critical functions for PirB and context-dependent Cebpb repression. Cell Death Differ 2024; 31:265-279. [PMID: 38383888 PMCID: PMC10923835 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
PirB is an inhibitory cell surface receptor particularly prominent on myeloid cells. PirB curtails the phenotypes of activated macrophages during inflammation or tumorigenesis, but its functions in macrophage homeostasis are obscure. To elucidate PirB-related functions in macrophages at steady-state, we generated and compared single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) datasets obtained from myeloid cell subsets of wild type (WT) and PirB-deficient knockout (PirB KO) mice. To facilitate this analysis, we developed a novel approach to clustering parameter optimization called "Cluster Similarity Scoring and Distinction Index" (CaSSiDI). We demonstrate that CaSSiDI is an adaptable computational framework that facilitates tandem analysis of two scRNAseq datasets by optimizing clustering parameters. We further show that CaSSiDI offers more advantages than a standard Seurat analysis because it allows direct comparison of two or more independently clustered datasets, thereby alleviating the need for batch-correction while identifying the most similar and different clusters. Using CaSSiDI, we found that PirB is a novel regulator of Cebpb expression that controls the generation of Ly6Clo patrolling monocytes and the expansion properties of peritoneal macrophages. PirB's effect on Cebpb is tissue-specific since it was not observed in splenic red pulp macrophages (RPMs). However, CaSSiDI revealed a segregation of the WT RPM population into a CD68loIrf8+ "neuronal-primed" subset and an CD68hiFtl1+ "iron-loaded" subset. Our results establish the utility of CaSSiDI for single-cell assay analyses and the determination of optimal clustering parameters. Our application of CaSSiDI in this study has revealed previously unknown roles for PirB in myeloid cell populations. In particular, we have discovered homeostatic functions for PirB that are related to Cebpb expression in distinct macrophage subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nechanitzky
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Providence Therapeutics Holdings Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Parameswaran Ramachandran
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Duygu Nechanitzky
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wanda Y Li
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Andrew C Wakeham
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jillian Haight
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary E Saunders
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Slava Epelman
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, UHN, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tak W Mak
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Pathology Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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6
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Turan G, Olgun ÇE, Ayten H, Toker P, Ashyralyyev A, Savaş B, Karaca E, Muyan M. Dynamic proximity interaction profiling suggests that YPEL2 is involved in cellular stress surveillance. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4859. [PMID: 38145972 PMCID: PMC10804680 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
YPEL2 is a member of the evolutionarily conserved YPEL family involved in cellular proliferation, mobility, differentiation, senescence, and death. However, the mechanism by which YPEL2, or YPEL proteins, mediates its effects is largely unknown. Proteins perform their functions in a network of proteins whose identities, amounts, and compositions change spatiotemporally in a lineage-specific manner in response to internal and external stimuli. Here, we explored interaction partners of YPEL2 by using dynamic TurboID-coupled mass spectrometry analyses to infer a function for the protein. Our results using inducible transgene expressions in COS7 cells indicate that proximity interaction partners of YPEL2 are mainly involved in RNA and mRNA metabolic processes, ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis, regulation of gene silencing by miRNA, and cellular responses to stress. We showed that YPEL2 interacts with the RNA-binding protein ELAVL1 and the selective autophagy receptor SQSTM1. We also found that YPEL2 localizes stress granules in response to sodium arsenite, an oxidative stress inducer, which suggests that YPEL2 participates in stress granule-related processes. Establishing a point of departure in the delineation of structural/functional features of YPEL2, our results suggest that YPEL2 may be involved in stress surveillance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Turan
- Department of Biological SciencesMiddle East Technical UniversityAnkaraTürkiye
| | - Çağla Ece Olgun
- Department of Biological SciencesMiddle East Technical UniversityAnkaraTürkiye
| | - Hazal Ayten
- Department of Biological SciencesMiddle East Technical UniversityAnkaraTürkiye
| | - Pelin Toker
- Department of Biological SciencesMiddle East Technical UniversityAnkaraTürkiye
| | | | - Büşra Savaş
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome CenterİzmirTürkiye
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome InstituteDokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTürkiye
| | - Ezgi Karaca
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome CenterİzmirTürkiye
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome InstituteDokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTürkiye
| | - Mesut Muyan
- Department of Biological SciencesMiddle East Technical UniversityAnkaraTürkiye
- CanSyl LaboratoriesMiddle East Technical UniversityAnkaraTürkiye
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7
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Hasegawa Y, Kim J, Ursini G, Jouroukhin Y, Zhu X, Miyahara Y, Xiong F, Madireddy S, Obayashi M, Lutz B, Sawa A, Brown SP, Pletnikov MV, Kamiya A. Microglial cannabinoid receptor type 1 mediates social memory deficits in mice produced by adolescent THC exposure and 16p11.2 duplication. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6559. [PMID: 37880248 PMCID: PMC10600150 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent cannabis use increases the risk for cognitive impairments and psychiatric disorders. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (Cnr1) is expressed not only in neurons and astrocytes, but also in microglia, which shape synaptic connections during adolescence. However, the role of microglia in mediating the adverse cognitive effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis, is not fully understood. Here, we report that in mice, adolescent THC exposure produces microglial apoptosis in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which was exacerbated in a model of 16p11.2 duplication, a representative copy number variation (CNV) risk factor for psychiatric disorders. These effects are mediated by microglial Cnr1, leading to reduction in the excitability of mPFC pyramidal-tract neurons and deficits in social memory in adulthood. Our findings suggest the microglial Cnr1 may contribute to adverse effect of cannabis exposure in genetically vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Hasegawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juhyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gianluca Ursini
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yan Jouroukhin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences SUNY, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Miyahara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Feiyi Xiong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samskruthi Madireddy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mizuho Obayashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Solange P Brown
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences SUNY, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Atsushi Kamiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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8
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Kwon Y, Lee H, Park H, Lee B, Kwon TU, Kwon YJ, Chun YJ. YPEL3 expression induces cellular senescence via the Hippo signaling pathway in human breast cancer cells. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:711-719. [PMID: 37779582 PMCID: PMC10541347 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a signaling pathway that controls organ size in animals by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), an oncogene associated with the development and progression of breast cancer, is downregulated by the Hippo pathway and is associated with the development and progression of breast cancer. Yippee-like 3 (YPEL3) is a target gene of the tumor suppressor protein p53, and its activation has been shown to inhibit cell growth, induce cellular senescence, and suppress tumor cell metastasis. In this study, we found that YAP1 inhibits the expression of YPEL3 expression in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, a decrease in lamin B1, a marker protein of cellular senescence, coupled with the activation of senescence-associated β-galactosidase indicated that upregulating YPEL3 levels through YAP1 downregulation can induce cellular senescence. Additionally, elevated YPEL3 levels resulted in higher levels of oxygen consumption rate in mitochondria, thus promoting apoptosis. This suggests that YPEL3 plays a crucial role in regulating oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Therefore, the interaction between YAP1 and YPEL3 represents a novel mechanism of cellular senescence mediated by the Hippo signaling pathway. Collectively, our findings suggest that the Hippo signaling pathway plays an important role in regulating cellular senescence, which could have implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies for diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonju Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyein Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Park
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Boyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Uk Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Jung Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Chun
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea
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9
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Hasegawa Y, Kim J, Ursini G, Jouroukhin Y, Zhu X, Miyahara Y, Xiong F, Madireddy S, Obayashi M, Lutz B, Sawa A, Brown SP, Pletnikov MV, Kamiya A. Microglial cannabinoid receptor type 1 mediates social memory deficits produced by adolescent THC exposure and 16p11.2 duplication. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.24.550212. [PMID: 37546830 PMCID: PMC10402026 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.24.550212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent cannabis use increases the risk for cognitive impairments and psychiatric disorders. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (Cnr1) is expressed not only in neurons and astrocytes, but also in microglia, which shape synaptic connections during adolescence. Nonetheless, until now, the role of microglia in mediating the adverse cognitive effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis, has been unexplored. Here, we report that adolescent THC exposure produces microglial apoptosis in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which was exacerbated in the mouse model of 16p11.2 duplication, a representative copy number variation (CNV) risk factor for psychiatric disorders. These effects are mediated by microglial Cnr1, leading to reduction in the excitability of mPFC pyramidal-tract neurons and deficits in social memory in adulthood. Our findings highlight the importance of microglial Cnr1 to produce the adverse effect of cannabis exposure in genetically vulnerable individuals.
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10
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Xu JX, Tang ML, Lu ZF, Song Y, Zhang KL, He RC, Guo XN, Yuan YQ, Dai X, Ma X. A novel role for YPEL2 in mediating endothelial cellular senescence via the p53/p21 pathway. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 211:111803. [PMID: 36963468 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Yippee-like 2 (YPEL2) is expressed in tissues and organs enriched in vascular networks, such as heart, kidney, and lung. However, the roles of YPEL2 in endothelial cell senescence and the expression of YPEL2 in atherosclerotic plaques have not yet been investigated. Here, we report the essential role of YPEL2 in promoting senescence in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the upregulation of YPEL2 in human atherosclerotic plaques. YPEL2 was significantly upregulated in both H2O2-induced senescent HUVECs and the arteries of aged mice. Endothelial YPEL2 deficiency significantly decreased H2O2-increased senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity and reversed H2O2-inhibited cell viability. Additionally, endothelial YPEL2 knockdown reduced H2O2-promoted THP-1 cell adhesion to HUVECs and downregulated ICAM1 and VCAM1 expression. Mechanistic studies divulged that the p53/p21 pathway was involved in YPEL2-induced cellular senescence. We conclude that YPEL2 promotes cellular senescence via the p53/p21 pathway and that YPEL2 expression is elevated in atherosclerosis. These findings reveal YPEL2 as a potential therapeutic target in aging-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xiong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mao-Lin Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510620, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510620, China
| | - Ke-Lan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510620, China
| | - Run-Chao He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510620, China
| | - Xiang-Na Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun-Qi Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China.
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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11
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Comprehensive analysis of the expression and prognosis of YPEL family members in clear cell renal cell cancer. Oncol Rep 2022; 48:134. [PMID: 35674183 PMCID: PMC9204605 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Yippee‑like (YPEL) gene family is composed of five members encoding a protein containing a zinc finger‑like metal‑binding domain. Due to its structure and location in cells, this domain is considered to be involved in cell multiplication and numerous types of cancer. However, the relationship between the protein and the prognosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unknown. In the present study, using pan‑cancer data from the updated public database, the expression and correlation of YPEL genes in 33 types of cancer was systematically and comprehensively analyzed. The prognostic value of YPEL genes was evaluated by survival and Cox regression analysis. Considering the relationship between the tumor microenvironment and stem cell indices, the function of superoxide dismutase was evaluated. Tumor Immune Assessment Resources (TIMER) and CIBERSORT algorithm analysis were used to evaluate the correlation between YPEL genes and tumor immune infiltrating cells (TIICs). Furthermore, knockdown experiments of YPEL genes were developed to explore their effects on ccRCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion in ccRCC cell lines. Members of the YPEL family were differentially expressed in ccRCC. Increased expression levels of YPEL1, YPEL2, and YPEL5 were associated with improved overall survival and disease‑specific survival. TIMER and CIBERSORT analyses showed remarkable correlation between YPEL family members and TIICs. More importantly, the results of Cell Counting Kit‑8, EdU and Transwell assays revealed that the multiplication, migration and invasion abilities of ccRCC cell lines could be promoted by knocking out YPEL1, YPEL2 and YPEL5. In conclusion, the present study provided new insight into the different roles of YPEL1, YPEL2 and YPEL5 in ccRCC, and the relationship between YPEL1 and immune infiltration may offer new options for future clinical treatment.
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12
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Yuan K, Li Z, Kuang W, Wang X, Ji M, Chen W, Ding J, Li J, Min W, Sun C, Ye X, Lu M, Wang L, Ge H, Jiang Y, Hao H, Xiao Y, Yang P. Targeting dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 2 with a highly selective inhibitor for the treatment of prostate cancer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2903. [PMID: 35614066 PMCID: PMC9133015 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent cancers in men worldwide, and hormonal therapy plays a key role in the treatment of PCa. However, the drug resistance of hormonal therapy makes it urgent and necessary to identify novel targets for PCa treatment. Herein, dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 2 (DYRK2) is found and confirmed to be highly expressed in the PCa tissues and cells, and knock-down of DYRK2 remarkably reduces PCa burden in vitro and in vivo. On the base of DYRK2 acting as a promising target, we further discover a highly selective DYRK2 inhibitor YK-2-69, which specifically interacts with Lys-231 and Lys-234 in the co-crystal structure. Especially, YK-2-69 exhibits more potent anti-PCa efficacy than the first-line drug enzalutamide in vivo. Meanwhile, YK-2-69 displays favorable safety properties with a maximal tolerable dose of more than 10,000 mg/kg and pharmacokinetic profiles with 56% bioavailability. In summary, we identify DYRK2 as a potential drug target and verify its critical roles in PCa. Meanwhile, we discover a highly selective DYRK2 inhibitor with favorable druggability for the treatment of PCa. The kinase DYRK2 is a known oncogene but its role in prostate cancer is unexplored. Here, the authors identify DYRK2 as a target for prostate cancer with a role in invasion and they discover a specific DYRK2 inhibitor that has good pharmacokinetics and efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenbin Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Minghui Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Weijiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjian Min
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengliang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuquan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Meiling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Haixia Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, 313000, Huzhou, China
| | - Yuzhang Jiang
- Department of Laboratory, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 223300, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yibei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China.
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China.
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13
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Lago SG, Bahn S. The druggable schizophrenia genome: from repurposing opportunities to unexplored drug targets. NPJ Genom Med 2022; 7:25. [PMID: 35338153 PMCID: PMC8956592 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-022-00290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been no new drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia in several decades and treatment resistance represents a major unmet clinical need. The drugs that exist are based on serendipitous clinical observations rather than an evidence-based understanding of disease pathophysiology. In the present review, we address these bottlenecks by integrating common, rare, and expression-related schizophrenia risk genes with knowledge of the druggability of the human genome as a whole. We highlight novel drug repurposing opportunities, clinical trial candidates which are supported by genetic evidence, and unexplored therapeutic opportunities in the lesser-known regions of the schizophrenia genome. By identifying translational gaps and opportunities across the schizophrenia disease space, we discuss a framework for translating increasingly well-powered genetic association studies into personalized treatments for schizophrenia and initiating the vital task of characterizing clinically relevant drug targets in underexplored regions of the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago G Lago
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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14
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Kamachi K, Ureshino H, Watanabe T, Yoshida N, Yamamoto Y, Kurahashi Y, Fukuda-Kurahashi Y, Hayashi Y, Hirai H, Yamashita S, Ushijima T, Okada S, Kimura S. Targeting DNMT1 by demethylating agent OR-2100 increases tyrosine kinase inhibitors-sensitivity and depletes leukemic stem cells in chronic myeloid leukemia. Cancer Lett 2022; 526:273-283. [PMID: 34875342 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) dramatically improve the prognosis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), but 10-20% of patients achieve suboptimal responses with low TKIs sensitivity. Furthermore, residual leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are involved in the molecular relapse after TKIs discontinuation. Aberrant DNA hypermethylation contributes to low TKIs sensitivity and the persistence of LSCs in CML. DNMT1 is a key regulator of hematopoietic stem cells, suggesting that aberrant DNA hypermethylation targeting DNMT1 represents a potential therapeutic target for CML. We investigated the efficacy of OR-2100 (OR21), the first orally available single-compound prodrug of decitabine. OR21 exhibited anti-tumor effects as a monotherapy, and in combination therapy it increased TKI-induced apoptosis and induction of tumor suppressor genes including PTPN6 encoding SHP-1 in CML cells. OR21 in combination with imatinib significantly suppressed tumor growth in a xenotransplant model. OR21 and combination therapy decreased the abundance of LSCs and inhibited engraftment in a BCR-ABL1-transduced mouse model. These results demonstrate that targeting DNMT1 using OR21 exerts anti-tumor effects and impairs LSCs in CML. Therefore, combination treatment of TKIs and OR21 represents a promising treatment strategy in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuharu Kamachi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ureshino
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.
| | - Tatsuro Watanabe
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Nao Yoshida
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yuta Yamamoto
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yuki Kurahashi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; OHARA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Japan
| | - Yuki Fukuda-Kurahashi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; OHARA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hayashi
- Laboratory of Oncology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyo Hirai
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ushijima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Kimura
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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15
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Augusto TV, Amaral C, Almeida CF, Teixeira N, Correia-da-Silva G. Differential biological effects of aromatase inhibitors: Apoptosis, autophagy, senescence and modulation of the hormonal status in breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 537:111426. [PMID: 34391846 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast carcinomas are the most common subtype, corresponding to 60% of the cases in premenopausal and 75% in postmenopausal women. The third-generation of aromatase inhibitors (AIs), the non-steroidal Anastrozole (Ana) and Letrozole (Let) and the steroidal Exemestane (Exe), are considered a first-line endocrine therapy for postmenopausal women. Despite their clinical success, the development of resistance is the major setback in clinical practice. Nevertheless, the lack of cross-resistance between AIs hints that these drugs may act through distinct mechanisms. Therefore, this work studied the different effects induced by AIs on biological processes, such as cell proliferation, death, autophagy and senescence. Moreover, their effects on the regulation of the hormonal environment were also explored. The non-steroidal AIs induce senescence, through increased YPEL3 expression, on aromatase-overexpressing breast cancer cells (MCF-7aro), whereas Exe promotes a cytoprotective autophagy, thus blocking senescence induction. In addition, in a hormone-enriched environment, the non-steroidal AIs prevent estrogen signaling, despite up-regulating the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), while Exe down-regulates ERα and maintains its activation. In these conditions, all AIs up-regulate the androgen receptor (AR) which blocks EGR3 transcription in Exe-treated cells. On the other hand, in hormone-depleted conditions, a crosstalk between AR and ERα occurs, enhancing the estrogenic effects of Exe. This indicates that Exe modulates both ERα and AR, while Ana and Let act as pure AIs. Thus, this study highlights the potential clinical benefit of combining AR antagonists with Exe and discourages the sequential use of Exe as second-line therapy in postmenopausal breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago V Augusto
- UCIBIO.REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira N° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Amaral
- UCIBIO.REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira N° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina F Almeida
- UCIBIO.REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira N° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Natércia Teixeira
- UCIBIO.REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira N° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Georgina Correia-da-Silva
- UCIBIO.REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira N° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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16
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Baek HS, Kwon TU, Shin S, Kwon YJ, Chun YJ. Steroid sulfatase deficiency causes cellular senescence and abnormal differentiation by inducing Yippee-like 3 expression in human keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20867. [PMID: 34675221 PMCID: PMC8531280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00051-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human steroid sulfatase (STS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), estrone sulfate (E1S), and cholesterol sulfate. Abnormal expression of STS causes several diseases including colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer and refractory skin disease. In particular, accumulation of intracellular cholesterol sulfate by STS deficiency leads to a skin disorder with abnormal keratinization called X-linked ichthyosis (XLI). To determine the detailed mechanisms of XLI, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis using human keratinocyte HaCaT cells treated with cholesterol and cholesterol sulfate. Of the genes with expression changes greater than 1.5-fold, Yippee-like 3 (YPEL3), a factor expected to affect cell differentiation, was found. Induction of YPEL3 causes permanent growth arrest, cellular senescence, and inhibition of metastasis in normal and tumor cells. In this study, we demonstrate that YPEL3 expression was induced by STS deficiency and, using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, a partial knock-out (STS+/−) cell line was constructed to establish a disease model for XLI studies. Furthermore, we show that increased expression of YPEL3 in STS-deficient cell lines promoted cellular senescence and expression of keratinization-related proteins such as involucrin and loricrin. Our results suggest that upregulation of YPEL3 expression by STS deficiency may play a crucial role in inducing cellular senescence and abnormal differentiation in human keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Seok Baek
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 06974
| | - Tae-Uk Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 06974
| | - Sangyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 06974
| | - Yeo-Jung Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 06974
| | - Young-Jin Chun
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 06974.
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17
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Yippee like 4 (Ypel4) is essential for normal mouse red blood cell membrane integrity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15898. [PMID: 34354145 PMCID: PMC8342551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The YPEL family genes are highly conserved across a diverse range of eukaryotic organisms and thus potentially involved in essential cellular processes. Ypel4, one of five YPEL family gene orthologs in mouse and human, is highly and specifically expressed in late terminal erythroid differentiation (TED). In this study, we investigated the role of Ypel4 in murine erythropoiesis, providing for the first time an in-depth description of a Ypel4-null phenotype in vivo. We demonstrated that the Ypel4-null mice displayed a secondary polycythemia with macro- and reticulocytosis. While lack of Ypel4 did not affect steady-state TED in the bone marrow or spleen, the anemia-recovering capacity of Ypel4-null cells was diminished. Furthermore, Ypel4-null red blood cells (RBC) were cleared from the circulation at an increased rate, demonstrating an intrinsic defect of RBCs. Scanning electron micrographs revealed an ovalocytic morphology of Ypel4-null RBCs and functional testing confirmed reduced deformability. Even though Band 3 protein levels were shown to be reduced in Ypel4-null RBC membranes, we could not find support for a physical interaction between YPEL4 and the Band 3 protein. In conclusion, our findings provide crucial insights into the role of Ypel4 in preserving normal red cell membrane integrity.
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18
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Shang S, Li X, Gao Y, Guo S, Sun D, Zhou H, Sun Y, Wang P, Zhi H, Bai J, Ning S, Li X. MeImmS: Predict Clinical Benefit of Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Treatments Based on DNA Methylation in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:676449. [PMID: 34093667 PMCID: PMC8173132 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.676449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has become an effective therapy for cancer treatment. However, the development of biomarkers to predict immunotherapy response still remains a challenge. We have developed the DNA Methylation Immune Score, named “MeImmS,” which can predict clinical benefits of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients based on DNA methylation of 8 CpG sites. The 8 CpG sites regulate the expression of immune-related genes and MeImmS was related to immune-associated pathways, exhausted T cell markers and immune cells. Copy-number loss in 1p36.33 may affect the response of cancer patients to immunotherapy. In addition, SAA1, CXCL10, CCR5, CCL19, CXCL11, CXCL13, and CCL5 were found to be key immune regulatory genes in immunotherapy. Together, MeImmS discovered the heterogeneous of NSCLC patients and guided the immunotherapy of cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Shang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Gao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Guo
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dailin Sun
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hanxiao Zhou
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Sun
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Zhi
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Bai
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shangwei Ning
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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19
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p53 Is Regulated in a Biphasic Manner in Hypoxic Human Papillomavirus Type 16 (HPV16)-Positive Cervical Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249533. [PMID: 33333786 PMCID: PMC7765197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the effect of hypoxia on p53 in human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive cancer cells has been studied for decades, the impact of p53 regulation on downstream targets and cellular adaptation processes during different periods under hypoxia remains elusive. Here, we show that, despite continuous repression of HPV16 E6/E7 oncogenes, p53 did not instantly recover but instead showed a biphasic regulation marked by further depletion within 24 h followed by an increase at 72 h. Of note, during E6/E7 oncogene suppression, lysosomal degradation antagonizes p53 reconstitution. Consequently, the transcription of p53 responsive genes associated with senescence (e.g., PML and YPEL3) cannot be upregulated. In contrast, downstream genes involved in autophagy (e.g., DRAM1 and BNIP3) were activated, allowing the evasion of senescence under hypoxic conditions. Hence, dynamic regulation of p53 along with its downstream network of responsive genes favors cellular adaptation and enhances cell survival, although the expression of the viral E6/E7-oncogenes as drivers for proliferation remained inhibited under hypoxia.
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20
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Singh A, Thakur M, Singh SK, Sharma LK, Chandra K. Exploring the effect of nsSNPs in human YPEL3 gene in cellular senescence. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15301. [PMID: 32943700 PMCID: PMC7498449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
YPEL3 that induces cellular senescence in both normal and tumour cells of humans may show altered expression under the influence of incidental mutations. In this study, we proposed the first structure of Native YPEL3 protein and its five possible deleterious mutants—V40M, C61Y, G98R, G108S, and A131T and predicted their deleterious effects to alter stability, flexibility and conformational changes in the protein. The MD simulation (RMSD, RMSF, Rg, h-bond and SASA) analysis revealed that the variants V40M, G98R and G108S increased the flexibility in protein, and variant V40M imparted more compactness to the protein.. In general, variants attributed changes in the native conformation and structure of the YPEL3 protein which might affect the native function of cellular senescence. The study provides opportunities for health professionals and practitioners in formulating précised medicines to effectively cure various cancers. We propose in-vitro or in-vivo studies should consider these reported nsSNPs while examining any malfunction in the YPEL3 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Singh
- Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700053, India.
| | - Mukesh Thakur
- Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700053, India.
| | | | | | - Kailash Chandra
- Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700053, India
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21
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The Premature Senescence in Breast Cancer Treatment Strategy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071815. [PMID: 32640718 PMCID: PMC7408867 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a permanent blockade of cell proliferation. In response to therapy-induced stress, cancer cells undergo apoptosis or premature senescence. In apoptosis-resistant cancer cells or at lower doses of anticancer drugs, therapy-induced stress leads to premature senescence. The role of this senescence in cancer treatment is discussable. First of all, the senescent cells lose the ability to proliferate, migrate, and invade. In addition, the senescent cells secrete a set of proteins (inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors) known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which influences non-senescent normal cells and non-senescent cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment and triggers tumor promotion and recurrence. Recently, many studies have examined senescence induction through breast cancer therapy and potentially using this phenomenon to treat this cancer. This review summarizes the recent in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies investigating senescence in breast cancer treatments. Senescence inductors, senolytics, as well as their action mechanism are discussed herein. Potential SASP-modulating treatment strategies are also described.
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22
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Kim JH, Singh M, Pan G, Lopez A, Zito N, Bosse B, Ye B. Frameshift mutations of YPEL3 alter the sensory circuit function in Drosophila. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm042390. [PMID: 32461240 PMCID: PMC7286299 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.042390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A frameshift mutation in Yippee-like (YPEL) 3 was recently found from a rare human disorder with peripheral neurological conditions including hypotonia and areflexia. The YPEL gene family is highly conserved from yeast to human, but its members' functions are poorly defined. Moreover, the pathogenicity of the human YPEL3 variant is completely unknown. We generated a Drosophila model of human YPEL3 variant and a genetic null allele of Drosophila homolog of YPEL3 (referred to as dYPEL3). Gene-trap analysis suggests that dYPEL3 is predominantly expressed in subsets of neurons, including larval nociceptors. Analysis of chemical nociception induced by allyl-isothiocyanate (AITC), a natural chemical stimulant, revealed reduced nociceptive responses in both dYPEL3 frameshift and null mutants. Subsequent circuit analysis showed reduced activation of second-order neurons (SONs) in the pathway without affecting nociceptor activation upon AITC treatment. Although the gross axonal and dendritic development of nociceptors was unaffected, the synaptic contact between nociceptors and SONs was decreased by the dYPEL3 mutations. Furthermore, expressing dYPEL3 in larval nociceptors rescued the behavioral deficit in dYPEL3 frameshift mutants, suggesting a presynaptic origin of the deficit. Together, these findings suggest that the frameshift mutation results in YPEL3 loss of function and may cause neurological conditions by weakening synaptic connections through presynaptic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Kim
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Monika Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Geng Pan
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Adrian Lopez
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Nicholas Zito
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Benjamin Bosse
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Bing Ye
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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23
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Blanco-Sánchez B, Clément A, Stednitz SJ, Kyle J, Peirce JL, McFadden M, Wegner J, Phillips JB, Macnamara E, Huang Y, Adams DR, Toro C, Gahl WA, Malicdan MCV, Tifft CJ, Zink EM, Bloodsworth KJ, Stratton KG, Koeller DM, Metz TO, Washbourne P, Westerfield M. yippee like 3 (ypel3) is a novel gene required for myelinating and perineurial glia development. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008841. [PMID: 32544203 PMCID: PMC7319359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypomyelination, a neurological condition characterized by decreased production of myelin sheets by glial cells, often has no known etiology. Elucidating the genetic causes of hypomyelination provides a better understanding of myelination, as well as means to diagnose, council, and treat patients. Here, we present evidence that YIPPEE LIKE 3 (YPEL3), a gene whose developmental role was previously unknown, is required for central and peripheral glial cell development. We identified a child with a constellation of clinical features including cerebral hypomyelination, abnormal peripheral nerve conduction, hypotonia, areflexia, and hypertrophic peripheral nerves. Exome and genome sequencing revealed a de novo mutation that creates a frameshift in the open reading frame of YPEL3, leading to an early stop codon. We used zebrafish as a model system to validate that YPEL3 mutations are causative of neuropathy. We found that ypel3 is expressed in the zebrafish central and peripheral nervous system. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we created zebrafish mutants carrying a genomic lesion similar to that of the patient. Our analysis revealed that Ypel3 is required for development of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, timely exit of the perineurial glial precursors from the central nervous system (CNS), formation of the perineurium, and Schwann cell maturation. Consistent with these observations, zebrafish ypel3 mutants have metabolomic signatures characteristic of oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell differentiation defects, show decreased levels of Myelin basic protein in the central and peripheral nervous system, and develop defasciculated peripheral nerves. Locomotion defects were observed in adult zebrafish ypel3 mutants. These studies demonstrate that Ypel3 is a novel gene required for perineurial cell development and glial myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurélie Clément
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Sara J. Stednitz
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Kyle
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Judy L. Peirce
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Marcie McFadden
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Wegner
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jennifer B. Phillips
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ellen Macnamara
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yan Huang
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David R. Adams
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Camilo Toro
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William A. Gahl
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - May Christine V. Malicdan
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cynthia J. Tifft
- National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Erika M. Zink
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kent J. Bloodsworth
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kelly G. Stratton
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - David M. Koeller
- Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Thomas O. Metz
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Philip Washbourne
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Monte Westerfield
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
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24
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Metabolic, Physiological, and Transcriptomics Analysis of Batch Cultures of the Green Microalga Chlamydomonas Grown on Different Acetate Concentrations. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111367. [PMID: 31683711 PMCID: PMC6912441 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetate can be efficiently metabolized by the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The regular concentration is 17 mM, although higher concentrations are reported to increase starch and fatty acid content. To understand the responses to higher acetate concentrations, Chlamydomonas cells were cultivated in batch mode in the light at 17, 31, 44, and 57 mM acetate. Metabolic analyses show that cells grown at 57 mM acetate possess increased contents of all components analyzed (starch, chlorophylls, fatty acids, and proteins), with a three-fold increased volumetric biomass yield compared to cells cultivated at 17 mM acetate at the entry of stationary phase. Physiological analyses highlight the importance of photosynthesis for the low-acetate and exponential-phase samples. The stationary phase is reached when acetate is depleted, except for the cells grown at 57 mM acetate, which still divide until ammonium exhaustion. Surprisal analysis of the transcriptomics data supports the biological significance of our experiments. This allows the establishment of a model for acetate assimilation, its transcriptional regulation and the identification of candidates for genetic engineering of this metabolic pathway. Altogether, our analyses suggest that growing at high-acetate concentrations could increase biomass productivities in low-light and CO2-limiting air-bubbled medium for biotechnology.
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25
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Muller I, Jex AR, Kappe SHI, Mikolajczak SA, Sattabongkot J, Patrapuvich R, Lindner S, Flannery EL, Koepfli C, Ansell B, Lerch A, Emery-Corbin SJ, Charnaud S, Smith J, Merrienne N, Swearingen KE, Moritz RL, Petter M, Duffy MF, Chuenchob V. Transcriptome and histone epigenome of Plasmodium vivax salivary-gland sporozoites point to tight regulatory control and mechanisms for liver-stage differentiation in relapsing malaria. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:501-513. [PMID: 31071319 PMCID: PMC9973533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the key obstacle to malaria elimination in Asia and Latin America, largely attributed to its ability to form resilient hypnozoites (sleeper cells) in the host liver that escape treatment and cause relapsing infections. The decision to form hypnozoites is made early in the liver infection and may already be set in sporozoites prior to invasion. To better understand these early stages of infection, we undertook a comprehensive transcriptomic and histone epigenetic characterization of P. vivax sporozoites. Through comparisons with recently published proteomic data for the P. vivax sporozoite, our study found that although highly transcribed, transcripts associated with functions needed for early infection of the vertebrate host are not detectable as proteins and may be regulated through translational repression. We identified differential transcription between the sporozoite and published transcriptomes of asexual blood stages and mixed versus hypnozoite-enriched liver stages. These comparisons point to multiple layers of transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational control that appear active in sporozoites and to a lesser extent hypnozoites, but are largely absent in replicating liver schizonts or mixed blood stages. We also characterised histone epigenetic modifications in the P. vivax sporozoite and explored their role in regulating transcription. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that the sporozoite is a tightly programmed stage to infect the human host and identify mechanisms for hypnozoite formation that may be further explored in liver stage models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivo Muller
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and
Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria,
3052, Australia,Malaria: Parasites & Hosts Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28
Rue de Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne,
Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Aaron R. Jex
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and
Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria,
3052, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne,
Victoria, 3010, Australia,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The
University of Melbourne, Corner of Park and Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria,
3010, Australia
| | - Stefan H. I. Kappe
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 307 Westlake
Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sebastian A. Mikolajczak
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 307 Westlake
Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Center, Faculty of Tropical
Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Scott Lindner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center
for Malaria Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802,
USA
| | - Erika L. Flannery
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 307 Westlake
Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Cristian Koepfli
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and
Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria,
3052, Australia
| | - Brendan Ansell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The
University of Melbourne, Corner of Park and Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria,
3010, Australia
| | - Anita Lerch
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and
Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria,
3052, Australia
| | - Samantha J Emery-Corbin
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and
Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria,
3052, Australia
| | - Sarah Charnaud
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and
Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria,
3052, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Smith
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and
Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria,
3052, Australia
| | - Nicolas Merrienne
- Malaria: Parasites & Hosts Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28
Rue de Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Michaela Petter
- Department of Medicine Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Peter
Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne,
Victoria 3000, Australia,Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Erlangen,
Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Michael F. Duffy
- Department of Medicine Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Peter
Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne,
Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Vorada Chuenchob
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 307 Westlake
Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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26
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Sousa R, Andrade VM, Bair T, Ettinger NA, Guimarães L, Andrade L, Guimarães LH, Machado PRL, Carvalho EM, Wilson ME, Schriefer A. Early Suppression of Macrophage Gene Expression by Leishmania braziliensis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2464. [PMID: 30374342 PMCID: PMC6196312 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis is an intracellular parasite that resides mostly in macrophages. Both the parasite genome and the clinical disease manifestations show considerable polymorphism. Clinical syndromes caused by L. braziliensis include localized cutaneous (CL), mucosal (ML), and disseminated leishmaniasis (DL). Our prior studies showed that genetically distinct L. braziliensis clades associate with different clinical types. Herein, we hypothesized that: (1) L. braziliensis induces changes in macrophage gene expression that facilitates infection; (2) infection of macrophages with strains associated with CL (clade B), ML (clade C), or DL (clade A) will differentially affect host cell gene expression, reflecting their different pathogenic mechanisms; and (3) differences between the strains will be reflected by differences in macrophage gene expression after initial exposure to the parasite. Human monocyte derived macrophages were infected with L. braziliensis isolates from clades A, B, or C. Patterns of gene expression were compared using Affymetrix DNA microarrays. Many transcripts were significantly decreased by infection with all isolates. The most dramatically decreased transcripts encoded proteins involved in signaling pathways, apoptosis, or mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Some transcripts encoding stress response proteins were up-regulated. Differences between L. braziliensis clades were observed in the magnitude of change, rather than the identity of transcripts. Isolates from subjects with metastatic disease (ML and DL) induced a greater magnitude of change than isolates from CL. We conclude that L. braziliensis enhances its intracellular survival by inhibiting macrophage pathways leading to microbicidal activity. Parasite strains destined for dissemination may exert a more profound suppression than less invasive L. braziliensis strains that remain near the cutaneous site of inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Sousa
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Viviane M Andrade
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Thomas Bair
- DNA Facility, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Nicholas A Ettinger
- Deptartment of Pediatrics-Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Luana Guimarães
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Laura Andrade
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luiz H Guimarães
- Centro de Formação em Saúde, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Teixeira de Freitas, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo R L Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Mary E Wilson
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, VA Medical Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Albert Schriefer
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências da Biointeração, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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27
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Distinct roles of the YPEL gene family in development and pathogenicity in the ascomycete fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14461. [PMID: 30262874 PMCID: PMC6160453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Yippee-like (YPEL) gene family are highly conserved in eukaryotes and are homologous to the Drosophila yippee gene. In this study, we functionally characterized two YPEL-homologous genes, MoYPEL1 and MoYPEL2, in the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae using the deletion mutants ΔMoypel1, ΔMoypel2, and ΔΔMoypel1,2. The MoYPEL1 deletion mutant was significantly defective in conidiation and unable to undergo appressorium development; however, deletion of MoYPEL2 resulted in a significant increase in conidiation and the abnormal development of two appressoria per conidium. These data demonstrate the opposite roles of each member of the YPEL gene family during the development of M. oryzae. The double mutant was phenotypically similar to the ΔMoypel1 mutant in conidiation, but similar to the ΔMoypel2 mutant in appressorium development. Subcellular localization of the MoYPEL1 protein was dynamic during appressorium development, while the MoYPEL2 protein consistently localized within the nuclei during developmental stages. Our studies indicate that the two YPEL gene family members play distinct roles in the developmental stages of M. oryzae, furthering our understanding of disease dissemination and development in fungi.
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28
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Kong X, Li Y, Zhang X. Increased Expression of the YPEL3 Gene in Human Colonic Adenocarcinoma Tissue and the Effects on Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Colonic Adenocarcinoma Cells In Vitro via the Wnt/b-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:4767-4775. [PMID: 29988027 PMCID: PMC6069491 DOI: 10.12659/msm.908173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the expression of the YPEL3 gene in colonic adenocarcinoma cells grown in vitro and in colonic adenocarcinoma tissue from patients treated by surgical resection. Material/Methods The study included 108 patients diagnosed with primary colon cancer (Stages I to IV). The expression of the YPEL3 gene in colonic adenocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal colonic tissue was detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The normal human colonic cell line CCD-1Co and colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines HT-29 and HCT-8 were induced to overexpress the YPEL3 gene, and the effects on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of colonic adenocarcinoma cells were investigated by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, a transwell migration assay, and a transwell invasion assay, respectively. The effects of YPEL3 gene overexpression on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were detected by Western blot. Results Increased expression levels of the YPEL3 gene were present in colon adenocarcinoma tissue compared with adjacent normal colonic tissue in 98 of 108 patients. Overexpression of the YPEL3 gene inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of the HT-29 and HCT-8 colonic adenocarcinoma cells, and inactivated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway; treatment with the Wnt agonist, CAS 853220-52-7, reduced the inhibitory effects of YPEL3 overexpression on proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Conclusions Expression of the YPEL3 gene was upregulated in human colonic adenocarcinoma tissue, and also inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of colonic adenocarcinoma cells in vitro by inactivating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyi Kong
- Second Department of Digestive Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Zibo City, Zibo, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yong Li
- Second Department of Digestive Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Zibo City, Zibo, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Second Department of Digestive Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Zibo City, Zibo, Shandong, China (mainland)
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Lonsdale Z, Lee K, Kiriakidu M, Amarasinghe H, Nathanael D, O’Connor CJ, Mallon EB. Allele specific expression and methylation in the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3798. [PMID: 28929021 PMCID: PMC5600721 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The social hymenoptera are emerging as models for epigenetics. DNA methylation, the addition of a methyl group, is a common epigenetic marker. In mammals and flowering plants methylation affects allele specific expression. There is contradictory evidence for the role of methylation on allele specific expression in social insects. The aim of this paper is to investigate allele specific expression and monoallelic methylation in the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris. We found nineteen genes that were both monoallelically methylated and monoallelically expressed in a single bee. Fourteen of these genes express the hypermethylated allele, while the other five express the hypomethylated allele. We also searched for allele specific expression in twenty-nine published RNA-seq libraries. We found 555 loci with allele-specific expression. We discuss our results with reference to the functional role of methylation in gene expression in insects and in the as yet unquantified role of genetic cis effects in insect allele specific methylation and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Lonsdale
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Lee
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Support Hub (B/BASH), University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Kiriakidu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Harindra Amarasinghe
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Despina Nathanael
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eamonn B. Mallon
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Zhang J, Wen X, Ren XY, Li YQ, Tang XR, Wang YQ, He QM, Yang XJ, Sun Y, Liu N, Ma J. YPEL3 suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:109. [PMID: 27400785 PMCID: PMC4940860 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Metastasis remains the major cause of death in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Yippee-like 3 (YPEL3) plays an important role in tumorigenesis. However, its function and mechanism in NPC has not been systematically explored. Methods We evaluated YPEL3 expression in NPC cell lines and tissues using real-time PCR and western blotting. Then, we established NPC cell lines that stably overexpressed YPEL3 and knocked down YPEL3 expression to explore its function in NPC in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, we investigated the potential mechanism of YPEL3 action by identifying the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway downstream genes using western blotting. Results YPEL3 was downregulated in NPC cell lines and tissue samples. Ectopic expression of YPEL3 inhibited NPC cell migration and invasion in vitro; while silencing of YPEL3 promoted NPC cell migration and invasion. Further study indicated that overexpression of YPEL3 inhibited NPC cell epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and that silencing it enhanced EMT. Overexpression of YPEL3 suppressed NPC cell lung metastasis in vivo. The mechanism study determined that YPEL3 suppressed the expression levels of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway downstream genes and the nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Conclusions YPEL3 suppresses NPC EMT and metastasis by suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which would help better understanding the molecular mechanisms of NPC metastasis and provide novel therapeutic targets for NPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Yue Ren
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Qin Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ran Tang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Qin Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Mei He
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Sun
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Ma
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Tan TY, Gordon CT, Miller KA, Amor DJ, Farlie PG. YPEL1
overexpression in early avian craniofacial mesenchyme causes mandibular dysmorphogenesis by up‐regulating apoptosis. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1022-30. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tiong Yang Tan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's HospitalMelbourne Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourne Australia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourne Australia
| | | | - Kerry A Miller
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourne Australia
| | - David J. Amor
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's HospitalMelbourne Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourne Australia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourne Australia
| | - Peter G. Farlie
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourne Australia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourne Australia
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Lupas AN, Zhu H, Korycinski M. The thalidomide-binding domain of cereblon defines the CULT domain family and is a new member of the β-tent fold. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004023. [PMID: 25569776 PMCID: PMC4287342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite having caused one of the greatest medical catastrophies of the last century through its teratogenic side-effects, thalidomide continues to be an important agent in the treatment of leprosy and cancer. The protein cereblon, which forms an E3 ubiquitin ligase compex together with damaged DNA-binding protein 1 (DDB1) and cullin 4A, has been recently indentified as a primary target of thalidomide and its C-terminal part as responsible for binding thalidomide within a domain carrying several invariant cysteine and tryptophan residues. This domain, which we name CULT (cereblon domain of unknown activity, binding cellular ligands and thalidomide), is also found in a family of secreted proteins from animals and in a family of bacterial proteins occurring primarily in δ-proteobacteria. Its nearest relatives are yippee, a highly conserved eukaryotic protein of unknown function, and Mis18, a protein involved in the priming of centromeres for recruitment of CENP-A. Searches for distant homologs point to an evolutionary relationship of CULT, yippee, and Mis18 to proteins sharing a common fold, which consists of two four-stranded β-meanders packing at a roughly right angle and coordinating a zinc ion at their apex. A β-hairpin inserted into the first β-meander extends across the bottom of the structure towards the C-terminal edge of the second β-meander, with which it forms a cradle-shaped binding site that is topologically conserved in all members of this fold. We name this the β-tent fold for the striking arrangement of its constituent β-sheets. The fold has internal pseudosymmetry, raising the possibility that it arose by duplication of a subdomain-sized fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei N. Lupas
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Hongbo Zhu
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mateusz Korycinski
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany
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Hagen J, Muniz VP, Falls KC, Reed SM, Taghiyev AF, Quelle FW, Gourronc FA, Klingelhutz AJ, Major HJ, Askeland RW, Sherman SK, O'Dorisio TM, Bellizzi AM, Howe JR, Darbro BW, Quelle DE. RABL6A promotes G1-S phase progression and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cell proliferation in an Rb1-dependent manner. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6661-70. [PMID: 25273089 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of neuroendocrine tumor (NET) proliferation are poorly understood, and therapies that effectively control NET progression and metastatic disease are limited. We found amplification of a putative oncogene, RABL6A, in primary human pancreatic NETs (PNET) that correlated with high-level RABL6A protein expression. Consistent with those results, stable silencing of RABL6A in cultured BON-1 PNET cells revealed that it is essential for their proliferation and survival. Cells lacking RABL6A predominantly arrested in G1 phase with a moderate mitotic block. Pathway analysis of microarray data suggested activation of the p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb1) tumor-suppressor pathways in the arrested cells. Loss of p53 had no effect on the RABL6A knockdown phenotype, indicating that RABL6A functions independent of p53 in this setting. By comparison, Rb1 inactivation partially restored G1 to S phase progression in RABL6A-knockdown cells, although it was insufficient to override the mitotic arrest and cell death caused by RABL6A loss. Thus, RABL6A promotes G1 progression in PNET cells by inactivating Rb1, an established suppressor of PNET proliferation and development. This work identifies RABL6A as a novel negative regulator of Rb1 that is essential for PNET proliferation and survival. We suggest RABL6A is a new potential biomarker and target for anticancer therapy in PNET patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussara Hagen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Viviane P Muniz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kelly C Falls
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Sara M Reed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Agshin F Taghiyev
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Frederick W Quelle
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Francoise A Gourronc
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Aloysius J Klingelhutz
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Heather J Major
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ryan W Askeland
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Scott K Sherman
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Thomas M O'Dorisio
- The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Andrew M Bellizzi
- The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - James R Howe
- The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Benjamin W Darbro
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Dawn E Quelle
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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34
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del Nogal M, Troyano N, Calleros L, Griera M, Rodriguez-Puyol M, Rodriguez-Puyol D, Ruiz-Torres MP. Hyperosmolarity induced by high glucose promotes senescence in human glomerular mesangial cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:98-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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35
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The protein p17 signaling pathways in cancer. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:4081-7. [PMID: 23900679 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
P17 is a novel neuronal protein expressed under physiological conditions only at very low levels in other tissues. Accumulating data indicate its crucial involvement in tumorigenic effects. Using molecular, cellular, and biocomputational methods, the current study unraveled p17 mode of action. Data indicate that mitochondria-associated p17 interacts with the proteins TMEM115, YPEL3, ERP44, CDK5RAP, and NNAT. Moreover, p17 drives the cell cycle into the G0/G1 phase and enhances survival of proliferating cells. Interference with p17 activities thus might become a novel option to influence also the tumor suppressor protein p53 signaling pathways for the treatment of tumors.
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36
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Chen X, Chen J, Gan S, Guan H, Zhou Y, Ouyang Q, Shi J. DNA damage strength modulates a bimodal switch of p53 dynamics for cell-fate control. BMC Biol 2013; 11:73. [PMID: 23800173 PMCID: PMC3702437 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The p53 pathway is differentially activated in response to distinct DNA damage, leading to alternative phenotypic outcomes in mammalian cells. Recent evidence suggests that p53 expression dynamics play an important role in the differential regulation of cell fate, but questions remain as to how p53 dynamics and the subsequent cellular response are modulated by variable DNA damage. Results We identified a novel, bimodal switch of p53 dynamics modulated by DNA-damage strength that is crucial for cell-fate control. After low DNA damage, p53 underwent periodic pulsing and cells entered cell-cycle arrest. After high DNA damage, p53 underwent a strong monotonic increase and cells activated apoptosis. We found that the damage dose-dependent bimodal switch was due to differential Mdm2 upregulation, which controlled the alternative cell fates mainly by modulating the induction level and pro-apoptotic activities of p53. Conclusions Our findings not only uncover a new mode of regulation for p53 dynamics and cell fate, but also suggest that p53 oscillation may function as a suppressor, maintaining a low level of p53 induction and pro-apoptotic activities so as to render cell-cycle arrest that allows damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Center for Quantitative Systems Biology and Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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37
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Misiewicz M, Déry MA, Foveau B, Jodoin J, Ruths D, LeBlanc AC. Identification of a novel endoplasmic reticulum stress response element regulated by XBP1. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:20378-91. [PMID: 23737521 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.457242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the regulatory mechanisms mediating PRNP gene expression is highly relevant to elucidating normal cellular prion protein (PrP) function(s) and the transmissibility of prion protein neurodegenerative diseases. Here, luciferase reporter assays showed that an endoplasmic reticulum stress element (ERSE)-like element, CCAAT-N26-CCACG in the human PRNP promoter, is regulated by ER stress and X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) but not by activating transcription factor 6 α (ATF6α). Bioinformatics identified the ERSE-26 motif in 37 other human genes in the absence of canonical ERSE sites except for three genes. Several of these genes are associated with a synaptic function or are involved in oxidative stress. Brefeldin A, tunicamycin, and thapsigargin ER stressors induced gene expression of PRNP and four randomly chosen ERSE-26-containing genes, ERLEC1, GADD45B, SESN2, and SLC38A5, in primary human neuron cultures or in the breast carcinoma MCF-7 cell line, although the level of the response depends on the gene analyzed, the genetic background of the cells, the cell type, and the ER stressor. Overexpression of XBP1 increased, whereas siRNA knockdown of XBP1 considerably reduced, PRNP and ERLEC1 mRNA levels in MCF-7 cells. Taken together, these results identify a novel ER stress regulator, which implicates the ER stress response in previously unrecognized cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Misiewicz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
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Abstract
p53, a guardian of the genome, exerts its tumor suppression activity by regulating a large number of downstream targets involved in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis, and cellular senescence. Although p53-mediated apoptosis is able to kill cancer cells, a role for cellular senescence in p53-dependent tumor suppression is becoming clear. Mouse studies showed that activation of p53-induced premature senescence promotes tumor regression in vivo. However, p53-mediated cellular senescence also leads to aging-related phenotypes, such as tissue atrophy, stem cell depletion, and impaired wound healing. In addition, several p53 isoforms and two p53 homologs, p63 and p73, have been shown to play a role in cellular senescence and/or aging. Importantly, p53, p63, and p73 are necessary for the maintenance of adult stem cells. Therefore, understanding the dual role the p53 protein family in cancer and aging is critical to solve cancer and longevity in the future. In this chapter, we provide an overview on how p53, p63, p73, and their isoforms regulate cellular senescence and aging.
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Purvis JE, Karhohs KW, Mock C, Batchelor E, Loewer A, Lahav G. p53 dynamics control cell fate. Science 2012; 336:1440-4. [PMID: 22700930 DOI: 10.1126/science.1218351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cells transmit information through molecular signals that often show complex dynamical patterns. The dynamic behavior of the tumor suppressor p53 varies depending on the stimulus; in response to double-strand DNA breaks, it shows a series of repeated pulses. Using a computational model, we identified a sequence of precisely timed drug additions that alter p53 pulses to instead produce a sustained p53 response. This leads to the expression of a different set of downstream genes and also alters cell fate: Cells that experience p53 pulses recover from DNA damage, whereas cells exposed to sustained p53 signaling frequently undergo senescence. Our results show that protein dynamics can be an important part of a signal, directly influencing cellular fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy E Purvis
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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40
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Steelman LS, Chappell WH, Abrams SL, Kempf RC, Long J, Laidler P, Mijatovic S, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Stivala F, Mazzarino MC, Donia M, Fagone P, Malaponte G, Nicoletti F, Libra M, Milella M, Tafuri A, Bonati A, Bäsecke J, Cocco L, Evangelisti C, Martelli AM, Montalto G, Cervello M, McCubrey JA. Roles of the Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways in controlling growth and sensitivity to therapy-implications for cancer and aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:192-222. [PMID: 21422497 PMCID: PMC3091517 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated signaling through the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways is often the result of genetic alterations in critical components in these pathways or upstream activators. Unrestricted cellular proliferation and decreased sensitivity to apoptotic-inducing agents are typically associated with activation of these pro-survival pathways. This review discusses the functions these pathways have in normal and neoplastic tissue growth and how they contribute to resistance to apoptotic stimuli. Crosstalk and commonly identified mutations that occur within these pathways that contribute to abnormal activation and cancer growth will also be addressed. Finally the recently described roles of these pathways in cancer stem cells, cellular senescence and aging will be evaluated. Controlling the expression of these pathways could ameliorate human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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Tuttle R, Miller KR, Maiorano JN, Termuhlen PM, Gao Y, Berberich SJ. Novel senescence associated gene, YPEL3, is repressed by estrogen in ER+ mammary tumor cells and required for tamoxifen-induced cellular senescence. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:2291-9. [PMID: 21671470 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen signaling plays an important role in breast carcinogenesis. An increased understanding of estrogen gene targets and their effects will allow for more directed and effective therapies for individuals with breast cancer, particularly those with estrogen receptor positive tumors resistant to tamoxifen therapy. Here, we identify YPEL3 as a growth suppressive protein downregulated by estrogen in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cell lines. Estrogen repression of YPEL3 expression was found to be independent of p53 but dependent on estrogen receptor alpha expression. Importantly, YPEL3 expression, which is induced by the removal of estrogen or treatment with tamoxifen triggers cellular senescence in MCF-7 cells while loss of YPEL3 increases the growth rate of MCF-7 cells. Taken together these findings suggest that YPEL3 may represent a potential target for directed hormonal therapy for estrogen receptor positive breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Tuttle
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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Tuttle R, Simon M, Hitch DC, Maiorano JN, Hellan M, Ouellette J, Termuhlen P, Berberich SJ. Senescence-associated gene YPEL3 is downregulated in human colon tumors. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18:1791-6. [PMID: 21267786 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-1558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work has demonstrated YPEL3 to be a growth-suppressive protein that acts through a pathway of cellular senescence. We set out to determine whether human colon tumors demonstrated downregulation of YPEL3. METHODS We collected colon tumor samples with matched normal control samples and analyzed them for YPEL3 gene expression by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and CpG hypermethylation of the YPEL3 promoter by base-specific polymerase chain reaction analysis. Colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2 and HCT116(-/-) p53) were used to assess YPEL3 gene expression after treatment with 5-azadeoxycytidine or trichostatin A. RESULTS Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated a decrease in YPEL3 expression in tumor samples when compared to their patient-matched normal tissue. We determined that DNA methylation of the YPEL3 promoter CpG island does not play a role in YPEL3 regulation in human colon tumors or colon cancer cells lines, consistent with the inability of 5-azadeoxycytidine treatment to induce YPEL3 expression in colon cancer cell lines. In contrast, colon cell line results suggest that histone acetylation may play a role in YPEL3 regulation in colon cancer. CONCLUSIONS YPEL3 is preferentially downregulated in human colon adenocarcinomas. DNA hypermethylation does not appear to be the mechanism of YPEL3 downregulation in this subset of collected patient samples or in colon cell lines. Histone acetylation may be a relevant epigenetic modulator of YPEL3 in colon adenocarcinomas. Future investigation of YPEL3 and its role in colon cancer signaling and development may lead to increased understanding and alternative treatment options for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Tuttle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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