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Koistinen H, Kovanen RM, Hollenberg MD, Dufour A, Radisky ES, Stenman UH, Batra J, Clements J, Hooper JD, Diamandis E, Schilling O, Rannikko A, Mirtti T. The roles of proteases in prostate cancer. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:493-513. [PMID: 36598826 PMCID: PMC10159896 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the proposition of the pro-invasive activity of proteolytic enzymes over 70 years ago, several roles for proteases in cancer progression have been established. About half of the 473 active human proteases are expressed in the prostate and many of the most well-characterized members of this enzyme family are regulated by androgens, hormones essential for development of prostate cancer. Most notably, several kallikrein-related peptidases, including KLK3 (prostate-specific antigen, PSA), the most well-known prostate cancer marker, and type II transmembrane serine proteases, such as TMPRSS2 and matriptase, have been extensively studied and found to promote prostate cancer progression. Recent findings also suggest a critical role for proteases in the development of advanced and aggressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Perhaps the most intriguing evidence for this role comes from studies showing that the protease-activated transmembrane proteins, Notch and CDCP1, are associated with the development of CRPC. Here, we review the roles of proteases in prostate cancer, with a special focus on their regulation by androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Ruusu-Maaria Kovanen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Evette S. Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John D. Hooper
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eleftherios Diamandis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antti Rannikko
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Jang J, Cho EH, Cho Y, Ganzorig B, Kim KY, Kim MG, Kim C. Environment-Sensitive Ectodomain Shedding of Epithin/PRSS14 Increases Metastatic Potential of Breast Cancer Cells by Producing CCL2. Mol Cells 2022; 45:564-574. [PMID: 35950457 PMCID: PMC9385564 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithin/PRSS14 is a membrane serine protease that plays a key role in tumor progression. The protease exists on the cell surface until its ectodomain shedding, which releases most of the extracellular domain. Previously, we showed that the remaining portion on the membrane undergoes intramembrane proteolysis, which results in the liberation of the intracellular domain and the intracellular domainmediated gene expression. In this study, we investigated how the intramembrane proteolysis for the nuclear function is initiated. We observed that ectodomain shedding of epithin/PRSS14 in mouse breast cancer 4T1 cells increased depending on environmental conditions and was positively correlated with invasiveness of the cells and their proinvasive cytokine production. We identified selenite as an environmental factor that can induce ectodomain shedding of the protease and increase C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) secretion in an epithin/PRSS14-dependent manner. Additionally, by demonstrating that the expression of the intracellular domain of epithin/PRSS14 is sufficient to induce CCL2 secretion, we established that epithin/PRSS14- dependent shedding and its subsequent intramembrane proteolysis are responsible for the metastatic conversion of 4T1 cells under these conditions. Consequently, we propose that epithin/PRSS14 can act as an environment-sensing receptor that promotes cancer metastasis by liberating the intracellular domain bearing transcriptional activity under conditions promoting ectodomain shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Eun Hye Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Youngkyung Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Binderya Ganzorig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Ki Yeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Moon Gyo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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3
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Isali I, McClellan P, Calaway A, Prunty M, Abbosh P, Mishra K, Ponsky L, Markt S, Psutka SP, Bukavina L. Gene network profiling in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Oncol 2022; 40:197.e11-197.e23. [PMID: 35039218 PMCID: PMC10123538 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining meta-analysis of transcriptional profiling of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) through Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets has not been investigated. This study aims to define gene expression profiles in MIBC and to identify potential candidate genes and pathways. OBJECTIVES To review and evaluate gene expression studies in MIBC through publicly available RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and microarray data in order to identify potential prognostic and therapeutic targets for MIBC. METHODS A systematic literature search of the Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, and Wiley Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases was performed using the terms "gene," "gene expression," and "bladder cancer" January 1, 1990 through March 2021 focused on populations with MIBC. RESULTS In the final analysis, GEO datasets were included. Fixed effect model was employed in the meta-analysis. Gene networking connections and gene-set functional analyses of the identified genes as differentially expressed in MIBC were performed using ImaGEO and GeneMANIA software. A heatmap for the upregulated and downregulated genes was generated along with the correlated pathways. CONCLUSION A total of 9 genes were reported in this analysis. Six genes were reported as upregulated (ProTα, SPINT1, UBE2E1, RAB25, KPNB1, HDAC1) and 3 genes as downregulated (NUP188, IPO13, NUP124). Genes were found to be involved in "ubiquitin mediated proteolysis," "protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum," "transcriptional misregulation in cancer," and "RNA transport" pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaha Isali
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Phillip McClellan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Adam Calaway
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Megan Prunty
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Phillip Abbosh
- Department of Urology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kirtishri Mishra
- Department of Urology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lee Ponsky
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sarah Markt
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sarah P Psutka
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Laura Bukavina
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.
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4
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Pagel CN, Kularathna PK, Sanaei R, Young ND, Hooper JD, Mackie EJ. Protease-activated receptor-2 dependent and independent responses of bone cells to prostate cancer cell secretory products. Prostate 2022; 82:723-739. [PMID: 35167724 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic prostate cancer lesions in the skeleton are frequently characterized by excessive formation of bone. Prostate cancer cells secrete factors, including serine proteases, that are capable of influencing the behavior of surrounding cells. Some of these proteases activate protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2 ), which is expressed by osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) and precursors of osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells). The aim of the current study was to investigate a possible role for PAR2 in regulating the behavior of bone cells exposed to metastatic prostate cancer cells. METHODS The effect of medium conditioned by the PC3, DU145, and MDA-PCa-2b prostate cancer cell lines was investigated in assays of bone cell function using cells isolated from wildtype and PAR2 -null mice. Osteoclast differentiation was assessed by counting tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleate cells in bone marrow cultured in osteoclastogenic medium. Osteoblasts were isolated from calvariae of neonatal mice, and BrdU incorporation was used to assess their proliferation. Assays of alkaline phosphatase activity and quantitative PCR analysis of osteoblastic gene expression were used to assess osteoblast differentiation. Responses of osteoblasts to medium conditioned by MDA-PCa-2b cells were analyzed by RNAseq. RESULTS Conditioned medium (CM) from all three cell lines inhibited osteoclast differentiation independently of PAR2 . Media from PC3 and DU145 cells had no effect on assays of osteoblast function. Medium conditioned by MDA-PCa-2b cells stimulated BrdU incorporation in both wildtype and PAR2 -null osteoblasts but increased alkaline phosphatase activity and Runx2 and Col1a1 expression in wildtype but not PAR2 -null cells. Functional enrichment analysis of RNAseq data identified enrichment of multiple gene ontology terms associated with lysosomal function in both wildtype and PAR2 -null cells in response to MDA-PCa-2b-CM. Analysis of individual genes identified osteogenesis-associated genes that were either upregulated by MDA-PCa-2b-CM selectively in wildtype cells or downregulated selectively in PAR2 -null cells. CONCLUSIONS Factors secreted by prostate cancer cells influence bone cell behavior through both PAR2 -dependent and -independent mechanisms. Both PAR2 -independent suppression of osteoclast differentiation and PAR2 -dependent stimulation of osteogenesis are likely to determine the nature of prostate cancer metastases in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Pagel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pamu K Kularathna
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Reza Sanaei
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil D Young
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John D Hooper
- Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eleanor J Mackie
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Hepcidin in hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:185-192. [PMID: 35264787 PMCID: PMC9296449 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common reasons for cancer-related deaths. Excess iron increases HCC risk. Inevitably, hepcidin, the iron hormone that maintains systemic iron homoeostasis is involved in HCC pathology. Distinct from other cancers that show high hepcidin expression, HCC patients can show low hepcidin levels. Thus, it is of immense clinical benefit to address the regulation and action of hepcidin in HCC as this may help in identifying molecular targets for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics. Accordingly, this review explores hepcidin in HCC. It presents the levels of tissue and serum hepcidin and explains the mechanisms that contribute to hepcidin reduction in HCC. These include downregulation of HAMP, TfR2, HJV, ALK2 and circular RNA circ_0004913, upregulation of matriptase-2 and GDF15, inactivation of RUNX3 and mutation in TP53. The enigmas around mir-122 and the functionalities of two major hepcidin inducers BMP6 and IL6 in relation to hepcidin in HCC are discussed. Effects of hepcidin downregulation are explained, specifically, increased cancer proliferation via activation of CDK1/STAT3 pathway and increased HCC risk due to reduction in a hepcidin-mediated protective effect against hepatic stellate cell activation. Hepcidin–ferroportin axis in HCC is addressed. Finally, the role of hepcidin in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics of HCC is highlighted.
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Dai YH, Wang YF, Shen PC, Lo CH, Yang JF, Lin CS, Chao HL, Huang WY. Gene-associated methylation status of ST14 as a predictor of survival and hormone receptor positivity in breast Cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:945. [PMID: 34418985 PMCID: PMC8380334 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genomic profiles of specific gene sets have been established to guide personalized treatment and prognosis for patients with breast cancer (BC). However, epigenomic information has not yet been applied in a clinical setting. ST14 encodes matriptase, a proteinase that is widely expressed in BC with reported prognostic value. Methods In this present study, we evaluated the effect of ST14 DNA methylation (DNAm) on overall survival (OS) of patients with BC as a representative example to promote the use of the epigenome in clinical decisions. We analyzed publicly available genomic and epigenomic data from 1361 BC patients. Methylation was characterized by the β-value from CpG probes based on sequencing with the Illumina Human 450 K platform. Results A high mean DNAm (β > 0.6779) across 34 CpG probes for ST14, as the gene-associated methylation (GAM) pattern, was associated with a longer OS after adjusting age, stage, histology and molecular features in Cox model (p value < 0.001). A high GAM status was also associated with a higher XBP1 expression level and higher proportion of hormone-positive BC (p value < 0.001). Pathway analysis revealed that altered GAM was related to matrisome-associated pathway. Conclusions Here we show the potential role of ST14 DNAm in BC prognosis and warrant further study. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08645-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hong Dai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Chengong Rd., Sec. 2, Neihu, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Fu Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Chengong Rd., Sec. 2, Neihu, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chien Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Chengong Rd., Sec. 2, Neihu, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsiang Lo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Chengong Rd., Sec. 2, Neihu, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Fu Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Chengong Rd., Sec. 2, Neihu, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Shu Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Chengong Rd., Sec. 2, Neihu, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Lung Chao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Chengong Rd., Sec. 2, Neihu, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yen Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Chengong Rd., Sec. 2, Neihu, Taipei, 114, Taiwan. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Xiang Y, Liang B, Jiang Y, Sun F, Zhao Y, Wu Q, Hu X, Liu Y, Huang Q, Liao W, Yao Z, Li S, Shi M. MET transcriptional regulator/serine peptidase inhibitor kunitz type 1 panel operating through HGF/c-MET axis as a prognostic signature in pan-cancer. Cancer Med 2021; 10:2442-2460. [PMID: 33751856 PMCID: PMC7982633 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulations in transcription factors (TFs) and their genetic products play important roles in tumorigenesis, tumor progression and metastasis. However, prognostic value of the transcriptional regulatory networks in different cancers has not been investigated in depth. The purpose of our study was to identify and validate a potential predictive signature that combines TFs and their regulatory products in eight solid tumors. We used bioinformatics analysis to identify MET Transcriptional Regulator (MACC1) and Serine Peptidase Inhibitor Kunitz Type 1 (SPINT1) as candidate TFs with the respective downstream regulatory proteins for patient prognosis in pan‐cancer. Subsequent molecular analysis of clinical gastric cancer tissue samples further verified the negative correlation between MACC1 and SPINT1. Further, we showed that mechanistically, MACC1/SPINT1 mediated the pro‐HGF proteolysis and c‐Met phosphorylation in HGF/c‐MET signaling pathway. Kaplan‐Meier plots and receiver operating characteristics analysis revealed that the two‐gene signature combining MACC1 with SPINT1 was effective in predicting survival in all eight cancer cohorts tested. In conclusion, our study clarified the regulatory relationship between MACC1 and SPINT1 in the context of the HGF/c‐MET signaling pathway and determined MACC1/SPINT1 panel as a valuable signature for the prediction of prognosis in patients for multiple solid cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bishan Liang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qijing Wu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingbin Hu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yajing Liu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Huang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangjun Liao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqi Yao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Kwon H, Ha H, Jeon H, Jang J, Son SH, Lee K, Park SK, Byun Y. Structure-activity relationship studies of dipeptide-based hepsin inhibitors with Arg bioisosteres. Bioorg Chem 2020; 107:104521. [PMID: 33334587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepsin is a type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) associated with cell proliferation and overexpressed in several types of cancer including prostate cancer (PCa). Because of its significant role in cancer progression and metastasis, hepsin is an attractive protein as a potential therapeutic and diagnostic biomarker for PCa. Based on the reported Leu-Arg dipeptide-based hepsin inhibitors, we performed structural modification and determined in vitro hepsin- and matriptase-inhibitory activities. Comprehensive structure-activity relationship studies identified that the p-guanidinophenylalanine-based dipeptide analog 22a exhibited a strong hepsin-inhibitory activity (Ki = 50.5 nM) and 22-fold hepsin selectivity over matriptase. Compound 22a could be a prototype molecule for structural optimization of dipeptide-based hepsin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmok Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebong Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Son
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Kyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Ozawa S, Matsubayashi M, Nanaura H, Yanagita M, Mori K, Asanuma K, Kajiwara N, Hayashi K, Ohashi H, Kasahara M, Yokoi H, Kataoka H, Mori E, Nakagawa T. Proteolytic cleavage of Podocin by Matriptase exacerbates podocyte injury. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16002-16012. [PMID: 32907879 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury is a critical step toward the progression of renal disease and is often associated with a loss of slit diaphragm proteins, including Podocin. Although there is a possibility that the extracellular domain of these slit diaphragm proteins can be a target for a pathological proteolysis, the precise mechanism driving the phenomenon remains unknown. Here we show that Matriptase, a membrane-anchored protein, was activated at podocytes in CKD patients and mice, whereas Matriptase inhibitors slowed the progression of mouse kidney disease. The mechanism could be accounted for by an imbalance favoring Matriptase over its cognate inhibitor, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1), because conditional depletion of HAI-1 in podocytes accelerated podocyte injury in mouse model. Matriptase was capable of cleaving Podocin, but such a reaction was blocked by either HAI-1 or dominant-negative Matriptase. Furthermore, the N terminus of Podocin, as a consequence of Matriptase cleavage of Podocin, translocated to nucleoli, suggesting that the N terminus of Podocin might be involved in the process of podocyte injury. Given these observations, we propose that the proteolytic cleavage of Podocin by Matriptase could potentially cause podocyte injury and that targeting Matriptase could be a novel therapeutic strategy for CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Ozawa
- TMK Project at the Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Research Unit/Innovative Medical Science, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaya Matsubayashi
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hitoki Nanaura
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- TMK Project at the Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Mori
- TMK Project at the Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Asanuma
- TMK Project at the Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Nephrology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Kazuyuki Hayashi
- Department of Nephrology, Ikeda City Hospital, Ikeda, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohashi
- Department of Pathology, Ikeda City Hospital, Ikeda, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Kasahara
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hideki Yokoi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Kihara, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Mori
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
| | - Takahiko Nakagawa
- TMK Project at the Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
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10
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Intramembrane proteolysis of an extracellular serine protease, epithin/PRSS14, enables its intracellular nuclear function. BMC Biol 2020; 18:60. [PMID: 32493324 PMCID: PMC7271384 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithin/PRSS14, a type II transmembrane serine protease, is an emerging target of cancer therapy because of its critical roles in tumor progression and metastasis. In many circumstances, the protease, through its ectodomain shedding, exists as a soluble form and performs its proteolytic functions in extracellular environments increasing cellular invasiveness. The seemingly functional integrity of the soluble form raises the question of why the protease is initially made as a membrane-associated protein. RESULTS In this report, we show that the epithin/PRSS14 intracellular domain (EICD) can be released from the membrane by the action of signal peptide peptidase-like 2b (SPPL2b) after ectodomain shedding. The EICD preferentially localizes in the nucleus and can enhance migration, invasion, and metastasis of epithelial cancer when heterologously expressed. Unbiased RNA-seq analysis and subsequent antibody arrays showed that EICD could control the gene expression of chemokines involved in cell motility, by increasing their promoter activities. Finally, bioinformatics analysis provided evidence for the clinical significance of the intramembrane proteolysis of epithin/PRSS14 by revealing that the poor survival of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer patients with high epithin/PRSS14 expression is further worsened by high levels of SPPL2b. CONCLUSIONS These results show that ectodomain shedding of epithin/PRSS14 can initiate a unique and synchronized bidirectional signal for cancer metastasis: extracellularly broadening proteolytic modification of the surrounding environment and intracellularly reprogramming the transcriptome for metastatic conversion. Clinically, this study also suggests that the intracellular function of epithin/PRSS14 should be considered for targeting this protease for anti-cancer treatment.
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Abstract
Over the last two decades, a novel subgroup of serine proteases, the cell surface-anchored serine proteases, has emerged as an important component of the human degradome, and several members have garnered significant attention for their roles in cancer progression and metastasis. A large body of literature describes that cell surface-anchored serine proteases are deregulated in cancer and that they contribute to both tumor formation and metastasis through diverse molecular mechanisms. The loss of precise regulation of cell surface-anchored serine protease expression and/or catalytic activity may be contributing to the etiology of several cancer types. There is therefore a strong impetus to understand the events that lead to deregulation at the gene and protein levels, how these precipitate in various stages of tumorigenesis, and whether targeting of selected proteases can lead to novel cancer intervention strategies. This review summarizes current knowledge about cell surface-anchored serine proteases and their role in cancer based on biochemical characterization, cell culture-based studies, expression studies, and in vivo experiments. Efforts to develop inhibitors to target cell surface-anchored serine proteases in cancer therapy will also be summarized.
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Zuo K, Qi Y, Yuan C, Jiang L, Xu P, Hu J, Huang M, Li J. Specifically targeting cancer proliferation and metastasis processes: the development of matriptase inhibitors. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:507-524. [PMID: 31471691 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Matriptase is a type II transmembrane serine protease, which has been suggested to play critical roles in numerous pathways of biological developments. Matriptase is the activator of several oncogenic proteins, including urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2). The activations of these matriptase substrates subsequently lead to the generation of plasmin, matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), and the triggers for many other signaling pathways related to cancer proliferation and metastasis. Accordingly, matriptase is considered an emerging target for the treatments of cancer. Thus far, inhibitors of matriptase have been developed as potential anti-cancer agents, which include small-molecule inhibitors, peptide-based inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies. This review covers established literature to summarize the chemical and biochemical aspects, especially the inhibitory mechanisms and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of matriptase inhibitors with the goal of proposing the strategies for their future developments in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zuo
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Qi
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Longguang Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Dr, 138673, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jianping Hu
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinyu Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Shen FF, Pan Y, Yang HJ, Li JK, Zhao F, Su JF, Li YY, Tian LQ, Yu PT, Cao YT, Zhang YW, Zhou FY. Decreased expression of SPINT1-AS1 and SPINT1 mRNA might be independent unfavorable prognostic indicators in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:4755-4763. [PMID: 31417276 PMCID: PMC6591775 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s206448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The serine peptidase inhibitor, Kunitz type 1 antisense RNA1 (SPINT1-AS1), a long non-coding RNA , has been linked to cancer progression. In this study, we aimed to explore the SPINT1-AS1 expression in matched esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and normal tissues, and analyze the potential correlations of SPINT1-AS1 expression with clinicopathological characteristics, in order to evaluate its prognosis and therapeutic value. Methods: SPINT1-AS1 expression was detected in 99 cases of matched ESCC and normal tissues samples using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Results: The expression level (△Ct) of SPINT1-AS1 and SPINT1 mRNA was significantly downregulated in ESCC tissues compared with matched normal tissues (P=0.0005; P=0.0002, respectively), and there was an obvious positive correlation between SPINT1-AS1 and SPINT1 mRNA expression. Clinicopathological characteristics indicated that SPINT1-AS1 expression was correlated with age and tumor size, while SPINT1 mRNA expression was correlated with age and gender. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of the expression level of SPINT1-AS1 and SPINT1 mRNA yielded an area under the ROC curve value of 0.638 and 0.625, respectively. The overall survival is shorter in patients with low SPINT1-AS1 expressed than those with high levels of SPINT1-AS1 (P=0.044), and SPINT1 mRNA expression level is associated with the OS (P=0.001). Univariate and multivariate analysis suggested that SPINT1-AS1 was an independent prognostic indicator in ESCC. Conclusions: We found that the expression of SPINT1-AS1 and SPINT1 mRNA is downregulated in ESCC tissues, which could contribute to tumor progression. SPINT1-AS1 and SPINT1 mRNA may be therapeutic targets and prognosis markers for ESCC. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/1n97rmu26Yw
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Shen
- The Key Laboratory for Tumor Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Pan
- The Key Laboratory for Tumor Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Jun Yang
- Anyang Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Kuo Li
- Anyang Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Anyang Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Fen Su
- Anyang Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yan Li
- The Key Laboratory for Tumor Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Qiang Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Tumor Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan-Ting Yu
- The Key Laboratory for Tumor Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Tian Cao
- The Key Laboratory for Tumor Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Wen Zhang
- Anyang Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-You Zhou
- The Key Laboratory for Tumor Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Anyang Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, Henan, People's Republic of China
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14
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Han B, Yang Y, Chen J, He X, Lv N, Yan R. PRSS23 knockdown inhibits gastric tumorigenesis through EIF2 signaling. Pharmacol Res 2019; 142:50-57. [PMID: 30769097 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PRSS23 is a newly discovered serine protease that has been associated with tumor progression in various types of cancers. Our previous study showed PRSS23 is down-regulated obviously in Hedgehog pathway blocked gastric cancer cells. However, the correlation between PRSS23 and tumor progression of gastric cancer remains unclear. Here, the role and mechanism of PRSS23 in tumor progression of gastric cancer were determined. PRSS23 protein levels were significantly increased in gastric cancer tissues compared with the paired adjacent normal gastric mucosa tissues. The high expression of PRSS23 correlated strongly with both poor differentiated histology and cancer region of sinus ventriculi. Gastric cancer patients with low PRSS23 expression displayed a better prognosis. In gastric cancer cells, PRSS23 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. In xenograft tumor model, PRSS23 knockdown led to dramatic decreases of the average tumor volume and the average tumor weight. In addition, PRSS23 knockdown suppressed gastric cancer growth through inhibiting EIF2 signaling using gene expression microarray analysis. Taken together, our results suggest PRSS23 is highly associated with human gastric tumorigenesis and progression. PRSS23 knockdown could suppress tumor growth of gastric cancer in vitro and in vivo through inhibiting EIF2 signaling, and EIF4E maybe a potential target of PRSS23. PRSS23 could serve as a potential target for gastric cancer therapy, and also a biomarker for the prediction of prognosis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China; Institute of Tropical Fruit Trees, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China; Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Xingxing He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Nonghua Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China.
| | - Runwei Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China.
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15
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Komatsubara T, Oshiro H, Sakuma Y, Sata N, Niki T, Fukushima N. Overexpression of matriptase in tumor stroma is a poor prognostic indicator of extrahepatic bile duct cancer. Pathol Int 2019; 69:86-93. [PMID: 30729623 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bile duct cancer is known to contain numerous fibroblasts, and reported to recruit cancer- associated fibroblasts by secreting platelet-derived growth factor-D (PDGF-D) which needs serine proteases, such as matriptase, to behave as a ligand. However, their expression pattern, and prognostic value have not been clarified. In this study, we investigated the clinicopathological significance of PDGF-D and matriptase expression in patients with extrahepatic bile duct cancer. The samples were obtained from 256 patients who underwent the surgical resection between 1991 and 2015, and the expression levels of PDGF-D and matriptase were evaluated immunohistochemically. Staining intensities and distribution were scored, and finally classified into low and high expression groups in cancer cells and stroma respectively. High expression of matriptase in the cancer stroma was detected in 91 tumors (40%). The high stromal matriptase expression was significantly associated with shorter recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) (P = 0.0027 and 0.0023, respectively). Multivariate analyses also demonstrated that the stromal matriptase expression level was an independent influential factor in RFS (P = 0.0050) and OS (P = 0.0093). Our findings suggest that the high stromal matriptase expression was strongly associated with tumor progression, recurrence and poor outcomes in patients with extrahepatic bile duct cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihide Komatsubara
- Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, Japan, 329-0498.,Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, Japan, 329-0498
| | - Hisashi Oshiro
- Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, Japan, 329-0498
| | - Yasunaru Sakuma
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, Japan, 329-0498
| | - Naohiro Sata
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, Japan, 329-0498
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, Japan, 329-0498
| | - Noriyoshi Fukushima
- Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, Japan, 329-0498
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16
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Etheridge T, Straus J, Ritter MA, Jarrard DF, Huang W. Semen AMACR protein as a novel method for detecting prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2018; 36:532.e1-532.e7. [PMID: 30337219 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha methylacyl A coenzyme racemase (AMACR) has shown to be an excellent immunohistological biomarker for prostate cancer (CaP). Given the connection between prostate and urethra, we hypothesized that semen ejaculate would be an ideal specimen for detection of CaP specific biomarkers, such as AMACR. This study explores the detection of semen AMACR protein in men with and without CaP. METHODS Semen ejaculates from 28 biopsy proven CaP patients prior to radical prostatectomy and 15 age-comparable controls were analyzed. An indirect sandwich ELISA chemiluminescence assay was used to detect semen AMACR, PSA, and Matriptase proteins. Tissue AMACR protein was quantified in 12 corresponding prostatectomy specimens using automated quantitative analysis (AQUA). RESULTS Semen AMACR protein was detected in 23 of 28 (82%) CaP patients and 23 of 24 (96%) CaP patients with significant tumor volume (>0.5 cc or 0.3 g). Among the 5 cancer patients with undetectable semen AMACR, 4 patients had small tumor volumes (<1% or 0.3 g). Semen AMACR protein was also detected in 7 of 15 (47%) control noncancer patients. Using 76 ng/ml as a cutoff value, 20 of 28 (71%) patients and 20 of 24 (83%) patients with significant tumor volume were positive for semen AMACR protein, whereas only 5 of 15 (33%) age-comparable controls were positive. AMACR levels degrade with time. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate that AMACR protein is detectable in semen ejaculate. The higher AMACR levels detected in cancer patients suggests that semen AMACR protein may be useful as a noninvasive test for prostate cancer. Further validation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Etheridge
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Jane Straus
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Mark A Ritter
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - David F Jarrard
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.
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17
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Li C, Li W, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu T, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Wang L, Pan H, Ji J, Wang C. Increased expression of antisense lncRNA SPINT1-AS1 predicts a poor prognosis in colorectal cancer and is negatively correlated with its sense transcript. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:3969-3978. [PMID: 30022840 PMCID: PMC6044340 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s163883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Natural antisense transcripts (NATs) are pervasively expressed in human genome and have been confirmed to contribute to cancer progression. In our study, we aimed to investigate the expression and clinical pertinence of serine peptidase inhibitor, Kunitz type 1 antisense RNA1 (SPINT1-AS1) in CRC. Materials and methods The expression levels of SPINT1-AS1 and the corresponding sense transcript SPINT1 mRNA were analyzed in 150 pairs of CRC tissues and adjacent normal (AN) tissues, along with 45 pairs of preoperative and postoperative serum exosome samples by the strand-specific real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Compared with AN tissues, the expression of SPINT1-AS1 was increased (P<0.001, 3.771 vs 0.980) in CRC tissues, while SPINT1 mRNA expression was decreased in CRC (P<0.001, 0.927 vs 1.165), and there was an obviously negative correlation between SPINT1-AS1 expression and its sense transcript (r=-0.701, P<0.001). SPINT1-AS1 yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of 0.865 (95% confidence interval, 0.821-0.902) for discriminating CRC tissues from AN tissues. Moreover, high SPINT1-AS1 expression was correlated with regional lymph node metastasis (P<0.001), distant metastasis (P<0.001), and shorter relapse-free survival (RFS) time (P<0.001), and Cox regression analysis indicated that SPINT1-AS1 was an independent prognostic factor for RFS. Meanwhile, significant reduction of SPINT1-AS1 expression level (P=0.001) was observed in CRC serum exosomes after surgical resection. Conclusion SPINT1-AS1 is upregulated in CRC tissues and plays an essential role in CRC progression and prognosis. Thereby, SPINT1-AS1 may serve as a candidate prognostic biomarker and molecular therapy target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China,
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, 250031, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China,
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yongmei Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hongwei Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jian Ji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Chuanxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China,
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18
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Activated matriptase as a target to treat breast cancer with a drug conjugate. Oncotarget 2018; 9:25983-25992. [PMID: 29899836 PMCID: PMC5995259 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The antitumor effects of a novel antibody drug conjugate (ADC) was tested against human solid tumor cell lines and against human triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) xenografts in immunosuppressed mice. The ADC targeting activated matriptase of tumor cells was synthesized by using the potent anti-tubulin toxin, monomethyl auristatin-E linked to the activated matriptase-specific monoclonal antibody (M69) via a lysosomal protease-cleavable dipeptide linker. This ADC was found to be cytotoxic against multiple activated matriptase-positive epithelial carcinoma cell lines in vitro and markedly inhibited growth of triple negative breast cancer xenografts and a primary human TNBC (PDX) in vivo. Overexpression of activated matriptase may be a biomarker for response to this ADC. The ADC had potent anti-tumor activity, while the unconjugated M69 antibody was ineffective in a mouse model study using MDA-MB-231 xenografts in mice. Treatment of a human TNBC (MDA-MB-231) showed potent anti-tumor effects in combination with cisplatin in mice. This ADC alone or in combination with cisplatin has the potential to improve the treatment outcomes of patients with TNBC as well as other tumors overexpressing activated matriptase.
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19
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Liu CL, Yang PS, Chien MN, Chang YC, Lin CH, Cheng SP. Expression of serine peptidase inhibitor Kunitz type 1 in differentiated thyroid cancer. Histochem Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29532159 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1660-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
SPINT1, also known as HAI-1, is a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor that inhibits multiple proteases including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activator and matriptase. SPINT1 has been shown to modulate HGF/MET activation in certain cancer types. In the present study, we analyzed microarray datasets and found that SPINT1 was consistently upregulated in differentiated thyroid cancer. SPINT1 protein expression was investigated using tissue microarrays and independent samples of our 143 patients. Strong SPINT1 expression was observed in 61-68% of papillary thyroid cancer and 41-50% of follicular thyroid cancer. The overexpression diminished in anaplastic thyroid cancer. The SPINT1 expression in normal thyroid tissues and benign thyroid lesions was low. Furthermore, we noted that the SPINT1 expression was associated with extrathyroidal invasion, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, advanced TNM stage, and a higher risk of recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer. The results were in accordance with our analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas data. In conclusion, an overexpression of SPINT1 appears to be associated with an invasive phenotype in differentiated thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Liang Liu
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, 92, Section 2, Chung-Shan North Road, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Sheng Yang
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, 92, Section 2, Chung-Shan North Road, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Nan Chien
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ching Chang
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, 92, Section 2, Chung-Shan North Road, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsin Lin
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, 92, Section 2, Chung-Shan North Road, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan. .,Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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20
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Mitchell AC, Kannan D, Hunter SA, Parra Sperberg RA, Chang CH, Cochran JR. Engineering a potent inhibitor of matriptase from the natural hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type-1 (HAI-1) protein. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4969-4980. [PMID: 29386351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.815142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated matriptase activity has been established as a key contributor to cancer progression through its activation of growth factors, including the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Despite its critical role and prevalence in many human cancers, limitations to developing an effective matriptase inhibitor include weak binding affinity, poor selectivity, and short circulating half-life. We applied rational and combinatorial approaches to engineer a potent inhibitor based on the hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type-1 (HAI-1), a natural matriptase inhibitor. The first Kunitz domain (KD1) of HAI-1 has been well established as a minimal matriptase-binding and inhibition domain, whereas the second Kunitz domain (KD2) is inactive and involved in negative regulation. Here, we replaced the inactive KD2 domain of HAI-1 with an engineered chimeric variant of KD2/KD1 domains and fused the resulting construct to an antibody Fc domain to increase valency and circulating serum half-life. The final protein variant contains four stoichiometric binding sites that we showed were needed to effectively inhibit matriptase with a Ki of 70 ± 5 pm, an increase of 120-fold compared with the natural HAI-1 inhibitor, to our knowledge making it one of the most potent matriptase inhibitors identified to date. Furthermore, the engineered inhibitor demonstrates a protease selectivity profile similar to that of wildtype KD1 but distinct from that of HAI-1. It also inhibits activation of the natural pro-HGF substrate and matriptase expressed on cancer cells with at least an order of magnitude greater efficacy than KD1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sean A Hunter
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | | | | | - Jennifer R Cochran
- From the Departments of Bioengineering and .,Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.,Chemical Engineering and
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21
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Long Z, Chen B, Liu Q, Zhao J, Yang Z, Dong X, Xia L, Huang S, Hu X, Song B, Li L. The reverse-mode NCX1 activity inhibitor KB-R7943 promotes prostate cancer cell death by activating the JNK pathway and blocking autophagic flux. Oncotarget 2018; 7:42059-42070. [PMID: 27275542 PMCID: PMC5173116 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the effects of KB-R7943, an inhibitor of reverse-mode NCX1 activity, in prostate cancer (PCa). NCX1 was overexpressed in PCa tissues and cell lines, and higher NCX1 levels were associated higher PCa grades. At concentrations greater than 10 μM, KB-R7943 dose-dependently decreased PC3 and LNCaP cell viability. KB-R7943 also increased cell cycle G1/S phase arrest and induced apoptosis in PC3 cells. KB-R7943 increased autophagosome accumulation in PCa cells as indicated by increases in LC3-II levels and eGFP-LC3 puncta. Combined treatment with chloroquine (CQ) and KB-R7943 decreased P62 and increased LC3-II protein levels in PC3 cells, indicating that KB-R7943 blocked autophagic flux. KB-R7943 induced autophagosome accumulation mainly by downregulating the PI3K/AKT/m-TOR pathway and upregulating the JNK pathway. In xenograft experiments, KB-R7943 inhibited tumor growth. Combined treatment with KB-R7943 and an autophagy inhibitor inhibited growth and increased apoptosis. These results indicate that KB-R7943 promotes cell death in PCa by activating the JNK signaling pathway and blocking autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Long
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - BaiJun Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - ZhenXing Yang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - XingYou Dong
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - LiuBin Xia
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - ShengQuan Huang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - XiaoYan Hu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - LongKun Li
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
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22
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Sun P, Xue L, Song Y, Mao X, Chen L, Dong B, Braicu EL, Sehouli J. Regulation of matriptase and HAI-1 system, a novel therapeutic target in human endometrial cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12682-12694. [PMID: 29560101 PMCID: PMC5849165 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of specific and non-specific regulation of matriptase on endometrial cancer cells in vitro were investigated. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expression of matriptase and hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 (HAI-1) in RL-952, HEC-1A, and HEC-1B endometrial cancer cells were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot. The cells were infected with lentivirus-mediated small-interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted on matriptase (MA-siRNA) or treated with different cisplatin (DDP) concentrations. After treatment, invasion, migration, and cellular apoptosis were analyzed. Matriptase mRNA and protein expression significantly decreased to 80% after infection with MA-siRNA (P < 0.01), and scratch and trans-well chamber assays showed significant inhibition of invasiveness and metastasis. Upon incubation with cisplatin at concentrations higher than the therapeutic dose for 24 h, the expressions of matriptase and HAI-1 significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Moreover, the invasiveness, metastasis, and survival rate of HEC-1A and RL-952 endometrial cancer cells were significantly decreased (P < 0.001) due to the down-regulation of matriptase and HAI-1 upon increasing cisplatin concentration. However, a slight increase in matriptase and HAI-1 expression was observed in cells treated with low cisplatin concentration (P = 0.01). Moreover, matriptase expression was associated with metastasis and invasiveness. Down-regulation of matriptase by specific Ma-SiRNA or non-specific cisplatin in matriptase/HAI-1-positive endometrial cancer cells showed promising therapeutic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengming Sun
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children Hospital, Affiliate Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350001 Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. of China.,Department of Gynecology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children Hospital, Affiliate Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350001 Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. of China
| | - Lifang Xue
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children Hospital, Affiliate Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350001 Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. of China
| | - Yiyi Song
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children Hospital, Affiliate Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350001 Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. of China
| | - Xiaodan Mao
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children Hospital, Affiliate Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350001 Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. of China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children Hospital, Affiliate Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350001 Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. of China
| | - Binhua Dong
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children Hospital, Affiliate Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350001 Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. of China
| | - Elena Loana Braicu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Gynecology, Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, European Competence Center for Ovarian Cancer University of Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jalid Sehouli
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Gynecology, Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, European Competence Center for Ovarian Cancer University of Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Gao T, Bi A, Yang S, Liu Y, Kong X, Zeng W. Applications of Nanoparticles Probes for Prostate Cancer Imaging and Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1096:99-115. [PMID: 30324350 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99286-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common type of cancer in men with high morbidity and mortality. However, the current treatment with drugs often leads to chemotherapy resistance. It is known that the multi-disciplines research on molecular imaging is very helpful for early diagnosing, staging, restaging and precise treatment of PCa. In the past decades, the tumor-specific targeted drugs were developed for the clinic to treat prostate cancer. Among them, the emerging nanotechnology has brought about many exciting novel diagnosis and treatments systems for PCa. Nanotechnology can greatly enhance the treatment activity of PCa and provide novel theranostics platform by utilizing the unique physical/chemical properties, targeting strategy, or by loading with imaging/therapeutic agents. Herein, this chapter focuses on state-of-art advances in imaging and diagnosing PCa with nanomaterials and highlights the approaches used for functionalization of the targeted biomolecules, and in the treatment for various aspects of PCa with multifunctional nanoparticles, nanoplatforms and nanodelivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Gao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Anyao Bi
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuiqi Yang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangqi Kong
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbin Zeng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,Molecular Imaging Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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24
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Owusu BY, Bansal N, Venukadasula PKM, Ross LJ, Messick TE, Goel S, Galemmo RA, Klampfer L. Inhibition of pro-HGF activation by SRI31215, a novel approach to block oncogenic HGF/MET signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 7:29492-506. [PMID: 27121052 PMCID: PMC5045412 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) to its receptor MET activates a signaling cascade that promotes cell survival, proliferation, cell scattering, migration and invasion of malignant cells. HGF is secreted by cancer cells or by tumor-associated fibroblasts as pro-HGF, an inactive precursor. A key step in the regulation of HGF/MET signaling is proteolytic processing of pro-HGF to its active form by one of the three serine proteases, matriptase, hepsin or HGF activator (HGFA).We developed SRI 31215, a small molecule that acts as a triplex inhibitor of matriptase, hepsin and HGFA and mimics the activity of HAI-1/2, endogenous inhibitors of HGF activation. We demonstrated that SRI 31215 inhibits fibroblast-induced MET activation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration of cancer cells. SRI 31215 overcomes primary resistance to cetuximab and gefitinib in HGF-producing colon cancer cells and prevents fibroblast-mediated resistance to EGFR inhibitors. Thus, SRI 31215 blocks signaling between cancer cells and fibroblasts and inhibits the tumor-promoting activity of cancer-associated fibroblasts.Aberrant HGF/MET signaling supports cell survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastatic spread of cancer cells, establishing HGF and MET as valid therapeutic targets. Our data demonstrate that inhibitors of HGF activation, such as SRI 31215, merit investigation as potential therapeutics in tumors that are addicted to HGF/MET signaling. The findings reported here also indicate that inhibitors of HGF activation overcome primary and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy, providing a rationale for concurrent inhibition of EGFR and HGF to prevent therapeutic resistance and to improve the outcome of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Y Owusu
- Department of Oncology, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Namita Bansal
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Larry J Ross
- High Throughput Screening, Southern Research, Drug Discovery Division, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Troy E Messick
- The Wistar Institute, Southern Research, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sanjay Goel
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Southern Research, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Robert A Galemmo
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lidija Klampfer
- Department of Oncology, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
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25
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Wu SR, Teng CH, Tu YT, Ko CJ, Cheng TS, Lan SW, Lin HY, Lin HH, Tu HF, Hsiao PW, Huang HP, Chen CH, Lee MS. The Kunitz Domain I of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Activator Inhibitor-2 Inhibits Matriptase Activity and Invasive Ability of Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15101. [PMID: 29118397 PMCID: PMC5678078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of pericellular proteolysis is often required for tumor invasion and cancer progression. It has been shown that down-regulation of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-2 (HAI-2) results in activation of matriptase (a membrane-anchored serine protease), human prostate cancer cell motility and tumor growth. In this study, we further characterized if HAI-2 was a cognate inhibitor for matriptase and identified which Kunitz domain of HAI-2 was required for inhibiting matriptase and human prostate cancer cell motility. Our results show that HAI-2 overexpression suppressed matriptase-induced prostate cancer cell motility. We demonstrate that HAI-2 interacts with matriptase on cell surface and inhibits matriptase proteolytic activity. Moreover, cellular HAI-2 harnesses its Kunitz domain 1 (KD1) to inhibit matriptase activation and prostate cancer cell motility although recombinant KD1 and KD2 of HAI-2 both show an inhibitory activity and interaction with matriptase protease domain. The results together indicate that HAI-2 is a cognate inhibitor of matriptase, and KD1 of HAI-2 plays a major role in the inhibition of cellular matritptase activation as well as human prostate cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Ru Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsin Teng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Ko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Shan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Wei Lan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ying Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Fang Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Po Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsin Chen
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyue Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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26
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Solís-Calero C, Carvalho HF. KLK14 interactions with HAI-1 and HAI-2 serine protease inhibitors: A molecular dynamics and relative free-energy calculations study. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:1246-1264. [PMID: 28817220 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Kallikrein 14 (KLK14) is a serine protease linked to several pathologies including prostate cancer and positively correlates with Gleason score. Though KLK14 functioning in cancer is poorly understood, it has been implicated in HGF/Met signaling, given that KLK14 proteolytically inhibits HGF activator-inhibitor 1 (HAI-1), which strongly inhibits pro-HGF activators, thereby contributing to tumor progression. In this work, KLK14 binding to either hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type-1 (HAI-1) or type-2 (HAI-2) was essayed using homology modeling, molecular dynamic simulations and free-energy calculations through MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA. KLK14 was successfully modeled. Calculated free energies suggested higher binding affinity for the KLK14/HAI-1 interaction than for KLK14/HAI-2. This difference in binding affinity is largely explained by the higher stability of the hydrogen-bond networks in KLK14/HAI-1 along the simulation trajectory. A key arginine residue in both HAI-1 and HAI-2 is responsible for their interaction with the S1 pocket in KLK14. Additionally, MM/GBSA free-energy decomposition postulates that KLK14 Asp174 and Trp196 are hotspots for binding HAI-1 and HAI-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Solís-Calero
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Yogo T, Umezawa K, Kamiya M, Hino R, Urano Y. Development of an Activatable Fluorescent Probe for Prostate Cancer Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2069-2076. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mako Kamiya
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Rumi Hino
- Department
of Sports and Health Science, Daito Bunka University, 560 Iwadono, Higashimathuyama, Saitama 355-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Urano
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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28
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Deng Y, Li Y, Yang F, Zeng A, Yang S, Luo Y, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Ye T, Xia Y, Yin W. The extract from Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel induces apoptosis and impairs metastasis in prostate cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:976-984. [PMID: 28724216 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a big threat to male for its poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Natural compounds are important resources of many anticancer drugs. Pomegranate is a kind of antioxidant-rich fruit and its peel and seed has potential anticancer activities. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of pomegranate peel extract (PoPx) on the apoptosis and metastasis of prostate cancer cells and the related mechanism. We found that PoPx showed growth inhibition on prostate cancer cells. Nuclei morphological and flow cytometer (FCM) analysis indicated that PoPx could induce prostate cancer apoptosis. Further investigation indicated that mitochondrial mediated intrinsic pathway is involved in the apoptosis. Exposure to PoPx led to loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δym), accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Western blot analysis showed that PoPx could increase the expression ratio of Bax/Bcl2 and activation of apoptosis executor caspase 3. Wound healing assay and transwell migration and invasion assay implied that PoPx has the potential to inhibit migration and invasion, two critical steps in prostate cancer metastasis. Downregulation of MMP2/MMP9 and upregulation of TIMP2 showed accordance with the inhibition of migration and invasion. In summary, the present data showed that PoPx could be a promising drug candidate to treat prostate cancer, showing us a better way to develop novel drugs from natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanle Deng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, 17# 3rd Section, Ren Min South Road, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Yali Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, 17# 3rd Section, Ren Min South Road, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Fangfang Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 17# 3rd Section, R en Min South Road, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Anqi Zeng
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 17# 3rd Section, R en Min South Road, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Shuping Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 17# 3rd Section, R en Min South Road, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 17# 3rd Section, R en Min South Road, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 17# 3rd Section, R en Min South Road, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Yongmei Xie
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 17# 3rd Section, R en Min South Road, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Tinghong Ye
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 17# 3rd Section, R en Min South Road, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 17# 3rd Section, R en Min South Road, 610041 Chengdu, China.
| | - Wenya Yin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, 17# 3rd Section, Ren Min South Road, 610041 Chengdu, China.
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29
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Murray AS, Varela FA, List K. Type II transmembrane serine proteases as potential targets for cancer therapy. Biol Chem 2017; 397:815-26. [PMID: 27078673 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is accompanied by increased protein and activity levels of extracellular cell-surface proteases that are capable of modifying the tumor microenvironment by directly cleaving the extracellular matrix, as well as activating growth factors and proinflammatory mediators involved in proliferation and invasion of cancer cells, and recruitment of inflammatory cells. These complex processes ultimately potentiate neoplastic progression leading to local tumor cell invasion, entry into the vasculature, and metastasis to distal sites. Several members of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) family have been shown to play critical roles in cancer progression. In this review the knowledge collected over the past two decades about the molecular mechanisms underlying the pro-cancerous properties of selected TTSPs will be summarized. Furthermore, we will discuss how these insights may facilitate the translation into clinical settings in the future by specifically targeting TTSPs as part of novel cancer treatment regimens.
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30
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Owusu BY, Thomas S, Venukadasula P, Han Z, Janetka JW, Galemmo RA, Klampfer L. Targeting the tumor-promoting microenvironment in MET-amplified NSCLC cells with a novel inhibitor of pro-HGF activation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:63014-63025. [PMID: 28968967 PMCID: PMC5609899 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapeutic agents, such as inhibitors of epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), have transformed the management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. MET-amplified NSCLC cells display resistance to EGFR-targeting agents, but are addicted to MET signaling for survival and proliferation and are sensitive to MET inhibition. However, responsive cancer cells invariably develop resistance to MET-targeted treatment. The tumor microenvironment plays a major role in resistance to anticancer therapy. We demonstrated that fibroblasts block the response of MET-amplified NSCLC cells to the MET kinase inhibitor, JNJ38877605 in an HGF-dependent manner. Thus, MET-amplified NSCLC cells become addicted to HGF upon pharmacological inhibition of MET. HGF restored phosphorylation of MET, EGFR and RON, and maintained pro-survival AKT and ERK signaling in MET-inhibited cells. We developed a small molecule inhibitor of pro-HGF activation, SRI31215, which acts as a triplex inhibitor of the pro-HGF activating proteases matriptase, hepsin and HGF activator (HGFA). SRI31215 blocked crosstalk between tumor cells and fibroblasts and overcame fibroblast-mediated resistance to MET inhibition by preventing fibroblast-mediated reactivation of AKT and ERK signaling. Structurally unrelated triplex inhibitors of matriptase, hepsin and HGFA that we developed in parallel showed similar biological activity. Our data suggest that simultaneous inhibition of HGF and MET is required to overcome resistance to MET inhibitors in MET-amplified NSCLC cells. This provides a rationale for the development of novel combination therapeutic strategies for the treatment of NSCLC patients with MET amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Y Owusu
- Department of Oncology Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, 35205 USA
| | - Shantasia Thomas
- Department of Oncology Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, 35205 USA
| | | | - Zhenfu Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
| | - James W Janetka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
| | - Robert A Galemmo
- Department of Oncology Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, 35205 USA
| | - Lidija Klampfer
- Department of Oncology Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, 35205 USA
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31
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Hepatocyte Growth Factor, a Key Tumor-Promoting Factor in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9040035. [PMID: 28420162 PMCID: PMC5406710 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays a key role in tumor development and progression. Stromal cells secrete growth factors, cytokines and extracellular matrix proteins which promote growth, survival and metastatic spread of cancer cells. Fibroblasts are the predominant constituent of the tumor stroma and Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), the specific ligand for the tyrosine kinase receptor c-MET, is a major component of their secretome. Indeed, cancer-associated fibroblasts have been shown to promote growth, survival and migration of cancer cells in an HGF-dependent manner. Fibroblasts also confer resistance to anti-cancer therapy through HGF-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and activation of pro-survival signaling pathways such as ERK and AKT in tumor cells. Constitutive HGF/MET signaling in cancer cells is associated with increased tumor aggressiveness and predicts poor outcome in cancer patients. Due to its role in tumor progression and therapeutic resistance, both HGF and MET have emerged as valid therapeutic targets. Several inhibitors of MET and HGF are currently being tested in clinical trials. Preclinical data provide a strong indication that inhibitors of HGF/MET signaling overcome both primary and acquired resistance to EGFR, HER2, and BRAF targeting agents. These findings support the notion that co-targeting of cancer cells and stromal cells is required to prevent therapeutic resistance and to increase the overall survival rate of cancer patients. HGF dependence has emerged as a hallmark of therapeutic resistance, suggesting that inhibitors of biological activity of HGF should be included into therapeutic regimens of cancer patients.
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32
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Ko CJ, Lan SW, Lu YC, Cheng TS, Lai PF, Tsai CH, Hsu TW, Lin HY, Shyu HY, Wu SR, Lin HH, Hsiao PW, Chen CH, Huang HP, Lee MS. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2-mediated matriptase activation contributes to the suppression of prostate cancer cell motility and metastasis. Oncogene 2017; 36:4597-4609. [PMID: 28368394 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays an important role in cancer development and progression. Cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2) is a key enzyme in generating prostaglandins causing inflammation, is often found to be overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa) and is correlated with PCa cell invasion and metastasis. We aim to investigate the molecular mechanism of how COX-2 promotes PCa cell invasion and metastasis and to evaluate the effect of COX-2 inhibitors in a selected model of PCa progression. Our results showed that the expression of COX-2 and Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) was upregulated in highly invasive PCa cells and was correlated with the activated levels of membrane-anchored serine protease matriptase. The expression levels of COX-2 were increased and were correlated with matriptase levels in PCa specimens. Moreover, results showed that COX-2 overexpression or a COX-2 product Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) caused an increase in matriptase activation and PCa cell invasion, whereas COX-2 silencing antagonized matriptase activation and cell invasion. In addition, the inhibition of COX-2-mediated matriptase activation by Celebrex and sulindac sulfide suppressed the androgen-independent and COX2-overexpressing PCa PC-3 cell invasion, tumor growth and lung metastasis in an orthotopic xenograft model. Our results indicate that COX-2/matriptase signaling contributes to the invasion, tumor growth and metastasis of COX-2-overexpressing and androgen-independent PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-J Ko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-W Lan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-C Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - T-S Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - P-F Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-H Tsai
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - T-W Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - H-Y Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - H-Y Shyu
- Bureau of Investigation, Ministry of Justice, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-R Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - H-H Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - P-W Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-H Chen
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - H-P Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - M-S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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33
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Ji M, Li S, Xie Y, Zhao Z, Chang W, Li Y, Cheng X, Wang Z. Expression and prognostic value of matriptase in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:1741-1744. [PMID: 28454318 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that matriptase is involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix and angiogenesis, and is overexpressed in certain forms of epithelial cancer. The present study aimed to examine matriptase expression in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma, and to investigate its association with clinicopathological characteristics and patient prognosis. Matriptase expression was analyzed in 80 ovarian serous adenocarcinoma and 12 normal ovarian tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. All data were analyzed to evaluate the association between matriptase expression and clinicopathological parameters and overall survival. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that matriptase protein was significantly overexpressed in the ovarian serous adenocarcinoma tissues compared with the normal ovarian tissues (P=0.0003). Furthermore, matriptase expression was significantly associated with clinical stage (P=0.0077) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.0111). Kaplan-Meier survival curves demonstrated that patients with positive matriptase expression had significantly greater survival times (P=0.0008). Matriptase expression is associated with early stage and a greater survival time; therefore, this protein may function as a novel diagnostic and prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Shunshuang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Ya Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Weizhong Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Xinghan Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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34
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Tanabe LM, List K. The role of type II transmembrane serine protease-mediated signaling in cancer. FEBS J 2016; 284:1421-1436. [PMID: 27870503 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pericellular proteases have long been implicated in carcinogenesis. Previous research focused on these proteins, primarily as extracellular matrix (ECM) protein-degrading enzymes which allowed cancer cells to breach the basement membrane and invade surrounding tissue. However, recently, there has been a shift in the view of cell surface proteases, including serine proteases, as proteolytic modifiers of particular targets, including growth factors and protease-activated receptors, which are critical for the activation of oncogenic signaling pathways. Of the 176 human serine proteases currently identified, a subset of 17, known as type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs). Many have been shown to be relevant to cancer progression since they were first identified as a family around the turn of the century. To this end, altered expression of TTSPs appeared as a trademark of several tumor types. However, the substrates and underlying signaling pathways remained unclear. Localization of these proteins to the cell surface places them in the unique position to mediate signal transduction between the cell and its surrounding environment. Many of the TTSPs have already been shown to play key roles in processes such as postnatal development, tissue homeostasis, and tumor progression, which share overlapping molecular mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of the TTSP family in pro-oncogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Tanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Karin List
- Department of Pharmacology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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35
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Eatemadi A, Aiyelabegan HT, Negahdari B, Mazlomi MA, Daraee H, Daraee N, Eatemadi R, Sadroddiny E. Role of protease and protease inhibitors in cancer pathogenesis and treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 86:221-231. [PMID: 28006747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second cause of death in 2015, and it has been estimated to surpass heart diseases as the leading cause of death in the next few years. Several mechanisms are involved in cancer pathogenesis. Studies have indicated that proteases are also implicated in tumor growth and progression which is highly dependent on nutrient and oxygen supply. On the other hand, protease inhibitors could be considered as a potent strategy in cancer therapy. On the basis of the type of the key amino acid in the active site of the protease and the mechanism of peptide bond cleavage, proteases can be classified into six groups: cysteine, serine, threonine, glutamic acid, aspartate proteases, as well as matrix metalloproteases. In this review, we focus on the role of different types of proteases and protease inhibitors in cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Eatemadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran.
| | - Hammed T Aiyelabegan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mazlomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadis Daraee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasim Daraee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Esmaeil Sadroddiny
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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36
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Martin EW, Buzza MS, Driesbaugh KH, Liu S, Fortenberry YM, Leppla SH, Antalis TM. Targeting the membrane-anchored serine protease testisin with a novel engineered anthrax toxin prodrug to kill tumor cells and reduce tumor burden. Oncotarget 2016; 6:33534-53. [PMID: 26392335 PMCID: PMC4741784 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The membrane-anchored serine proteases are a unique group of trypsin-like serine proteases that are tethered to the cell surface via transmembrane domains or glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchors. Overexpressed in tumors, with pro-tumorigenic properties, they are attractive targets for protease-activated prodrug-like anti-tumor therapies. Here, we sought to engineer anthrax toxin protective antigen (PrAg), which is proteolytically activated on the cell surface by the proprotein convertase furin to instead be activated by tumor cell-expressed membrane-anchored serine proteases to function as a tumoricidal agent. PrAg's native activation sequence was mutated to a sequence derived from protein C inhibitor (PCI) that can be cleaved by membrane-anchored serine proteases, to generate the mutant protein PrAg-PCIS. PrAg-PCIS was resistant to furin cleavage in vitro, yet cytotoxic to multiple human tumor cell lines when combined with FP59, a chimeric anthrax toxin lethal factor-Pseudomonas exotoxin fusion protein. Molecular analyses showed that PrAg-PCIS can be cleaved in vitro by several serine proteases including the membrane-anchored serine protease testisin, and mediates increased killing of testisin-expressing tumor cells. Treatment with PrAg-PCIS also potently attenuated the growth of testisin-expressing xenograft tumors in mice. The data indicates PrAg can be engineered to target tumor cell-expressed membrane-anchored serine proteases to function as a potent tumoricidal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik W Martin
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and the Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marguerite S Buzza
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and the Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kathryn H Driesbaugh
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and the Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shihui Liu
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yolanda M Fortenberry
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stephen H Leppla
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Toni M Antalis
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and the Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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37
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Sun DR, Zheng QC, Zhang HX. Probing the interaction mechanism of small molecule inhibitors with matriptase based on molecular dynamics simulation and free energy calculations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:755-764. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1160259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ru Sun
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Chuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130023, P.R. China
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Xing Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P.R. China
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38
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Ko CJ, Huang CC, Lin HY, Juan CP, Lan SW, Shyu HY, Wu SR, Hsiao PW, Huang HP, Shun CT, Lee MS. Androgen-Induced TMPRSS2 Activates Matriptase and Promotes Extracellular Matrix Degradation, Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion, Tumor Growth, and Metastasis. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2949-60. [PMID: 26018085 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of androgen signaling and pericellular proteolysis is necessary for prostate cancer progression, but the links between them are still obscure. In this study, we show how the membrane-anchored serine protease TMPRSS2 stimulates a proteolytic cascade that mediates androgen-induced prostate cancer cell invasion, tumor growth, and metastasis. We found that matriptase serves as a substrate for TMPRSS2 in mediating this proinvasive action of androgens in prostate cancer. Further, we determined that higher levels of TMPRSS2 expression correlate with higher levels of matriptase activation in prostate cancer tissues. Lastly, we found that the ability of TMPRSS2 to promote prostate cancer tumor growth and metastasis was associated with increased matriptase activation and enhanced degradation of extracellular matrix nidogen-1 and laminin β1 in tumor xenografts. In summary, our results establish that TMPRSS2 promotes the growth, invasion, and metastasis of prostate cancer cells via matriptase activation and extracellular matrix disruption, with implications to target these two proteases as a strategy to treat prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Ko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ying Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Pai Juan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Wei Lan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Shyu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Bureau of Investigation, Ministry of Justice, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Ru Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Po Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tung Shun
- Department and Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyue Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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39
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Goswami R, Wohlfahrt G, Mukherjee S, Ghadiyaram C, Nagaraj J, Satyam LK, Subbarao K, Gopinath S, Krishnamurthy NR, Subramanya HS, Ramachandra M. Discovery of O-(3-carbamimidoylphenyl)-l-serine amides as matriptase inhibitors using a fragment-linking approach. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:616-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Matriptase promotes inflammatory cell accumulation and progression of established epidermal tumors. Oncogene 2014; 34:4664-72. [PMID: 25486433 PMCID: PMC4459940 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of matriptase is a consistent feature of human epithelial cancers and correlates with poor disease outcome. We have previously shown that matriptase promotes multi-stage squamous cell carcinogenesis in transgenic mice through dual activation of pro-hepatocyte growth factor-cMet-Akt-mTor proliferation/survival signaling and PAR-2-Gαi-NFκB inflammatory signaling. Matriptase was congenitally and constitutively deregulated in our prior studies, and therefore it was unclear if aberrant matriptase signaling supports only initiation of tumor formation or if it is also critical for the progression of established tumors. To determine this, we here have generated triple-transgenic mice with constitutive deregulation of matriptase and simultaneous inducible expression of the cognate matriptase inhibitor, hepatocyte growth factor inhibitor (HAI)-2. As expected, constitutive expression of HAI-2 suppressed the formation of matriptase-dependent tumors in 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-treated mouse skin. Interestingly, however, the induction of HAI-2 expression in already established tumors markedly impaired malignant progression and caused regression of individual tumors. Tumor regression correlated with reduced accumulation of tumor-associated inflammatory cells, likely caused by diminished expression of pro-tumorigenic inflammatory cytokines. The data suggest that matriptase-dependent signaling may be a therapeutic target for both squamous cell carcinoma chemoprevention and for the treatment of established tumors.
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41
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Parray A, Siddique HR, Kuriger JK, Mishra SK, Rhim JS, Nelson HH, Aburatani H, Konety BR, Koochekpour S, Saleem M. ROBO1, a tumor suppressor and critical molecular barrier for localized tumor cells to acquire invasive phenotype: study in African-American and Caucasian prostate cancer models. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2493-506. [PMID: 24752651 PMCID: PMC4610361 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High-risk populations exhibit early transformation of localized prostate cancer (CaP) disease to metastasis which results in the mortality of such patients. The paucity of knowledge about the molecular mechanism involved in acquiring of metastatic behavior by primary tumor cells and non-availability of reliable phenotype-discriminating biomarkers are stumbling blocks in the management of CaP disease. Here, we determine the role and translational relevance of ROBO1 (an organogenesis-associated gene) in human CaP. Employing CaP-progression models and prostatic tissues of Caucasian and African-American patients, we show that ROBO1 expression is localized to cell-membrane and significantly lost in primary and metastatic tumors. While Caucasians exhibited similar ROBO1 levels in primary and metastatic phenotype, a significant difference was observed between tumor phenotypes in African-Americans. Epigenetic assays identified promoter methylation of ROBO1 specific to African-American metastatic CaP cells. Using African-American CaP models for further studies, we show that ROBO1 negatively regulates motility and invasiveness of primary CaP cells, and its loss causes these cells to acquire invasive trait. To understand the underlying mechanism, we employed ROBO1-expressing/ROBO1-C2C3-mutant constructs, immunoprecipitation, confocal-microscopy and luciferase-reporter techniques. We show that ROBO1 through its interaction with DOCK1 (at SH3-SH2-domain) controls the Rac-activation. However, loss of ROBO1 results in Rac1-activation which in turn causes E-Cadherin/β-catenin cytoskeleton destabilization and induction of cell migration. We suggest that ROBO1 is a predictive biomarker that has potential to discriminate among CaP types, and could be exploited as a molecular target to inhibit the progression of disease as well as treat metastasis in high-risk populations such as African-Americans.
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MESH Headings
- Black or African American/statistics & numerical data
- Blotting, Western
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cohort Studies
- Disease Progression
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Male
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Staging
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/ethnology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- White People/statistics & numerical data
- Wound Healing
- beta Catenin/genetics
- beta Catenin/metabolism
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/genetics
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Roundabout Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijaz Parray
- Section of Molecular Chemoprevention and Therapeutics, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN
| | - Hifzur R. Siddique
- Section of Molecular Chemoprevention and Therapeutics, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN
| | - Jacquelyn K. Kuriger
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Shrawan K. Mishra
- Section of Molecular Chemoprevention and Therapeutics, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN
| | - Johng S. Rhim
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Heather H. Nelson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Badrinath R. Konety
- Department of Urology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Shahriar Koochekpour
- Center for Genetics and Pharmacology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Mohammad Saleem
- Section of Molecular Chemoprevention and Therapeutics, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN
- Department of Urology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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42
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Zheng Q, Wu H, Cao J, Ye J. Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type‑1 in cancer: advances and perspectives (Review). Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2779-85. [PMID: 25310042 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common diseases, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Large‑scale efforts have been made to understand the pathogenesis of the disease, particularly in the advanced stages, in order to develop effective therapeutic approaches. Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type-1 (HAI-1), also known as serine protease inhibitor Kunitz type 1, inhibits the activity of several trypsin-like serine proteases. In particular, HAI-1 suppresses hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activator and matriptase, resulting in subsequent inhibition of HGF/scatter factor and macrophage‑stimulating protein (MSP). HGF and MSP are involved in cancer development and progression, via the receptors Met receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and Ron RTK, respectively. Therefore, HAI-1-mediated downregulation of HGF and MSP signaling may suppress tumorigenesis and progression in certain types of cancers. Abnormal HAI-1 expression levels have been observed in various types of human cancer. The exact function of HAI-1 in cancer pathogenesis, however, has not been fully elucidated. In this review, the focus is on the potential impact of aberrant HAI-1 expression levels on tumorigenesis and progression, the underlying mechanisms, and areas that require further investigation to clarify the precise role of HAI-1 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Zheng
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Haijian Wu
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Jingjia Ye
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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43
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Chen F, Lu Z, Deng J, Han X, Bai J, Liu Q, Xi Y, Zheng J. SPAG9 expression is increased in human prostate cancer and promotes cell motility, invasion and angiogenesis in vitro. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:2533-40. [PMID: 25310386 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) is a recently characterized oncoprotein involved in the progression of several human malignancies. To elucidate the role of SPAG9 in the development of human prostate cancer (PCa), tissue microarray (TMA) and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the clinical relevance of SPAG9 in PCa tissues. We found that SPAG9 expression was increased in the PCa tissues when compared with the level in the tumor adjacent normal prostate tissues, and increased SPAG9 staining was significantly correlated with TNM stage and tumor grade. We also examined prostate cancer cell motility, invasion and angiogenesis ability following reduced SPAG9 expression by siRNA. Our data showed that knockdown of SPAG9 in prostate cancer cell lines inhibited cell motility and invasion due to the inactivation of metalloproteinase-2 (MMP‑2)/MMP-9 by upregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1)/TIMP-2. Furthermore, downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion greatly contributed to the reduced ability of angiogenesis. Our data indicate that SPAG9 expression is significantly increased in PCa and it may be involved in the process of prostate cancer cell motility, migration and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Junpeng Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xuechao Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jin Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- School of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yaguang Xi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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44
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Mechanisms of hepatocyte growth factor activation in cancer tissues. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1890-904. [PMID: 25268161 PMCID: PMC4276949 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6041890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) plays critical roles in cancer progression through its specific receptor, MET. HGF/SF is usually synthesized and secreted as an inactive proform (pro-HGF/SF) by stromal cells, such as fibroblasts. Several serine proteases are reported to convert pro-HGF/SF to mature HGF/SF and among these, HGF activator (HGFA) and matriptase are the most potent activators. Increased activities of both proteases have been observed in various cancers. HGFA is synthesized mainly by the liver and secreted as an inactive pro-form. In cancer tissues, pro-HGFA is likely activated by thrombin and/or human kallikrein 1-related peptidase (KLK)-4 and KLK-5. Matriptase is a type II transmembrane serine protease that is expressed by most epithelial cells and is also synthesized as an inactive zymogen. Matriptase activation is likely to be mediated by autoactivation or by other trypsin-like proteases. Recent studies revealed that matriptase autoactivation is promoted by an acidic environment. Given the mildly acidic extracellular environment of solid tumors, matriptase activation may, thus, be accelerated in the tumor microenvironment. HGFA and matriptase activities are regulated by HGFA inhibitor (HAI)-1 (HAI-1) and/or HAI-2 in the pericellular microenvironment. HAIs may have an important role in cancer cell biology by regulating HGF/SF-activating proteases.
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45
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Lucas JM, Heinlein C, Kim T, Hernandez SA, Malik MS, True LD, Morrissey C, Corey E, Montgomery B, Mostaghel E, Clegg N, Coleman I, Brown CM, Schneider EL, Craik C, Simon JA, Bedalov A, Nelson PS. The androgen-regulated protease TMPRSS2 activates a proteolytic cascade involving components of the tumor microenvironment and promotes prostate cancer metastasis. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:1310-25. [PMID: 25122198 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED TMPRSS2 is an androgen-regulated cell-surface serine protease expressed predominantly in prostate epithelium. TMPRSS2 is expressed highly in localized high-grade prostate cancers and in the majority of human prostate cancer metastases. Through the generation of mouse models with a targeted deletion of Tmprss2, we demonstrate that the activity of this protease regulates cancer cell invasion and metastasis to distant organs. By screening combinatorial peptide libraries, we identified a spectrum of TMPRSS2 substrates that include pro-hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). HGF activated by TMPRSS2 promoted c-MET receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, and initiated a proinvasive epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenotype. Chemical library screens identified a potent bioavailable TMPRSS2 inhibitor that suppressed prostate cancer metastasis in vivo. Together, these findings provide a mechanistic link between androgen-regulated signaling programs and prostate cancer metastasis that operate via context-dependent interactions with extracellular constituents of the tumor microenvironment. SIGNIFICANCE The vast majority of prostate cancer deaths are due to metastasis. Loss of TMPRSS2 activity dramatically attenuated the metastatic phenotype through mechanisms involving the HGF-c-MET axis. Therapeutic approaches directed toward inhibiting TMPRSS2 may reduce the incidence or progression of metastasis in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Lucas
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cynthia Heinlein
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tom Kim
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Susana A Hernandez
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Muzdah S Malik
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lawrence D True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bruce Montgomery
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elahe Mostaghel
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nigel Clegg
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ilsa Coleman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christopher M Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Eric L Schneider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Charles Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Julian A Simon
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Antonio Bedalov
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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46
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Wei C, Bai WK, Wang Y, Hu B. Combined treatment of PC-3 cells with ultrasound and microbubbles suppresses invasion and migration. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:1372-1376. [PMID: 25120726 PMCID: PMC4114620 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether ultrasound treatment combined with microbubbles inhibits cell invasion and migration in androgen-independent prostate cancer (PCa) cells and to identify the probable mechanism. Ultrasound was used in continuous wave mode at a frequency of 21 kHz and with a spatial-average temporal-average intensity of 46 mW/cm2. Ultrasound combined with microbubbles (200 μl; SonoVue) was administered to androgen-independent human PCa PC-3 cells for 30 sec. The PC-3 cells were divided into three groups: The control group, the ultrasound group (US) and the ultrasound combined with microbubbles group (US + MB). Following treatment for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h, cell counting kit-8 was used to assess cell viability. Cell invasion and migration was measured 12 h after treatment using Transwell migration assays. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to evaluate the expression of the migration-associated proteins, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Cell reproduction levels in the US and US + MB groups were significantly suppressed when compared with the control group (P<0.01) following 24 h of treatment and this suppression was significantly higher in the US + MB group than in the US group (P<0.01). However, no significant differences in cell reproduction levels between the three groups were identified at 12 h (P>0.05). Ultrasound combined with microbubbles significantly suppressed the level of invasion and migration in the PC-3 cells compared with the control group (190.83±14.63 vs. 509.67±18.62, P<0.01; and 86.67±10.60 vs. 271.33±65.14; P<0.01, respectively). Furthermore, combined treatment with ultrasound and microbubbles suppressed the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. In conclusion, it was found that ultrasound combined with microbubbles suppressed invasion and migration in human PCa PC-3 cells via downregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wei
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Kun Bai
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
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47
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Li H, Huang Y, Zhang B, Yang D, Zhu X, Li G. A new method to assay protease based on amyloid misfolding: application to prostate cancer diagnosis using a panel of proteases biomarkers. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:701-7. [PMID: 24883120 PMCID: PMC4038752 DOI: 10.7150/thno.8803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports a sensitive method with electrochemical technique to detect various proteases, which can be used for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. For the proposed assay method, the working electrode is modified with the peptide probes for the target proteases. These probes contain the substrate sequence of target proteases, as well as the seed peptide sequence that can accelerate the misfolding of amyloid-beta. If there are proteases in the test solution, after protease cleavage of the substrate peptides, the distal seed peptide will be removed from the electrode surface. So, in the absence of proteases, the seed peptides can initiate and accelerate amyloid-beta misfolding on the electrode surface. Consequently, the formed aggregates strongly block the electron transfer of the in-solution electroactive species with the electrode, resulting in suppressed signal readout. Nevertheless, in the presence of proteases, enzyme cleavage may lead to greatly mitigated protein misfolding and evident signal enhancement. Since the contrast in signal readout between the two cases can be amplified by using the protein misfolding step, high sensitivity suitable for direct detection of proteases in serum can be achieved. These results may suggest the feasibility of our new method for the detection of a panel of proteases in offering detailed diagnosis of prostate cancer and a better treatment of the cancer.
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48
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Goswami R, Mukherjee S, Ghadiyaram C, Wohlfahrt G, Sistla RK, Nagaraj J, Satyam LK, Subbarao K, Palakurthy RK, Gopinath S, Krishnamurthy NR, Ikonen T, Moilanen A, Subramanya HS, Kallio P, Ramachandra M. Structure-guided discovery of 1,3,5 tri-substituted benzenes as potent and selective matriptase inhibitors exhibiting in vivo antitumor efficacy. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3187-203. [PMID: 24794746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Matriptase is a serine protease implicated in cancer invasion and metastasis. Expression of matriptase is frequently dysregulated in human cancers and matriptase has been reported to activate latent growth factors such as hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor, and proteases such as urokinase plasminogen activator suggesting that matriptase inhibitors could have therapeutic potential in treatment of cancer. Here we report a structure-based approach which led to the discovery of selective and potent matriptase inhibitors with benzene as central core having 1,3,5 tri-substitution pattern. X-ray crystallography of one of the potent analogs in complex with matriptase revealed strong hydrogen bonding and salt-bridge interactions in the S1 pocket, as well as strong CH-π contacts between the P2/P4 cyclohexyl and Trp215 side-chain. An additional interaction of the pendant amine at cyclohexyl with Gln175 side-chain results in substantial improvement in matriptase inhibition and selectivity against other related serine proteases. Compounds 15 and 26 showed tumor growth inhibition in a subcutaneous DU-145 prostate cancer mouse model. These compounds could be useful as tools to further explore the biology of matriptase as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Goswami
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, 39-40 KIADB Industrial Area, Electronic City Phase II, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Subhendu Mukherjee
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, 39-40 KIADB Industrial Area, Electronic City Phase II, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Chakshusmathi Ghadiyaram
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, 39-40 KIADB Industrial Area, Electronic City Phase II, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Gerd Wohlfahrt
- Orion Corporation, Orionintie 1, FIN-02101 Espoo, Finland
| | - Ramesh K Sistla
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, 39-40 KIADB Industrial Area, Electronic City Phase II, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Jwala Nagaraj
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, 39-40 KIADB Industrial Area, Electronic City Phase II, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Leena K Satyam
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, 39-40 KIADB Industrial Area, Electronic City Phase II, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Krishnaprasad Subbarao
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, 39-40 KIADB Industrial Area, Electronic City Phase II, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Rajendra K Palakurthy
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, 39-40 KIADB Industrial Area, Electronic City Phase II, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Sreevalsam Gopinath
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, 39-40 KIADB Industrial Area, Electronic City Phase II, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Narasimha R Krishnamurthy
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, 39-40 KIADB Industrial Area, Electronic City Phase II, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Tarja Ikonen
- Orion Corporation, Orionintie 1, FIN-02101 Espoo, Finland
| | - Anu Moilanen
- Orion Corporation, Tengströminkatu 8, FIN-20101 Turku, Finland
| | - Hosahalli S Subramanya
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, 39-40 KIADB Industrial Area, Electronic City Phase II, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Pekka Kallio
- Orion Corporation, Tengströminkatu 8, FIN-20101 Turku, Finland
| | - Murali Ramachandra
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, 39-40 KIADB Industrial Area, Electronic City Phase II, Bangalore 560 100, India.
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49
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Fittler H, Avrutina O, Empting M, Kolmar H. Potent inhibitors of human matriptase-1 based on the scaffold of sunflower trypsin inhibitor. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:415-20. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Fittler
- Clemens-Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Clemens-Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Martin Empting
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS); Department Drug Design and Optimization; Campus C2.3 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Clemens-Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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50
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Chu LL, Xu Y, Yang JR, Hu YA, Chang HH, Lai HY, Tseng CC, Wang HY, Johnson MD, Wang JK, Lin CY. Human cancer cells retain modest levels of enzymatically active matriptase only in extracellular milieu following induction of zymogen activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92244. [PMID: 24663123 PMCID: PMC3963879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 2 transmembrane serine protease matriptase is broadly expressed in human carcinomas and hematological cancers. The proteolytic activity of matriptase is a potential target of drugs and imaging probes. We assessed the fate of active matriptase following the induction of matriptase zymogen activation. Exposing eight human carcinoma cells to pH 6.0 buffer induced robust matriptase zymogen activation followed by rapid inhibition of the nascent active matriptase by hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI)-1. Consequently, no enzymatically active matriptase was detected in these cells. Some active matriptase is, however, rapidly shed to the extracellular milieu by these carcinoma cells. The lack of cell-associated active matriptase and the shedding of active matriptase were also observed in two hematological cancer lines. Matriptase shedding is correlated closely with the induction of matriptase activation, suggesting that matriptase activation and shedding are kinetically coupled. The coupling allows a proportion of active matriptase to survive HAI-1 inhibition by rapid shedding from cell surface. Our study suggests that cellular free, active matriptase is scarce and might not be an effective target for in vivo imaging and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ling Chu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan Xu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Jie-Ru Yang
- Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-An Hu
- Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiang-Hua Chang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hong-Yu Lai
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Chun-Che Tseng
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hue-Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Michael D. Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail: (C-YL); (J-KW)
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail: (C-YL); (J-KW)
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