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Ou D, Wu Y, Zhang J, Liu J, Liu Z, Shao M, Guo X, Cui S. MYEOV with High Frequencies of Mutations in Head and Neck Cancers Facilitates Cancer Cell Malignant Behaviors. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:1657-1674. [PMID: 37667096 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer driver genes (CDGs) and the driver mutations disrupt the homeostasis of numerous critical cell activities, thereby playing a critical role in tumor initiation and progression. In this study, integrative bioinformatics analyses were performed based on a series of online databases, aiming to identify driver genes with high frequencies of mutations in head and neck cancers. Higher myeloma overexpressed (MYEOV) genetic variation frequency and expression level were connected to a poorer prognosis in head and neck cancer patients. MYEOV was dramatically upregulated within head and neck tumor samples and cells. Consistently, MYEOV overexpression remarkably enhanced the aggressiveness of head and neck cancer cells by promoting colony formation, cell invasion, and cell migration. Conversely, MYEOV knockdown attenuated cancer cell aggressiveness and inhibited tumor growth and metastasis in the oral orthotopic tumor model. In conclusion, MYEOV is overexpressed in head and neck cancer, with greater mutation frequencies correlating to a poorer prognosis in head and neck cancer patients. MYEOV serves as an oncogene in head and neck cancer through the promotion of tumor cell colony formation, invasion, and migration, as well as promoting tumor growth and metastasis in the oral orthotopic tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Ou
- Department of Stomatology, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China.
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Jibin Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Minfeng Shao
- Department of Stomatology, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Xiaoying Guo
- Department of Stomatology, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Shiman Cui
- Department of Stomatology, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
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Hamel KM, Liimatta KQ, Belgodere JA, Bunnell BA, Gimble JM, Martin EC. Adipose-Derived Stromal/Stem Cell Response to Tumors and Wounds: Evaluation of Patient Age. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:579-592. [PMID: 35262397 PMCID: PMC9836707 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors were characterized as nonhealing wounds by Virchow in 1858 and Dvorak in 1986. Since then, researchers have analyzed tumors from a new perspective. The parallels between tumorigenesis and physiological wound healing can provide a new framework for developing antitumor therapeutics. One commonality between tumors and wounds is the involvement of the stromal environment, particularly adipose stromal/stem cells (ASCs). ASCs exhibit dual functions, in which they stimulate tumor progression and assist in tissue repair and regeneration. Numerous studies have focused on the role of ASCs in cancer and wound healing, but none to date has linked age, cancer, and wound healing. Furthermore, very few studies have focused on the role of donor-specific characteristics of ASCs, such as age and their role in facilitating ASC behavior in cancer and wound healing. This review article is designed to provide important insights into the impact of donor age on ASC tumor and wound response and their role in facilitating ASC behavior in cancer and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Hamel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kara Q. Liimatta
- Department of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jorge A. Belgodere
- Department of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Bruce A. Bunnell
- University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth C. Martin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Kumari P, Kumar S, Sethy M, Bhue S, Mohanta BK, Dixit A. Identification of therapeutically potential targets and their ligands for the treatment of OSCC. Front Oncol 2022; 12:910494. [PMID: 36203433 PMCID: PMC9530560 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.910494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in cancer biology have revealed molecular changes associated with carcinogenesis and chemotherapeutic exposure. The available information is being gainfully utilized to develop therapies targeting specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth, survival, and chemoresistance. Targeted therapies have dramatically increased overall survival (OS) in many cancers. Therefore, developing such targeted therapies against oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is anticipated to have significant clinical implications. In the current work, we have identified drug-specific sensitivity-related prognostic biomarkers (BOP1, CCNA2, CKS2, PLAU, and SERPINE1) using gene expression, Cox proportional hazards regression, and machine learning in OSCC. Dysregulation of these markers is significantly associated with OS in many cancers. Their elevated expression is related to cellular proliferation and aggressive malignancy in various cancers. Mechanistically, inhibition of these biomarkers should significantly reduce cellular proliferation and metastasis in OSCC and should result in better OS. It is pertinent to note that no effective small-molecule candidate has been identified against these biomarkers to date. Therefore, a comprehensive in silico drug design strategy assimilating homology modeling, extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and ensemble molecular docking has been applied to identify potential compounds against identified targets, and potential molecules have been identified. We hope that this study will help in deciphering potential genes having roles in chemoresistance and a significant impact on OS. It will also result in the identification of new targeted therapeutics against OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Kumari
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | - Sugandh Kumar
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Madhusmita Sethy
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shyamlal Bhue
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | - Bineet Kumar Mohanta
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | - Anshuman Dixit
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- *Correspondence: Anshuman Dixit,
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Klimczak-Bitner AA, Bitner J, Hiruta K, Szemraj J. Exploring a possible association between the occurrence of the SERPINE1-675 4G/5G (rs1799889) polymorphism and the increased risk of esophageal cancer in the Caucasian population. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101147. [PMID: 34660916 PMCID: PMC8502711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this research was to analyze the SERPINE1 -675 4G/5G (rs1799889) and MMP9 T-1702A (rs2297864) polymorphisms in esophageal cancer among polish patients, classified as part of the Caucasian population. The analysis of polymorphic gene variants was performed on 35 randomly selected samples excised from patients with esophageal cancer. The tissue specimens were stored as Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) blocks. All patients in the sample group were of Caucasian ethnicity. The genotype distribution of MMP9 T-1702A and SERPINE1 -675 polymorphisms was analyzed using the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) method. A correlation between the expression of −675 polymorphic form of SERPINE1 and alcohol abuse has been found. Additionally, a correlation between the −675 polymorphism and the subtype of EC developed by the patient has been shown. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report investigating the SERPINE1 -675 4G/5G (rs1799889) polymorphism as a potential candidate for a prognostic biomarker of esophageal cancer. FFPE cancer samples serve as good material for detecting SERPINE1 -675 4G/5G (rs1799889) and MMP9 T-1702A (rs2297864) polymorphisms. Expression of −675 polymorphism of SERPINE1 may correlate with pathoclinical factors for esophageal cancer in Caucasians. SERPINE1 -675 4G/5G (rs1799889) polymorphism may potentially serve as a prognostic biomarker for esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Bitner
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Komei Hiruta
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Japan
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
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Wang J, Peng Y, Guo H, Li C. PAI-1 Polymorphisms Have Significant Associations With Cancer Risk, Especially Feminine Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211037813. [PMID: 34521295 PMCID: PMC8447096 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211037813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was found in many types of tumor cells, which involved in tumorigenesis. Some studies investigated the associations between PAI-1 polymorphisms and various cancers, but the results were inconsistent. So this study did a meta-analysis to assess the strength of relationship between PAI-1 and cancer. METHODS Articles that meet the requirements were searched from PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus, CNKI, Wanfang and SinoMed electronic databases before June 17th 2021. Stata version 11.2 was performed to merge the odds ratios (ORs) values and calculate 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Stratified analyses were assessed on the basis of types of cancer, ethnicity and source of the control group. Heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis were tested, and publication bias was also estimated. A meta-regression analysis was applied to explore sources of heterogeneity. The false-positive report probabilities (FPRP) and the Bayesian False Discovery Probability (BFDP) test were used to assess the credibility of statistically significant associations. RESULTS Ultimately, in this study, 33 eligible reports were included with 9550 cases and 10431 controls for the rs1799889 polymorphism, 5 reports with 2705 cases and 3168 controls for the rs2227631 polymorphism, and 4 reports with 2799 cases and 4011 controls for the rs2227667 polymorphism. The ORs and 95% CIs showed a statistically significant relationship between rs1799889 4G>5G polymorphism and cancer risk, especially in feminine cancer. The term refers to cancers that occur in the female reproductive system, such as ovarian, breast, endometrial and cervical cancer. Moreover, there was no association observed for the PAI-1 promoter A>G polymorphism (rs2227631 and rs2227667). In further subgroup analyses of 4G>5G polymorphism (rs1799889), an increased susceptibility to cancer was observed in Caucasians group and some types of cancer groups. CONCLUSIONS This article comes to a conclusion that the rs1799889 polymorphism might help to increase the risk of cancer; moreover, the susceptibility to feminine cancer is more evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Wang
- Department of Periodontal and Oral Medicine, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Nanning, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, Nanning, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China.,Jiaxi Wang, Yuanyuan Peng, and Hejia Guo contributed equally to this work
| | - Yuanyuan Peng
- Department of Periodontal and Oral Medicine, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China.,Jiaxi Wang, Yuanyuan Peng, and Hejia Guo contributed equally to this work
| | - Hejia Guo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China.,Jiaxi Wang, Yuanyuan Peng, and Hejia Guo contributed equally to this work
| | - Cuiping Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Nanning, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, Nanning, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China.,Medical Scientific Research Center, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
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Sillen M, Declerck PJ. A Narrative Review on Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and Its (Patho)Physiological Role: To Target or Not to Target? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052721. [PMID: 33800359 PMCID: PMC7962805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the main physiological inhibitor of plasminogen activators (PAs) and is therefore an important inhibitor of the plasminogen/plasmin system. Being the fast-acting inhibitor of tissue-type PA (tPA), PAI-1 primarily attenuates fibrinolysis. Through inhibition of urokinase-type PA (uPA) and interaction with biological ligands such as vitronectin and cell-surface receptors, the function of PAI-1 extends to pericellular proteolysis, tissue remodeling and other processes including cell migration. This review aims at providing a general overview of the properties of PAI-1 and the role it plays in many biological processes and touches upon the possible use of PAI-1 inhibitors as therapeutics.
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Wang YY, Chen HD, Lo S, Chen YK, Huang YC, Hu SCS, Hsieh YC, Hung AC, Hou MF, Yuan SSF. Visfatin Enhances Breast Cancer Progression through CXCL1 Induction in Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123526. [PMID: 33256011 PMCID: PMC7760195 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Visfatin, an adipocytokine highly expressed in breast tumor tissues, is associated with breast cancer progression. Recent studies showed that adipocytokines mediate tumor development through adipocytokine tumor-stromal interactions in the tumor microenvironment. This study focused on the interaction between one key stromal constituent-tumor-associated macrophages-and visfatin. Pretreatment of THP-1 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with recombinant visfatin resulted in M2-polarization determined by CD163 and CD206 expression. Indirect co-culture with visfatin-treated THP-1 (V-THP-1) promoted the viability, migration, tumorsphere formation, EMT, and stemness of breast cancer cells. Cytokine array identified an increased CXCL1 secretion in V-THP-1 conditioned medium and recombinant CXCL1 enhanced cell migration and invasion, which were abrogated by the CXCL1-neutralizing antibody. Additionally, visfatin induced pERK in THP-1 cells and clinical samples confirmed a positive CXCL1/pERK correlation. In an orthotopic mouse model, the tumor bioluminescent signal of luciferase-expressing MDA-MB-231 (Luc-MDA-MB-231) cells co-cultured with V-THP-1 and the expression of proliferation marker Ki67 were significantly higher than that co-cultured with THP-1. Furthermore, tail vein-injected Luc-MDA-MB-231 pretreated with V-PBMCs conditioned medium metastasized to lungs more frequently compared to control, and this was reversed by CXCL1 blocking antibody. In summary, this study demonstrated that visfatin enhanced breast cancer progression via pERK/CXCL1 induction in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yun Wang
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.W.); (Y.-K.C.)
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-D.C.); (A.C.H.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Da Chen
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-D.C.); (A.C.H.)
| | - Steven Lo
- Canniesburn Regional Plastic Surgery and Burns Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK;
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Yuk-Kwan Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.W.); (Y.-K.C.)
- Division of Oral Pathology & Maxillofacial Radiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging Center, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ci Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Stephen Chu-Sung Hu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Hsieh
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK;
| | - Amos C. Hung
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-D.C.); (A.C.H.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Division of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Shyng-Shiou F. Yuan
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-D.C.); (A.C.H.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2557)
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Sundaram S, Yan L. Adipose monocyte chemotactic protein-1 deficiency reduces high-fat diet-enhanced mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-PyMT mice. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 77:108313. [PMID: 31837540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) is an adipokine with demonstrated carcinogenic potential. However, there is a lack of evidence whether adipose-produced MCP-1 contributes to breast cancer. We tested the hypothesis that adipose-produced MCP-1 contributes to mammary tumorigenesis in this study. In a breast cancer model of mouse mammary tumor virus-polyomavirus middle T-antigen (MMTV-PyMT), mice with or without adipose MCP-1 knockout [designated as Mcp-1-/- or wild-type (WT)] were fed the standard AIN93G diet (16% of energy from soybean oil) or a high-fat diet (HFD, 45% of energy from soybean oil). Adipose MCP-1 knockout reduced Mcp-1 expression in adipose tissue and concentrations of MCP-1 in plasma. Mcp-1-/- mice fed the HFD had less body fat than their WT counterparts. Adipose MCP-1 knockout attenuated HFD-enhanced mammary tumorigenesis, evidenced by lower mammary tumor volume. Furthermore, Mcp-1-/- mice, regardless of diet, had a longer tumor latency and less tumor weight than WT mice. When fed the HFD, Mcp-1-/- mice, compared to WT mice, exhibited lower concentrations of insulin, leptin, resistin, vascular endothelial growth factor and hepatic growth factor in plasma. In summary, adipose MCP-1 deficiency attenuated HFD-enhanced MMTV-PyMT mammary tumorigenesis. This attenuation can be attributed to less body adiposity, improvement in insulin sensitivity and down-regulation in protumorigenic inflammation cytokines and angiogenic factors in Mcp-1-/- mice. It concludes that adipose-produced MCP-1 contributes to mammary tumorigenesis in the MMTV-PyMT mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Sundaram
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
| | - Lin Yan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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Abstract
The paradoxical pro-tumorigenic function of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1, aka Serpin E1) in cancer progression and metastasis has been the subject of an abundant scientific literature that has pointed to a pro-angiogenic role, a growth and migration stimulatory function, and an anti-apoptotic activity, all directed toward promoting tumor growth, cancer cell survival, and metastasis. With uPA, PAI-1 is among the most reliable biomarkers and prognosticators in many cancer types. More recently, a novel pro-tumorigenic function of PAI-1 in cancer-related inflammation has been demonstrated. These multifaceted activities of PAI-1 in cancer progression are explained by the complex structure of PAI-1 and its multiple functions that go beyond its anti-fibrinolytic and anti-plasminogen activation activities. However, despite the multiple evidences supporting a pro-tumorigenic role of PAI-1 in cancer, and the development of several inhibitors, targeting PAI-1, has remained elusive. In this article, the various mechanisms responsible for the pro-tumorigenic functions of PAI-1 are reviewed with emphasis on its more recently described contribution to cancer inflammation. The challenges of targeting PAI-1 in cancer therapy are then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Helena Kubala
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Yves Albert DeClerck
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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Abstract
PI3K is activated in over 60% of human cancers, mediating C-terminal p27 phosphorylation. This work reveals cooperation between PI3K and cJun pathways: p27 phosphorylation by PI3K-activated kinases stimulates p27/cJun corecruitment to chromatin and activation of transcription programs of cell adhesion, motility, TGFB2, and epithelial–mesenchymal transformation to drive tumor progression. Prior analysis showed that high p27pT157 strongly associates with activated AKTpS273 and p90RSKpT359 in human breast cancers. These cancers also differentially express p27/cJun target genes and identify a poor prognostic group. In cancers, the cell cycle-restraining effects of p27 are lost through increased proteolysis and decreased translation. We reveal a previously unknown oncogenic action of p27, in which p27 acts as a cJun coactivator to drive oncogenic gene expression programs. p27 shifts from CDK inhibitor to oncogene when phosphorylated by PI3K effector kinases. Here, we show that p27 is a cJun coregulator, whose assembly and chromatin association is governed by p27 phosphorylation. In breast and bladder cancer cells with high p27pT157pT198 or expressing a CDK-binding defective p27pT157pT198 phosphomimetic (p27CK−DD), cJun is activated and interacts with p27, and p27/cJun complexes localize to the nucleus. p27/cJun up-regulates TGFB2 to drive metastasis in vivo. Global analysis of p27 and cJun chromatin binding and gene expression shows that cJun recruitment to many target genes is p27 dependent, increased by p27 phosphorylation, and activates programs of epithelial–mesenchymal transformation and metastasis. Finally, human breast cancers with high p27pT157 differentially express p27/cJun-regulated genes of prognostic relevance, supporting the biological significance of the work.
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Jevrić M, Matić IZ, Krivokuća A, Đorđić Crnogorac M, Besu I, Damjanović A, Branković-Magić M, Milovanović Z, Gavrilović D, Susnjar S, Kisić Tepavčević D, Stanojković T. Association of uPA and PAI-1 tumor levels and 4G/5G variants of PAI-1 gene with disease outcome in luminal HER2-negative node-negative breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:71. [PMID: 30646864 PMCID: PMC6332605 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic potential of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) tumor tissue levels and examine the association between these biomarkers and classical prognostic factors in early node-negative luminal breast cancer patients. The clinical value of 4G/5G variants of PAI-1 gene was evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study involved 81 node-negative, estrogen receptor-positive and/or progesterone receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative operable breast cancer patients who underwent radical surgical resection and received adjuvant endocrine therapy. Determination of uPA and PAI-1 concentrations in the breast cancer tissue extracts was performed using FEMTELLE® uPA/PAI-1 ELISA. An insertion (5G)/deletion (4G) polymorphism at position - 675 of the PAI-1 gene was detected by PCR-RFLP analysis. RESULTS Our research showed that patients with uPA tumor tissue levels higher than 3 ng/mg of protein had significantly reduced disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) when compared to patients with uPA tumor tissue levels lower or equal to 3 ng/mg of protein. Patients with PAI-1 tumor tissue levels higher than 14 ng/mg of protein had significantly decreased OS in comparison with patients with PAI-1 tumor tissue levels lower or equal to 14 ng/mg of protein. ROC analysis confirmed the uPA and PAI-1 discriminative potential for the presence/absence of relevant events in these patients and resulted in higher cut-off values (5.65 ng/mg of protein for uPA and 27.10 ng/mg of protein for PAI-1) than standard reference cut-off values for both biomarkers. The prognostic importance of uPA and PAI-1 ROC cut-off values was confirmed by the impact of uPA higher than 5.65 ng/mg of protein and PAI-1 higher than 27.10 ng/mg of protein on poorer DFS, OS and event-free survival (EFS). We observed that patients with dominant allele in PAI-1 genotype (heterozygote and dominant homozygote, - 675 4G/5G and - 675 5G/5G) had significantly increased DFS, OS and EFS when compared with patients with recessive homozygote genotype (- 675 4G/4G). CONCLUSION Our study indicates that uPA and PAI-1 tumor tissue levels and 4G/5G variants of PAI-1 gene might be of prognostic significance in early node-negative luminal HER2-negative breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Jevrić
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Ivana Z Matić
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Ana Krivokuća
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | | | - Irina Besu
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Ana Damjanović
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | | | - Zorka Milovanović
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Dušica Gavrilović
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Snezana Susnjar
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Darija Kisić Tepavčević
- Institute of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Stanojković
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
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Sundaram S, Yan L. Time-restricted feeding mitigates high-fat diet-enhanced mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-PyMT mice. Nutr Res 2018; 59:72-79. [PMID: 30442235 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Erratic eating behavior disrupts the daily feeding and fasting pattern and leads to metabolic dysfunction and chronic diseases including cancer. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that time-restricted feeding of a high-fat diet (HFD) to the dark phase does not enhance mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-PyMT mice. Female mice were assigned to 3 groups and fed the standard AIN93G diet or an HFD with or without dark phase restricted feeding (12 hours). The duration of restricted feeding was 8 weeks. The HFD group had 24% more body fat mass than the AIN93G group; the body fat mass of the restricted group remained similar to that of the AIN93G group. Energy intake of the restricted group was similar to that of the HFD and AIN93G groups. The median mammary tumor latency was 5.8, 7.0, and 6.4 weeks for the AIN93G, HFD, and restricted groups, respectively. Mammary tumor progression was 241% higher in the HFD group than that in the AIN93G group; there was no significant difference in tumor progression between the restricted and AIN93G groups. Plasma concentrations of leptin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, angiopoietin-2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and hepatocyte growth factor were significantly higher in the HFD group than those in the control group; these measurements were similar between the restricted and control groups. In conclusion, feeding restricted to the dark phase mitigates the HFD-enhanced mammary tumorigenesis; this may be related to the lower body adiposity and associated inflammatory and angiogenic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sundaram
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
| | - L Yan
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
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Development of a Biomimetic Chondroitin Sulfate-modified Hydrogel to Enhance the Metastasis of Tumor Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29858. [PMID: 27432752 PMCID: PMC4949442 DOI: 10.1038/srep29858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis with resistance to anticancer therapies is the main cause of death in cancer patients. It is necessary to develop reliable tumor metastasis models that can closely recapitulate the pathophysiological features of the native tumor tissue. In this study, chondroitin sulfate (CS)-modified alginate hydrogel beads (ALG-CS) are developed to mimic the in vivo tumor microenvironment with an abnormally increased expression of CS for the promotion of tumor cell metastasis. The modification mechanism of CS on alginate hydrogel is due to the cross-linking between CS and alginate molecules via coordination of calcium ions, which enables ALG-CS to possess significantly different physical characteristics than the traditional alginate beads (ALG). And quantum chemistry calculations show that in addition to the traditional egg-box structure, novel asymmetric egg-box-like structures based on the interaction between these two kinds of polymers are also formed within ALG-CS. Moreover, tumor cell metastasis is significantly enhanced in ALG-CS compared with that in ALG, as confirmed by the increased expression of MMP genes and proteins and greater in vitro invasion ability. Therefore, ALG-CS could be a convenient and effective 3D biomimetic scaffold that would be used to construct standardized tumor metastasis models for tumor research and anticancer drug screening.
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Flores-López LA, Martínez-Hernández MG, Viedma-Rodríguez R, Díaz-Flores M, Baiza-Gutman LA. High glucose and insulin enhance uPA expression, ROS formation and invasiveness in breast cancer-derived cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2016; 39:365-78. [PMID: 27106722 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-016-0282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence indicates that type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk to develop breast cancer. This risk has been attributed to hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and chronic inflammation. As yet, however, the mechanisms underlying this association are poorly understood. Here, we studied the effect of high glucose and insulin on breast cancer-derived cell proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasiveness, as well as its relationship to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the plasminogen activation system. METHODS MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, migration and invasion were assessed using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), scratch-wound and matrigel transwell assays, respectively. ROS production was determined using 2' 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. The expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, fibronectin, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor (uPAR) and its inhibitor (PAI-1) were assessed using qRT-PCR and/or Western blotting assays, respectively. uPA activity was determined using gel zymography. RESULTS We found that high glucose stimulated MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, migration and invasion, together with an increased expression of mesenchymal markers (i.e., vimentin and fibronectin). These effects were further enhanced by the simultaneous administration of insulin. In both cases, the invasion and growth responses were found to be associated with an increased expression of uPA, uPAR and PAI-1, as well as an increase in active uPA. An osmolality effect of high glucose was excluded by using mannitol at an equimolar concentration. We also found that all changes induced by high glucose and insulin were attenuated by the anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and, thus, depended on ROS production. CONCLUSIONS From our data we conclude that hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia can promote breast cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. We found that these features were associated with increased expression of the mesenchymal markers vimentin and fibronectin, as well as increased uPA expression and activation through a mechanism mediated by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Antonio Flores-López
- Unidad de Morfofisiología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Ixtacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, CP, 54090, México
| | - María Guadalupe Martínez-Hernández
- Unidad de Morfofisiología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Ixtacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, CP, 54090, México
| | - Rubí Viedma-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Morfofisiología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Ixtacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, CP, 54090, México
| | - Margarita Díaz-Flores
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del, Cuauhtémoc, DF, 06720, México
| | - Luis Arturo Baiza-Gutman
- Unidad de Morfofisiología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Ixtacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, CP, 54090, México.
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15
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Increased Umbilical Cord PAI-1 Levels in Placental Insufficiency Are Associated with Fetal Hypoxia and Angiogenesis. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:7124186. [PMID: 26903689 PMCID: PMC4745644 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7124186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), a subset of pregnancies undergoes placental vascular dysregulation resulting in restricted blood flow and fetal hypoxemia. Altered transcription of hypoxic regulated plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) has been associated with pregnancy complications and angiogenic regulation. Here we assessed circulating PAI-1 as an indicator of placental insufficiency. Venous umbilical PAI-1 of hypoxemic (VpO2 20 versus 35 mmHg, p < 0.0001) placental insufficient pregnancies (resistance index 0.9 versus 0.63, p < 0.05) (n = 18) was compared to controls (n = 12). PAI-1 was increased (~10-fold, p < 0.001) and had a positive predictive ratio of 6.7. Further, PAI-1 levels correlated to blood oxygen (r = -0.68, p < 0.0001). The plasma's angiogenic potency measured in vitro was associated with umbilical cord blood PAI-1 levels (r = 0.65, p < 0.01). This association was attenuated by PAI-1 inhibiting antibody (p < 0.001). The results demonstrate PAI-1 as a potential marker of placental insufficiency and identify its close association with pathological hypoxia and angiogenesis in a subset of growth restricted pregnancies.
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16
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Gouri A, Dekaken A, El Bairi K, Aissaoui A, Laabed N, Chefrour M, Ciccolini J, Milano G, Benharkat S. Plasminogen Activator System and Breast Cancer: Potential Role in Therapy Decision Making and Precision Medicine. Biomark Insights 2016; 11:105-11. [PMID: 27578963 PMCID: PMC4993165 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s33372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Shifting from the historical TNM paradigm to the determination of molecular and genetic subtypes of tumors has been a major improvement to better picture cancerous diseases. The sharper the picture is, the better will be the possibility to develop subsequent strategies, thus achieving higher efficacy and prolonged survival eventually. Recent studies suggest that urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA Receptor (uPAR), and plasmino-gen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) may play a critical role in cancer invasion and metastasis. Consistent with their role in cancer dissemination, high levels of uPA, PAI-1, and uPAR in multiple cancer types correlate with dismal prognosis. In this respect, upfront determination of uPA and PAI-1 as invasion markers has further opened up the possibilities for individualized therapy of breast cancer. Indeed, uPA and PAI-1 could help to classify patients on their risk for metastatic spreading and subsequent relapse, thus helping clinicians in their decision-making process to propose, or not propose, adjuvant therapy. This review covers the implications for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of uPA and PAI-1, and therefore how they could be major actors in the development of a precision medicine in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Gouri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria
- CORRESPONDENCE:
| | - Aoulia Dekaken
- Department of Internal Medicine, EL OKBI Public Hospital, Guelma, Algeria
| | - Khalid El Bairi
- Independent Research Team in Cancer Biology and Bioactive Compounds, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohamed 1st University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Arifa Aissaoui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Nihad Laabed
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Chefrour
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, La Timone University Hospital of Marseille, France
| | - Joseph Ciccolini
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, SMARTc unit, Inserm S911 CRO2, La Timone University Hospital of Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Milano
- Oncopharmacology Unit, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Sadek Benharkat
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria
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17
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Sato M, Kawana K, Adachi K, Fujimoto A, Yoshida M, Nakamura H, Nishida H, Inoue T, Taguchi A, Takahashi J, Kojima S, Yamashita A, Tomio K, Nagamatsu T, Wada-Hiraike O, Oda K, Osuga Y, Fujii T. Decreased expression of the plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 is involved in degradation of extracellular matrix surrounding cervical cancer stem cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 48:829-35. [PMID: 26676222 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen activator (PA) system consists of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor (uPA and uPAR). PAI-1 inhibits the activation of uPA (which converts plasminogen to plasmin), and is involved in cancer invasion and metastasis, by remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM) through regulating plasmin. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subset of cells within tumors, and are thought to be involved in tumor recurrence and metastasis. Considering these facts, we investigated the relationship between PAI-1 and cervical CSCs. We used ALDH1 as a marker of cervical CSCs. First, we demonstrated that culturing ALDH1-high cells and ALDH-low cells on collagen IV-coted plates increased their expression of active PAI-1 (ELISA), and these increases were suggested to be at mRNA expression levels (RT-qPCR). Secondly, we demonstrated PAI-1 was indeed involved in the ECM maintenance. With gelatin zymography assays, we found that ALDH1-high cells and ALDH-low cells expressed pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 (pro-MMP-2) irrespective of their coatings. With gelatinase/collagenase assay kit, we confirmed that collagenase activity was increased when ALDH1-low cells were exposed to TM5275, a small molecule inhibitor of PAI-1. Putting the data together, we hypothesized that cancer cells adhered to basal membrane secrete abundant PAI-1, on the other hand, cancer cells (especially CSCs rather than non-CSCs) distant from basal membrane secrete less PAI-1, which makes the ECM surrounding CSCs more susceptible to degradation. Our study could be an explanation of conflicting reports, where some researchers found negative impacts of PAI-1 expression on clinical outcomes and others not, by considering the concept of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kei Kawana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Adachi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Asaha Fujimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Yoshida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroe Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Haruka Nishida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoko Inoue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ayumi Taguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Juri Takahashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Satoko Kojima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Aki Yamashita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tomio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagamatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Oda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Goswami S, Sharma-Walia N. Osteoprotegerin secreted by inflammatory and invasive breast cancer cells induces aneuploidy, cell proliferation and angiogenesis. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:935. [PMID: 26608463 PMCID: PMC4660791 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a glycoprotein that has multifaceted role and is associated with several cancer malignancies like that of bladder carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, prostate cancer, multiple myeloma and breast cancer. Also OPG has been associated with several organ pathologies. The widespread expression of OPG suggests that OPG may have multiple biological activities that are yet to be explored. Methods The anchorage-independent sphere cultures of the adherent cells were instrumental in our study as it provided a deeper insight into the complexity of a 3D tumor. Cytokine profiling was performed for OPG’s detection in the microenvironment. ELISA and western blotting were performed to quantify the OPG secretion and measure the protein levels respectively. OPG expression was detected in human breast cancer tissue samples by IHC. To decipher OPG’s role in tumor aggressiveness both recombinant human OPG as well as OPG rich and depleted breast cancer cell conditioned media were tested. Western blotting and MTT assay were performed to detect changes in signaling pathways and proliferation that were induced in presence of OPG. Onset of aneuploidy, in presence of OPG, was measured by cell cycle analysis and western blotting. Finally, human Breast Cancer qBiomarker Copy Number PCR Array was used to detect how OPG remarkably induced gene copy numbers for oncogenic pathway regulators. Results SUM149PT and SUM1315M02 cells secrete high levels of the cytokine OPG compared to primary human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC). High expression of OPG was also detected in human breast cancer tissue samples compared to the uninvolved tissue from the same patient. OPG induced proliferation of control HMEC spheres and triggered the onset of aneuploidy in HMEC sphere cultures. OPG induced the expression of aneuploidy related kinases Aurora-A Kinase (IAK-1), Bub1 and BubR1 probably through the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and syndecan-1 receptors via the Erk, AKT and GSK3(3 signaling pathway. Gene copy numbers for oncogenic pathway regulators such AKT1, Aurora-A Kinase (AURKA or IAK-1), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and MYC with a reduction in the copy numbers of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A), PTEN and DNA topoisomerase 2 alpha (TOP2A) were induced in presence of OPG. Conclusions These results highlight the role of OPG in reprogramming normal mammary epithelial cells to a tumorigenic state and suggest promising avenues for treating inflammatory breast cancer as well as highly invasive breast cancer with new therapeutic targets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1837-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Goswami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Neelam Sharma-Walia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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Strong AL, Burow ME, Gimble JM, Bunnell BA. Concise review: The obesity cancer paradigm: exploration of the interactions and crosstalk with adipose stem cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:318-26. [PMID: 25267443 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With the recognition of obesity as a global health crisis, researchers have devoted greater effort to defining and understanding the pathophysiological molecular pathways regulating the biology of adipose tissue and obesity. Obesity, the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy, has been linked to an increased incidence and aggressiveness of colon, hematological, prostate, and postmenopausal breast cancers. The increased morbidity and mortality of obesity-associated cancers have been attributed to higher levels of hormones, adipokines, and cytokines secreted by the adipose tissue. The increased amount of adipose tissue also results in higher numbers of adipose stromal/stem cells (ASCs). These ASCs have been shown to impact cancer progression directly through several mechanisms, including the increased recruitment of ASCs to the tumor site and increased production of cytokines and growth factors by ASCs and other cells within the tumor stroma. Emerging evidence indicates that obesity induces alterations in the biologic properties of ASCs, subsequently leading to enhanced tumorigenesis and metastasis of cancer cells. This review will discuss the links between obesity and cancer tumor progression, including obesity-associated changes in adipose tissue, inflammation, adipokines, and chemokines. Novel topics will include a discussion of the contribution of ASCs to this complex system with an emphasis on their role in the tumor stroma. The reciprocal and circular feedback loop between obesity and ASCs as well as the mechanisms by which ASCs from obese patients alter the biology of cancer cells and enhance tumorigenesis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Strong
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine
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20
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McMahon BJ, Kwaan HC. Components of the Plasminogen-Plasmin System as Biologic Markers for Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 867:145-56. [PMID: 26530365 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Members of the plasminogen-plasmin (PP) system participate in many physiologic functions. In particular, uPA, its receptor (uPAR) and its inhibitor PAI-1 play an important role in cell migration, cell proliferation and tissue remodeling. Through a number of interactions, these components of the PP system are also involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases. In cancer, they modulate the essential processes of tumor development, growth, invasion and metastasis as well as angiogenesis and fibrosis. Thus, quantification of uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 in tumors and, in some cases in the circulating blood, became of potential value in the prognostication of many types of cancer. These include cancer of the breast, stomach, colon and rectum, esophagus, pancreas, glioma, lung, kidney, prostate, uterine cervix, ovary, liver and bone. Published data are reviewed in this chapter. Clinical validation of the prognostic value has also been made, particularly in cancer of the breast. Inclusion of these biomarkers in the risk assessment of cancer patients is now considered in the risk-adapted management in carcinoma of the breast. Factors limiting its broader use are discussed with suggestions how these can be overcome. Hopefully the use of these biomarkers will be applied to other types of cancer in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J McMahon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, and the Robert H. Lurie Cancer, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Olson Pavilion, Room 8258, 710 N. Fairbanks Court, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Hau C Kwaan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, and the Robert H. Lurie Cancer, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Olson Pavilion, Room 8258, 710 N. Fairbanks Court, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Witzel I, Milde-Langosch K, Schmidt M, Karn T, Becker S, Wirtz R, Rody A, Laakmann E, Schütze D, Jänicke F, Müller V. Role of urokinase plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor mRNA expression as prognostic factors in molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:2205-13. [PMID: 25506225 PMCID: PMC4259258 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s65344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein levels of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor (PAI-1) determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from fresh-frozen tumor tissue have been evaluated as prognostic factors in prospectively randomized trials in breast cancer. However, the role of uPA and PAI-1 in the context of breast cancer subtypes and for mRNA expression of these factors is less clear. Methods We evaluated uPA and PAI-1 mRNA expression using the Affymetrix HG-U 133A array within molecular subgroups of breast cancer in cohorts of patients with systemic treatment (cohort A, n=362) and without systemic treatment (cohort B, n=200). We validated mRNA expression in a cohort of HER2-positive breast cancer patients (cohort C, n=290). Luminal, triple-negative, and HER2-positive subcohorts were defined by ESR1 and ERBB2 mRNA expression using predefined cutoffs. Results In the entire cohort A, elevated PAI-1 but not uPA mRNA expression was associated with shorter disease-free survival (P=0.007 for PAI and 0.069 for uPA). Regarding different molecular subgroups, 67% (n=244) of tumors were luminal, 14% (n=49) were HER2-positive, and 19% (n=69) were triple-negative. Elevated PAI-1 mRNA expression was associated with shorter disease-free survival only in the HER2-positive subgroup (P=0.031). The same disease-free survival results were found for uPA in HER2-positive patients (P=0.011). In contrast, no association between either marker and survival was observed in the luminal or triple-negative subgroups. In the HER2-positive validation cohort C, elevated uPA and PAI-1 mRNA expression also showed strong associations with shorter disease-free survival (P=0.014 for PAI-1, P<0.001 for uPA). Conclusion In this study, the prognostic impact of uPA and PAI-1 expression was mainly observed in patients with HER2-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Witzel
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Schmidt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Karn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralph Wirtz
- STRATIFYER Molecular Pathology GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Achim Rody
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Elena Laakmann
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dina Schütze
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fritz Jänicke
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Volkmar Müller
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
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Ali A, Shah AS, Ahmad A. Gain-of-function of mutant p53: mutant p53 enhances cancer progression by inhibiting KLF17 expression in invasive breast carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:87-96. [PMID: 25111898 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Kruppel-like-factor 17 (KLF17) is a negative regulator of metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT). However, its expression is downregulated in metastatic breast cancer that contains p53 mutations. Here, we show that mutant-p53 plays a key role to suppress KLF17 and thereby enhances cancer progression, which defines novel gain-of-function (GOF) of mutant-p53. Mutant-p53 interacts with KLF17 and antagonizes KLF17 mediated EMT genes transcription. Depletion of KLF17 promotes cell viability, decreases apoptosis and induces drug resistance in metastatic breast cancer cells. KLF17 suppresses cell migration and invasion by decreasing CD44, PAI-1 and Cyclin-D1 expressions. Taken together, our results show that KLF17 is important for the suppression of metastasis and could be a potential therapeutic target during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Abdus Saboor Shah
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ayaz Ahmad
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
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Association of tissue mRNA and serum antigen levels of members of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system with clinical and prognostic parameters in prostate cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:972587. [PMID: 24877154 PMCID: PMC4022202 DOI: 10.1155/2014/972587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to determine the mRNA expression and protein levels of uPA system components in tissue specimens and serum samples, respectively, from prostate cancer (PCa) patients and to assess their association with clinicopathological parameters and overall survival (OS). The mRNA expression levels of uPA, its receptor (uPAR), and its inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) were analyzed in corresponding malignant and adjacent nonmalignant tissue specimens from 132 PCa patients by quantitative PCR. Preoperative serum samples from 81 PCa patients were analyzed for antigen levels of uPA system members by ELISA. RNA levels of uPA system components displayed significant correlations with each other in the tumor tissues. A significantly decreased uPA mRNA expression in PCa compared to the corresponding nonmalignant tissue was detected. High uPA mRNA level was significantly associated with a high Gleason score. Elevated concentration of soluble uPAR (suPAR) in serum was significantly associated with a poor OS of PCa patients (P = 0.022). PCa patients with high suPAR levels have a significantly higher risk of death (multivariate Cox's regression analysis; HR = 7.12, P = 0.027). The association of high suPAR levels with poor survival of PCa patients suggests a prognostic impact of suPAR levels in serum of cancer patients.
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Duverle DA, Takeuchi I, Murakami-Tonami Y, Kadomatsu K, Tsuda K. Discovering combinatorial interactions in survival data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 29:3053-9. [PMID: 24037215 PMCID: PMC3834797 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Motivation: Although several methods exist to relate high-dimensional gene expression data to various clinical phenotypes, finding combinations of features in such input remains a challenge, particularly when fitting complex statistical models such as those used for survival studies. Results: Our proposed method builds on existing ‘regularization path-following’ techniques to produce regression models that can extract arbitrarily complex patterns of input features (such as gene combinations) from large-scale data that relate to a known clinical outcome. Through the use of the data’s structure and itemset mining techniques, we are able to avoid combinatorial complexity issues typically encountered with such methods, and our algorithm performs in similar orders of duration as single-variable versions. Applied to data from various clinical studies of cancer patient survival time, our method was able to produce a number of promising gene-interaction candidates whose tumour-related roles appear confirmed by literature. Availability: An R implementation of the algorithm described in this article can be found at https://github.com/david-duverle/regularisation-path-following Contact:dave.duverle@aist.go.jp Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Duverle
- Computational Biology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Computer Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan, Division of Molecular Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan and Department of Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Wang S, Cao Q, Wang X, Li B, Tang M, Yuan W, Fang J, Qian J, Qin C, Zhang W. PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism contributes to cancer susceptibility: evidence from meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56797. [PMID: 23437240 PMCID: PMC3577655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is expressed in many cancer cell types and allows the modulation of cancer growth, invasion and angiogenesis. To date, studies investigated the association between a functional polymorphism in PAI-1 (4G/5G) and risk of cancer have shown inclusive results. METHODS A meta-analysis based on 25 case-control studies was performed to address this issue. Odds ratios (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the association. The statistical heterogeneity across studies was examined with I(2) test. RESULTS Overall, a significant increased risk of cancer was associated with the PAI-1 4G/4G polymorphism for the allele contrast (4G vs. 5G: OR = 1.10, CI = 1.03-1.18, I(2) = 49.5%), the additive genetic model (4G/4G vs. 5G/5G: OR = 1.21, CI = 1.06-1.39, I(2) = 51.9%), the recessive genetic model (4G/4G vs. 4G/5G+5G/5G: OR = 1.11, CI = 1.04-1.18, I(2) = 20.8%). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, the results indicated that individuals with 4G/4G genotype had a significantly higher cancer risk among Caucasians (4G/4G vs. 5G/5G: OR = 1.31, 95%CI = 1.09-1.59, I(2) = 59.6%; 4G/4G vs. 4G/5G: OR = 1.12, 95%CI = 1.04-1.21, I(2) = 3.6%; recessive model: OR = 1.12, 95%CI = 1.05-1.21, I(2) = 25.3%). CONCLUSIONS The results of the present meta-analysis support an association between the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism and increasing cancer risk, especially among Caucasians, and those with 4G allele have a high risk to develop colorectal cancer and endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangqian Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Cao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wang
- Department of Urology, Yangzhou No.1 People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bingjie Li
- Division of Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanqing Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianzheng Fang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Qian
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Qin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (CQ)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (CQ)
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Lee JH, Kim Y, Choi JW, Kim YS. Clinicopathological significance of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter 4G/5G polymorphism in breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Arch Med Res 2013; 44:39-45. [PMID: 23291383 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Transcriptional expression of the PAI-1 can be controlled by PAI-1 promoter 4G/5G polymorphism. However, the significance of PAI-1 promoter 4G/5G polymorphism in breast cancer patients is contentious. To address this controversy, we conducted a meta-analysis for the relationships between PAI-1 promoter polymorphism and clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer. METHODS Relevant published studies were identified using a search of PubMed, Embase, and the ISI Web of Science. The effect sizes of PAI-1 promoter 4G/5G polymorphism on breast cancer risk, lymph node metastasis, histologic grade, and overall survival were calculated by odds ratio (OR) or hazard ratio. The effect sizes were combined using a random-effects model. RESULTS Individuals with 4G/4G genotype had a higher risk of breast cancer than those with the combined 4G/5G and 5G/5G genotypes (OR = 1.388; p = 0.031). Breast cancer patients with the 5G/5G genotype displayed lymph node metastasis more than patients with either the combined other genotypes (OR = 1.495; p = 0.027) or with the 4G/4G genotype (OR = 1.623; p = 0.018). However, the PAI-1 promoter 4G/5G polymorphism was not associated with histological grade or overall survival. CONCLUSIONS PAI-1 promoter 4G/5G polymorphism is associated with a relatively increased risk of breast cancer development and lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Han Lee
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
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Hillenbrand A, Fassler J, Huber N, Xu P, Henne-Bruns D, Templin M, Schrezenmeier H, Wolf AM, Knippschild U. Changed adipocytokine concentrations in colorectal tumor patients and morbidly obese patients compared to healthy controls. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:545. [PMID: 23173608 PMCID: PMC3523089 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has been associated with increased incidence of colorectal cancer. Adipose tissue dysfunction accompanied with alterations in the release of adipocytokines has been proposed to contribute to cancer pathogenesis and progression. The aim of this study was to analyze plasma concentrations of several adipose tissue expressed hormones in colorectal cancer patients (CRC) and morbidly obese (MO) patients and to compare these concentrations to clinicopathological parameters. METHODS Plasma concentrations of adiponectin, resistin, leptin, active plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were determined in 67 patients operated on for CRC (31 rectal cancers, 36 colon cancers), 37 patients operated on for morbid obesity and 60 healthy blood donors (BD). RESULTS Compared to BD, leptin concentrations were lowered in CRC patients whereas those of MO patients were elevated. Adiponectin concentrations were only lowered in MO patients. Concentrations of MCP-1, PAI-1, and IL-1 alpha were elevated in both CRC and MO patients, while resistin and TNF-alpha were similarly expressed in MO and CRC patients compared to BD. Resistin concentrations positively correlated with tumor staging (p<0.002) and grading (p=0.015) of rectal tumor patients. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that both MO and CRC have low-grade inflammation as part of their etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hillenbrand
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Lara PC, Lloret M, Valenciano A, Clavo B, Pinar B, Rey A, Henríquez-Hernández LA. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in relation to hypoxia and oncoproteins in clinical cervical tumors. Strahlenther Onkol 2012; 188:1139-45. [PMID: 23111469 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-012-0216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Explore the role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in cervical cancer and its relationship to hypoxia and the expression of p53, Ku70/80, and cyclin D1. MATERIAL AND METHODS The expression of PAI-1, cyclin D1, and p53, together with tumor oxygenation, were determined in 43 consecutive patients suffering from localized cervical carcinoma. Oncoprotein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. Tumor oxygenation was measured using a polarographic probe system, "pO2 histography." RESULTS PAI expression was considered negative in 32.6% and overexpressed in 18.6% of cases. Cyclin D1 showed a median expression of 5.0 (range 0-70). We observed a positive association between PAI expression and altered p53 (p = 0.049) and cyclin D1 (p = 0.020). An inverse association was detected between PAI and Ku70/80 expression (p = 0.042). Cyclin D1 staining increased according to tumor volume (r = 0.314, p = 0.009). We did not observe a significant association between PAI and hypoxia or other clinicopathological parameters. CONCLUSION The present results show that PAI-1 overexpression is associated with nonhomologous end-joining DNA repair down-regulation (low Ku70/80 expression) and with increased p53 and cyclin D1 expression, and they suggest that PAI-1 plays a role in the tumor behavior in cervical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Lara
- Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
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Xu X, Xie Y, Lin Y, Xu X, Zhu Y, Mao Y, Hu Z, Wu J, Chen H, Zheng X, Qin J, Xie L. PAI-1 promoter 4G/5G polymorphism (rs1799768) contributes to tumor susceptibility: Evidence from meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med 2012; 4:1127-1133. [PMID: 23226787 PMCID: PMC3494103 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), belonging to the urokinase plasminogen activation (uPA) system, is involved in cancer development and progression. The PAI-1 promoter 4G/5G polymorphism was shown to contribute to genetic susceptibility to cancer, although the results were inconsistent. To assess this relationship more precisely, a meta-analysis was performed. The electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched; data were extracted and analyzed independently by two reviewers. Ultimately, 21 eligible case-control studies with a total of 8,415 cancer cases and 9,208 controls were included. The overall odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) showed a statistically significant association between the PAI-1 promoter 4G/5G polymorphism and cancer risk (4G/4G vs. 5G/5G: OR=1.25, 95% CI=1.07–1.47, Pheterogeneity=0.001; 4G/4G vs. 4G/5G+5G/5G: OR=1.10, 95% CI=1.03–1.17, Pheterogeneity=0.194; 4G/4G+4G/5G vs. 5G/5G: OR=1.17, 95% CI=1.01–1.35, Pheterogeneity=0.041). In further subgroup analyses, the increased risk of cancer was observed in a subgroup of Caucasians with regards to endometrial cancer. Our meta-analysis suggests that the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism most likely contributes to susceptibility to cancer, particularly in Caucasians. Furthermore, the 4G allele may be associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Hassiotou F, Geddes D. Anatomy of the human mammary gland: Current status of knowledge. Clin Anat 2012; 26:29-48. [PMID: 22997014 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammary glands are unique to mammals, with the specific function of synthesizing, secreting, and delivering milk to the newborn. Given this function, it is only during a pregnancy/lactation cycle that the gland reaches a mature developmental state via hormonal influences at the cellular level that effect drastic modifications in the micro- and macro-anatomy of the gland, resulting in remodeling of the gland into a milk-secretory organ. Pubertal and post-pubertal development of the breast in females aids in preparing it to assume a functional state during pregnancy and lactation. Remarkably, this organ has the capacity to regress to a resting state upon cessation of lactation, and then undergo the same cycle of expansion and regression again in subsequent pregnancies during reproductive life. This plasticity suggests tight hormonal regulation, which is paramount for the normal function of the gland. This review presents the current status of knowledge of the normal macro- and micro-anatomy of the human mammary gland and the distinct changes it undergoes during the key developmental stages that characterize it, from embryonic life through to post-menopausal age. In addition, it discusses recent advances in our understanding of the normal function of the breast during lactation, with special reference to breastmilk, its composition, and how it can be utilized as a tool to advance knowledge on normal and aberrant breast development and function. Finally, anatomical and molecular traits associated with aberrant expansion of the breast are discussed to set the basis for future comparisons that may illuminate the origin of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Hassiotou
- Hartmann Human Lactation Research Group, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Elevated Tumor Expression of PAI-1 and SNAI2 in Obese Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Patients and Impact on Prognosis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2012; 3:e12. [PMID: 23238211 PMCID: PMC3365676 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2012.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Obesity is linked to increased mortality from many cancer types, and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) displays one of the strongest epidemiological associations. The aims of this study are to dissect molecular pathways linking obesity with EAC and to determine if obesity is linked to increased aggressiveness of this disease. METHODS: Affymetrix microarrays identified altered signaling pathways in an EAC cell line following coculture with visceral adipose tissue or isolated adipocytes from viscerally obese EAC patients (n=6). Differentially expressed genes were subsequently investigated in patient tumor biopsies by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and examined with respect to obesity status, tumor biology, and patient survival. RESULTS: Visceral adipose tissue induced expression of genes involved in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, and transcription factor SNAI2, in an EAC cell line. In EAC patient tumor biopsies from obese patients, we noted elevated expression of these genes, together with reduced expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin. SNAI2 was associated with EAC prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of EMT genes, PAI-1 and SNAI2, was elevated in tumors of obese EAC patients, and SNAI2 was associated with poor survival. Genes deregulated in obesity and associated with prognosis may represent potential targets for treatment stratification of obese EAC patients.
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Ligand-dependent EGFR activation induces the co-expression of IL-6 and PAI-1 via the NFkB pathway in advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2011; 31:4139-49. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Al-Hamodi ZH, Saif-Ali R, Ismail IS, Ahmed KA, Muniandy S. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism is associated with metabolic syndrome parameters in Malaysian subjects. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 50:184-9. [PMID: 22573918 PMCID: PMC3334369 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G and tissue plasminogen activator Alu-repeat insertion/deletion polymorphisms might be genetic determinations of increased or decreased of their plasma activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G and tissue plasminogen activator Alu-repeat I/D polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome parameters in normal Malaysian subjects and to assess the impact of these polymorphisms on their plasma activities and antigens. The genetic polymorphisms were genotyped in 130 normal subjects. In addition, the plasma activities and antigens of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue plasminogen activator as well as levels of insulin, glucose, and lipid profile at fasting state were investigated. The subjects with homozygous 4G/4G showed association with an increased triglyceride (p = 0.007), body mass index (p = 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.03). In addition, the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism modulates plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity and antigen and tissue plasminogen activator activity (p = 0.002, 0.014, 0.003) respectively. These results showed that, the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism is associated with metabolic syndrome parameters, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue plasminogen activator activities in Malaysian subjects, and may serve to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in Malaysian subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid H Al-Hamodi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kim HO, Cho CH, Cho YJ, Cho SH, Yoon KS, Kim KI. Significant associations of PAI-1 genetic polymorphisms with osteonecrosis of the femoral head. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011; 12:160. [PMID: 21752301 PMCID: PMC3156806 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) has been implicated in hypofibrinolysis and blood supply interruption. Previous studies have demonstrated that decreased fibrinolytic activity due to elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels correlates with ONFH pathogenesis. The -675 4G/5G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs1799889) in the PAI-1 gene promoter is associated with PAI-1 plasma level. We investigated whether rs1799889 and two other SNPs of the PAI-1 gene (rs2227631, -844 G/A in the promoter; rs11178, +10700 C/T in the 3'UTR) are associated with increased ONFH risk. METHODS Three SNPs in PAI-1 were genotyped in 206 ONFH patients and 251 control subjects, using direct sequencing and a TaqMan® 5' allelic discrimination assay. We performed association analysis for genotyped SNPs and haplotypes with ONFH. RESULTS The 4G allele of rs1799889, A allele of rs2227631, and C allele of rs11178 were significantly associated with increased ONFH risk (p = 0.03, p = 0.003, and p = 0.002, respectively). When we divided the population according to gender, an association between the three SNPs and increased risk of ONFH was found only in men. In another subgroup analysis based on the etiology of ONFH, rs2227631 (A allele) and rs11178 (C allele) in the idiopathic subgroup (p = 0.007 and p = 0.021) and rs1799889 (4G allele) and rs11178 (C allele) in the alcohol-induced subgroup (p = 0.042 and p = 0.015) were associated with increased risk of ONFH. In addition, a certain haplotype (A-4G-C) of PAI-1 was also significantly associated with ONFH (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that three SNPs (rs1799889, rs2227631, and rs11178) of the PAI-1 gene were associated with ONFH risk. This study also suggests that PAI-1 SNPs may play an important role in ONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye- Ok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BK21 project), KyunHee University School of Medicine, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
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Choi JW, Lee JH, Park HS, Kim YS. PAI-1 expression and its regulation by promoter 4G/5G polymorphism in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2011; 64:893-7. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2011-200182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AimsTo characterise patients with high plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression as oral PAI-1 antagonists are currently in preclinical trials, and to determine whether the PAI-1 promoter 4G/5G polymorphism regulates PAI-1 expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC).MethodsPAI-1 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in 69 CCRCC specimens. In addition, the promoter 4G/5G polymorphism was investigated by both allele-specific PCR and direct DNA sequencing.ResultsPAI-1 was overexpressed in 25/69 (36.2%) patients with CCRCC. PAI-1 staining was intense in tumour cells with a high Fuhrman nuclear grade and in spindle-shaped tumour cells. PAI‐1 expression was significantly associated with older age at diagnosis (p=0.027), high nuclear grade (p<0.001), advanced clinical stage (p=0.030) and distant metastasis (p=0.009). In survival analyses, PAI-1 expression was correlated with disease-free survival in Kaplan–Meier curves (p=0.015) but was not significant in the Cox hazards model (p=0.527). The frequencies of the promoter polymorphism were 24.6% (17/69) 4G/4G, 43.5% (30/69) 4G/5G and 31.9% (22/69) 5G/5G. The homozygous 4G/4G or 5G/5G group showed a tendency for a high nuclear grade (p=0.05) but the 4G/5G polymorphism was not related to other prognostic parameters. PAI-1 expression was poorly correlated with its promoter 4G/5G polymorphism (Spearman ρ=0.088).ConclusionsCCRCC with high PAI-1 expression is characterised by older age, high nuclear grade, advanced stage, distant metastasis and/or shortened disease-free survival. PAI-1 expression is not affected by the promoter 4G/5G polymorphism.
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Kotzsch M, Magdolen V, Greither T, Kappler M, Bache M, Lautenschläger C, Füssel S, Eckert AW, Luther T, Baretton G, Würl P, Taubert H. Combined mRNA expression levels of members of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system correlate with disease-associated survival of soft-tissue sarcoma patients. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:273. [PMID: 21702998 PMCID: PMC3152967 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system are up-regulated in various solid malignant tumors. High antigen levels of uPA, its inhibitor PAI-1 and its receptor uPAR have recently been shown to be associated with poor prognosis in soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) patients. However, the mRNA expression of uPA system components has not yet been comprehensively investigated in STS patients. Methods The mRNA expression level of uPA, PAI-1, uPAR and an uPAR splice variant, uPAR-del4/5, was analyzed in tumor tissue from 78 STS patients by quantitative PCR. Results Elevated mRNA expression levels of PAI-1 and uPAR-del4/5 were significantly associated with clinical parameters such as histological subtype (P = 0.037 and P < 0.001, respectively) and higher tumor grade (P = 0.017 and P = 0.003, respectively). In addition, high uPAR-del4/5 mRNA values were significantly related to higher tumor stage of STS patients (P = 0.031). On the other hand, mRNA expression of uPA system components was not significantly associated with patients' survival. However, in STS patients with complete tumor resection (R0), high PAI-1 and uPAR-del4/5 mRNA levels were associated with a distinctly increased risk of tumor-related death (RR = 6.55, P = 0.054 and RR = 6.00, P = 0.088, respectively). Strikingly, R0 patients with both high PAI-1 and uPAR-del4/5 mRNA expression levels showed a significant, 19-fold increased risk of tumor-related death (P = 0.044) compared to the low expression group. Conclusion Our results suggest that PAI-1 and uPAR-del4/5 mRNA levels may add prognostic information in STS patients with R0 status and distinguish a subgroup of R0 patients with low PAI-1 and/or low uPAR-del4/5 values who have a better outcome compared to patients with high marker levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kotzsch
- Institute of Pathology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
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Becker M, Szarvas T, Wittschier M, vom Dorp F, Tötsch M, Schmid KW, Rübben H, Ergün S. Prognostic impact of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 expression in bladder cancer. Cancer 2010; 116:4502-12. [PMID: 20564745 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated a poor prognosis for patients who have altered expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) in several cancer types. The objective of the current study was to investigate the prognostic impact of PAI-1 on patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder. METHODS PAI-1 expression was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction in 91 TCCs and in 6 normal tissue specimens. PAI-1 concentrations were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay in plasma from 104 patients and 10 controls and in urine from 244 patients and 74 controls. PAI-1 expression was evaluated immunohistochemically in paraffin-embedded tissues (94 tumor samples and 10 adjacent normal tissue samples). The results were analyzed in relation to clinical features and follow-up. RESULTS Significantly higher PAI-1 levels were detected in tissue and plasma samples, but not in urine, from patients with bladder cancer compared with controls (P=.001 and P=.008, respectively). Elevated gene expression and plasma protein concentrations were independent of tumor stage and grade. Immunostaining revealed a subgroup of patients with single tumor cells that strongly expressed PAI-1. These patients' survival was significantly shorter, and their clinical presentation was correlated significantly with lymph node-positive disease. CONCLUSIONS PAI-1 gene expression in tissues and plasma protein levels were elevated in patients with TCC compared with controls. PAI-1 gene or protein expression was not associated with the clinical characteristics of bladder TCC. Although the assessment of PAI-1 expression in plasma or urine may not serve as an independent predictor of prognosis in patients with TCC, the immunohistochemical detection of single PAI-1-positive cells may serve as a predictor of survival and a possible indicator of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Becker
- Department of Urology, The West German Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany.
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de Haas EC, Zwart N, Meijer C, Suurmeijer AJ, Meijer K, Guchelaar HJ, Hoekstra HJ, van Leeuwen FE, Sleijfer DT, Boezen HM, Gietema JA. Association of PAI-1 gene polymorphism with survival and chemotherapy-related vascular toxicity in testicular cancer. Cancer 2010; 116:5628-36. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Freytag J, Wilkins-Port CE, Higgins CE, Higgins SP, Samarakoon R, Higgins PJ. PAI-1 mediates the TGF-beta1+EGF-induced "scatter" response in transformed human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2179-90. [PMID: 20428185 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cooperative interactions between growth factor signaling pathways are important elements in carcinoma progression. A model system combining transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and EGF was developed to investigate mechanisms underlying induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ras-transformed human (HaCaT II-4) keratinocytes. Dual stimulation with TGF-beta1+EGF resulted in keratinocyte "plasticity" and pronounced colony dispersal. The most highly expressed transcript, identified by mRNA profiling, encoded plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1; SERPINE1). PAI-1 negatively regulates plasmin-dependent matrix degradation, preserving a stromal scaffold permissive for keratinocyte motility. Mitogen-activated extracellular kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 signaling were required for maximal PAI-1 upregulation and TGF-beta1+EGF-stimulated cell locomotion, as pharmacologic disruption of MEK/p38 activity ablated both responses. Moreover, PAI-1 knockdown alone effectively inhibited TGF-beta1+EGF-dependent cell scattering, indicating a functional role for this SERPIN in the dual-growth factor model of induced motility. Moreover, EGFR signaling blockade or EGFR knockdown attenuated TGF-beta1-induced PAI-1 expression, implicating EGFR transactivation in TGF-beta1-stimulated PAI-1 expression, and reduced colony dispersal in TGF-beta1+EGF-treated cultures. Identification of such cooperative signaling networks and their effect on specific invasion-promoting target genes, such as PAI-1, may lead to the development of pathway-specific therapeutics that affect late-stage events in human tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Freytag
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
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Witzel ID, Milde-Langosch K, Wirtz RM, Roth C, Ihnen M, Mahner S, Zu Eulenburg C, Jänicke F, Müller V. Comparison of microarray-based RNA expression with ELISA-based protein determination of HER2, uPA and PAI-1 in tumour tissue of patients with breast cancer and relation to outcome. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136:1709-18. [PMID: 20204407 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prognostic and predictive markers in breast cancer are currently determined by single analysis of protein amounts. If RNA-based multi-gene analyses enter clinical practice, simultaneous determination of currently established markers like human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor (PAI-1) would represent an elegant simplification. To investigate the correlation between RNA and protein levels, we assessed HER2, uPA and PAI-1 in patients with breast cancer. In addition, we evaluated the influence of these factors on patient outcome. METHODS We collected tumour samples from 133 patients with primary breast cancer. Protein and mRNA levels were measured for HER2, uPA and PAI-1. Protein concentration was measured by ELISA, mRNA expression was analysed by Affymetrix A133U Gene Chip and validated by quantitative PCR. RESULTS We were able to demonstrate a statistically significant correlation between mRNA and protein expression for HER2 (r = 0.67, P < 0.001) and uPA (r = 0.7, P < 0.001) but not for PAI-1 (r = 0.27). We observed a prognostic information for PAI-1 mRNA and protein values. Patients with high PAI-1 mRNA expression had a reduced 10-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate (60 vs. 70%, P = 0.071) and 10-year overall survival (OS) rate (68 vs. 79%, P = 0.034). Patients with PAI-1 protein levels above 14 ng/mg protein had a reduced disease-free (10-year DFS rate 54 vs. 71%, P = 0.006) and overall survival rate (10-year OS-rate 63 vs. 83%, P = 0.018). In the patient cohort with no chemotherapy, PAI-1 mRNA levels were the strongest prognostic factor for OS in univariate and multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Results of RNA-based multi-gene analyses of the prognostic and predictive markers HER2 and uPA correlate with the corresponding protein levels. This is not the case for PAI-1. However, PAI-1 mRNA expression might reveal new clinically relevant information in addition to PAI protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell D Witzel
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Palmirotta R, Ferroni P, Savonarola A, Martini F, Ciatti F, Laudisi A, Sini V, Del Monte G, Guadagni F, Roselli M. Prognostic value of pre-surgical plasma PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) levels in breast cancer. Thromb Res 2009; 124:403-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bentov Y, Brown TJ, Akbari MR, Royer R, Risch H, Rosen B, McLaughlin J, Sun P, Zhang S, Narod SA, Casper RF. Polymorphic variation of genes in the fibrinolytic system and the risk of ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5918. [PMID: 19526059 PMCID: PMC2691597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The etiology of ovarian cancer is largely unknown. One hypothesis is that the inefficient removal of the blood clots and fibrin products which are deposited in the vicinity of the ovary by retrograde menstruation might be associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms within genes which comprise the fibrinolytic system have been shown to have functional effects on the rate of blood clot degradation. These were considered to be candidate genes in the present study. AIM We studied the genotype distributions of 12 functional SNPs of four genes (tPA, uPA PAI1 and TAFI) among 775 ovarian cancer cases and 889 controls. RESULTS No significant associations were seen between any of the ten SNPs and the risk of ovarian cancer as a whole, or in any histologic subgroup. DISCUSSION Germline known functional variants of genes in the fibrinolytic system are not associated with risk of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaakov Bentov
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Wilkins-Port CE, Ye Q, Mazurkiewicz JE, Higgins PJ. TGF-beta1 + EGF-initiated invasive potential in transformed human keratinocytes is coupled to a plasmin/MMP-10/MMP-1-dependent collagen remodeling axis: role for PAI-1. Cancer Res 2009; 69:4081-91. [PMID: 19383899 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic switching called epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is frequently associated with epithelial tumor cell progression from a comparatively benign to an aggressive, invasive malignancy. Coincident with the emergence of such cellular plasticity is an altered response to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) as well as epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor amplification. TGF-beta in the tumor microenvironment promotes invasive traits largely through reprogramming gene expression, which paradoxically supports matrix-disruptive as well as stabilizing processes. ras-transformed HaCaT II-4 keratinocytes undergo phenotypic changes typical of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, acquire a collagenolytic phenotype, and effectively invade collagen type 1 gels as a consequence of TGF-beta1 + EGF stimulation in a three-dimensional physiologically relevant model system that monitors collagen remodeling. Enhanced collagen degradation was coupled to a significant increase in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-10 expression and involved a proteolytic axis composed of plasmin, MMP-10, and MMP-1. Neutralization of any one component in this cascade inhibited collagen gel lysis. Similarly, addition of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (SERPINE1) blocked collagen degradation as well as the conversion of both proMMP-10 and proMMP-1 to their catalytically active forms. This study therefore identifies an important mechanism in TGF-beta1 + EGF-initiated collagen remodeling by transformed human keratinocytes and proposes a crucial upstream role for plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1-dependent regulation in this event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia E Wilkins-Port
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
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Abstract
Components of the plasminogen-plasmin system participate in a wide variety of physiologic and pathologic processes, including tumor growth, invasion and metastasis, through their effect on angiogenesis and cell migration. These components are found in most tumors and their expression not only signifies their function but also carries a prognostic value. Their expression is in turn modulated by cytokines and growth factors, many of which are up-regulated in cancer. Though both tPA and uPA are expressed in tumor cells, uPA with its receptor (uPAR) is mostly involved in cellular functions, while tPA with its receptor Annexin II on endothelial surface, regulates intravascular fibrin deposition. Among the inhibitors of fibrinolysis, PAI-1 is a major player in the pathogenesis of many vascular diseases as well as in cancer. Therapeutic interventions, either using plasminogen activators or experimental inhibitor agents against PAI-1, have shown encouraging results in experimental tumors but not been verified clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau C Kwaan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Schmitt M, Mengele K, Gkazepis A, Napieralski R, Magdolen V, Reuning U, Harbeck N. Assessment of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator and Its Inhibitor PAI-1 in Breast Cancer Tissue: Historical Aspects and Future Prospects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 3:3-10. [PMID: 20824007 DOI: 10.1159/000151737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schmitt
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Tumour expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator correlates with invasive capacity. Consequently, inhibition of this serine protease by physiological inhibitors should decrease invasion and metastasis. However, of the two main urokinase inhibitors, high tumour levels of the type 1 inhibitor actually promote tumour progression, whereas high levels of the type 2 inhibitor decrease tumour growth and metastasis. We propose that the basis of this apparently paradoxical action of two similar serine protease inhibitors lies in key structural differences controlling interactions with components of the extracellular matrix and endocytosis-signalling co-receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Croucher
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia 2010
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Hopkins J, Cescon DW, Tse D, Bradbury P, Xu W, Ma C, Wheatley-Price P, Waldron J, Goldstein D, Meyer F, Bairati I, Liu G. Genetic polymorphisms and head and neck cancer outcomes: a review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:490-9. [PMID: 18349267 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) patients have variable prognoses even within the same clinical stage and while receiving similar treatments. The number of studies of genetic polymorphisms as prognostic factors of HNC outcomes is growing. Candidate polymorphisms have been evaluated in DNA repair, cell cycle, xenobiotic metabolism, and growth factor pathways. Polymorphisms of XRCC1, FGFR, and CCND1 have been consistently associated with HNC survival in at least two studies, whereas most of the other polymorphisms have either conflicting data or were from single studies. Heterogeneity and lack of description of patient populations and lack of accounting for multiple comparisons were common problems in a significant proportion of studies. Despite a large number of exploratory studies, large replication studies in well-characterized HNC populations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hopkins
- Community Medicine Residency Program and Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Dass K, Ahmad A, Azmi AS, Sarkar SH, Sarkar FH. Evolving role of uPA/uPAR system in human cancers. Cancer Treat Rev 2007; 34:122-36. [PMID: 18162327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in cancer research have led to some major breakthroughs; however, the impact on overall cancer-related death rate remains unacceptable, suggesting that further insight into tumor markers and development of targeted therapies is urgently needed. The urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system represents a family of serine proteases that are involved in the degradation of basement membrane and the extracellular matrix, leading to tumor cell invasion and metastasis. In this review, we have provided an overview of emerging data, from basic research as well as clinical studies, highlighting the evolving role of uPA/uPAR system in tumor progression. It is currently believed that the expression and activation of uPA plays an important role in tumorigenicity, and high endogenous levels of uPA and uPAR are associated with advanced metastatic cancers. The endogenous inhibitors of this system, PAI-1 and PAI-2, regulate uPA-uPAR activity by either direct inhibition or affecting cell surface expression and internalization. PAI-1's role in cancers is rather unusual; on one hand, it inhibits uPA-uPAR leading to inhibition of invasion and metastasis and on the other it has been reported to facilitate tumor growth and angiogenesis. Individual components of uPA/uPAR system are reported to be differentially expressed in cancer tissues compared to normal tissues and, thus, have the potential to be developed as prognostic and/or therapeutic targets. Therefore, this system represents a highly attractive target that warrants further in-depth studies. Such studies are likely to contribute towards the development of molecularly-driven targeted therapies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Dass
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Center and Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Lei H, Hemminki K, Johansson R, Altieri A, Enquist K, Henriksson R, Lenner P, Försti A. PAI-1 −675 4G/5G polymorphism as a prognostic biomarker in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 109:165-75. [PMID: 17616807 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix degradation, mediated by the urokinase plasminogen activation (uPA) system, is a critical step in tumor invasion and metastasis. High tumor levels of uPA and its inhibitor PAI-1 have been correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. We examined whether genetic variation in the genes of the uPA system affect breast cancer susceptibility and prognosis. We genotyped eight potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in six genes of the uPA system in 959 Swedish breast cancer patients with detailed clinical data and up to 15 years of follow-up together with 952 matched controls. We used the unconditional logistic regression models to evaluate the associations between genotypes and breast cancer risk and tumor characteristics. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the survival probabilities; the log-rank test was used to test differences between subgroups. None of the SNPs conferred an increased breast cancer risk, but correlation with some traditional prognostic factors was observed for several SNPs. Most importantly, we identified the -675 4G/5G SNP in the PAI-1 gene as a promising prognostic biomarker for breast cancer. Compared to the 4G/4G and 4G/5G genotypes 5G/5G homozygosity correlated significantly with worse survival (RR 2.04, 95% CI 1.45-2.86, P<0.001), especially in patients with more aggressive tumors. 5G/5G homozygotes were also the group with worse survival among lymph node negative cases. Our finding suggests that genotyping PAI-1 -675 4G/5G may help in clinical prognosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixin Lei
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology C050, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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