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Shirani M, Shariati S, Bazdar M, Sojoudi Ghamnak F, Moradi M, Shams Khozani R, Taki E, Arabsorkhi Z, Heidary M, Eskandari DB. The immunopathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer: a narrative review. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1395403. [PMID: 39035439 PMCID: PMC11258019 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1395403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is a well-established risk factor for the development of gastric cancer (GC). Understanding the immunopathogenesis underlying this association is crucial for developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. This narrative review comprehensively explores the immunopathogenesis of H. pylori-induced GC by delving into several key aspects, emphasizing the pivotal roles played by H. pylori virulence factors, including cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA), blood group antigen-binding adhesin (babA), and sialic acid binding adhesin (sabA). Moreover, the review focuses on the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytokines in the complex interplay between chronic infection and gastric carcinogenesis. Finally, the study examines the association between H. pylori evasion of the innate and adaptive immune response and development of GC. A comprehensive understanding of the immunopathogenesis of H. pylori-induced GC is essential for designing targeted interventions to prevent and manage this disease. Further research is warranted to elucidate the intricate immune responses involved and identify potential therapeutic targets to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shirani
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Shariati
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Monireh Bazdar
- School of Medicine, Razi Hospital, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | | | - Melika Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Elahe Taki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Arabsorkhi
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Chen R, Wang X, Li Z, Dai Y, Du W, Wu L. Human Toll-like receptor 2 genetic polymorphisms with tuberculosis susceptibility: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cytokine 2023; 172:156405. [PMID: 37883839 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a crucial factor in the development of tuberculosis. However, no studies have explored the association between TLR2 polymorphisms and tuberculosis susceptibility. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the correlation between tuberculosis susceptibility and TLR2 polymorphisms (rs3804099, rs3804100, rs1898830, rs5743708, rs121917864, and (-196-174) del). METHODS All relevant online databases including PubMed, CNKI, WANFANG DATA, and METSTR-FMRS were systematically searched. STATA17.0 (Stata Corp LP, College Station, Texas, USA) was used. RESULTS A total of 37 studies, covering six polymorphisms and comprising 9,474 cases and 10,295 controls, were included in this analysis. rs3804099(C vs T: OR = 1.00, 95 % CI: 0.93-1.08, CC + TC vs TT: OR = 1.04, 95 % CI: 0.98-1.10), rs3804100 (C vs T: OR = 1.19, 95 % CI: 0.93-1.07, CC + TC vs TT: OR = 0.97, 95 % CI: 0.89-1.06), rs1898830(G vs A: OR = 0.90, 95 % CI: 0.81-1.00, GG + AG vs AA: OR = 0.87, 95 % CI: 0.67-1.12), (-196 ∼174) del polymorphism (Del vs Ins: OR = 0.93,95 % CI: 0.76-1.14, DD + DI vs II: OR = 0.92,95 % CI: 0.72-1.17). CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that only the TLR2 rs5743708 polymorphism exhibited a significant association with a higher tuberculosis risk, while TLR2 rs3804099, rs3804100, rs1898830, rs121917864, and (-196-174) del polymorphisms were not associated with tuberculosis susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Nanchang University Queen Mary School, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Zilin Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Yumei Dai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Wenya Du
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Lixian Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China.
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Mukherjee S, Patra R, Behzadi P, Masotti A, Paolini A, Sarshar M. Toll-like receptor-guided therapeutic intervention of human cancers: molecular and immunological perspectives. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244345. [PMID: 37822929 PMCID: PMC10562563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) serve as the body's first line of defense, recognizing both pathogen-expressed molecules and host-derived molecules released from damaged or dying cells. The wide distribution of different cell types, ranging from epithelial to immune cells, highlights the crucial roles of TLRs in linking innate and adaptive immunity. Upon stimulation, TLRs binding mediates the expression of several adapter proteins and downstream kinases, that lead to the induction of several other signaling molecules such as key pro-inflammatory mediators. Indeed, extraordinary progress in immunobiological research has suggested that TLRs could represent promising targets for the therapeutic intervention of inflammation-associated diseases, autoimmune diseases, microbial infections as well as human cancers. So far, for the prevention and possible treatment of inflammatory diseases, various TLR antagonists/inhibitors have shown to be efficacious at several stages from pre-clinical evaluation to clinical trials. Therefore, the fascinating role of TLRs in modulating the human immune responses at innate as well as adaptive levels directed the scientists to opt for these immune sensor proteins as suitable targets for developing chemotherapeutics and immunotherapeutics against cancer. Hitherto, several TLR-targeting small molecules (e.g., Pam3CSK4, Poly (I:C), Poly (A:U)), chemical compounds, phytocompounds (e.g., Curcumin), peptides, and antibodies have been found to confer protection against several types of cancers. However, administration of inappropriate doses of such TLR-modulating therapeutics or a wrong infusion administration is reported to induce detrimental outcomes. This review summarizes the current findings on the molecular and structural biology of TLRs and gives an overview of the potency and promises of TLR-directed therapeutic strategies against cancers by discussing the findings from established and pipeline discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritwik Patra
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea Masotti
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paolini
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Meysam Sarshar
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Shirani M, Pakzad R, Haddadi MH, Akrami S, Asadi A, Kazemian H, Moradi M, Kaviar VH, Zomorodi AR, Khoshnood S, Shafieian M, Tavasolian R, Heidary M, Saki M. The global prevalence of gastric cancer in Helicobacter pylori-infected individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:543. [PMID: 37598157 PMCID: PMC10439572 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori is a gastrointestinal pathogen that infects around half of the world's population. H. pylori infection is the most severe known risk factor for gastric cancer (GC), which is the second highest cause of cancer-related deaths globally. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the global prevalence of GC in H. pylori-infected individuals. METHODS We performed a systematic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases for studies of the prevalence of GC in H. pylori-infected individuals published from 1 January 2011 to 20 April 2021. Metaprop package were used to calculate the pooled prevalence with 95% confidence interval. Random-effects model was applied to estimate the pooled prevalence. We also quantified it with the I2 index. Based on the Higgins classification approach, I2 values above 0.7 were determined as high heterogeneity. RESULTS Among 17,438 reports screened, we assessed 1053 full-text articles for eligibility; 149 were included in the final analysis, comprising data from 32 countries. The highest and lowest prevalence was observed in America (pooled prevalence: 18.06%; 95% CI: 16.48 - 19.63; I2: 98.84%) and Africa (pooled prevalence: 9.52%; 95% CI: 5.92 - 13.12; I2: 88.39%). Among individual countries, Japan had the highest pooled prevalence of GC in H. pylori positive patients (Prevalence: 90.90%:95% CI: 83.61-95.14), whereas Sweden had the lowest prevalence (Prevalence: 0.07%; 95% CI: 0.06-0.09). The highest and lowest prevalence was observed in prospective case series (pooled prevalence: 23.13%; 95% CI: 20.41 - 25.85; I2: 97.70%) and retrospective cohort (pooled prevalence: 1.17%; 95% CI: 0.55 - 1.78; I 2: 0.10%). CONCLUSIONS H. pylori infection in GC patients varied between regions in this systematic review and meta-analysis. We observed that large amounts of GCs in developed countries are associated with H. pylori. Using these data, regional initiatives can be taken to prevent and eradicate H. pylori worldwide, thus reducing its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shirani
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Pakzad
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Ilam University Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | | | - Sousan Akrami
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Arezoo Asadi
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Kazemian
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Melika Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Vahab Hassan Kaviar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Rafati Zomorodi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Khoshnood
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Shafieian
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ronia Tavasolian
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Nutrition Science, University of Cheste, Chester, UK
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Morteza Saki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Wang B, Zhou W, Zhang H, Wang W, Zhang B, Li S. Exploring the effect of Weifuchun capsule on the toll-like receptor pathway mediated HES6 and immune regulation against chronic atrophic gastritis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 303:115930. [PMID: 36403744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Weifuchun capsule (WFC) is a traditional Chinese patent medicine for chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) in clinic. However, the mechanism of action of WFC for CAG still remains unclear due to its complex composition. AIM OF THE STUDY The study was projected to uncover the mechanism of action of WFC and the corresponding pharmacodynamic substance of WFC against CAG as well as providing a standard example for the research of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) from the perspective of the network and the system. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified the compounds of WFC through LC-MS/MS analysis and performed a systematic network targets analysis for WFC in the treatment of CAG which thoroughly described the mechanism of action of WFC for CAG. Based on analysis integrating omics data and algorithms, we focused on the specific immune regulatory role of WFC in the treatment of CAG, especially on a hub pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and thus deciphered the role of WFC in immune regulation, anti-inflammation and mediation of HES6. In experiments part, MNNG-GES-1-cell line and rat models were used to validate our findings. RESULTS In this study, compounds of WFC are identified through LC‒MS/MS and network target analysis is performed to dissect the specific immunoregulatory effect as well as mediation of HES6, a newly discovered biomolecule related to gastritis carcinoma progression, of WFC on CAG through the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Based on cell line and rat models, we verify the mechanism of action of WFC for CAG in inhibiting inflammatory cytokines, regulating immune cells like T cells and macrophages, related genes including TLR2 and CD14. It is also validated that WFC inhibits the expression of HES6 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Based on the combination of computational strategy and experiments, our study offers a comprehensive analysis to reveal the role of WFC in regulating immune response, inhibiting inflammation in the treatment of CAG, and provides a standard example for the research of TCM from the perspective of the network and the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Wang
- Institute for TCM-X, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division, BNRist, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wuai Zhou
- Institute for TCM-X, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division, BNRist, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- TCM Network Pharmacology Department, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Early Druggability Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 300457, Tianjin, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Center of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- TCM Network Pharmacology Department, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Early Druggability Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 300457, Tianjin, China.
| | - Shao Li
- Institute for TCM-X, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division, BNRist, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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Ni DQ, Tan HC, Zhang XY, Shao H, Huang X. Relationship between NLRC5 gene polymorphisms and gastric cancer susceptibility. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2022; 30:701-709. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v30.i16.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NF-κB signaling pathway exerts a synergistic effect on gastric carcinogenesis. NLRC5 is an upstream regulator of the NF-κB signaling pathway, which is closely related to gastric carcinogenesis. Since NLRC5 expression is different among gastric cancer patients, we speculated that it might be related to NLRC5 gene polymorphisms. We explored the associations between NLRC5 gene polymorphism and gastric carcinogenesis through gene sequencing.
AIM To investigate the associations of the NLRC5 rs56315364 and rs289726 gene polymorphisms with gastric cancer susceptibility and prognosis.
METHODS A total of 75 gastric cancer patients and 59 healthy volunteers (age- and sex-matched) were enrolled in the study from September 2014 to October 2016. The NLRC5 rs56315364 and rs289726 genotypes were determined by first-generation sequencing of PCR products. Sequencing products were analyzed using MegAlign and Chromas 2.4.3 software. Differences in NLRC5 gene polymorphisms between patients with gastric cancer and healthy volunteers were identified to investigate the relationship between NLRC5 gene polymorphisms and the prognosis of gastric cancer.
RESULTS The NLRC5 rs56315364 CC genotype increased the risk of gastric cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 7.06, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.81-17.72], as did the rs289726 TC and CC genotypes (OR = 11.04, 95%CI: 4.29-28.43; OR = 4.77, 95%CI: 1.57-14.48, respectively). There was no significant difference in the genotype frequency of NLRC5 rs56315364 and rs289726 between the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-negative group and the H. pylori-positive group (P > 0.05). Survival analysis showed that the NLRC5 rs289726 genotype was correlated with the prognosis of gastric cancer (P < 0.05), and the NLRC5 rs289726 CC genotype was associated with the worst prognosis. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that age and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage were correlated with the prognosis of gastric cancer patients (P < 0.05)
CONCLUSION The NLRC5 rs56315364 CC and rs289726 TC genotypes significantly increase the risk of gastric cancer. Older age and higher TNM stage are associated with the worse prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. The prognosis of gastric cancer patients with NLRC5 rs289726 CC genotype is the worst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Qiong Ni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui-Cheng Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Yi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Huan Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
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Zhu X, Zhao Y, Zhu C, Wang Y, Liu Y, Su J. Rapid detection of cagA-positive Helicobacter pylori based on duplex recombinase aided amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick assay. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 103:115661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Innate Immune Responses in Pediatric Patients with Gastritis—A Trademark of Infection or Chronic Inflammation? CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9020121. [PMID: 35204842 PMCID: PMC8870386 DOI: 10.3390/children9020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to define the relationship between several environmental, laboratory, and genetic factors, i.e., TLR2 and NLRP3 polymorphisms, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in children, by comparing three different groups of pediatric subjects: H. pylori-induced gastritis, non-H. pylori gastritis, and healthy controls. Our final study sample included 269 children, which were divided into three groups according to the histopathological exam: group 1 with 51 children with H. pylori-induced gastritis, group 2 with 103 children with H. pylori-negative gastritis, and group 3 (control group) with 115 children without any histopathological changes. All children underwent a thorough anamnesis, clinical exam, laboratory tests, and upper digestive endoscopy with gastric biopsy for rapid urease test, histopathological exam, and genetic analysis of TLR2 rs3804099, TLR2 rs3804100, and NLRP3 rs10754558 gene polymorphisms. We noticed a significant association between living conditions and the type of gastritis (p < 0.0001). Both rapid urease and serological tests were significantly associated with the presence of H. pylori (p < 0.0001). The CT variant genotype of TLR2 rs380499 was significantly associated with neutrophil count (p = 0.0325). We noticed a significant association between the CC variant genotype of NLRP3 rs10754558 and leucocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, as well as ALT (p = 0.0185, p = 0.0379, p = 0.0483, p = 0.0356). Based on these findings, we state that poor living conditions and rural areas represent risk factors for H. pylori infection. The rapid urease test is a reliable diagnostic tool for this infection. CT and TT carriers of TLR2 rs3804099, as well as CC carriers of NLRP3 rs10754558, might display a more severe degree of systemic inflammation.
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Alexander SM, Retnakumar RJ, Chouhan D, Devi TNB, Dharmaseelan S, Devadas K, Thapa N, Tamang JP, Lamtha SC, Chattopadhyay S. Helicobacter pylori in Human Stomach: The Inconsistencies in Clinical Outcomes and the Probable Causes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:713955. [PMID: 34484153 PMCID: PMC8416104 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.713955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic potentials of the gastric pathogen, Helicobacter pylori, have been proposed, evaluated, and confirmed by many laboratories for nearly 4 decades since its serendipitous discovery in 1983 by Barry James Marshall and John Robin Warren. Helicobacter pylori is the first bacterium to be categorized as a definite carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization (WHO). Half of the world’s population carries H. pylori, which may be responsible for severe gastric diseases like peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. These two gastric diseases take more than a million lives every year. However, the role of H. pylori as sole pathogen in gastric diseases is heavily debated and remained controversial. It is still not convincingly understood, why most (80–90%) H. pylori infected individuals remain asymptomatic, while some (10–20%) develop such severe gastric diseases. Moreover, several reports indicated that colonization of H. pylori has positive and negative associations with several other gastrointestinal (GI) and non-GI diseases. In this review, we have discussed the state of the art knowledge on “H. pylori factors” and several “other factors,” which have been claimed to have links with severe gastric and duodenal diseases. We conclude that H. pylori infection alone does not satisfy the “necessary and sufficient” condition for developing aggressive clinical outcomes. Rather, the cumulative effect of a number of factors like the virulence proteins of H. pylori, local geography and climate, genetic background and immunity of the host, gastric and intestinal microbiota, and dietary habit and history of medicine usage together determine whether the H. pylori infected person will remain asymptomatic or will develop one of the severe gastric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deepak Chouhan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India.,Centre for Doctoral Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | | | | | - Krishnadas Devadas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | - Namrata Thapa
- Biotech Hub, Department of Zoology, Nar Bahadur Bhandari Degree College, Gangtok, India
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Genetic variants in the regulation region of TLR4 reduce the gastric cancer susceptibility. Gene 2020; 767:145181. [PMID: 33007372 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in China. It has been suggested that the genetic polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) might be in close relation to tumorigenesis and development of gastric cancer. In this study, we performed a case-control study to investigate the genetic polymorphisms of TLR3, 4, 5, 7 with the genetic susceptibility of gastric cancer. TLRs gene polymorphisms in 471 gastric cancer (GC) patients and 471 healthy controls were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restrictive fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis or TaqMan assays. Odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were used to evaluate the association of TLR4 variants with the GC risk via unconditional logistic regression. Our results suggested that variant genotypes of TLR4 rs7869402 (OR = 0.61, 95%CI = 0.40-0.92, P = 0.02) and TLR4 rs7873784 (OR = 0.17, 95%CI = 0.09-0.33, P < 0.01) gene polymorphisms reduced the risk of GC. Stratified analysis showed that rs7869402 T-containing genotype significantly decreased the susceptibility of GC among females (OR = 0.38, 95%CI = 0.16-0.91, P = 0.03), older subjects (OR = 0.48, 95%CI = 0.26-0.87, P = 0.02), non-smokers (OR = 0.41, 95%CI = 0.23-0.71, P < 0.01) and non-drinkers (OR = 0.58, 95%CI = 0.30-0.78, P < 0.01). In case of rs7873784 polymorphism, C-containing genotype reduced the risk of GC among males (OR = 0.08, 95%CI = 0.03-0.21, P < 0.01), but not among females (OR = 0.53, 95%CI = 0.22-1.27, P = 0.15). As to the other four SNPs (TLR3 rs5743303, TLR4 rs1927914, TLR5 rs1640816 and TLR7 rs3853839), no significant correlations were found to be related to the risk of gastric carcinoma. Our research demonstrated the significance of TLRs polymorphisms in decreasing the risk of GC.
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-196 to -174del, rs4696480, rs3804099 polymorphisms of Toll-like receptor 2 gene impact the susceptibility of cancers: evidence from 37053 subjects. Biosci Rep 2020; 39:221065. [PMID: 31710083 PMCID: PMC6900473 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20191698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Relationship between Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) and cancer risk has been illustrated in some studies, but their conclusions are inconsistent. Therefore, we designed this meta-analysis to explore a more accurate conclusion of whether TLR2 affects cancer risks. Articles were retrieved from various literature databases according to the criteria. We used STATA to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) to evaluate the relationship between certain polymorphism of TLR2 and cancer risk. Finally, 47 case-control studies met the criteria, comprising 15851 cases and 21182 controls. In the overall analysis, people are more likely to get cancer because of -196 to -174del in TLR2 in all five genetic models, B vs. A (OR = 1.468, 95% Cl = 1.129-1.91, P=0.005); BB vs. AA (OR = 1.716, 95% Cl = 1.178-2.5, P=0.005); BA vs. AA (OR = 1.408, 95% Cl = 1.092-1.816, P=0.008); BB+BA vs. AA (OR = 1.449, 95% Cl = 1.107-1.897, P=0.007); BB vs. BA+AA (OR = 1.517, 95% Cl = 1.092-2.107, P=0.013). Meanwhile, rs4696480 could significantly increase the risk of cancer in Caucasians, furthermore, rs3804099 significantly decreased cancer risk in overall analysis, but more subjects are necessary to confirm the results. All in all, this meta-analysis revealed that not only -196 to -174del increased the risk of among overall cancers, Caucasians are more likely to get cancer because of rs4696480, while rs3804099 polymorphism could reduce the risk of cancer in some genetic models. There is no direct evidence showing that rs5743708, rs3804100 and rs1898830 are related to cancer.
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Khaledi M, Bagheri N, Validi M, Zamanzad B, Afkhami H, Fathi J, Rahimian G, Gholipour A. Determination of CagA EPIYA motif in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from patients with digestive disorder. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04971. [PMID: 33005792 PMCID: PMC7519360 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify patterns of cagA EPIYA motifs in H. pylori strains isolated from patients with gastrointestinal diseases in Hospitals of Shahrekord, and investigate the association between these biomarkers and clinical outcomes of gastrointestinal diseases due to H. pylori. In this study, 253 patients with gastrointestinal diseases were studied within 1395-1396. Histopathological investigations and urease test showed that 207 isolates were H. pylori-positive. Then, screening using a molecular technique, PCR, confirmed that 159 isolates had cagA. Finally, the pattern and prevalence of the motifs were determined by PCR and identified a number of motifs were sequenced. Results of this study showed that the pattern of motifs was as follows: ABC (140 isolates) (93/7%), ABCC (6 isolates) (3/77%), ABCCC (4 isolates) (2/5%), AB (7 isolates) (4/4%), AC (1 isolate) (0/6%), and BC (1 isolate) (0/6%). Sequencing results showed the presence of changed EPIYA motif in some isolates. CM motif sequence was also seen in all isolates. In this study, no significant association was seen between the prevalence rate of different patterns and clinical symptoms (p = 0.71). There is a slight association between the presence of ABC motifs and the type of digestive disorder (p = 0.056). Results indicated that ABC was the most frequently seen pattern however, in such that positive cases of ABC motifs were more common in gastritis. All isolates had kinase phosphorylation region, and the observed pattern in this region was a generally western type (ABC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor Khaledi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Majid Validi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Behnam Zamanzad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hamed Afkhami
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medicine Faculty, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Fathi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ghorbanali Rahimian
- Shahrekord, Iran Department of Internal Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Gholipour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Polymorphisms in Toll-like receptors 1, 2, 5, and 10 are associated with predisposition to Helicobacter pylori infection. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 32:1141-1146. [PMID: 32541244 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are significant receptors to the innate immune system which symbolizes a family of pattern recognition receptors. We aimed to investigate associations between rs4833095 polymorphism of TLR1, rs3804099 polymorphism of TLR2, rs5744174 polymorphism of TLR5, and rs10004195 polymorphism of TLR10 in dyspeptic individuals with Helicobacter pylori infection. METHODS Genomic DNA was isolated and genotyping of rs4833095 polymorphism in TLR1, rs3804099 polymorphism in TLR2, rs5744174 polymorphism in TLR5, and rs10004195 polymorphism in TLR10 were investigated in 400 individuals (205 in dyspeptic individuals with H. pylori-positive subjects and 195 dyspeptic individuals with H. pylori-negative subjects) by real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed by Pearson's Chi-square test. RESULTS According to our study; rs4833095 polymorphism in TLR1 C allele, rs3804099 polymorphism in TLR2 C allele, rs5744174 polymorphism in TLR5 C allele, and rs10004195 polymorphism in TLR10 A allele increased the risk of H. pylori infection [odds ratio (OR), 2.01; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.39-3.16; OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.19-2.6; OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.25-2.78; OR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.72-4.099, respectively]. CONCLUSION This is the first study that investigates TLRs in H. pylori infection in Turkey. Our findings may support the hypothesis that polymorphisms in certain TLRs may cause a genetic predisposition to H. pylori-related gastric problems.
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Angrini M, Varthaman A, Cremer I. Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) in the Tumor Microenvironment (TME): A Dragon-Like Weapon in a Non-fantasy Game of Thrones. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1263:145-173. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-44518-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lourenço CDM, Susi MD, Nascimento MCAD, Serafim Junior V, Vila APS, Rodrigues-Flemming GH, Goloni-Bertollo EM, Silva AE, Oliveira-Cucolo JGD. Characterization and strong risk association of TLR2 del -196 to -174 polymorphism and Helicobacter pylori and their influence on mRNA expression in gastric cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 12:535-548. [PMID: 32461785 PMCID: PMC7235183 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v12.i5.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) is responsible for recognizing Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and activating the immune response. Polymorphisms in TLR2 may modulate gastric carcinogenesis. AIM To evaluate whether the TLR2 19216T/C (rs3804099) and TLR2 -196 to -174 ins/del (rs111200466) polymorphisms contribute to gastric carcinogenesis in the Brazilian population, and to determine the influence of both polymorphisms and H. pylori infection on TLR2 mRNA expression. METHODS DNA was extracted from 854 peripheral blood leukocyte or gastric tissue samples [202 gastric cancer (GC), 269 chronic gastritis (CG), and 383 control/healthy (C)] and genotyped by allele-specific PCR or restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-PCR. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction by TaqMan® assay was used to quantify TLR2 mRNA levels in fresh gastric tissues (48 GC, 36 CG, and 14 C). RESULTS Regarding the TLR2 -196 to -174 polymorphism, the ins/del and del/del genotypes were associated with a higher risk of GC by comparison with the C in all of the analyzed inheritance models (codominant, dominant, recessive, overdominant and log-additive; P < 0.0001). Similarly, an increased risk was observed when comparing the GC and CG groups [codominant (P < 0.0001), dominant (P < 0.0001), recessive (P = 0.0260), overdominant (P < 0.0001) and log-additive (P < 0.0001)]. In contrast, TLR2 19216T/C was associated with a protective effect in the GC group compared to the C group [dominant (P = 0.0420) and log-additive (P = 0.0300)]. Regarding the association of polymorphisms with H. pylori infection, individuals infected with H. pylori and harboring the TLR2 -196 to -174 ins/del polymorphism had an increased risk of gastric carcinogenesis [codominant (P = 0.0120), dominant (P = 0.0051), overdominant (P = 0.0240) and log-additive (P = 0.0030)], while TLR2 19216T/C was associated with a protective effect [codominant (P = 0.0039), dominant (P < 0.0001), overdominant (P = 0.0097) and log-additive (P = 0.0021)]. TLR2 mRNA levels were significantly increased in the GC group (median RQ = 6.95) compared to the CG group (RQ = 0.84, P < 0.0001) and to the normal mucosa group (RQ = 1.0). In addition, both H. pylori infection (P < 0.0001) and the presence of the polymorphic TLR2 -196 to -174del (P = 0.0010) and TLR2 19216 C (P = 0.0004) alleles influenced TLR2 mRNA expression. CONCLUSION The TLR2 -196 to -174 ins/del and TLR2 19216 T/C polymorphisms are strongly associated with GC. TLR2 mRNA expression levels are upregulated in neoplastic tissues and influenced by both the presence of H. pylori and variant genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manoela Dias Susi
- Department of Graduate-Level Research, Sacred Heart University, Bauru, São Paulo 17011-970, Brazil
| | | | - Vilson Serafim Junior
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Simedan Vila
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | | | - Eny Maria Goloni-Bertollo
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Elizabete Silva
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15054-000, Brazil
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Dimberg J, Rubér M, Skarstedt M, Andersson M, Andersson RE. Genetic polymorphism patterns suggest a genetic driven inflammatory response as pathogenesis in appendicitis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2020; 35:277-284. [PMID: 31845023 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-019-03473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The pathogenesis of appendicitis is not well understood. Environmental factors are regarded most important, but epidemiologic findings suggest a role of inflammatory and genetic mechanisms. This study determines the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of inflammatory genes with appendicitis. METHODS As part of a larger prospective study on the diagnostic value of inflammatory variables in appendicitis, the genotype frequency of 28 polymorphisms in 26 inflammatory response genes from the appendicitis and control patients was analyzed in blood samples from 343 patients, 100 with appendicitis, and 243 with non-specific abdominal pain, using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. RESULTS Associations with appendicitis were found for SNPs IL-13 rs1800925 with odds ratio (OR) 6.02 (95% CI 1.52-23.78) for T/T versus C/C + T/T, for IL-17 rs2275913 with OR 2.38 (CI 1.24-4.57) for A/A vs G/G + GA, for CCL22 rs223888 with OR 0.12 (0.02-0.90), and for A/A vs G/G + GA. Signs of effect modification of age for the association with appendicitis were found for IL-13 rs1800925 and CTLA4 rs3087243. Stratified analysis showed difference in association with severity of disease for IL-17 rs2275913 and CD44 rs187115. CONCLUSIONS The association of gene variants on risk of appendicitis and its severity suggest an etiologic role of genetically regulated inflammatory response. This may have implications for understanding the prognosis of untreated appendicitis as a possible self-limiting disorder and for understanding the inverse association of appendicitis with ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dimberg
- Department of Natural Science and Biomedicine, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Marie Rubér
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marita Skarstedt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, SE 551 85, Sweden
| | - Manne Andersson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,County Hospital Ryhov, Region Jönköping County, Department of Surgery, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Roland E Andersson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. .,County Hospital Ryhov, Region Jönköping County, Department of Surgery, Jönköping, Sweden.
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Polymorphism in Toll-Like Receptors and Helicobacter Pylori Motility in Autoimmune Atrophic Gastritis and Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050648. [PMID: 31083432 PMCID: PMC6562993 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune atrophic gastritis (AAG) is associated with an increased risk of certain types of gastric cancer (GC). Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection may have a role in the induction and/or maintenance of AAG and GC. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are essential for H. pylori recognition and subsequent innate and adaptive immunity responses. This study therefore aimed to characterize TLR polymorphisms, and features of bacterial flagellin A in samples from patients with AAG (n = 67), GC (n = 114) and healthy donors (HD; n = 97). TLR5 rs5744174 C/C genotype was associated with GC, lower IgG anti H. pylori response and a higher H. pylori flagellin A abundance and motility. In a subset of patients with AAG, H. pylori strains showed a reduction of the flagellin A abundance and a moderate motility compared with strains from GC patients, a prerequisite for active colonization of the deeper layers of the mucosa, host immune response and inflammation. TLR9 rs5743836 T allele showed an association with serum gastrin G17. In conclusion, our study suggests that alterations of flaA protein, moderate motility in H. pylori and two polymorphisms in TLR5 and TLR9 may favor the onset of AAG and GC, at least in a subset of patients. These findings corroborate the function of pathogen–host cell interactions and responses, likely influencing the pathogenetic process.
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Tongtawee T, Simawaranon T, Wattanawongdon W, Dechsukhum C, Leeanansaksiri W. Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 polymorphisms associated with Helicobacter pylori susceptibility and gastric cancer. TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2019; 30:15-20. [PMID: 30301709 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2018.17461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Genetic polymorphisms in Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important influence on gastric lesion development and Helicobacter pylori susceptibility. MATERIALS AND METHODS TLR2 rs3804099 and rs3804100 and TLR4 rs10759932 were determined in a total of 400 patients. The association among genotypes and the risk of gastric lesion development and H. pylori susceptibility were evaluated by the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) from logistic regression analyses. RESULTS TLR4 rs10759932, C/C homozygous genotype was associated with an increased risk of premalignant/malignant (OR=2.48, 95% CI=1.96-4.62, p=0.015). The recessive model of TLR4 rs10759932 showed a decreased risk of H. pylori susceptibility (adjusted OR=0.52, 95% CI=0.38-0.82, p=0.046). Meanwhile, the recessive model was associated with an increased risk of non-malignant (OR=3.46, 95% CI=2.25-5.67, p=0.001). In subjects with H. pylori infection, the recessive model was associated with an increased risk of non-malignant (OR=2.28, 95% CI=1.24-3.57, p=0.001) and premalignant/malignant (OR=1.83, 95% CI=1.16-2.84, p=0.027). CONCLUSION TLR4 rs10759932, but not TLR2 rs3804099 and rs3804100, was associated with risk of premalignant and/or malignant and H. pylori susceptibility. H. pylori infection seems to contribute to chronic gastritis, and premalignant/malignant supported the development of the premalignant/malignant lesions involved in H. pylori infection that is critical to gastric cancer in Thai patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taweesak Tongtawee
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Theeraya Simawaranon
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Wareeporn Wattanawongdon
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Chavaboon Dechsukhum
- School of Pathology, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Wilairat Leeanansaksiri
- School of Preclinic, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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The Relationship between Toll-like Receptors and Helicobacter pylori-Related Gastropathies: Still a Controversial Topic. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:8197048. [PMID: 30863783 PMCID: PMC6378784 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8197048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity represents the first barrier against bacterial invasion. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to the large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), and their activation leads to the induction of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, antigen-presenting molecules, and costimulatory molecules. Recent studies have focused on identifying the association between TLRs and Helicobacter pylori- (H. pylori-) related diseases. Therefore, this minireview focuses on assessing the role of these TLRs in the development of H. pylori-related gastropathies. Both TLR2 and TLR were found to be involved in H. pylori LPS recognition, with contradictory results most likely due to both the inability to obtain pure LPS in experimental studies and the heterogeneity of the bacterial LPS. In addition, TLR2 was found to be the most extensively expressed gene among all the TLRs in gastric tumors. High levels of TLR4 were also associated with a higher risk of gastric cancer. TLR5 was initially associated with the recognition of H. pylori flagellin, but it seems that this bacterium has developed mechanisms to escape this recognition representing an important factor involved in the persistence of this infection and subsequent carcinogenesis. TLR9, the only TLR with both anti- and proinflammatory roles, was involved in the recognition of H. pylori DNA. The dichotomous role of TLR9, promoting or suppressing the infection, depends on the gastric environment. Recently, TLR7 and TLR8 were shown to recognize purified H. pylori RNA, thereby inducing proinflammatory cytokines. TLR1 and TLR10 gene polymorphisms were associated with a higher risk for gastric cancer in H. pylori-infected individuals. Different gene polymorphisms of these TLRs were found to be associated with gastric cancer depending mostly on ethnicity. Further studies are required in order to develop preventive and therapeutic strategies against H. pylori infections based on the functions of TLRs.
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Huang J, Hang JJ, Qin XR, Huang J, Wang XY. Interaction of H. pylori with toll-like receptor 2-196 to -174 ins/del polymorphism is associated with gastric cancer susceptibility in southern China. Int J Clin Oncol 2018; 24:494-500. [PMID: 30554285 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-018-1379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors play important roles in gastric carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the role of TLR2-196 to -174 ins/del polymorphism in gastric cancer susceptibility and prognosis. METHODS This study included 520 people from southern China. Samples were genotyped by the allele-specific polymerase chain reaction, among which 10% were randomly selected for sequencing. The serological method was used to determine Helicobacter pylori. RESULTS The TLR2 genotype was not associated with the risk of H. pylori infection. The del/del genotype exhibited significantly higher gastric cancer risk (adjusted OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.33‒5.07) than that of the ins/ins genotype. Further stratification analyses demonstrated that the del/del genotype was associated with a risk of intestinal gastric cancer (adjusted OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.34-5.14). In addition, the presence of the del/del genotype and the H. pylori infection conferred a synergistic effect (OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.33‒6.98) for the development of gastric cancer. The del/del genotype was not associated with a poor prognosis in gastric cancer patients. CONCLUSION The del/del genotype is associated with an increased gastric cancer risk in the southern Chinese population. However, TLR2 polymorphism is neither associated with H. pylori infection, nor with a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Xinglong Xiang 29, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hang
- Department of Oncology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Xinglong Xiang 29, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Xinglong Xiang 29, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Xinglong Xiang 29, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Xinglong Xiang 29, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China.
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Toll-like receptor 2 stimulation promotes colorectal cancer cell growth via PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 59:375-383. [PMID: 29689497 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 is a key regulator of innate immune responses and has been shown to play an important role in inflammation-associated cancers. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of TLR2 in colorectal cancer (CRC). We demonstrated that TLR2 mRNA and protein expression was significantly upregulated in tumors from CRC patients and indicated poor prognosis. Using the TLR2 agonist Pam3Cys (P3C) to activate TLR2 signaling in human CRC cell lines, we showed that TLR2 drives cellular proliferation, which was dependent upon PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways and was associated with the upregulation of anti-apoptotic genes BCL2A1, WISP1 and BIRC3. Likewise, pharmacological blockade of PI3K/Akt and NF-κB pathways mitigated the CRC pro-survival effects of TLR2 stimulation. Furthermore, genetic ablation of TLR2 using CRISPR/Cas9 suppressed CRC cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that TLR2 plays an important role in colorectal tumorigenesis and may represent a promising therapeutic target in CRC.
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Fu Z, Li G, Sun J, Zhai Y, Zhang J, Lu Z, Chu J, Zhang G, Guo X, Xu A. Incidence and mortality of stomach cancer in Shandong Province in 2012. PRECISION RADIATION ONCOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pro6.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Fu
- Academy of Preventive MedicineShandong University Jinan Shandong China
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jinan Shandong China
| | - Guigang Li
- Zhaoyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Zhaoyuan Shandong China
| | - Jandong Sun
- School of Public HealthQueensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Yuting Zhai
- Zhaoyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Zhaoyuan Shandong China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Academy of Preventive MedicineShandong University Jinan Shandong China
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jinan Shandong China
| | - Zilong Lu
- Academy of Preventive MedicineShandong University Jinan Shandong China
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jinan Shandong China
| | - Jie Chu
- Academy of Preventive MedicineShandong University Jinan Shandong China
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jinan Shandong China
| | - Gaohui Zhang
- Academy of Preventive MedicineShandong University Jinan Shandong China
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jinan Shandong China
| | - Xiaolei Guo
- Academy of Preventive MedicineShandong University Jinan Shandong China
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jinan Shandong China
| | - Aiqiang Xu
- Academy of Preventive MedicineShandong University Jinan Shandong China
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jinan Shandong China
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Identification and Characterization of a Splicing Variant in the 5' UTR of the Human TLR5 Gene. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8727434. [PMID: 28948171 PMCID: PMC5602658 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8727434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of the innate immune system. TLR5 is the receptor for flagellin, the principal protein component of bacterial flagella. The TLR5 gene has 6 exons. In an RT-PCR analysis, we found long TLR5 transcripts, in addition to those of the expected size (short TLR5 transcripts). A sequence analysis revealed that the long TLR5 transcripts contain a new exon of 94 nucleotides located between previously reported exons IV and V in the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR). A real-time PCR analysis of the two alternatively spliced variants in various cell lines showed that the long TLR5 transcripts are abundantly expressed in nonimmune cells. The ratios of long/short transcripts in human nonimmune cell lines, such as A549, T98G, HaCaT, H460, HEK-293, and Caco-2 cells, and primary mesenchymal stem cells were in the range of 1.25 to 4.31. In contrast, those of human monocytic THP-1 and U937 cells and E6.1 T cells and Ramos B cells were around 0.9. These ratios in human monocytic THP-1 cells were decreased by treatment with IFN-γ in a concentration-dependent manner. Based on our findings, we suggest that the newly found long TLR5 transcripts may be involved in the negative regulation of TLR5 expression and function.
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Goda V, Jayaraman M, Loganathan R, Nazeer M, Ali M, Karunakaran P, Devaraju P. TLR5 Polymorphisms rs2072493, rs5744174, and rs5744168 Are Not Genetic Risk Factors for Chronic Helicobacter pylori Infection in Indian Tamils. Immunol Invest 2017; 46:537-543. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2017.1319381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Goda
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
| | - Megala Jayaraman
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
| | - Rekha Loganathan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
| | - Mehnaz Nazeer
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
| | - Mohammed Ali
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Premkumar Karunakaran
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Panneer Devaraju
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
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25
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David S, Aguiar P, Antunes L, Dias A, Morais A, Sakuntabhai A, Lavinha J. Variants in the non-coding region of the TLR2 gene associated with infectious subphenotypes in pediatric sickle cell anemia. Immunogenetics 2017; 70:37-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-1013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Xu T, Fu D, Ren Y, Dai Y, Lin J, Tang L, Ji J. Genetic variations of TLR5 gene interacted with Helicobacter pylori infection among carcinogenesis of gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:31016-31022. [PMID: 28404962 PMCID: PMC5458185 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) ranks the second prevalent cancer type and the second cancer-related death in China. However, the precise mechanisms of GC development remain poorly understood. Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori is the strongest identified risk factor for GC. Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes, which play critical roles in Helicobacter pylori induced chronic inflammation, may also be implicated in GC susceptibility. TLR5 signaling deficiency could deregulate a cascade of inflammatory events. In current study, we systematically evaluated genetic variations of TLR5, and their interaction with Helicobacter pylori infection among carcinogenesis of gastric cancer, using a large case-controls study among Chinese population. Minor alleles of three SNPS, including rs5744174 (P = 0.001), rs1640827 (P = 0.005), and rs17163737 (P = 0.004), were significantly associated with increased GC risk (OR ranged from 1.20-1.24). Significant interactions with Helicobacter pylori infection were also identified for rs1640827 (P for interaction = 0.009) and rs17163737 (P for interaction = 0.006). These findings suggest that genetic variants in TLR5 may modify the role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the process of causing GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Deqiang Fu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Thyroid and Breast, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Yijun Dai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Jianguang Lin
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Liming Tang
- No. 2 People's Hospital of Henan Province, China
| | - Jian Ji
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huai’an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, China
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27
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West AC, Tang K, Tye H, Yu L, Deng N, Najdovska M, Lin SJ, Balic JJ, Okochi-Takada E, McGuirk P, Keogh B, McCormack W, Bhathal PS, Reilly M, Oshima M, Ushijima T, Tan P, Jenkins BJ. Identification of a TLR2-regulated gene signature associated with tumor cell growth in gastric cancer. Oncogene 2017; 36:5134-5144. [PMID: 28481875 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key regulators of innate immune responses, and their dysregulation is observed in numerous inflammation-associated malignancies, including gastric cancer (GC). However, the identity of specific TLRs and their molecular targets which promote the pathogenesis of human GC is ill-defined. Here, we sought to determine the clinical utility of TLR2 in human GC. TLR2 mRNA and protein expression levels were elevated in >50% of GC patient tumors across multiple ethnicities. TLR2 was also widely expressed among human GC cell lines, and DNA microarray-based expression profiling demonstrated that the TLR2-induced growth responsiveness of human GC cells corresponded with the up-regulation of six anti-apoptotic (BCL2A1, BCL2, BIRC3, CFLAR, IER3, TNFAIP3) and down-regulation of two tumor suppressor (PDCD4, TP53INP1) genes. The TLR2-mediated regulation of these anti-apoptotic and tumor suppressor genes was also supported by their increased and reduced expression, respectively, in two independent genetic GC mouse models (gp130F/F and Gan) characterized by high tumor TLR2 expression. Notably, enrichment of this TLR2-regulated gene signature also positively correlated with augmented TLR2 expression in human GC tumors, and served as an indicator of poor patient survival. Furthermore, treatment of gp130F/F and cell line-derived xenograft (MKN1) GC mouse models with a humanized anti-TLR2 antibody suppressed gastric tumor growth, which was coincident with alterations to the TLR2-driven gene signature. Collectively, our study demonstrates that in the majority of GC patients, elevated TLR2 expression is associated with a growth-potentiating gene signature which predicts poor patient outcomes, thus supporting TLR2 as a promising therapeutic target in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C West
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - K Tang
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - H Tye
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - L Yu
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - N Deng
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - M Najdovska
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - S J Lin
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J J Balic
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - E Okochi-Takada
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - P McGuirk
- Opsona Therapeutics Ltd, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B Keogh
- Opsona Therapeutics Ltd, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - P S Bhathal
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Reilly
- Opsona Therapeutics Ltd, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - T Ushijima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - P Tan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer Sciences Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - B J Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Nemati M, Larussa T, Khorramdelazad H, Mahmoodi M, Jafarzadeh A. Toll-like receptor 2: An important immunomodulatory molecule during Helicobacter pylori infection. Life Sci 2017; 178:17-29. [PMID: 28427896 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are an essential subset of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) which identify the microbial components and contribute in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses against the infectious agents. The TLRs, especially TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9, participate in the induction of immune response against H. pylori. TLR2 is expressed on a number of immune and non-immune cells and recognizes a vast broad of microbial components due to its potential to form heterodimers with other TLRs, including TLR1, TLR6 and TLR10. A number of H. pylori-related molecules may contribute to TLR2-dependent responses, including HP-LPS, HP-HSP60 and HP-NAP. TLR2 plays a pivotal role in regulation of immune response to H. pylori through activation of NF-κB and induction of cytokine expression in epithelial cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils and B cells. The TLR2-related immune response that is induced by H. pylori-derived components may play an important role regarding the outcome of the infection toward bacterial elimination, persistence or pathological reactions. The immunomodulatory and immunoregulatory roles of TLR2 during H. pylori infection were considered in this review. TLR2 could be considered as an interesting therapeutic target for treatment of H. pylori-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nemati
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University Branch of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tiziana Larussa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Merat Mahmoodi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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29
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Cai M, Dai S, Chen W, Xia C, Lu L, Dai S, Qi J, Wang M, Wang M, Zhou L, Lei F, Zuo T, Zeng H, Zhao X. Environmental factors, seven GWAS-identified susceptibility loci, and risk of gastric cancer and its precursors in a Chinese population. Cancer Med 2017; 6:708-720. [PMID: 28220687 PMCID: PMC5345626 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene–environment interactions may increase gastric cancer (GC) risk. Seven susceptibility loci identified by genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) suggest that genetic factors play a role in gastric carcinogenesis. Meanwhile, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, smoking, and alcohol drinking are also important environmental factors for gastric cancer. However, studies to explore the role of gene–environment interactions in gastric carcinogenesis, and particularly the relationship between the seven susceptibility loci and their potential interactions with H. pylori infection, smoking, and alcohol drinking in risk of GC, and severe intestinal metaplasia (IM)/dysplasia, have been inconclusive. A total of 1273 subjects in a Chinese population were recruited, and genotyping was carried out using the competitive allele‐specific PCR (KASP) method. Unconditional logistic regression was applied to model the associations between genetic polymorphisms and the disease risk. Effect modifications by H. pylori infection, smoking and alcohol drinking were evaluated. PSCA rs2294008/rs2976392 showed a significant, multiplicative interaction with H. pylori infection in risk of GC. Meanwhile, PRKAA1 rs13361707 had an additive interaction with H. pylori infection. SLC52A3 rs13042395 showed an interaction with alcohol drinking in risk of GC. Moreover, three SNPs, MUC1 rs4072037, ZBTB20 rs9841504 and PRKAA1 rs13361707, were associated with precancerous gastric lesions (severe IM/dysplasia). Our data suggest that genetic predisposition factors identified by GWAS may interact with environmental risk factors, Particularly for H. pylori infection and alcohol consumption, to increase the risk of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wanqing Chen
- National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Changfa Xia
- National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lingeng Lu
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shuguang Dai
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sheyang County, Sheyang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Minjie Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meilin Wang
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lanping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fuhua Lei
- Department of Pathology, Feicheng People Hospital, Feicheng, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Zuo
- National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Zeng
- National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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30
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Dysregulation of signaling pathways associated with innate antibacterial immunity in patients with pancreatic cancer. Cent Eur J Immunol 2017; 41:404-418. [PMID: 28450804 PMCID: PMC5382886 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2016.65140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disorders of innate antibacterial response are of fundamental importance in the development of gastrointestinal cancers, including pancreatic cancer. Multi-regulatory properties of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (e.g., regulation of proliferation, the activity of NF-κB, gene transcription of apoptosis proteins, regulation of angiogenesis, HIF-1α protein expression) are used in experimental studies to better understand the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer, for early diagnosis, and for more effective therapeutic intervention. There are known numerous examples of TLR agonists (e.g., TLR2/5 ligands, TLR6, TLR9) of antitumor effect. The direction of these studies is promising, but a small number of them does not allow for an accurate assessment of the impact of TLR expression disorders, proteins of these signaling pathways, or attempts to block or stimulate them, on the results of treatment of pancreatic cancer patients. It is known, however, that the expression disorders of proteins of innate antibacterial response signaling pathways occur not only in tumor tissue but also in peripheral blood leukocytes of pancreatic cancer patients (e.g., increased expression of TLR4, NOD1, TRAF6), which is one of the most important factors facilitating further tumor development. This review mainly focuses on the genetic aspects of signaling pathway disorders associated with innate antibacterial response in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
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31
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Hu Y, Liu JP, Zhu Y, Lu NH. The Importance of Toll-like Receptors in NF-κB Signaling Pathway Activation by Helicobacter pylori Infection and the Regulators of this Response. Helicobacter 2016; 21:428-40. [PMID: 26763943 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a common pathogenic bacterium in the stomach that infects almost half of the population worldwide and is closely related to gastric diseases and some extragastric diseases, including iron-deficiency anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Both the Maastricht IV/Florence consensus report and the Kyoto global consensus report have proposed the eradication of H. pylori to prevent gastric cancer as H.pylori has been shown to be a major cause of gastric carcinogenesis. The interactions between H. pylori and host receptors induce the release of the proinflammatory cytokines by activating proinflammatory signaling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), which plays a central role in inflammation, immune response, and carcinogenesis. Among these receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are classical pattern recognition receptors in the recognition of H. pylori and the mediation of the host inflammatory and immune responses to H. pylori. TLR polymorphisms also contribute to the clinical consequences of H. pylori infection. In this review, we focus on the functions of TLRs in the NF-κB signaling pathway activated by H. pylori, the regulators modulating this response, and the functions of TLR polymorphisms in H.pylori-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jian-Ping Liu
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Yin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Nong-Hua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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32
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Yang T, Zeng H, Chen W, Zheng R, Zhang Y, Li Z, Qi J, Wang M, Chen T, Lou J, Lu L, Zhou T, Dai S, Cai M, You W, Pan K. Helicobacter pylori infection, H19 and LINC00152 expression in serum and risk of gastric cancer in a Chinese population. Cancer Epidemiol 2016; 44:147-153. [PMID: 27592063 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a consequence of multifactorial and multistep processes. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection plays a crucial role in gastric carcinogenesis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have shown great potential as powerful cancer biomarkers. To investigate the possible roles of lncRNAs and H. pylori infection in GC development, we measured expression levels of three lncRNAs (H19, LINC00152, uc001lsz) in serum from a total of 285 Chinese participants using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We found significant associations between high expression of both H19 and LINC00152 in serum and increased risk of GC; the adjusted OR for H19 was 2.17 (95% CI: 1.21-3.88), and for LINC00152 was 2.09 (95% CI: 1.18-3.70). Further analyses indicated an elevated risk of GC in subjects with both high H19 expression and H. pylori infection (OR: 13.75, 95% CI: 4.75-39.84). Significant joint effect between LINC00152 and H. pylori infection on risk of GC was also found (OR: 17.49, 95% CI: 4.78-63.92). Serum H19 and LINC00152 may serve as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of GC, particularly for those with H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University School of Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Zeng
- National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Wanqing Chen
- National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rongshou Zheng
- National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University School of Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhexuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University School of Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Minjie Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tianhui Chen
- Group of Molecular Epidemiology & Cancer Precision Prevention (GMECPP), Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences (ZJAMS), Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianlin Lou
- Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, (ZJAMS), Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingeng Lu
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University School of Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weicheng You
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University School of Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Kaifeng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University School of Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
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33
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Khan A, Khan Z, Warnakulasuriya S. Cancer-associated toll-like receptor modulation and insinuation in infection susceptibility: association or coincidence? Ann Oncol 2016; 27:984-997. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
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34
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Mukherjee D, Devi KR, Deka M, Malakar M, Kaur T, Barua D, Mahanta J, Narain K. Association of toll-like receptor 2 ∆22 and risk for gastric cancer considering main effects and interactions with smoking: a matched case-control study from Mizoram, India. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10821-6. [PMID: 26880585 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionary conserved cell surface receptors of the innate immune system. Smoking has significant immunological effects which are mediated via TLRs on various receptor-mediated innate response pathways. Polymorphisms of TLR genes are associated with susceptibility toward various malignancies. The present study was undertaken to examine the association between TLR2 ∆22 and gastric cancer. In this study, we also investigated the interaction between TLR2 ∆22 and smoking. A total of 133 histologically confirmed gastric cancer cases and 266 age-sex-matched controls were selected for this study. TLR2 ∆22 genotypes were determined by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Binary conditional logistic regression analysis was used to find the association of TLR2 ∆22 with risk of gastric cancer. Logistic regression using hierarchically well-formulated models was used for interaction analysis between smoking and TLR2 ∆22. Persons having TLR2 ∆22 heterozygous genotype had two times increased risk of gastric cancer in multivariate logistic regression model. The interaction analysis using hierarchical logistic regression models between smoking and TLR2 ∆22 by calculating separate X (2) for interaction model and only main effect model, the difference of X (2) 57.68-47.70 = 9.98 and degrees of freedom (df) 5-3 = 2, revealed significant (α = 0.05, df = 2) omnibus interaction. Our present study revealed TLR2 ∆22 to be significantly and independently associated with gastric cancer risk in Mizoram, and there is also evidence of significant interaction between smoking and TLR2 ∆22 with risk of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debdutta Mukherjee
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box #105, Dibrugarh, 786 001, Assam, India
| | - Kangjam Rekha Devi
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box #105, Dibrugarh, 786 001, Assam, India
| | - Manab Deka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Mridul Malakar
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box #105, Dibrugarh, 786 001, Assam, India
| | - Tanvir Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Jagadish Mahanta
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box #105, Dibrugarh, 786 001, Assam, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box #105, Dibrugarh, 786 001, Assam, India.
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35
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Wang YM, Li ZX, Tang FB, Zhang Y, Zhou T, Zhang L, Ma JL, You WC, Pan KF. Association of genetic polymorphisms of interleukins with gastric cancer and precancerous gastric lesions in a high-risk Chinese population. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:2233-42. [PMID: 26358252 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses play important roles in gastric cancer (GC) pathogenesis. To investigate an association between genetic polymorphisms in interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4R, IL-8, IL-10, IL-16, IL-18RAP, IL-22, and IL-32 and risks of GC and its precursors, a population-based study was conducted in Linqu County. Genotypes were determined by Sequenom MassARRAY platform in 132 GC cases and 1198 subjects with gastric lesions. The H. pylori status was determined by (13)C-urea breath test ((13)C-UBT) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among 11 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), subjects carrying IL-18RAP rs917997 AA genotype were associated with risk of GC [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.83, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.14-2.92] or chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG; OR = 1.55, 95 % CI 1.07-2.24). The risk of GC was also increased in subjects carrying IL-32 rs2015620 A allele (AA + AT; OR = 1.92, 95 % CI 1.09-3.39). Moreover, elevated risks of CAG (OR = 2.64, 95 % CI 1.89-3.69), intestinal metaplasia (IM; OR = 5.58, 95 % CI 3.86-8.05), and dysplasia (DYS; OR = 1.64, 95 % CI 1.18-2.26) were observed in subjects with IL-22 rs1179251 CC genotype. Stratified analysis indicated that risks of GC and its precursors were elevated in subjects with IL-32 rs2015620 A allele (AA + AT) or IL-22 rs1179251 CC genotype and H. pylori infection, and significant interactions between these two SNPs and H. pylori infection were found. These findings suggested that IL-18RAP rs917997, IL-32 rs2015620, IL-22 rs1179251, and interactions between these polymorphisms and H. pylori infection were associated with risks of gastric lesions. Genetic polymorphisms of interleukins may play crucial roles in H. pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fu-cheng Road, Hai-dian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fu-cheng Road, Hai-dian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Bing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fu-cheng Road, Hai-dian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fu-cheng Road, Hai-dian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fu-cheng Road, Hai-dian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fu-cheng Road, Hai-dian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ling Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fu-cheng Road, Hai-dian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Cheng You
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fu-cheng Road, Hai-dian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai-Feng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fu-cheng Road, Hai-dian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China.
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West AC, Jenkins BJ. Investigating the Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Mouse Models of Gastric Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1390:427-49. [PMID: 26803643 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3335-8_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the second most lethal cancer world-wide, and the poor overall 5-year survival rate of <25 % for GC is largely due to both the late detection of this aggressive disease and limited effectiveness of current treatment options. Collectively, these observations underscore the need to identify new molecular targets (i.e., genes) to serve as biomarkers for early detection and/or treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes. While GC represents a growing number of cancers whereby deregulation of the immune system is linked to tumor initiation and progression, the identity of innate immune regulators with oncogenic potential in the host gastric mucosal epithelium remains obscure. Over the last couple of decades experimental mouse models for many cancer types have been widely used with great success to identify genes whose expression and/or mutation status influences tumorigenesis. Considering the recent mounting evidence for the role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of inflammation-associated cancers such as GC, much attention has focused on members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, which are key components of the innate immune system primarily known to trigger inflammatory responses upon pathogen detection. Here, we describe techniques used on genetic mouse models for GC to examine the role of specific TLR family members in the pathogenesis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C West
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendan J Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Proença MA, de Oliveira JG, Cadamuro ACT, Succi M, Netinho JG, Goloni-Bertolo EM, Pavarino &EC, Silva AE. TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms influence mRNA and protein expression in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:7730-7741. [PMID: 26167073 PMCID: PMC4491960 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the effect of promoter region polymorphisms of toll-like receptor (TLR)2-196 to -174del and TLR4-1607T/C (rs10759932) on mRNA and protein expression in tumor tissue and of TLR4+896A/G (rs4986790) on colorectal cancer (CRC) risk.
METHODS: The TLR2-196 to -174del polymorphism was investigated using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the TLR4-1607T/C and TLR4+896A/G by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). We genotyped 434 DNA samples from 194 CRC patients and 240 healthy individuals. The mRNA relative quantification (RQ) was performed in 40 tumor tissue samples by quantitative PCR TaqMan assay, using specific probes for TLR2 and TLR4 genes, and ACTB and GAPDH reference genes were used as endogenous controls. Protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry with specific primary antibodies.
RESULTS: No association was found for TLR4-1607T/C and TLR4+896A/G by three statistical models (log-additive, dominant and recessive). However, based on dominant and log-additive models, the polymorphic variant TLR2-196 to -174del was associated with increased CRC risk [dominant: odds ratio (OR) = 1.72, 95%CI: 1.03-2.89; P = 0.038 and log-additive: OR =1.59, 95%CI: 1.02-2.48; P = 0.039]. TLR2 mRNA expression was increased in tumor tissue (RQ = 2.36) when compared to adjacent normal tissue (RQ = 1; P < 0.0001), whereas the TLR4 mRNA showed a basal expression (RQ = 0.74 vs RQ = 1, P = 0.452). Immunohistochemistry analysis of TLR2 and TLR4 protein expression was concordant with the findings of mRNA expression. In addition, the TLR2-196 to -174del variant carriers showed mRNA relative expression 2.19 times higher than wild-genotype carriers. The TLR2 protein expression was also higher for the TLR2-196 to -174del variant carriers [117 ± 10 arbitrary unit (a.u.) vs 95 ± 4 a.u., P = 0.03]. However, for the TLR4 -1607T/C polymorphism no significant difference was found for both mRNA (P = 0.56) and protein expression (P = 0.26).
CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that TLR2-196 to -174del polymorphism increases TLR2 mRNA expression and is associated with higher CRC risk, indicating an important role in CRC genetic susceptibility.
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Trejo-de la O A, Torres J, Sánchez-Zauco N, Pérez-Rodríguez M, Camorlinga-Ponce M, Flores-Luna L, Lazcano-Ponce E, Maldonado-Bernal C. Polymorphisms in TLR9 but not in TLR5 increase the risk for duodenal ulcer and alter cytokine expression in the gastric mucosa. Innate Immun 2015; 21:706-13. [PMID: 25995217 DOI: 10.1177/1753425915587130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonization of the gastric mucosa by Helicobacter pylori can lead to peptic ulcer and gastric adenocarcinoma. TLRs are signaling receptors involved in the recognition of microorganisms, and polymorphisms in their genes may influence the innate and adaptive immune response to H. pylori, affecting the clinical outcomes of the infection. We assessed the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in TLR9 and TLR5 and gastroduodenal diseases. All patients were genotyped by allelic discrimination in regions 1174C>T and 1775A>G of TLR5 and -1237T>C and 2848G>A of TLR9. The 2848A allele of TLR9 was more frequent in duodenal ulcer and showed an association of risk with this pathology. Polymorphisms in TLR5 were not found to be associated with disease. Patients with polymorphisms in TLR9 and TLR5 expressed significantly lower levels of IL-1β and TNF-α, whereas polymorphisms in TLR5 also decreased the expression of IL-6 and IL-10. Our findings suggest that 2848G>A polymorphism in TLR9 increases the risk for the development of duodenal ulcer probably by modifying the inflammatory response to H. pylori infection. This is the first study to show an association of 2848A allele of TLR9 with duodenal ulcer and with altered expression of inflammatory cytokines in the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Sánchez-Zauco
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, SS, Mexico City, Mexico Laboratorio de Bacteriología Médica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Margarita Camorlinga-Ponce
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Flores-Luna
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
| | - Eduardo Lazcano-Ponce
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
| | - Carmen Maldonado-Bernal
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, SS, Mexico City, Mexico
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Liu JP, Liu D, Gu JF, Zhu MM, Cui L. Shikonin inhibits the cell viability, adhesion, invasion and migration of the human gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 via the Toll-like receptor 2/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol 2015; 67:1143-55. [PMID: 25880237 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Shikonin is an active naphthoquinone pigment isolated from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. This study was designed to explore the inhibition of Shikonin on cell viability, adhesion, migration and invasion ability of gastric cancer (GC) and its possible mechanism. METHODS 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was performed for cell viability and adhesion ability of MGC-803 cells. Cell scratch repair experiments were conducted for the determination of migration ability while transwell assay for cell invasion ability. Western blot analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction assay were used for the detection of protein and mRNA expressions. KEY FINDINGS Fifty per cent inhibitory concentration of Shikonin on MGC-803 cells was 1.854 μm. Shikonin (1 μm) inhibited significantly the adhesion, invasion and migratory ability of MGC-803 cells. Interestingly, Shikonin in the presence or absence of anti-Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) antibody (2 μg) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor MG-132 (10 μm) could decrease these ability of MGC-803 cells markedly, as well as the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP-7, TLR2 and p65 NF-κB. In addition, the co-incubation of Shikonin and anti-TLR2/MG-132 has a significant stronger activity than anti-TLR2 or MG-132 alone. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that Shikonin could suppress the cell viability, adhesion, invasion and migratory ability of MGC-803 cells through TLR2- or NF-κB-mediated pathway. Our findings provide novel information for the treatment of Shikonin on GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Fei Gu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mao Mao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Cui
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Tang FB, Li ZX, Wang YM, Zhang L, Ma JL, Zhou T, Zhang Y, Gao JJ, Wu S, Yang T, You WC, Pan KF. Toll-like receptor 1 and 10 polymorphisms, Helicobacter pylori susceptibility and risk of gastric lesions in a high-risk Chinese population. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 31:263-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Castaño-Rodríguez N, Kaakoush NO, Mitchell HM. Pattern-recognition receptors and gastric cancer. Front Immunol 2014; 5:336. [PMID: 25101079 PMCID: PMC4105827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has been associated with an increased risk of several human malignancies, a classic example being gastric adenocarcinoma (GC). Development of GC is known to result from infection of the gastric mucosa by Helicobacter pylori, which initially induces acute inflammation and, in a subset of patients, progresses over time to chronic inflammation, gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and finally intestinal-type GC. Germ-line encoded receptors known as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) are critical for generating mature pro-inflammatory cytokines that are crucial for both Th1 and Th2 responses. Given that H. pylori is initially targeted by PRRs, it is conceivable that dysfunction within genes of this arm of the immune system could modulate the host response against H. pylori infection, and subsequently influence the emergence of GC. Current evidence suggests that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) (NOD1, NOD2, and NLRP3), a C-type lectin receptor (DC-SIGN), and retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptors (RIG-I and MDA-5), are involved in both the recognition of H. pylori and gastric carcinogenesis. In addition, polymorphisms in genes involved in the TLR (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR9, and CD14) and NLR (NOD1, NOD2, NLRP3, NLRP12, NLRX1, CASP1, ASC, and CARD8) signaling pathways have been shown to modulate the risk of H. pylori infection, gastric precancerous lesions, and/or GC. Further, the modulation of PRRs has been suggested to suppress H. pylori-induced inflammation and enhance GC cell apoptosis, highlighting their potential relevance in GC therapeutics. In this review, we present current advances in our understanding of the role of the TLR and NLR signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of GC, address the involvement of other recently identified PRRs in GC, and discuss the potential implications of PRRs in GC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Castaño-Rodríguez
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Nadeem O Kaakoush
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Hazel M Mitchell
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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Castaño-Rodríguez N, Kaakoush NO, Pardo AL, Goh KL, Fock KM, Mitchell HM. Genetic polymorphisms in the Toll-like receptor signalling pathway in Helicobacter pylori infection and related gastric cancer. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:808-15. [PMID: 24929142 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a progressive process initiated by Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation. Initial recognition of H. pylori involves Toll-like receptors (TLRs), central molecules in the host inflammatory response. Here, we investigated the association between novel polymorphisms in genes involved in the TLR signalling pathway, including TLR2, TLR4, LBP, MD-2, CD14 and TIRAP, and risk of H. pylori infection and related GC. METHODS A case-control study comprising 310 ethnic Chinese individuals (87 non-cardia GC cases and 223 controls with functional dyspepsia) was conducted. Twenty-five polymorphisms were detected by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, PCR, PCR-RFLP and real-time PCR. RESULTS Seven polymorphisms showed significant associations with GC (TLR4 rs11536889, TLR4 rs10759931, TLR4 rs1927911, TLR4 rs10116253, TLR4 rs10759932, TLR4 rs2149356 and CD14 -260 C/T). In multivariate analyses, TLR4 rs11536889 remained a risk factor for GC (OR: 3.58, 95% CI: 1.20-10.65). TLR4 rs10759932 decreased the risk of H. pylori infection (OR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.41-0.86). Statistical analyses assessing the joint effect of H. pylori infection and the selected polymorphisms revealed strong associations with GC (TLR2, TLR4, MD-2, LBP and TIRAP polymorphisms). CONCLUSIONS Novel polymorphisms in TLR2, TLR4, MD-2, LBP, CD14 and TIRAP, genes encoding important molecules of the TLR signalling pathway, showed clear associations with H. pylori-related GC in Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Castaño-Rodríguez
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nadeem O Kaakoush
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Aryce L Pardo
- School of Statistics, National University of Colombia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Khean-Lee Goh
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kwong Ming Fock
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hazel M Mitchell
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Association between TLR2, MTR, MTRR, XPC, TP73, TP53 genetic polymorphisms and gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2014; 38:346-59. [PMID: 24534481 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our meta-analyses is to test the association between six genetic polymorphisms and gastric cancer. METHODS A systematic search was performed for all the available candidate genes and gastric cancer among several online databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, CNKI and Wanfang online libraries. After a comprehensive screening, a total of six genes were harvested for the current meta-analyses. These genes include TLR2 (-196 to -174 ins>del), MTR (rs1805087), MTRR (rs1801394), XPC (rs2228001), TP73 (G4C14-A4T14), and TP53 (rs1042522). RESULTS Altogether 49 comparative studies among 11 776 cases and 18 633 controls were involved in our meta-analyses. TP53 rs1042522 polymorphism was shown to be associated with gastric cancer risk under the dominant model (P=0.02, OR=1.03, 95% CI=1.00-1.05). A subgroup meta-analysis indicated a significant association under dominant model between TP53 rs1042522 and gastric cancer in the Eastern Asians (P=0.03, OR=1.17, 95%=1.02-1.34). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that TP53 rs1042522 polymorphism might contribute to the susceptibility of gastric cancer under the dominant model, especially in Eastern Asians.
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Uno K, Kato K, Shimosegawa T. Novel role of toll-like receptors in Helicobacter pylori - induced gastric malignancy. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:5244-51. [PMID: 24833854 PMCID: PMC4017039 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infects the human stomach during infancy and develops into chronic active inflammation. The majority of H. pylori tend to colonize within the mucous gel layer of the stomach. The stomach lacks its own immune function, thus innate immunity as the first line of defense is vital for specific immunity against H. pylori. We review recent discoveries in the pathophysiologic roles of toll-like receptors (TLRs), mainly TLR2 and TLR4, in H. pylori-induced inflammation. In addition, the TLR pathways activated by H. pylori-induced inflammation have been shown to be closely associated not only with gastric carcinogenesis, but also with formation of the tumor microenvironment through the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species. Although the correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms of TLRs and gastric cancer risk remains unclear, a recent study demonstrated that STAT3-driven up-regulation of TLR2 might promote gastric tumorigenesis independent of inflammation. Further research on the regulation of TLRs in H. pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis will uncover diagnostic/predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for gastric cancer.
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Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori is established as the major risk factor for gastric cancer development. Damage of the mucosal barrier due to H. pylori-induced inflammation enhances the carcinogenic effect of other risk factors such as salt intake or tobacco smoking. The genetic disposition of both the bacterial strain and the host can increase the potential towards gastric cancer formation. Genetic variance of the bacterial proteins CagA and VacA is associated with a higher gastric cancer risk, as are polymorphisms and epigenetic changes in host gene coding for interleukins (IL1β, IL8), transcription factors (CDX2, RUNX3) and DNA repair enzymes. Application of high-throughput assays for genome-wide assessment of either genetic structural variance or gene expression patterns may lead to a better understanding of the pathobiological background of these processes, including the underlying signaling pathways. Understanding of the stepwise alterations that take place in the transition from chronic atrophic gastritis, via metaplastic changes, to invasive neoplasia is vital to define the 'point of no return' before which eradication of H. pylori has the potential to prevent gastric cancer. Currently, eradication as preventive strategy is only recommended for high-incidence regions in Asia; large population studies with an adequate follow-up are required to demonstrate the effectiveness of such an approach in Western populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bornschein
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Relevance of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in human TLR genes to infectious and inflammatory diseases and cancer. Genes Immun 2014; 15:199-209. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chantratita N, Tandhavanant S, Myers ND, Chierakul W, Robertson JD, Mahavanakul W, Singhasivanon P, Emond MJ, Peacock SJ, West TE. Screen of whole blood responses to flagellin identifies TLR5 variation associated with outcome in melioidosis. Genes Immun 2014; 15:63-71. [PMID: 24285178 PMCID: PMC3948086 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melioidosis is a severe infection caused by the flagellated bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. The nonsense polymorphism TLR51174C>T is associated with improved outcome in Thais with melioidosis. We hypothesized that other TLR5 variants may modulate the host response and determine outcome in melioidosis. We genotyped 12 TLR5 variants selected de novo from the HapMap database and examined the association of each with cytokines induced by flagellin stimulation of whole blood from healthy Thai subjects. We found a blunted cytokine response for three related markers that were in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with a non-synonymous variant, TLR51846T>C. Carriers of TLR51846T>C had broadly impaired cytokine responses induced by flagellin. TLR51846T>C was associated with protection against death in melioidosis patients (odds ratio: 0.62, 95% confidence interval: 0.42-0.93, P=0.021). We observed no impairment in TLR51846C-dependent nuclear factor κB activation, however, suggesting an alternative mechanism for the effect. We found that TLR51846T>C was in strong LD with TLR51174C>T. Many of the blunted cytokine responses observed and the association of TLR51846T>C with survival in melioidosis patients may be attributable to TLR51174C>T, but we could not exclude an independent effect of TLR51846T>C. These data identify novel associations for TLR51846T>C, enhance our understanding of TLR5 genetic architecture in Thais and highlight the role of TLR5 in melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sarunporn Tandhavanant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicolle D. Myers
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wirongrong Chierakul
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Johanna D. Robertson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Weera Mahavanakul
- Department of Medicine, Sappasithiprasong Hospital, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Pratap Singhasivanon
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mary J. Emond
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sharon J. Peacock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - T. Eoin West
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- International Respiratory and Severe Illness Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Cai Y, Peng YH, Tang Z, Guo XL, Qing YF, Liang SH, Jiang H, Dang WT, Ma Q, He C, Zhou JG. Association of Toll-like receptor 2 polymorphisms with gout. Biomed Rep 2014; 2:292-296. [PMID: 24649113 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout is the most common autoinflammatory arthritis characterized by elevated serum urate and recurrent attacks of intra-articular crystal deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) in tissues. The pathogenesis of gout has not been fully determined, although certain genetic factors are involved in the development of gout. Accumulated data suggested that MSU crystal-induced inflammation is a paradigm of innate immunity. As Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the underlying mechanisms of the innate immune response, the present study aimed to investigate whether TLR2 polymorphisms are associated with gout. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (Arg677Trp and Arg753Gln, rs5743708) in TLR2 were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and the -196 to -174 del polymorphism was investigated using the allele-specific polymerase chain reaction in 431 individuals (215 patients with gout and 216 healthy controls). TLR2 Arg677Trp and Arg753Gln genotyping indicated that all the positive samples were of the wild-type genotype. No significant differences in genotype (χ2=1.686, P=0.430) and allele (χ2=1.430, P=0.232) frequencies of the -196 to -174 del polymorphism between the patients with gout and the control groups was observed. Our results suggested that the TLR2 Arg677Trp, Arg753Gln and the -196 to -174 del polymorphisms were not associated with susceptibility to primary gouty arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Institute of Rheumatism Immunity, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Hua Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Tang
- Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Lan Guo
- Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Institute of Rheumatism Immunity, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Feng Qing
- Institute of Rheumatism Immunity, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Su-Hua Liang
- Department of Biology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Institute of Rheumatism Immunity, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Wang-Tai Dang
- Institute of Rheumatism Immunity, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Cheng He
- Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Guo Zhou
- Institute of Rheumatism Immunity, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
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He C, Chen M, Liu J, Yuan Y. Host genetic factors respond to pathogenic step-specific virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori in gastric carcinogenesis. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 759:14-26. [PMID: 24076409 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The interindividual differences in risk of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-associated gastric cancer involve significant heterogeneities of both host genetics and H. pylori strains. Several recent studies proposed a distinct sequence for H. pylori exerting its virulence in the host stomach: (i) adhering to and colonizing the surface of gastric epithelial cells, (ii) evading and attenuating the host defense, and (iii) invading and damaging the gastric mucosa. This review focuses on several key issues that still need to be clarified, such as which virulence factors of H. pylori are involved in the three pathogenic steps, which host genes respond to the step-specific virulence factors, and whether and/or how the corresponding host genetic variations influence the risk of gastric carcinogenesis. Urease, BabA and SabA in the adhesion-step, PGN and LPS in the immune evasion-step, and CagA, VacA and Tipα in the mucosal damage-step were documented to play an important role in step-specific pathogenicity of H. pylori infection. There is evidence further supporting a role of potentially functional polymorphisms of host genes directly responding to these pathogenic step-specific virulence factors in the susceptibility of gastric carcinogenesis, especially for urease-interacting HLA class II genes, BabA-interacting MUC1, PGN-interacting NOD1, LPS-interacting TLR4, and CagA-interacting PTPN11 and CDH1. With the continuous improvement of understanding the genetic profile of H. pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis, a person at increased risk for gastric cancer may benefit from several aspects of efforts: (i) prevent H. pylori infection with a vaccine targeting certain step-specific virulence factor; (ii) eradicate H. pylori infection by blocking step-specific psychopathological characteristics of virulence factors; and (iii) adjust host physiological function to resist the carcinogenic role of step-specific virulence factors or interrupt the cellular signal transduction of the interplay between H. pylori and host in each pathogenic step, especially for the subjects with precancerous lesions in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun He
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Moye Chen
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang 110001, China.
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50
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Zhu L, Yuan H, Jiang T, Wang R, Ma H, Zhang S. Association of TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms with risk of cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82858. [PMID: 24376595 PMCID: PMC3869723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS The activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may be an important event in the immune evasion of tumor cell. Recently, numerous studies have investigated the associations between TLR2 -196 to -174 del and two SNPs of TLR4 (rs4986790 and rs4986791) and the susceptibility to different types of cancer; however, the results remain conflicting. The aim of this study was to assess the association between TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms and cancer risk in a meta-analysis with eligible published studies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS A dataset composed of 14627 cases and 17438 controls from 34 publications were included in a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between overall cancer risk or cancer-specific risk and three SNPs of TLRs (TLR2 -196 to -174 del, TLR4 rs4986790 and rs4986791). The results showed that all of these three polymorphisms were significantly associated with the increased cancer risk (dominant model: OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.04-2.60 for TLR2 -196 to -174 del; OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.01-1.41 for TLR4 rs4986790; and OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.120-1.80 for TLR4 rs4986791; respectively). In stratified analysis, we found the effect of TLR2 -196 to -174 del on cancer risk remained significant in the subgroup of Caucasians and South Asians, but not in East Asians. However, the association between rs4986791 and cancer risk was significant in both South Asians and East Asians, but not in Caucasians. Furthermore, the association between rs4986790 and cancer risk was statistically significant in digestive cancers (dominant model: OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.13-2.73) and female-specific cancers (dominant model: OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.16-1.94). However, no significant association with risk of digestive system cancers was observed for TLR2 -196 to -174 del and TLR4 rs4986791. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This meta-analysis presented additional evidence for the association between TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms and cancer risk. Further well-designed investigations with large sample sizes are required to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbiao Zhu
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Yuan
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruixia Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (HM); (SZ)
| | - Shuangyue Zhang
- Central Lab, Huai’an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, China
- * E-mail: (HM); (SZ)
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