1
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Bobrowicz M, Kusowska A, Krawczyk M, Zhylko A, Forcados C, Slusarczyk A, Barankiewicz J, Domagala J, Kubacz M, Šmída M, Dostalova L, Marhelava K, Fidyt K, Pepek M, Baranowska I, Szumera-Cieckiewicz A, Inderberg EM, Wälchli S, Granica M, Graczyk-Jarzynka A, Majchrzak M, Poreba M, Gehlert CL, Peipp M, Firczuk M, Prochorec-Sobieszek M, Winiarska M. CD20 expression regulates CD37 levels in B-cell lymphoma - implications for immunotherapies. Oncoimmunology 2024; 13:2362454. [PMID: 38846084 PMCID: PMC11155707 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2024.2362454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Rituximab (RTX) plus chemotherapy (R-CHOP) applied as a first-line therapy for lymphoma leads to a relapse in approximately 40% of the patients. Therefore, novel approaches to treat aggressive lymphomas are being intensively investigated. Several RTX-resistant (RR) cell lines have been established as surrogate models to study resistance to R-CHOP. Our study reveals that RR cells are characterized by a major downregulation of CD37, a molecule currently explored as a target for immunotherapy. Using CD20 knockout (KO) cell lines, we demonstrate that CD20 and CD37 form a complex, and hypothesize that the presence of CD20 stabilizes CD37 in the cell membrane. Consequently, we observe a diminished cytotoxicity of anti-CD37 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in complement-dependent cytotoxicity in both RR and CD20 KO cells that can be partially restored upon lysosome inhibition. On the other hand, the internalization rate of anti-CD37 mAb in CD20 KO cells is increased when compared to controls, suggesting unhampered efficacy of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). Importantly, even a major downregulation in CD37 levels does not hamper the efficacy of CD37-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. In summary, we present here a novel mechanism of CD37 regulation with further implications for the use of anti-CD37 immunotherapies.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Antigens, CD20/metabolism
- Antigens, CD20/genetics
- Rituximab/pharmacology
- Rituximab/therapeutic use
- Tetraspanins/genetics
- Tetraspanins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Doxorubicin/administration & dosage
- Cyclophosphamide/pharmacology
- Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use
- Vincristine/pharmacology
- Vincristine/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra Kusowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Krawczyk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School of Translational Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andriy Zhylko
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christopher Forcados
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksander Slusarczyk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Barankiewicz
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Lazarski University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Domagala
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matylda Kubacz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Šmída
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Dostalova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Klaudyna Fidyt
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Pepek
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Baranowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szumera-Cieckiewicz
- Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
- Biobank, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monika Granica
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Graczyk-Jarzynka
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Majchrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Poreba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Carina Lynn Gehlert
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Firczuk
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Prochorec-Sobieszek
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Cao Z, Liu C, Wen J, Lu Y. Innovative Formulation Platform: Paving the Way for Superior Protein Therapeutics with Enhanced Efficacy and Broadened Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403116. [PMID: 38819929 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics offer high therapeutic potency and specificity; the broader adoptions and development of protein therapeutics, however, have been constricted by their intrinsic limitations such as inadequate stability, immunogenicity, suboptimal pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, and off-target effects. This review describes a platform technology that formulates individual protein molecules with a thin formulation layer of crosslinked polymers, which confers the protein therapeutics with high activity, enhanced stability, controlled release capability, reduced immunogenicity, improved pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, and ability to cross the blood brain barriers. Based on currently approved protein therapeutics, this formulating platform affords the development of a vast family of superior protein therapeutics with improved efficacy and broadened indications at significantly reduced cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Chaoyong Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90066, USA
| | - Yunfeng Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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3
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Raucci F, Vernieri C, Di Tano M, Ligorio F, Blaževitš O, Lazzeri S, Shmahala A, Fragale G, Salvadori G, Varano G, Casola S, Buono R, Visco E, de Braud F, Longo VD. Cyclic Fasting-Mimicking Diet Plus Bortezomib and Rituximab Is an Effective Treatment for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancer Res 2024; 84:1133-1148. [PMID: 38241703 PMCID: PMC10982641 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) is an experimental nutritional intervention with potent antitumor activity in preclinical models of solid malignancies. FMD cycles are also safe and active metabolically and immunologically in cancer patients. Here, we reported on the outcome of FMD cycles in two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and investigated the effects of fasting and FMD cycles in preclinical CLL models. Fasting-mimicking conditions in murine CLL models had mild cytotoxic effects, which resulted in apoptosis activation mediated in part by lowered insulin and IGF1 concentrations. In CLL cells, fasting conditions promoted an increase in proteasome activity that served as a starvation escape pathway. Pharmacologic inhibition of this escape mechanism with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib resulted in a strong enhancement of the proapoptotic effects of starvation conditions in vitro. In mouse CLL models, combining cyclic fasting/FMD with bortezomib and rituximab, an anti-CD20 antibody, delayed CLL progression and resulted in significant prolongation of mouse survival. Overall, the effect of proteasome inhibition in combination with FMD cycles in promoting CLL death supports the targeting of starvation escape pathways as an effective treatment strategy that should be tested in clinical trials. SIGNIFICANCE Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells resist fasting-mimicking diet by inducing proteasome activation to escape starvation, which can be targeted using proteasome inhibition by bortezomib treatment to impede leukemia progression and prolong survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Raucci
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Vernieri
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Maira Di Tano
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Francesca Ligorio
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Olga Blaževitš
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Samuel Lazzeri
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Fragale
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Salvadori
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Varano
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Casola
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Buono
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Euplio Visco
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo de Braud
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valter D. Longo
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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4
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Park C, Lee HS, Kang KW, Lee WS, Do YR, Kwak JY, Shin HJ, Kim SY, Yi JH, Lim SN, Lee JO, Yang DH, Jang H, Choi B, Lim J, Sun CH, Byun JM, Yoon SS, Koh Y. Combination of acalabrutinib with lenalidomide and rituximab in relapsed/refractory aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a single-arm phase II trial. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2776. [PMID: 38555311 PMCID: PMC10981676 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Potential synergism between Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor and lenalidomide in treating aggressive B-cell lymphoma has been suggested. Here, the authors report a single-arm phase II clinical trial of combination of acalabrutinib, lenalidomide and rituximab (R2A) in patients with aggressive relapsed/refractory aggressive (R/R) B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The primary endpoint of this study is objective response rate (ORR), and the secondary endpoints are complete remission (CR) rate, duration of response (DoR), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). A total of 66 patients are enrolled mostly with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The ORR is 54.5% and CR rate is 31.8% meeting the primary end point. The median DoR is 12.9 months, and 1-year PFS and OS rate is 33.1% and 67.5% respectively. Adverse events (AE) are manageable with the most frequent AE being neutropenia (31.8%). Patients with MYD88 mutations, subtypes known for NF-κB activation, and high BTK expression by immunohistochemistry respond well. Overall, these results show a significant efficacy of the R2A regimen in patients with aggressive R/R B-cell NHL, with exploratory biomarkers suggesting potential associations with response. (ClinicalTrials.gov 51 identifier: NCT04094142).
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Gospel Hospital, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka-Won Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Rok Do
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Hematology/Oncology, KonKuk University Hospital, KonKuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Nam Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Hematology-Oncology, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ok Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Hwan Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Jang
- Department of Biomarker Discovery, PROTEINA Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungsan Choi
- Department of Biomarker Discovery, PROTEINA Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Lim
- GenomeOpinion Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ja Min Byun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngil Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- GenomeOpinion Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Carlson AK, Amin M, Cohen JA. Drugs Targeting CD20 in Multiple Sclerosis: Pharmacology, Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability. Drugs 2024; 84:285-304. [PMID: 38480630 PMCID: PMC10982103 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-024-02011-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Currently, there are four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the cluster of differentiation (CD) 20 receptor available to treat multiple sclerosis (MS): rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, and ublituximab. B-cell depletion therapy has changed the therapeutic landscape of MS through robust efficacy on clinical manifestations and MRI lesion activity, and the currently available anti-CD20 mAb therapies for use in MS are a cornerstone of highly effective disease-modifying treatment. Ocrelizumab is currently the only therapy with regulatory approval for primary progressive MS. There are currently few data regarding the relative efficacy of these therapies, though several clinical trials are ongoing. Safety concerns applicable to this class of therapeutics relate primarily to immunogenicity and mechanism of action, and include infusion-related or injection-related reactions, development of hypogammaglobulinemia (leading to increased infection and malignancy risk), and decreased vaccine response. Exploration of alternative dose/dosing schedules might be an effective strategy for mitigating these risks. Future development of biosimilar medications might make these therapies more readily available. Although anti-CD20 mAb therapies have led to significant improvements in disease outcomes, CNS-penetrant therapies are still needed to more effectively address the compartmentalized inflammation thought to play an important role in disability progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alise K Carlson
- Mellen Center, Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave U10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Moein Amin
- Mellen Center, Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave U10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Cohen
- Mellen Center, Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave U10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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6
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Kuźniewska A, Majeranowski A, Henry S, Kowalska D, Stasiłojć G, Urban A, Zaucha JM, Okrój M. The Acquisition of Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity by the Type II Anti-CD20 Therapeutic Antibody Obinutuzumab. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:49. [PMID: 38201478 PMCID: PMC10778491 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Rituximab, a prototypic anti-CD20 mAb, and the third-generation anti-CD20 mAb obinutuzumab differ in their ability to activate the complement system. According to recent studies, this contrast stems from the architecture of the antigen-antibody complex formed by these two mAbs that facilitates (rituximab) or disables (obinutuzumab) further oligomerization, leading to engagement of the initial classical complement pathway component C1q. We examined whether a gain-of-function C2 variant that acts downstream of C1q and enforces the formation of complement convertase resistant to physiological decay can impact complement activation by obinutuzumab. Co-application of the C2 variant with obinutuzumab and human serum resulted in complement-dependent cytotoxicity equal to or higher than attainable for rituximab. This effect was observed either in serum or hirudin-anticoagulated whole blood. Long-term (24 h) overall cytotoxicity of obinutuzumab was improved in target cells of moderate sensitivity to complement but diminished in cells of low sensitivity. Our results demonstrate that the ability of complement activation of a given antibody is not ultimately determined at the stage of initial interactions with its target antigen but is modulable at later stages of the cascade and that the benefit of the acquisition of this new effector mechanism by obinutuzumab depends on the target cell characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Kuźniewska
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Alan Majeranowski
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Sara Henry
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Daria Kowalska
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Grzegorz Stasiłojć
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Aleksandra Urban
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Jan M. Zaucha
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Marcin Okrój
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (A.M.); (S.H.); (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.U.)
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7
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Mraz M. 5'-UTR mRNA splicing determines CD20 levels. Blood 2023; 142:1676-1678. [PMID: 37971763 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023022305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Mraz
- CEITEC Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno
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8
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Jeon MJ, Yu ES, Choi CW, Kim DS. Identification and overcoming rituximab resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma using next-generation sequencing. Korean J Intern Med 2023; 38:893-902. [PMID: 37599392 PMCID: PMC10636549 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2023.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Although rituximab, an antiCD20 monoclonal antibody, has dramatically improved the clinical outcomes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, rituximab resistance remains a challenge. METHODS We developed a rituximab-resistant cell line (RRCL) by sequential exposure to gradually increasing concentrations of rituximab in a rituximab-sensitive cell line (RSCL). When the same dose of rituximab was administered, RRCL showed a smaller decrease in cell viability and apoptosis than RSCL. To determine the differences in gene expression between RSCL and RRCL, we performed next-generation sequencing. RESULTS In total, 1,879 differentially expressed genes were identified, and in the over-representation analysis of Consensus-PathDB, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway showed statistical significance. MAPK13, which encodes the p38δ protein, was expressed more than four-fold in RRCL. Western blot analysis revealed that phosphop38 expression mainwas increased in RRCL, and when p38 inhibitor was administered, phosphop38 expression was significantly decreased. Therefore, we hypothesized that p38 MAPK activation was associated with rituximab resistance. Previous studies have suggested that p38 is associated with NF-κB activation. Deferasirox has been reported to inhibit NF-κB activity and suppress phosphorylation of the MAPK pathway. Furthermore, it also has cytotoxic effects on various cancers and synergistic effects in overcoming drug resistance. In this study, we confirmed that deferasirox induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity in both RSCL and RRCL, and the combination of deferasirox and rituximab showed a synergistic effect in RRCL at all combination concentrations. CONCLUSION We suggest that p38 MAPK, especially p38δ, activation is associated with rituximab resistance, and deferasirox may be a candidate to overcome rituximab resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Rituximab/pharmacology
- Rituximab/therapeutic use
- Deferasirox/pharmacology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 13/genetics
- NF-kappa B
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Apoptosis
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Cell Line, Tumor
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Jeon
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Sang Yu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Won Choi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Sik Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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9
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An anti-HER2 biparatopic antibody that induces unique HER2 clustering and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1394. [PMID: 36914633 PMCID: PMC10011572 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays an oncogenic role in breast, gastric and other solid tumors. However, anti-HER2 therapies are only currently approved for the treatment of breast and gastric/gastric esophageal junction cancers and treatment resistance remains a problem. Here, we engineer an anti-HER2 IgG1 bispecific, biparatopic antibody (Ab), zanidatamab, with unique and enhanced functionalities compared to both trastuzumab and the combination of trastuzumab plus pertuzumab (tras + pert). Zanidatamab binds adjacent HER2 molecules in trans and initiates distinct HER2 reorganization, as shown by polarized cell surface HER2 caps and large HER2 clusters, not observed with trastuzumab or tras + pert. Moreover, zanidatamab, but not trastuzumab nor tras + pert, elicit potent complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against high HER2-expressing tumor cells in vitro. Zanidatamab also mediates HER2 internalization and downregulation, inhibition of both cell signaling and tumor growth, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis (ADCP), and also shows superior in vivo antitumor activity compared to tras + pert in a HER2-expressing xenograft model. Collectively, we show that zanidatamab has multiple and distinct mechanisms of action derived from the structural effects of biparatopic HER2 engagement.
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10
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Pedersen ML, Pedersen DV, Winkler MBL, Olesen HG, Søgaard OS, Østergaard L, Laursen NS, Rahimic AHF, Tolstrup M. Nanobody-mediated complement activation to kill HIV-infected cells. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e16422. [PMID: 36799046 PMCID: PMC10086584 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system which is part of the innate immune response against invading pathogens represents a powerful mechanism for killing of infected cells. Utilizing direct complement recruitment for complement-mediated elimination of HIV-1-infected cells is underexplored. We developed a novel therapeutic modality to direct complement activity to the surface of HIV-1-infected cells. This bispecific complement engager (BiCE) is comprised of a nanobody recruiting the complement-initiating protein C1q, and single-chain variable fragments of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein. Here, we show that two anti-HIV BiCEs targeting the V3 loop and the CD4 binding site, respectively, increase C3 deposition and mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of HIV-1 Env-expressing Raji cells. Furthermore, anti-HIV BiCEs trigger complement activation on primary CD4 T cells infected with laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strain and facilitates elimination of HIV-1-infected cells over time. In summary, we present a novel approach to direct complement deposition to the surface of HIV-1-infected cells leading to complement-mediated killing of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Heidi Gytz Olesen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Schmeltz Søgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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11
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Yamaguchi J, Ohka F, Lushun C, Motomura K, Aoki K, Takeuchi K, Nagata Y, Ito S, Mizutani N, Ohno M, Suzaki N, Takasu S, Seki Y, Kano T, Wakabayashi K, Oyama H, Kurahashi S, Tanahashi K, Hirano M, Shimizu H, Kitano Y, Maeda S, Yamazaki S, Wakabayashi T, Kondo Y, Natsume A, Saito R. CD79B Y196 mutation is a potent predictive marker for favorable response to R-MPV in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Cancer Med 2022; 12:7116-7126. [PMID: 36478416 PMCID: PMC10067082 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rituximab, high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX), procarbazine and vincristine (R-MPV), has significantly prolonged the survival of patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), but predictive factors for response to R-MPV have not yet been investigated. Herein, we investigated the correlation of MYD88 L265P and CD79B Y196 mutations, which are the most frequently found molecular alterations in PCNSL, with prognosis of patients with PCNSL treated with R-MPV. METHODS We investigated the long-term clinical course and status of MYD88 and CD79B genes in 85 patients with PCNSL treated with R-MPV or HD-MTX treatment, and the correlation of these genetic mutations with prognosis. RESULTS R-MPV achieved an excellent tumor control rate (61.6% and 69.9% of 5-year progression-free and overall survival rates, respectively). While MYD88 L265P mutation had no significant effect on survival, patients with CD79B Y196 mutations exhibited prolonged survival (p < 0.05). However, the association of CD79B Y196 mutation with a better prognosis was not observed in the HD-MTX cohort, which indicated that CD79B Y196 mutation was a predictive marker for a favorable response to R-MPV. Furthermore, we established an all-in-one rapid genotyping system for these genetic mutations. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, CD79B Y196 mutation is a potent predictive marker for favorable response to R-MPV in PCNSL. The rapid identification of MYD88 L265P and CD79B Y196 mutations can be helpful not only for the accurate molecular diagnosis of PCNSL but also for the prediction of response to R-MPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumiharu Ohka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chalise Lushun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya Central Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuya Motomura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kosuke Aoki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Takeuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nagata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Konan Kosei Hospital, Konan, Japan
| | | | - Masasuke Ohno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suzaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Syuntaro Takasu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Japanese Red Cross Aichi Medical Center Nagoya Daini Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukio Seki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Japanese Red Cross Aichi Medical Center Nagoya Daini Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo, Japan
| | | | - Hirofumi Oyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Shingo Kurahashi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Tanahashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaki Hirano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yotaro Kitano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sachi Maeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yamazaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Wakabayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya Kyoritsu Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kondo
- Division of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Natsume
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryuta Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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12
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Kawasaki N, Nishito Y, Yoshimura Y, Yoshiura S. The molecular rationale for the combination of polatuzumab vedotin plus rituximab in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2022; 199:245-255. [PMID: 35764309 PMCID: PMC9796291 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polatuzumab vedotin (Pola) is an antibody-drug conjugate that targets the B-cell antigen CD79b and delivers monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE). It is approved in combination with bendamustine and rituximab (Rit) for relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (r/r DLBCL). Understanding the molecular basis of Pola combination therapy with Rit, the key component for the treatment of DLBCL, is important to establish the effective treatment strategies against r/r DLBCL. Here, we examined the rationale for the combination of Pola with Rit using Pola-refractory cells. We found that treatment with Pola increased CD20 expression and sensitivity to Rit-induced complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) in several Pola-refractory cells. Pola treatment increased phosphorylation of AKT and ERK and both AKT- and MEK-specific inhibitors attenuated the Pola-induced increase of CD20 and CDC sensitivity, suggesting that these phosphorylation events were required for this combination efficacy. It was revealed that anti-CD79b antibody increased the phosphorylation of AKT but inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK. In contrast, MMAE potentiated phosphorylation of ERK but slightly attenuated the phosphorylation of AKT. Pola also increased CD20 expression on Pola-refractory xenografted tumours and significantly enhanced antitumour activity in combination with Rit. In conclusion, these results could provide a novel rationale for the combination of Pola plus Rit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Kawasaki
- Product Research DepartmentChugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.KamakuraKanagawaJapan
| | - Yukari Nishito
- Discovery Technology DepartmentChugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.KamakuraKanagawaJapan
| | - Yasushi Yoshimura
- Product Research DepartmentChugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.KamakuraKanagawaJapan
| | - Shigeki Yoshiura
- Product Research DepartmentChugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.KamakuraKanagawaJapan
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13
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Li WH, Su JY, Li YM. Rational Design of T-Cell- and B-Cell-Based Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2660-2671. [PMID: 36048514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines provide an efficient strategy to enhance tumor-specific immune responses by redeploying immune systems. Despite the approval of the first cancer vaccine (Sipuleucel-T) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2010, most therapeutic cancer vaccines fail in clinical trials. Basically, tumor-specific immune responses rely on not only T-cell but also B-cell immunity, which indicates that cancer vaccines should leverage both arms of the adaptive immune system. For example, CD8+ T cells activated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) recognize and directly kill tumor cells via peptide-bound major histocompatibility complex (pMHC). B cells recognize antigen with no need of pMHC and require CD4+ T cells for sufficient activation and antibody generation, enabling antibody-mediated nondirect killing on tumor cells. Considering the different mechanisms of T-cell and B-cell activation, the rational design of therapeutic cancer vaccines should consider several factors, including antigen selection and recognition, immune activation, vaccine delivery, and repeatable vaccination, which can be advanced by chemical strategies.In this Account, we summarize our recent contributions to the development of effective T-cell- and B-cell-based therapeutic cancer vaccines. For T-cell-based vaccines, we focus on adjuvants as the key component for controllable APC activation and T-cell priming. Not only synthetic molecular agonists of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) but also adjuvant nanomaterials were explored to satisfy diversiform vaccine designs. For example, a type of natural cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) that was chemically modified with fluorination and ipsilateral phosphorothioation to activate the stimulator of interferon gene (STING) was found to mediate antitumor responses. It retains structural similarity to the parent CDN scaffold but possesses increased stability, cellular uptake, and immune activation for antitumor treatment. It also facilitates facile conjugation with other agonists, which not only enhances APC-targeting delivery but also balances cellular and humoral antitumor responses. We also explored the intrinsic properties of nanomaterials that allow them to serve as adjuvants. A black phosphorus nanosheet-based nanovaccine was constructed and found to strongly potentiate antigen-specific T-cell antitumor immune responses through multiple immune-potentiating properties, leading to a highly integrated nanomaterial-based adjuvant design. For B-cell-based vaccines, multicomponent and multivalent strategies were applied to improve the immunogenicity. A multicomponent linear vaccine conjugate coordinates helper T (Th) cells and APCs to proliferate and differentiates B cells for enhanced antitumor immunoglobulin G antibody responses. To further improve antigen recognition, clustered designs on a multivalent epitope were applied by generating various structures, including branched lysine-based peptides, natural multivalent scaffold molecules, and self-assembled nanofibers. We also engineered nano- and microvaccine systems to optimize systemic and localized vaccination. A multilayer-assembled nanovaccine successfully integrated antigens and multiple agonists to modulate APC activation. A DNA hydrogel contributed to the control of APC's immune behaviors, including cell recruitment, activation, and migration, and induced robust antitumor responses as an all-in-one designable platform. In this Account, by summarizing strategies for both T-cell- and B-cell-based vaccine design, we not only compare the differences but also address the intrinsic uniformity between such vaccine designs and further discuss the potential of a combined T-cell- and B-cell-based vaccine, which highlights the applicability and feasibility of chemical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing-Yun Su
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, 10 Youanmenwai Xitoutiao, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China.,Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
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14
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Reddy VR, Pepper RJ, Shah K, Cambridge G, Henderson SR, Klein C, Kell L, Taylor SJ, Isenberg DA, Cragg MS, Leandro MJ. Disparity in peripheral and renal B-cell depletion with rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: an opportunity for obinutuzumab? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022; 61:2894-2904. [PMID: 34788412 PMCID: PMC9258539 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate key factors that may contribute to the variability of rituximab-mediated peripheral and renal B cell depletion (BCD) in SLE. METHODS We analysed: (i) CD19+ B cell counts in patients with SLE before and 1, 2, 3 and 6 months after treatment with rituximab, comparing them with RA patients; (ii) the presence of B cells in renal biopsies after rituximab therapy; (iii) whether the duration of BCD correlated with patient demographics and B cell expression of CD20 and FcγRIIb; and (iv) the effect of B cell activation factor (BAFF) on the efficiency of rituximab and obinutuzumab at inducing BCD in whole blood assays, in vitro. RESULTS In SLE (n = 71), the duration of BCD was shorter compared with RA (n = 27). B cells were detectable in renal biopsy samples (n = 6) after treatment with rituximab in all patients with poor response while peripheral blood B cells remained low or undetectable in the same patients. There were no significant relationships between peripheral BCD and patient age, disease duration, serum C3 levels or the level of expression of B cell surface proteins CD20 and FcγRIIb. Obinutuzumab was more efficient than rituximab at inducing BCD in whole blood assays, regardless of excess BAFF. CONCLUSIONS BCD in SLE is less efficient than in RA. Renal B cell presence following rituximab treatment was associated with poor outcomes. No significant relationships between any measured B cell related, clinical or laboratory parameters and the efficiency of BCD by rituximab was found. Obinutuzumab was superior to rituximab at inducing BCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat R Reddy
- Department of Rheumatology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
- Centre for Rheumatology and Bloomsbury Rheumatology Unit, University College London
| | - Ruth J Pepper
- Department of Rheumatology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
- Department of Renal Medicine (formerly Centre for Nephrology), Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kavina Shah
- Department of Rheumatology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
- Centre for Rheumatology and Bloomsbury Rheumatology Unit, University College London
| | - Geraldine Cambridge
- Centre for Rheumatology and Bloomsbury Rheumatology Unit, University College London
| | - Scott R Henderson
- Department of Renal Medicine (formerly Centre for Nephrology), Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christian Klein
- Cancer Immunotherapy Discovery, Oncology Discovery & Translational AreaRoche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Loren Kell
- Centre for Rheumatology and Bloomsbury Rheumatology Unit, University College London
| | - Samuel J Taylor
- Centre for Rheumatology and Bloomsbury Rheumatology Unit, University College London
| | - David A Isenberg
- Department of Rheumatology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
- Centre for Rheumatology and Bloomsbury Rheumatology Unit, University College London
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Maria J Leandro
- Department of Rheumatology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
- Centre for Rheumatology and Bloomsbury Rheumatology Unit, University College London
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15
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Lara S, Heilig J, Virtanen A, Kleinau S. Exploring complement-dependent cytotoxicity by rituximab isotypes in 2D and 3D-cultured B-cell lymphoma. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:678. [PMID: 35725455 PMCID: PMC9210731 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The therapeutic IgG1 anti-CD20 antibody, rituximab (RTX), has greatly improved prognosis of many B-cell malignancies. Despite its success, resistance has been reported and detailed knowledge of RTX mechanisms are lacking. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is one important mode of action of RTX. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate factors influencing complement-mediated tumor cell killing by RTX. Methods Different RTX isotypes, IgG1, IgG3, IgA1 and IgA2 were evaluated and administered on four human CD20+ B-cell lymphoma cell lines, displaying diverse expression of CD20 and complement-regulatory protein CD59. Complement activation was assessed on lymphoma cells grown in 2 and 3-dimensional (3D) culture systems by trypan blue exclusion. CDC in 3D spheroids was additionally analyzed by Annexin V and propidium iodide staining by flow cytometry, and confocal imaging. Anti-CD59 antibody was used to evaluate influence of CD59 in RTX-mediated CDC responses. Statistical differences were determined by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. Results We found that 3 out of 4 lymphomas were sensitive to RTX-mediated CDC when cultured in 2D, while 2 out of 4 when grown in 3D. RTX-IgG3 had the greatest CDC potential, followed by clinical standard RTX-IgG1 and RTX-IgA2, whereas RTX-IgA1 displayed no complement activation. Although the pattern of different RTX isotypes to induce CDC were similar in the sensitive lymphomas, the degree of cell killing differed. A greater CDC activity was seen in lymphoma cells with a higher CD20/CD59 expression ratio. These lymphomas were also sensitive to RTX when grown in 3D spheroids, although the CDC activity was substantially reduced compared to 2D cultures. Analysis of RTX-treated spheroids demonstrated apoptosis and necrosis essentially in the outer cell-layers. Neutralization of CD59 overcame resistance to RTX-mediated CDC in 2D-cultured lymphoma cells, but not in spheroids. Conclusions The results demonstrate that CDC outcome in CD20+ B-cell lymphoma is synergistically influenced by choice of RTX isotype, antigen density, tumor structure, and degree of CD59 expression. Assessment of tumor signatures, such as CD20/CD59 ratio, can be advantageous to predict CDC efficiency of RTX in vivo and may help to develop rational mAbs to raise response rates in patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09772-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lara
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Juliane Heilig
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Virtanen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandra Kleinau
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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16
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Bispecific mAb2 Antibodies Targeting CD59 Enhance the Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity Mediated by Rituximab. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095208. [PMID: 35563599 PMCID: PMC9103234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of complement activation via the overexpression of complement-regulatory proteins (CRPs), most notably CD46, CD55 and CD59, is an efficient mechanism of disguise of cancer cells from a host immune system. This phenomenon extends to counteract the potency of therapeutic antibodies that could lyse target cells by eliciting complement cascade. The manifold functions and ubiquitous expression of CRPs preclude their systemic specific inhibition. We selected CD59-specific Fc fragments with a novel antigen binding site (Fcabs) from yeast display libraries using recombinant antigens expressed in bacterial or mammalian cells. To produce a bispecific antibody, we endowed rituximab, a clinically applied anti-CD20 antibody, used for therapy of various lymphoid malignancies, with an anti-CD59 Fcab. This bispecific antibody was able to induce more potent complement-dependent cytotoxicity for CD20 and CD59 expressing Raji cell line measured with lactate dehydrogenase-release assay, but had no effect on the cells with lower levels of the primary CD20 antigen or CD20-negative cells. Such molecules are promising candidates for future therapeutic development as they elicit a higher specific cytotoxicity at a lower concentration and hence cause a lower exhaustion of complement components.
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17
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Chen X, Xue L, Ding X, Zhang J, Jiang L, Liu S, Hou H, Jiang B, Cheng L, Zhu Q, Zhang L, Zhou X, Ma J, Liu Q, Li Y, Ren Z, Jiang B, Song X, Song J, Jin W, Wei M, Shen Z, Liu X, Wang L, Li K, Zhang T. An Fc-Competent Anti-Human TIGIT Blocking Antibody Ociperlimab (BGB-A1217) Elicits Strong Immune Responses and Potent Anti-Tumor Efficacy in Pre-Clinical Models. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828319. [PMID: 35273608 PMCID: PMC8902820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
TIGIT (T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain) has emerged as a promising target in cancer immunotherapy. It is an immune “checkpoint” inhibitor primarily expressed on activated T cells, NK cells and Tregs. Engagement of TIGIT to its ligands PVR and PVR-L2 leads to inhibitory signaling in T cells, promoting functional exhaustion of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes. Here, we described the pre-clinical characterization of Ociperlimab (BGB-A1217), a novel humanized IgG1 anti-TIGIT antibody (mAb), and systemically evaluated the contribution of Fc functions in the TIGIT mAb-mediated anti-tumor activities. BGB-A1217 binds to the extracellular domain of human TIGIT with high affinity (KD = 0.135 nM) and specificity, and efficiently blocks the interaction between TIGIT and its ligands PVR or PVR-L2. Cell-based assays show that BGB-A1217 significantly enhances T-cell functions. In addition, BGB-A1217 induces antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against Treg cells, activates NK cells and monocytes, and removes TIGIT from T cell surfaces in an Fc-dependent manner, In vivo, BGB-A1217, either alone or in combination with an anti-PD-1 mAb elicits strong immune responses and potent anti-tumor efficacy in pre-clinical models. Moreover, the Fc effector function is critical for the anti-tumor activity of BGB-A1217 in a syngeneic human TIGIT-knock-in mouse model. The observed anti-tumor efficacy is associated with a pharmacodynamic change of TIGIT down-regulation and Treg reduction. These data support the selection of BGB-A1217 with an effector function competent Fc region for clinical development for the treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Liu Xue
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Discovery Biomarkers, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Hongjia Hou
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Discovery Biomarkers, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Department of Discovery Biomarkers, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosui Zhou
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yucheng Li
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zhiying Ren
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Jiang
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Song
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Discovery Biomarkers, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Min Wei
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zhirong Shen
- Department of Discovery Biomarkers, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xuesong Liu
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Lai Wang
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
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18
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Saad AA. Targeting cancer-associated glycans as a therapeutic strategy in leukemia. ALL LIFE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2022.2049901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Abdullah Saad
- Unit of Pediatric Hematologic Oncology and BMT, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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19
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Perutelli F, Jones R, Griggio V, Vitale C, Coscia M. Immunotherapeutic Strategies in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Advances and Challenges. Front Oncol 2022; 12:837531. [PMID: 35265527 PMCID: PMC8898826 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.837531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-based therapeutic strategies have drastically changed the landscape of hematological disorders, as they have introduced the concept of boosting immune responses against tumor cells. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies have been the first form of immunotherapy successfully applied in the treatment of CLL, in the context of chemoimmunotherapy regimens. Since then, several immunotherapeutic approaches have been studied in CLL settings, with the aim of exploiting or eliciting anti-tumor immune responses against leukemia cells. Unfortunately, despite initial promising data, results from pilot clinical studies have not shown optimal results in terms of disease control - especially when immunotherapy was used individually - largely due to CLL-related immune dysfunctions hampering the achievement of effective anti-tumor responses. The growing understanding of the complex interactions between immune cells and the tumor cells has paved the way for the development of new combined approaches that rely on the synergism between novel agents and immunotherapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the most successful and promising immunotherapeutic modalities in CLL, including both antibody-based therapy (i.e. monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, bi- or tri- specific killer engagers) and adoptive cellular therapy (i.e. CAR T cells and NK cells). We also provide examples of successful new combination strategies and some insights on future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Perutelli
- University Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (A.O.U.) Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Rebecca Jones
- University Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (A.O.U.) Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Griggio
- University Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (A.O.U.) Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Candida Vitale
- University Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (A.O.U.) Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Coscia
- University Division of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (A.O.U.) Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marta Coscia,
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20
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Dias JNR, Almeida A, André AS, Aguiar SI, Bule P, Nogueira S, Oliveira SS, Carrapiço B, Gil S, Tavares L, Aires-da-Silva F. Characterization of the canine CD20 as a therapeutic target for comparative passive immunotherapy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2678. [PMID: 35177658 PMCID: PMC8854400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-CD20 therapies have revolutionized the treatment of B-cell malignancies. Despite these advances, relapsed and refractory disease remains a major treatment challenge. The optimization of CD20-targeted immunotherapies is considered a promising strategy to improve current therapies. However, research has been limited by the scarcity of preclinical models that recapitulate the complex interaction between the immune system and cancers. The addition of the canine lymphoma (cNHL) model in the development of anti-CD20 therapies may provide a clinically relevant approach for the translation of improved immunotherapies. Still, an anti-CD20 therapy for cNHL has not been established stressing the need of a comprehensive target characterization. Herein, we performed an in-depth characterization on canine CD20 mRNA transcript and protein expression in a cNHL biobank and demonstrated a canine CD20 overexpression in B-cell lymphoma samples. Moreover, CD20 gene sequencing analysis identified six amino acid differences in patient samples (C77Y, L147F, I159M, L198V, A201T and G273E). Finally, we reported the use of a novel strategy for the generation of anti-CD20 mAbs, with human and canine cross-reactivity, by exploring our rabbit derived single-domain antibody platform. Overall, these results support the rationale of using CD20 as a target for veterinary settings and the development of novel therapeutics and immunodiagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana N R Dias
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André Almeida
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana S André
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sandra I Aguiar
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Bule
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Nogueira
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Soraia S Oliveira
- Technophage SA, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, Edifício Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Belmira Carrapiço
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Solange Gil
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Frederico Aires-da-Silva
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal.
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21
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Zhou K, Hong H, Lin H, Gong L, Li D, Shi J, Zhou Z, Xu F, Wu Z. Chemical Synthesis of Antibody-Hapten Conjugates Capable of Recruiting the Endogenous Antibody to Magnify the Fc Effector Immunity of Antibody for Cancer Immunotherapy. J Med Chem 2021; 65:323-332. [PMID: 34962121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with enhanced effector functions in cancer immunotherapy, such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), could improve the clinical performance. Here, we develop an mAb-hapten conjugate strategy to augment the mAb effector functions with the engagement of endogenous antibodies. An "off-the-shelf" mAb, rituximab, is site-specifically conjugated with the rhamnose (Rha) hapten to generate rituximab-Rha conjugates. The octopus-like conjugates could recruit anti-Rha antibodies onto the cancer cell surface and further form an immune complex that is able to provide multivalent Fc domains to interact with immune cells or complement protein C1q, leading to magnified ADCC and CDC simultaneously. One optimal conjugate R2 with PEG2 as a linker exhibits the most potent in vitro cancer cell killing activity and significant in vivo antitumor efficacy in a xenograft model. This is a general and cost-effective approach to generate mAb with improved effector functions that may have broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - HaoFei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Han Lin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Liang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
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22
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CD20 positive CD8 T cells are a unique and transcriptionally-distinct subset of T cells with distinct transmigration properties. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20499. [PMID: 34654826 PMCID: PMC8520003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of T cells that are dimly positive for the B cell marker CD20 is well-established in autoimmunity and correlates with disease severity in various diseases. Further, we previously identified that the level of CD20-positive T cells was three-fourfold elevated in ascites fluid of ovarian carcinoma patients, together suggesting a role in both autoimmunity and cancer. In this respect, treatment of autoimmune patients with the CD20-targeting antibody Rituximab has also been shown to target and deplete CD20-positive T cells, previously identified as IFN-gamma producing, low proliferative, CD8 cytotoxic T cells with an effector memory (EM) differentiation state. However, the exact phenotype and relevance of CD20-positive T cells remains unclear. Here, we set out to identify the transcriptomic profile of CD20-positive T cells using RNA sequencing. Further, to gain insight into potential functional properties of CD20 expression in T cells, CD20 was ectopically expressed on healthy human T cells and phenotypic, functional, migratory and adhesive properties were determined in vitro and in vivo. Together, these assays revealed a reduced transmigration and an enhanced adhesive profile combined with an enhanced activation status for CD20-positive T cells.
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23
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Szydłowski M, Garbicz F, Jabłońska E, Górniak P, Komar D, Pyrzyńska B, Bojarczuk K, Prochorec-Sobieszek M, Szumera-Ciećkiewicz A, Rymkiewicz G, Cybulska M, Statkiewicz M, Gajewska M, Mikula M, Gołas A, Domagała J, Winiarska M, Graczyk-Jarzynka A, Białopiotrowicz E, Polak A, Barankiewicz J, Puła B, Pawlak M, Nowis D, Golab J, Tomirotti AM, Brzózka K, Pacheco-Blanco M, Kupcova K, Green MR, Havranek O, Chapuy B, Juszczyński P. Inhibition of PIM Kinases in DLBCL Targets MYC Transcriptional Program and Augments the Efficacy of Anti-CD20 Antibodies. Cancer Res 2021; 81:6029-6043. [PMID: 34625423 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The family of PIM serine/threonine kinases includes three highly conserved oncogenes, PIM1, PIM2, and PIM3, which regulate multiple pro-survival pathways and cooperate with other oncogenes such as MYC. Recent genomic CRISPR-Cas9 screens further highlighted oncogenic functions of PIMs in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells, justifying development of small molecule PIM inhibitors and therapeutic targeting of PIM kinases in lymphomas. However, detailed consequences of PIM inhibition in DLBCL remain undefined. Using chemical and genetic PIM blockade, we comprehensively characterized PIM kinase-associated pro-survival functions in DLBCL and the mechanisms of PIM inhibition-induced toxicity. Treatment of DLBCL cells with SEL24/MEN1703, a pan PIM inhibitor in clinical development, decreased BAD phosphorylation and cap-dependent protein translation, reduced MCL1 expression, and induced apoptosis. PIM kinases were tightly coexpressed with MYC in diagnostic DLBCL biopsies, and PIM inhibition in cell lines and patient-derived primary lymphoma cells decreased MYC levels as well as expression of multiple MYC-dependent genes, including PLK1. Chemical and genetic PIM inhibition upregulated surface CD20 levels in a MYC-dependent fashion. Consistently, MEN1703 and other clinically available pan-PIM inhibitors synergized with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in vitro, increasing complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-mediated phagocytosis. Combined treatment with PIM inhibitor and rituximab suppressed tumor growth in lymphoma xenografts more efficiently than either drug alone. Taken together, these results show that targeting PIM in DLBCL exhibits pleiotropic effects that combine direct cytotoxicity with potentiated susceptibility to anti-CD20 antibodies, justifying further clinical development of such combinatorial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Szydłowski
- Dept. of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine
| | - Filip Garbicz
- Dept. of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Diagnostic Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine
| | - Patryk Górniak
- Dept. of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine
| | - Dorota Komar
- Dept. of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine
| | | | - Kamil Bojarczuk
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
| | | | - Anna Szumera-Ciećkiewicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, IMaria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology
| | - Grzegorz Rymkiewicz
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, National Research Institute of Oncology
| | | | | | - Marta Gajewska
- Dept. of Genetics, National Research Institute of Oncology
| | - Michal Mikula
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Polak
- Department of Diagnostic Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine
| | | | - Bartosz Puła
- Dept. of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine
| | - Michał Pawlak
- Dept. of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine
| | - Dominika Nowis
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael R Green
- Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | | | - Bjoern Chapuy
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen
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24
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Rituximab induces rapid blood repopulation by CLL cells mediated through their release from immune niches and complement exhaustion. Leuk Res 2021; 111:106684. [PMID: 34438120 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2021.106684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo rituximab effects in B cell malignancies are only partially understood. Here we analyzed in a large chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cohort (n = 80) the inter-patient variability in CLL cell count reduction within the first 24 h of rituximab administration in vivo, and a phenomenon of blood repopulation by malignant cells after anti-CD20 antibody therapy. Larger CLL cell elimination after rituximab infusion was associated with lower pre-therapy CLL cell counts, higher CD20 levels, and the non-exhausted capacity of complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). The absolute amount of cell-surface CD20 molecules (CD20 density x CLL lymphocytosis) was a predictor for complement exhaustion during therapy. We also describe that a highly variable decrease in CLL cell counts at 5 h (88 %-2%) following rituximab infusion is accompanied in most patients by peripheral blood repopulation with CLL cells at 24 h, and in ∼20 % of patients, this resulted in CLL counts higher than before therapy. We provide evidence that CLL cells recrudescence is linked with i) CDC exhaustion, which leads to the formation of an insufficient amount of membrane attack complexes, likely resulting in temporary retention of surviving rituximab-opsonized cells by the mononuclear-phagocyte system (followed by their release back to blood), and ii) CLL cells regression from immune niches (CXCR4dimCD5bright intraclonal subpopulation). Patients with major peripheral blood CLL cell repopulation exhibited a longer time-to-progression after chemoimmunotherapy compared to patients with lower or no repopulation, suggesting chemotherapy vulnerability of CLL cells that repopulate the blood.
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25
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Jiang D, Mo Q, Sun X, Wang X, Dong M, Zhang G, Chen F, Zhao Q. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4-mediated metabolic reprogramming is involved in rituximab resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by affecting the expression of MS4A1/CD20. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3585-3597. [PMID: 34252986 PMCID: PMC8409406 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) heterogeneity promotes recurrence and anti‐CD20‐based therapeutic resistance. Previous studies have shown that downregulation of MS4A1/CD20 expression after chemoimmunotherapy with rituximab leads to rituximab resistance. However, the mechanisms of CD20 loss remain unknown. We identified that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) is markedly elevated in DLBCL cells derived from both patients and cell lines with R‐CHOP (rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) resistance. We found that overexpression of PDK4 in DLBCL cells resulted in cell proliferation and resistance to rituximab in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, loss of PDK4 expression or treatment with the PDK4 inhibitor dichloroacetate was able to significantly increase rituximab‐induced cell apoptosis in DLBCL cells. Further studies suggested PDK4 mediates a metabolic shift, in that the main energy source was changed from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, and the metabolic changes could play an important role in rituximab resistance. Importantly, by knocking down or overexpressing PDK4 in DLBCL cells, we showed that PDK4 has a negative regulation effect on MS4A1/CD20 expression. Collectively, this is the first study showing that targeting PDK4 has the potential to overcome rituximab resistance in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanfeng Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Qiuyu Mo
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiaoying Sun
- Department of Hematology, The Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Xiaotao Wang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Guozhen Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Fangping Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China.,Department of Blood Transfusion, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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26
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Abstract
Worldwide about one million patients are given anti-CD20 antibodies such as rituximab (RTX) for the treatment of B cell-associated diseases. Despite the success of this first therapeutic antibody, little is known about the function of its target. The role of CD20 only becomes clear in the context of the nanoscale compartmentalization of the B lymphocyte membrane. We found that CD20 is an organizer of the IgD-class nanocluster on the B cell membrane. The loss of CD20 on human B cells results in a dissolution of the IgD-class nanocluster and a transient B cell activation inducing a B cell-to-PC differentiation. Thus, CD20 is an essential gatekeeper of a membrane nanodomain and the resting state of naive B cells. CD20 is a B cell-specific membrane protein and represents an attractive target for therapeutic antibodies. Despite widespread usage of anti-CD20 antibodies for B cell depletion therapies, the biological function of their target remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that CD20 controls the nanoscale organization of receptors on the surface of resting B lymphocytes. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ablation of CD20 in resting B cells resulted in relocalization and interaction of the IgM-class B cell antigen receptor with the coreceptor CD19. This receptor rearrangement led to a transient activation of B cells, accompanied by the internalization of many B cell surface marker proteins. Reexpression of CD20 restored the expression of the B cell surface proteins and the resting state of Ramos B cells. Similarly, treatment of Ramos or naive human B cells with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab induced nanoscale receptor rearrangements and transient B cell activation in vitro and in vivo. A departure from the resting B cell state followed by the loss of B cell identity of CD20-deficient Ramos B cells was accompanied by a PAX5 to BLIMP-1 transcriptional switch, metabolic reprogramming toward oxidative phosphorylation, and a shift toward plasma cell development. Thus, anti-CD20 engagement or the loss of CD20 disrupts membrane organization, profoundly altering the fate of human B cells.
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27
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Pavlasova G, Mraz M. The regulation and function of CD20: an "enigma" of B-cell biology and targeted therapy. Haematologica 2021; 105:1494-1506. [PMID: 32482755 PMCID: PMC7271567 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.243543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab, ofatumumab, or obinutuzumab improved the therapy of B-cell malignancies even though the precise physiological role and regulation of CD20 remains unclear. Furthermore, CD20 expression is highly variable between different B-cell malignancies, patients with the same malignancy, and even between intraclonal subpopulations in an individual patient. Several epigenetic (EZH2, HDAC1/2, HDAC1/4, HDAC6, complex Sin3A-HDAC1) and transcription factors (USF, OCT1/2, PU.1, PiP, ELK1, ETS1, SP1, NFκB, FOXO1, CREM, SMAD2/3) regulating CD20 expression (encoded by MS4A1) have been characterized. CD20 is induced in the context of microenvironmental interactions by CXCR4/SDF1 (CXCL12) chemokine signaling and the molecular function of CD20 has been linked to the signaling propensity of B-cell receptor (BCR). CD20 has also been shown to interact with multiple other surface proteins on B cells (such as CD40, MHCII, CD53, CD81, CD82, and CBP). Current efforts to combine anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies with BCR signaling inhibitors targeting BTK or PI3K (ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, idelalisib, duvelisib) or BH3-mimetics (venetoclax) lead to the necessity to better understand both the mechanisms of regulation and the biological functions of CD20. This is underscored by the observation that CD20 is decreased in response to the "BCR inhibitor" ibrutinib which largely prevents its successful combination with rituximab. Several small molecules (such as histone deacetylase inhibitors, DNA methyl-transferase inhibitors, aurora kinase A/B inhibitors, farnesyltransferase inhibitors, FOXO1 inhibitors, and bryostatin-1) are being tested to upregulate cell-surface CD20 levels and increase the efficacy of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. Herein, we review the current understanding of CD20 function, and the mechanisms of its regulation in normal and malignant B cells, highlighting the therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pavlasova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Mraz
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno .,Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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28
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Liang Y, Hannan R, Fu YX. Type I IFN Activating Type I Dendritic Cells for Antitumor Immunity. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3818-3824. [PMID: 33692027 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are successful immunotherapy modalities that enhance CD8+ T-cell responses. Although T cells are initially primed in draining lymph nodes, the mechanisms that underlie their reactivation inside the tumor microenvironment are less clear. Recent studies have found that not only is the cross-priming of conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1) required to initiate CD8+ T-cell responses during tumor progression, but it also plays a central role in immunotherapy-mediated reactivation of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells for tumor regression. Moreover, many cancer treatment modalities trigger type I IFN responses, which play critical roles in boosting cDC1 cross-priming and CD8+ T-cell reactivation. Inducing type I IFNs within tumors can overcome innate immune resistance and activate antitumor adaptive immunity. Here, we review recent studies on how type I IFN-cDC1 cross-priming reactivates CD8+ T cells and contributes to tumor control by cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liang
- The Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Raquibul Hannan
- The Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- The Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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29
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Wang B, Yang C, Jin X, Du Q, Wu H, Dall'Acqua W, Mazor Y. Regulation of antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity by modulating the intrinsic affinity and binding valency of IgG for target antigen. MAbs 2021; 12:1690959. [PMID: 31829766 PMCID: PMC6927764 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1690959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is a potent effector mechanism, engaging both innate and adaptive immunity. Although strategies to improve the CDC activity of antibody therapeutics have primarily focused on enhancing the interaction between the antibody crystallizable fragment (Fc) and the first subcomponent of the C1 complement complex (C1q), the relative importance of intrinsic affinity and binding valency of an antibody to the target antigen is poorly understood. Here we show that antibody binding affinity to a cell surface target antigen evidently affects the extent and efficacy of antibody-mediated complement activation. We further report the fundamental role of antibody binding valency in the capacity to recruit C1q and regulate CDC. More specifically, an array of affinity-modulated variants and functionally monovalent bispecific derivatives of high-affinity anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) therapeutic immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs), previously reported to be deficient in mediating complement activation, were tested for their ability to bind C1q by biolayer interferometry using antigen-loaded biosensors and to exert CDC against a panel of EGFR and HER2 tumor cells of various histological origins. Significantly, affinity-reduced variants or monovalent derivatives, but not their high-affinity bivalent IgG counterparts, induced near-complete cell cytotoxicity in tumor cell lines that had formerly been shown to be resistant to complement-mediated attack. Our findings suggest that monovalent target engagement may contribute to an optimal geometrical positioning of the antibody Fc to engage C1q and deploy the complement pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Chunning Yang
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Xiaofang Jin
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Qun Du
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Herren Wu
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - William Dall'Acqua
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yariv Mazor
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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30
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Felberg A, Taszner M, Urban A, Majeranowski A, Jaskuła K, Jurkiewicz A, Stasiłojć G, Blom AM, Zaucha JM, Okrój M. Monitoring of the Complement System Status in Patients With B-Cell Malignancies Treated With Rituximab. Front Immunol 2020; 11:584509. [PMID: 33329558 PMCID: PMC7710700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.584509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rituximab is a pioneering anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that became the first-line drug used in immunotherapy of B-cell malignancies over the last twenty years. Rituximab activates the complement system in vitro, but there is an ongoing debate on the exact role of this effector mechanism in therapeutic effect. Results of both in vitro and in vivo studies are model-dependent and preclude clear clinical conclusions. Additional confounding factors like complement inhibition by tumor cells, loss of target antigen and complement depletion due to excessively applied immunotherapeutics, intrapersonal variability in the concentration of main complement components and differences in tumor burden all suggest that a personalized approach is the best strategy for optimization of rituximab dosage and therapeutic schedule. Herein we critically review the existing knowledge in support of such concept and present original data on markers of complement activation, complement consumption, and rituximab accumulation in plasma of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL). The increase of markers such as C4d and terminal complement complex (TCC) suggest the strongest complement activation after the first administration of rituximab, but not indicative of clinical outcome in patients receiving rituximab in combination with chemotherapy. Both ELISA and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) functional assay showed that a substantial number of patients accumulate rituximab to the extent that consecutive infusions do not improve the cytotoxic capacity of their sera. Our data suggest that individual assessment of CDC activity and rituximab concentration in plasma may support clinicians’ decisions on further drug infusions, or instead prescribing a therapy with anti-CD20 antibodies like obinutuzumab that more efficiently activate effector mechanisms other than complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Felberg
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Taszner
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Urban
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Alan Majeranowski
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Kinga Jaskuła
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jurkiewicz
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Stasiłojć
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna M Blom
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jan M Zaucha
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Okrój
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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31
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Roßkopf S, Eichholz KM, Winterberg D, Diemer KJ, Lutz S, Münnich IA, Klausz K, Rösner T, Valerius T, Schewe DM, Humpe A, Gramatzki M, Peipp M, Kellner C. Enhancing CDC and ADCC of CD19 Antibodies by Combining Fc Protein-Engineering with Fc Glyco-Engineering. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9040063. [PMID: 33212776 PMCID: PMC7709100 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Native cluster of differentiation (CD) 19 targeting antibodies are poorly effective in triggering antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), which are crucial effector functions of therapeutic antibodies in cancer immunotherapy. Both functions can be enhanced by engineering the antibody’s Fc region by altering the amino acid sequence (Fc protein-engineering) or the Fc-linked glycan (Fc glyco-engineering). We hypothesized that combining Fc glyco-engineering with Fc protein-engineering will rescue ADCC and CDC in CD19 antibodies. Results: Four versions of a CD19 antibody based on tafasitamab’s V-regions were generated: a native IgG1, an Fc protein-engineered version with amino acid exchanges S267E/H268F/S324T/G236A/I332E (EFTAE modification) to enhance CDC, and afucosylated, Fc glyco-engineered versions of both to promote ADCC. Irrespective of fucosylation, antibodies carrying the EFTAE modification had enhanced C1q binding and were superior in inducing CDC. In contrast, afucosylated versions exerted an enhanced affinity to Fcγ receptor IIIA and had increased ADCC activity. Of note, the double-engineered antibody harboring the EFTAE modification and lacking fucose triggered both CDC and ADCC more efficiently. Conclusions: Fc glyco-engineering and protein-engineering could be combined to enhance ADCC and CDC in CD19 antibodies and may allow the generation of antibodies with higher therapeutic efficacy by promoting two key functions simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Roßkopf
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (K.M.E.); (K.J.D.); (K.K.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Klara Marie Eichholz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (K.M.E.); (K.J.D.); (K.K.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Dorothee Winterberg
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (D.W.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Katarina Julia Diemer
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (K.M.E.); (K.J.D.); (K.K.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Sebastian Lutz
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (S.L.); (I.A.M.); (A.H.); (C.K.)
| | - Ira Alexandra Münnich
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (S.L.); (I.A.M.); (A.H.); (C.K.)
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (K.M.E.); (K.J.D.); (K.K.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Thies Rösner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (K.M.E.); (K.J.D.); (K.K.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (K.M.E.); (K.J.D.); (K.K.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Denis Martin Schewe
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (D.W.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Andreas Humpe
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (S.L.); (I.A.M.); (A.H.); (C.K.)
| | - Martin Gramatzki
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (K.M.E.); (K.J.D.); (K.K.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (K.M.E.); (K.J.D.); (K.K.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-431-500-22701
| | - Christian Kellner
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (S.L.); (I.A.M.); (A.H.); (C.K.)
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32
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The Role of Complement in the Mechanism of Action of Therapeutic Anti-Cancer mAbs. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9040058. [PMID: 33126570 PMCID: PMC7709112 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unconjugated anti-cancer IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) activate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by natural killer (NK) cells and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) by macrophages, and these activities are thought to be important mechanisms of action for many of these mAbs in vivo. Several mAbs also activate the classical complement pathway and promote complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), although with very different levels of efficacy, depending on the mAb, the target antigen, and the tumor type. Recent studies have unraveled the various structural factors that define why some IgG1 mAbs are strong mediators of CDC, whereas others are not. The role of complement activation and membrane inhibitors expressed by tumor cells, most notably CD55 and CD59, has also been quite extensively studied, but how much these affect the resistance of tumors in vivo to IgG1 therapeutic mAbs still remains incompletely understood. Recent studies have demonstrated that complement activation has multiple effects beyond target cell lysis, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity mediated by soluble complement fragments, such as C3a and C5a, and by stimulating complement receptors expressed by immune cells, including NK cells, neutrophils, macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells. Complement activation can enhance ADCC and ADCP and may contribute to the vaccine effect of mAbs. These different aspects of complement are also briefly reviewed in the specific context of FDA-approved therapeutic anti-cancer IgG1 mAbs.
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33
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Overdijk MB, Strumane K, Beurskens FJ, Ortiz Buijsse A, Vermot-Desroches C, Vuillermoz BS, Kroes T, de Jong B, Hoevenaars N, Hibbert RG, Lingnau A, Forssmann U, Schuurman J, Parren PWHI, de Jong RN, Breij ECW. Dual Epitope Targeting and Enhanced Hexamerization by DR5 Antibodies as a Novel Approach to Induce Potent Antitumor Activity Through DR5 Agonism. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:2126-2138. [PMID: 32847982 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Higher-order death receptor 5 (DR5) clustering can induce tumor cell death; however, therapeutic compounds targeting DR5 have achieved limited clinical efficacy. We describe HexaBody-DR5/DR5, an equimolar mixture of two DR5-specific IgG1 antibodies with an Fc-domain mutation that augments antibody hexamerization after cell surface target binding. The two antibodies do not compete for binding to DR5 as demonstrated using binding competition studies, and binding to distinct epitopes in the DR5 extracellular domain was confirmed by crystallography. The unique combination of dual epitope targeting and increased IgG hexamerization resulted in potent DR5 agonist activity by inducing efficient DR5 outside-in signaling and caspase-mediated cell death. Preclinical studies in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that maximal DR5 agonist activity could be achieved independent of Fc gamma receptor-mediated antibody crosslinking. Most optimal agonism was observed in the presence of complement complex C1, although without inducing complement-dependent cytotoxicity. It is hypothesized that C1 may stabilize IgG hexamers that are formed after binding of HexaBody-DR5/DR5 to DR5 on the plasma membrane, thereby strengthening DR5 clustering and subsequent outside-in signaling. We observed potent antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo in large panels of patient-derived xenograft models representing various solid cancers. The results of our preclinical studies provided the basis for an ongoing clinical trial exploring the activity of HexaBody-DR5/DR5 (GEN1029) in patients with malignant solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristin Strumane
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands, Copenhagen, Denmark, Princeton
| | | | | | | | | | - Thessa Kroes
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands, Copenhagen, Denmark, Princeton
| | - Bart de Jong
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands, Copenhagen, Denmark, Princeton
| | - Naomi Hoevenaars
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands, Copenhagen, Denmark, Princeton
| | | | - Andreas Lingnau
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands, Copenhagen, Denmark, Princeton
| | - Ulf Forssmann
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands, Copenhagen, Denmark, Princeton
| | - Janine Schuurman
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands, Copenhagen, Denmark, Princeton
| | - Paul W H I Parren
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands, Copenhagen, Denmark, Princeton.,Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rob N de Jong
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands, Copenhagen, Denmark, Princeton
| | - Esther C W Breij
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands, Copenhagen, Denmark, Princeton.
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34
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Torka P, Barth M, Ferdman R, Hernandez-Ilizaliturri FJ. Mechanisms of Resistance to Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) in Lymphoid Malignancies. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2020; 14:426-438. [PMID: 31559580 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-019-00542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Passive immunotherapy with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has revolutionized the treatment of cancer, especially hematological malignancies over the last 20 years. While use of mAbs has improved outcomes, development of resistance is inevitable in most cases, hindering the long-term survival of cancer patients. This review focuses on the available data on mechanisms of resistance to rituximab and includes some additional information for other mAbs currently in use in hematological malignancies. RECENT FINDINGS Mechanisms of resistance have been identified that target all described mechanisms of mAb activity including altered antigen expression or binding, impaired complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), altered intracellular signaling effects, and inhibition of direct induction of cell death. Numerous approaches to circumvent identified mechanisms of resistance continue to be investigated, but a thorough understanding of which resistance mechanisms are most clinically relevant is still elusive. In recent years, a deeper understanding of the tumor microenvironment and targeting the apoptotic pathway has led to promising breakthroughs. Resistance may be driven by unique patient-, disease-, and antibody-related factors. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance to mAbs will guide the development of strategies to overcome resistance and re-sensitize cancer cells to these biological agents.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis
- Complement System Proteins/immunology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/etiology
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/pathology
- Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Lymphoma/etiology
- Lymphoma/metabolism
- Lymphoma/pathology
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Risk Factors
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallawi Torka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Mathew Barth
- Department of Pediatrics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Robert Ferdman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Francisco J Hernandez-Ilizaliturri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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35
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Thomsen EA, Rovsing AB, Anderson MV, Due H, Huang J, Luo Y, Dybkaer K, Mikkelsen JG. Identification of BLNK and BTK as mediators of rituximab-induced programmed cell death by CRISPR screens in GCB-subtype diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:1978-1997. [PMID: 32585766 PMCID: PMC7463323 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is characterized by extensive genetic heterogeneity, and this results in unpredictable responses to the current treatment, R‐CHOP, which consists of a cancer drug combination supplemented with the humanized CD20‐targeting monoclonal antibody rituximab. Despite improvements in the patient response rate through rituximab addition to the treatment plan, up to 40% of DLBCL patients end in a relapsed or refractory state due to inherent or acquired resistance to the regimen. Here, we employ a lentiviral genome‐wide clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats library screening approach to identify genes involved in facilitating the rituximab response in cancerous B cells. Along with the CD20‐encoding MS4A1 gene, we identify genes related to B‐cell receptor (BCR) signaling as mediators of the intracellular signaling response to rituximab. More specifically, the B‐cell linker protein (BLNK) and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) genes stand out as pivotal genes in facilitating direct rituximab‐induced apoptosis through mechanisms that occur alongside complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Our findings demonstrate that rituximab triggers BCR signaling in a BLNK‐ and BTK‐dependent manner and support the existing notion that intertwined CD20 and BCR signaling pathways in germinal center B‐cell‐like‐subtype DLBCL lead to programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hanne Due
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jinrong Huang
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yonglun Luo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, China
| | - Karen Dybkaer
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
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36
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Malenge MM, Patzke S, Ree AH, Stokke T, Ceuppens P, Middleton B, Dahle J, Repetto-Llamazares AHV. 177Lu-Lilotomab Satetraxetan Has the Potential to Counteract Resistance to Rituximab in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:1468-1475. [PMID: 32245896 PMCID: PMC7539655 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.237230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) who are treated with rituximab may develop resistant disease, often associated with changes in expression of CD20. The next-generation β-particle–emitting radioimmunoconjugate 177Lu-lilotomab-satetraxetan (Betalutin) was shown to up-regulate CD20 expression in different rituximab-sensitive NHL cell lines and to act synergistically with rituximab in a rituximab-sensitive NHL animal model. We hypothesized that 177Lu-lilotomab-satetraxetan may be used to reverse rituximab resistance in NHL. Methods: The rituximab-resistant Raji2R and the parental Raji cell lines were used. CD20 expression was measured by flow cytometry. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was measured by a bioluminescence reporter assay. The efficacies of combined treatments with 177Lu-lilotomab-satetraxetan (150 or 350 MBq/kg) and rituximab (4 × 10 mg/kg) were compared with those of single agents or phosphate-buffered saline in a Raji2R-xenograft model. Cox regression and the Bliss independence model were used to assess synergism. Results: Rituximab binding in Raji2R cells was 36% ± 5% of that in the rituximab-sensitive Raji cells. 177Lu-lilotomab-satetraxetan treatment of Raji2R cells increased the binding to 53% ± 3% of the parental cell line. Rituximab ADCC induction in Raji2R cells was 20% ± 2% of that induced in Raji cells, whereas treatment with 177Lu-lilotomab-satetraxetan increased the ADCC induction to 30% ± 3% of that in Raji cells, representing a 50% increase (P < 0.05). The combination of rituximab with 350 MBq/kg 177Lu-lilotomab-satetraxetan synergistically suppressed Raji2R tumor growth in athymic Foxn1nu mice. Conclusion:177Lu-lilotomab-satetraxetan has the potential to reverse rituximab resistance; it can increase rituximab binding and ADCC activity in vitro and can synergistically improve antitumor efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion M Malenge
- Nordic Nanovector ASA, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sebastian Patzke
- Nordic Nanovector ASA, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne H Ree
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; and
| | - Trond Stokke
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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37
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Bar L, Dejeu J, Lartia R, Bano F, Richter RP, Coche-Guérente L, Boturyn D. Impact of Antigen Density on Recognition by Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5396-5403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Bar
- University of Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR 5250, 570 rue de la chimie, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Jérôme Dejeu
- University of Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR 5250, 570 rue de la chimie, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Rémy Lartia
- University of Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR 5250, 570 rue de la chimie, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Fouzia Bano
- University of Leeds, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Astbury Center for Structural Molecular Biology, and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf P. Richter
- University of Leeds, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Astbury Center for Structural Molecular Biology, and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Liliane Coche-Guérente
- University of Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR 5250, 570 rue de la chimie, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Didier Boturyn
- University of Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR 5250, 570 rue de la chimie, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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38
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Matucci A, Maggi E, Vultaggio A. Eosinophils, the IL-5/IL-5Rα axis, and the biologic effects of benralizumab in severe asthma. Respir Med 2019; 160:105819. [PMID: 31734469 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2019.105819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized, in a percentage of patients, as an eosinophilic inflammation of the airways. Eosinophils are recognized as a proinflammatory granulocyte playing a major role in the T2-high phenotype, which includes severe eosinophilic asthma. Eosinophilic asthma represents the majority of the phenotypic variants clinically characterized by severity and frequent exacerbations. For patients with severe uncontrolled asthma, monoclonal antibodies are used as add-on treatments. Among them, in addition to anti-immunoglobulin E therapy, biologic agents directed toward the interleukin (IL)-5/IL-5Rα axis and, thus, interfering with the pathologic functions of eosinophils, are now available. Unlike the other anti‒IL-5 monoclonal antibodies which exert an indirect effect on eosinophils, benralizumab, an afucosylated IgG1 kappa antibody directed against the α subunit of IL-5R, directly depletes eosinophils and their associated bone marrow progenitor cells through induction of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, through recruitment of natural killer cells. This article reviews the role of eosinophils in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma and discusses the potential advantageous biologic effects of benralizumab in comparison with other monoclonal antibodies targeting the IL-5 ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Matucci
- Immunoallergology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy.
| | - Enrico Maggi
- IRCCS Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vultaggio
- Immunoallergology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
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39
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Scialdone A, Khazaei S, Hasni MS, Lennartsson A, Gullberg U, Drott K. Depletion of the transcriptional coactivators CREB-binding protein or EP300 downregulates CD20 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells and impairs the cytotoxic effects of anti-CD20 antibodies. Exp Hematol 2019; 79:35-46.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bouwstra R, He Y, de Boer J, Kooistra H, Cendrowicz E, Fehrmann RSN, Ammatuna E, Zu Eulenburg C, Nijland M, Huls G, Bremer E, van Meerten T. CD47 Expression Defines Efficacy of Rituximab with CHOP in Non-Germinal Center B-cell (Non-GCB) Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Patients (DLBCL), but Not in GCB DLBCL. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1663-1671. [PMID: 31409608 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Addition of rituximab (R) to "CHOP" (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) chemotherapy improved outcome for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. Approximately 40% of patients who receive R-CHOP still succumb to disease due to intrinsic resistance or relapse. A potential negative regulator of DLBCL treatment outcome is the CD47 "don't eat me" immune checkpoint. To delineate the impact of CD47, we used a clinically and molecularly well-annotated cohort of 939 DLBCL patients, comprising both germinal center B-cell (GCB) and non-GCB DLBCL subtypes, treated with either CHOP or R-CHOP. High (above median) CD47 mRNA expression correlated with a detrimental effect on overall survival (OS) when DLBCL patients received R-CHOP therapy (P = 0.001), but not CHOP therapy (P = 0.645). Accordingly, patients with low CD47 expression benefited most from the addition of rituximab to CHOP [HR, 0.32; confidence interval (CI), 0.21-0.50; P < 0.001]. This negative impact of high CD47 expression on OS after R-CHOP treatment was only evident in cancers of non-GCB origin (HR, 2.09; CI, 1.26-3.47; P = 0.004) and not in the GCB subtype (HR, 1.16; CI, 0.68-1.99; P = 0.58). This differential impact of CD47 in non-GCB and GCB was confirmed in vitro, as macrophage-mediated phagocytosis stimulated by rituximab was augmented by CD47-blocking antibody only in non-GCB cell lines. Thus, high expression of CD47 mRNA limited the benefit of addition of rituximab to CHOP in non-GCB patients, and CD47-blockade only augmented rituximab-mediated phagocytosis in non-GCB cell lines. Patients with non-GCB DLBCL may benefit from CD47-targeted therapy in addition to rituximab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Bouwstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yuan He
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke de Boer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hilde Kooistra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ewa Cendrowicz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudolf S N Fehrmann
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Oncology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Emanuele Ammatuna
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christine Zu Eulenburg
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Nijland
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerwin Huls
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Tom van Meerten
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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41
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Houy N, Le Grand F. Optimizing treatment combination for lymphoma using an optimization heuristic. Math Biosci 2019; 315:108227. [PMID: 31302209 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2019.108227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The standard treatment for high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma involves the combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. We characterize in-silico the optimal combination protocol that maximizes the overall survival probability. We rely on a pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) model that describes the joint evolution of tumor and effector cells, as well as the effects of both chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The toxicity is taken into account through ad-hoc constraints. We develop an optimization algorithm that belongs to the class of Monte-Carlo tree search algorithms. Our simulations rely on an in-silico population of heterogeneous patients differing with respect to their PK/PD parameters. The optimization objective consists in characterizing the combination protocol that maximizes the overall survival probability of the patient population under consideration. RESULTS We compare using in-silico experiments our results to standard protocols and observe a gain in overall survival probabilities that vary from 4 to 9 percentage points. The gains increase with the complexity of the potential protocol. Gains are larger in presence of a higher number of injections or of an actual combination with immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS In in-silico experiments, optimal protocols achieve significant gains over standard protocols when considering overall survival probabilities. Our optimization algorithm enables us to efficiently tackle this numerical problem with a large dimensionality. The in-vivo implications of our in-silico results remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Houy
- University of Lyon, Lyon F-69007, France; CNRS, GATE Lyon Saint-Etienne, F-69130, France.
| | - François Le Grand
- emlyon business school, Écully F-69130, France; ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
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Seledtsov VI, Seledtsova GV. Total threshold cytotoxicity of therapeutic antibodies for selective destruction of pathogenic memory T cells: implications for immunotherapy of autoimmune and allergenic disorders. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:701-706. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1617698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor I. Seledtsov
- Center for Medical Biotechnologies, lmmanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Galina V. Seledtsova
- Laboratory for Cellular Technologies, Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Sommer C, Boldajipour B, Kuo TC, Bentley T, Sutton J, Chen A, Geng T, Dong H, Galetto R, Valton J, Pertel T, Juillerat A, Gariboldi A, Pascua E, Brown C, Chin SM, Sai T, Ni Y, Duchateau P, Smith J, Rajpal A, Van Blarcom T, Chaparro-Riggers J, Sasu BJ. Preclinical Evaluation of Allogeneic CAR T Cells Targeting BCMA for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1126-1138. [PMID: 31005597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical success of autologous CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR Ts) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma suggests that CAR Ts may be a promising therapy for hematological malignancies, including multiple myeloma. However, autologous CAR T therapies have limitations that may impact clinical use, including lengthy vein-to-vein time and manufacturing constraints. Allogeneic CAR T (AlloCAR T) therapies may overcome these innate limitations of autologous CAR T therapies. Unlike autologous cell therapies, AlloCAR T therapies employ healthy donor T cells that are isolated in a manufacturing facility, engineered to express CARs with specificity for a tumor-associated antigen, and modified using gene-editing technology to limit T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated immune responses. Here, transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) gene editing of B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) CAR Ts was used to confer lymphodepletion resistance and reduced graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) potential. The safety profile of allogeneic BCMA CAR Ts was further enhanced by incorporating a CD20 mimotope-based intra-CAR off switch enabling effective CAR T elimination in the presence of rituximab. Allogeneic BCMA CAR Ts induced sustained antitumor responses in mice supplemented with human cytokines, and, most importantly, maintained their phenotype and potency after scale-up manufacturing. This novel off-the-shelf allogeneic BCMA CAR T product is a promising candidate for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Sommer
- Allogene Therapeutics, Inc., 210 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Bijan Boldajipour
- Pfizer Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 230 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tracy C Kuo
- Pfizer Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 230 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Trevor Bentley
- Allogene Therapeutics, Inc., 210 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Janette Sutton
- Allogene Therapeutics, Inc., 210 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Amy Chen
- Pfizer Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 230 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tao Geng
- Pfizer Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 230 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Holly Dong
- Pfizer Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 230 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Roman Galetto
- Cellectis SA, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Julien Valton
- Cellectis, Inc., 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Thomas Pertel
- Allogene Therapeutics, Inc., 210 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Edward Pascua
- Pfizer Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 230 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Colleen Brown
- Pfizer Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 230 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sherman M Chin
- Pfizer Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 230 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tao Sai
- Pfizer Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 230 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yajin Ni
- Allogene Therapeutics, Inc., 210 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Julianne Smith
- Cellectis, Inc., 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Arvind Rajpal
- Pfizer Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 230 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Thomas Van Blarcom
- Allogene Therapeutics, Inc., 210 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Javier Chaparro-Riggers
- Pfizer Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 230 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Barbra J Sasu
- Allogene Therapeutics, Inc., 210 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Matucci A, Maggi E, Vultaggio A. WITHDRAWN: Eosinophils, the IL-5/IL-5Rα axis, and the biologic effects of benralizumab in severe asthma. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE: X 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrmex.2019.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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45
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Seledtsov VI, Seledtsova GV. Attaining threshold antibody cytotoxicity for selective tumor cell destruction: an opinion article. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35790-35794. [PMID: 30515270 PMCID: PMC6254663 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a novel immunotherapeutic paradigm that justifies application of several antibodies to various membrane-associated antigens to achieve a critical threshold density of immune complexes on the surface of cancer cells sufficient for triggering downstream cytolytic pathways. Indeed, some cancer-associated antigens (such as cancer/testis antigens) were found to be expressed on many cancer (but not normal) cells, with their baseline membrane expression levels being originally quite low for some of them, or even further down-regulated due to immune-driven cell selection. To achieve the mandatory threshold density of membrane-associated immune complexes on malignant cells, the concept stipulates combined application of antibodies specific for a cancer-associated antigen along with antibodies against an antigen expressed not only on tumor, but also on normal cells. In the proposed scenario it is of vital importance that the latter antibodies should be applied in suboptimal dosage to exclude the destruction of normal cells devoid of a cancer-associated antigen. Malignant cells often co-express antigens not present concurrently on normal cells at high levels. In such cases, suboptimal dosages of antibodies specific for those antigens could also be applied to achieve cumulative effect leading to selective destruction of tumour cells. Hence, the described immunotherapeutic technology could be used metaphorically speaking as a kind of ‘immunological knife’, which is capable of highly selective destruction of cancer cells without destroying normal cells.
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Li Y, Huang K, Liu L, Qu Y, Huang Y, Wu Y, Wei J. Effects of complement and serum IgG on rituximab-dependent natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity against Raji cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:339-347. [PMID: 30655772 PMCID: PMC6313095 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab significantly improves the clinical prognosis of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. However, a number of patients relapse or fail to respond to rituximab. To further understand the cause of this, polymorphisms of FcγRIIIa were initially detected in healthy volunteers. Subsequently, the rituximab-dependent natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity of different FcγRIIIa genotypes was assessed by a cytotoxicity assay in vitro. Ultimately, the effect of human serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G and complement on rituximab-dependent NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro. It was revealed that FcγRIIIa polymorphisms were associated with the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of NK cells. In addition, the ADCC of NK cells with FcγRIIIa-158 V/V was increased compared with that of FcγRIIIa-158 V/F. The serum IgG and rituximab Fc segment was able to bind competitively with NK cell FcγRIIIa. It was observed that serum IgG inhibited, whereas complement enhanced rituximab-induced NK-cell mediated ADCC. Therefore, various agents administered synchronously with rituximab may modulate the efficacy of this agent and ultimately its toxicity against tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Ke Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Pediatric, Affiliatied Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, Guang Zhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Biotherapy Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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Targeting tumor cells with antibodies enhances anti-tumor immunity. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2018; 4:243-253. [PMID: 30533489 PMCID: PMC6245233 DOI: 10.1007/s41048-018-0070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-targeting antibodies were initially defined as a group of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that recognize tumor-specific membrane proteins, block cell signaling, and induce tumor-killing through Fc-driven innate immune responses. However, in the past decade, ample evidence has shown that tumor-targeting mAb (TTmAb) eradicates tumor cells via activation of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). In this review, we specifically focus on how TTmAbs induce adaptive anti-tumor immunity and its potential in combination therapy with immune cytokines, checkpoint blockade, radiation, and enzyme-targeted small molecule drugs. Exploring the mechanisms of these preclinical studies and retrospective clinical data will significantly benefit the development of highly efficient and specific TTmAb-oriented anti-tumor remedies.
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48
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Bordron A, Bagacean C, Mohr A, Tempescul A, Bendaoud B, Deshayes S, Dalbies F, Buors C, Saad H, Berthou C, Pers JO, Renaudineau Y. Resistance to complement activation, cell membrane hypersialylation and relapses in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients treated with rituximab and chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31590-31605. [PMID: 30167081 PMCID: PMC6114972 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-CD20-specific monoclonal antibody rituximab (RTX), in combination with chemotherapy, is commonly used for primary treatment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, relapses remain important and activation of the complement pathway is one of the mechanisms by which RTX generates the destruction of B cells directly by complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), or indirectly by antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. In this study, the RTX capacity to induce CDC was established in 69 untreated CLL patients, this cohort including 34 patients tested before the initiation of RTX-chemotherapy. In vitro CDC-resistance to RTX predicts lower response rates to RTX-chemotherapy and shorter treatment free survival. Furthermore, the predictive value of CDC-resistance was independent from the clinical, cytogenetic and FcγR3A V158F polymorphism status. In contrast, CLL cell resistance to CDC predominates in IGHV unmutated patients and was related to an important α2-6 sialyl transferase activity, which in turn increases cell surface α2-6 hypersialylation. Suspected factors associated with resistance to CDC (CD20, CD55, CD59, factor H, GM1, and sphingomyelin) were not differentially expressed or recruited between the two CLL groups. Altogether, results provide evidence that testing RTX capacity to induce CDC in vitro represents an independent predictive factor of therapeutic effects of RTX, and that α2-6 hypersialylation in CLL cells controls RTX response through the control of the complement pathway. At a time when CLL therapy is moving towards chemo-free treatments, further experiments are required to determine whether performing an initial in vitro assay to appreciate CLL CDC resistance might be useful to select patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bordron
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France
| | - Cristina Bagacean
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France.,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Audrey Mohr
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France
| | - Adrian Tempescul
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France.,Department of Haematology, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Boutahar Bendaoud
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France.,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Stéphanie Deshayes
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France
| | - Florence Dalbies
- Department of Haematology, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Caroline Buors
- Laboratory of Haematology, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Hussam Saad
- Department of Haematology, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Christian Berthou
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France.,Department of Haematology, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Jacques-Olivier Pers
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, Université de Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Labex IGO, Networks IC-CGO and REpiCGO from 'Canceropole Grand Ouest, Brest, France.,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Brest, France
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Brady JV, Troyer RM, Ramsey SA, Leeper H, Yang L, Maier CS, Goodall CP, Ruby CE, Albarqi HAM, Taratula O, Bracha S. A Preliminary Proteomic Investigation of Circulating Exosomes and Discovery of Biomarkers Associated with the Progression of Osteosarcoma in a Clinical Model of Spontaneous Disease. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:1137-1146. [PMID: 30053712 PMCID: PMC6077151 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating cancer exosomes are microvesicles which originate from malignant cells and other organs influenced by the disease and can be found in blood. The exosomal proteomic cargo can often be traced to the cells from which they originated, reflecting the physiological status of these cells. The similarities between cancer exosomes and the tumor cells they originate from exhibit the potential of these vesicles as an invaluable target for liquid biopsies. Exosomes were isolated from the serum of eight osteosarcoma-bearing dogs, five healthy dogs, and five dogs with traumatic fractures. We also characterized exosomes which were collected longitudinally from patients with osteosarcoma prior and 2 weeks after amputation, and eventually upon detection of lung metastasis. Exosomal proteins fraction were analyzed by label-free mass spectrometry proteomics and were validated with immunoblots of selected proteins. Ten exosomal proteins were found that collectively discriminate serum of osteosarcoma patients from serum healthy or fractured dogs with an accuracy of 85%. Additionally, serum from different disease stages could be distinguished with an accuracy of 77% based on exosomal proteomic composition. The most discriminating protein changes for both sample group comparisons were related to complement regulation, suggesting an immune evasion mechanism in early stages of osteosarcoma as well as in advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline V Brady
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ryan M Troyer
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Stephen A Ramsey
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Haley Leeper
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Liping Yang
- College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Claudia S Maier
- College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Cheri P Goodall
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Carl E Ruby
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Oleh Taratula
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Shay Bracha
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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Rituximab primarily targets an intra-clonal BCR signaling proficient CLL subpopulation characterized by high CD20 levels. Leukemia 2018; 32:2028-2031. [DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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