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Seetharaman A, Christopher V, Dhandapani H, Jayakumar H, Dhanushkodi M, Bhaskaran N, Rajaraman S, Ranganathan R, Sunder Singh S, Vijayakumar V, Rajamanickam A, Suri A, Jagadish N, Rajkumar T, Ramanathan P. Optimization and Validation of a Harmonized Protocol for Generating Therapeutic-Grade Dendritic Cells in a Randomized Phase II Clinical Trial, Using Two Varied Antigenic Sources. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:112. [PMID: 38400096 PMCID: PMC10892253 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Autologous dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy is a cell-based advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP) that was first introduced more than three decades ago. In the current study, our objective was to establish a harmonized protocol using two varied antigenic sources and a good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant, manual method for generating clinical-grade DCs at a limited-resource academic setting. After obtaining ethical committee-approved informed consent, the recruited patients underwent leukapheresis, and single-batch DC production was carried out. Using responder-independent flow cytometric assays as quality control (QC) criteria, we propose a differentiation and maturation index (DI and MI, respectively), calculated with the QC cut-off and actual scores of each batch for comparison. Changes during cryopreservation and personnel variation were assessed periodically for up to two to three years. Using our harmonized batch production protocol, the average DI was 1.39 and MI was 1.25. Allogenic responder proliferation was observed in all patients, while IFN-gamma secretion, evaluated using flow cytometry, was detected in 10/36 patients and significantly correlated with CD8+ T cell proliferation (p value-0.0002). Tracking the viability and phenotype of cryopreserved MDCs showed a >90% viability for up to three years, while a mature DC phenotype was retained for up to one year. Our results confirm that the manual/semi-automated protocol was simple, consistent, and cost-effective, without the requirement for expensive equipment and without compromising on the quality of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Seetharaman
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar, Chennai 600036, India; (A.S.); (H.D.); (H.J.); (M.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Vasanth Christopher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar, Chennai 600036, India;
| | - Hemavathi Dhandapani
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar, Chennai 600036, India; (A.S.); (H.D.); (H.J.); (M.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Hascitha Jayakumar
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar, Chennai 600036, India; (A.S.); (H.D.); (H.J.); (M.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Manikandan Dhanushkodi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar, Chennai 600036, India; (A.S.); (H.D.); (H.J.); (M.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Narmadha Bhaskaran
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar, Chennai 600036, India;
| | - Swaminathan Rajaraman
- Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar, Chennai 600036, India; (S.R.); (R.R.)
| | - Rama Ranganathan
- Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar, Chennai 600036, India; (S.R.); (R.R.)
| | | | | | | | - Anil Suri
- National Institute of Immunology, Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology, New Delhi 110067, India; (A.S.); (N.J.)
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sri Ram Cancer & Superspeciality Centre (SRCC), Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302022, India
| | - Nirmala Jagadish
- National Institute of Immunology, Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology, New Delhi 110067, India; (A.S.); (N.J.)
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sri Ram Cancer & Superspeciality Centre (SRCC), Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302022, India
| | - Thangarajan Rajkumar
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar, Chennai 600036, India; (A.S.); (H.D.); (H.J.); (M.D.); (T.R.)
- Research Oncology, Medgenome, Bangalore 560099, India
- IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Department of Nano sciences and Molecular Medicine, AIMS, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Priya Ramanathan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar, Chennai 600036, India; (A.S.); (H.D.); (H.J.); (M.D.); (T.R.)
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Bisceglia H, Barrier J, Ruiz J, Pagnon A. A FluoroSpot B assay for the detection of IgA and IgG SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific memory B cells: Optimization and qualification for use in COVID-19 vaccine trials. J Immunol Methods 2023; 515:113457. [PMID: 36914088 PMCID: PMC10008040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The generation of antigen-specific memory B cells is crucial to the long-term effectiveness of vaccines. When the protective antibodies circulating in the blood wane, memory B cells (MBC) can be rapidly reactivated and differentiated into antibody-secreting cells during a new infection. Such MBC responses are considered to be key in providing long-term protection after infection or vaccination. Here, we describe the optimization and qualification of a FluoroSpot assay to measure MBCs directed against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the peripheral blood, for use in COVID-19 vaccine trials. METHODS We developed a FluoroSpot assay enabling simultaneous enumeration of B cells secreting IgA or IgG spike-specific antibodies after polyclonal stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with interleukin-2 and the toll-like receptor agonist R848 for 5 days. The antigen coating was optimized using a capture antibody directed against the spike subunit-2 glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 to immobilize recombinant trimeric spike protein onto the membrane. RESULTS Compared to a direct spike protein coating, the addition of a capture antibody increased the number and the quality of detected spots for both spike-specific IgA and IgG secreting cells in PBMCs from COVID-19 convalescents. The qualification showed good sensitivity of the dual-color IgA-IgG FluoroSpot assay, with lower limits of quantitation of 18 background-subtracted (BS) antibody-secreting cells (ASCs)/well for spike-specific IgA and IgG responses. Linearity was demonstrated at values ranging from 18 to 73 and from 18 to 607 BS ASCs/well for spike-specific IgA and IgG, respectively, as was precision, with intermediate precision (percentage geometric coefficients of variation) of 12% and 26% for the proportion of spike-specific IgA and IgG MBCs (ratio specific/total IgA or Ig). The assay was specific, since no spike-specific MBCs were detected in PBMCs from pre-pandemic samples; the results were below the limit of detection of 17 BS ASCs/well. CONCLUSIONS These results show that the dual-color IgA-IgG FluoroSpot provides a sensitive, specific, linear, and precise tool to detect spike-specific MBC responses. This MBC FluoroSpot assay is a method of choice for monitoring spike-specific IgA and IgG MBC responses induced by COVID-19 candidate vaccines in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Bisceglia
- Research Global Immunology Department, Sanofi, Marcy l'Étoile, France
| | - Julie Barrier
- Research Global Immunology Department, Sanofi, Marcy l'Étoile, France
| | - Joseline Ruiz
- Translational and Early Development Biostatistics, Sanofi, Marcy l'Étoile, France
| | - Anke Pagnon
- Research Global Immunology Department, Sanofi, Marcy l'Étoile, France.
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Abdel-Azim H, Dave H, Jordan K, Rawlings-Rhea S, Luong A, Wilson AL. Alignment of practices for data harmonization across multi-center cell therapy trials: a report from the Consortium for Pediatric Cellular Immunotherapy. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:193-204. [PMID: 34711500 PMCID: PMC8792313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Immune effector cell (IEC) therapies have revolutionized our approach to relapsed B-cell malignancies, and interest in the investigational use of IECs is rapidly expanding into other diseases. Current challenges in the analysis of IEC therapies include small sample sizes, limited access to clinical trials and a paucity of predictive biomarkers of efficacy and toxicity associated with IEC therapies. Retrospective and prospective multi-center cell therapy trials can assist in overcoming these barriers through harmonization of clinical endpoints and correlative assays for immune monitoring, allowing additional cross-trial analysis to identify biomarkers of failure and success. The Consortium for Pediatric Cellular Immunotherapy (CPCI) offers a unique platform to address the aforementioned challenges by delivering cutting-edge cell and gene therapies for children through multi-center clinical trials. Here the authors discuss some of the important pre-analytic variables, such as biospecimen collection and initial processing procedures, that affect biomarker assays commonly used in IEC trials across participating CPCI sites. The authors review the recent literature and provide data to support recommendations for alignment and standardization of practices that can affect flow cytometry assays measuring immune effector function as well as interpretation of cytokine/chemokine data. The authors also identify critical gaps that often make parallel comparisons between trials difficult or impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Abdel-Azim
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hema Dave
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Hospital, George Washington School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kimberly Jordan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephanie Rawlings-Rhea
- Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Annie Luong
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ashley L Wilson
- Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Patton KS, Harrison MT, Long BR, Lau K, Holcomb J, Owen R, Kasprzyk T, Janetzki S, Zoog SJ, Vettermann C. Monitoring cell-mediated immune responses in AAV gene therapy clinical trials using a validated IFN-γ ELISpot method. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 22:183-195. [PMID: 34485604 PMCID: PMC8399379 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapies have recently shown promise as a novel treatment for hereditary diseases. Due to the viral origin of the vector capsid, however, cellular immune response may be elicited that could eliminate transduced target cells. To monitor cellular immune responses in clinical trials, we optimized and bioanalytically validated a sensitive, robust, and reliable interferon-γ (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. For method performance validation, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with peptides derived from AAV5 capsid proteins and the encoded transgene product, human blood clotting factor VIII (FVIII), in addition to positive controls, such as peptides from the 65-kDa phosphoprotein of cytomegalovirus. We statistically assessed the limit of detection and confirmatory cutpoint, evaluated precision and linearity, and confirmed specificity using HIV peptides. Robustness parameter ranges and sample stability periods were established. The validated IFN-γ ELISpot assay was then implemented in an AAV5-FVIII gene therapy clinical trial. Cellular immune responses against the AAV5 capsid were observed in most participants as soon as 2 weeks following dose administration; only limited responses against the transgene product were detected. These data underscore the value of using validated methods for monitoring cellular immunity in AAV gene therapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S. Patton
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - M. Travis Harrison
- Immunology, Precision for Medicine, 2686 Middlefield Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Brian R. Long
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Kelly Lau
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Jennifer Holcomb
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Rachel Owen
- Immunology, Precision for Medicine, 2686 Middlefield Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Theresa Kasprzyk
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Sylvia Janetzki
- ZellNet Consulting, 555 North Avenue, Suite 25-S, Fort Lee, NJ 07024, USA
| | - Stephen J. Zoog
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Christian Vettermann
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
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Kawaguchi H, Sakamoto T, Koya T, Togi M, Date I, Watanabe A, Yoshida K, Kato T, Nakamura Y, Ishigaki Y, Shimodaira S. Quality Verification with a Cluster-Controlled Manufacturing System to Generate Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050533. [PMID: 34065520 PMCID: PMC8160655 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines for cancer immunotherapy have been actively developed to improve clinical efficacy. In our previous report, monocyte−derived DCs induced by interleukin (IL)−4 with a low−adherence dish (low−adherent IL-4−DCs: la−IL-4−DCs) improved the yield and viability, as well as relatively prolonged survival in vitro, compared to IL-4−DCs developed using an adherent culture protocol. However, la−IL-4−DCs exhibit remarkable cluster formation and display heterogeneous immature phenotypes. Therefore, cluster formation in la−IL-4−DCs needs to be optimized for the clinical development of DC vaccines. In this study, we examined the effects of cluster control in the generation of mature IL-4−DCs, using cell culture vessels and measuring spheroid formation, survival, cytokine secretion, and gene expression of IL-4−DCs. Mature IL-4−DCs in cell culture vessels (cluster−controlled IL-4−DCs: cc−IL-4−DCs) displayed increased levels of CD80, CD86, and CD40 compared with that of la−IL-4−DCs. cc−IL-4−DCs induced antigen−specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) with a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)−restricted melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 (MART−1) peptide. Additionally, cc−IL-4−DCs produced higher levels of IFN−γ, possessing the CTL induction. Furthermore, DNA microarrays revealed the upregulation of BCL2A1, a pro−survival gene. According to these findings, the cc−IL-4−DCs are useful for generating homogeneous and functional IL-4−DCs that would be expected to promote long−lasting effects in DC vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Kawaguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (I.D.); (A.W.)
| | - Takuya Sakamoto
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (I.D.); (A.W.)
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan;
| | - Terutsugu Koya
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (I.D.); (A.W.)
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan;
| | - Misa Togi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (I.D.); (A.W.)
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan;
| | - Ippei Date
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (I.D.); (A.W.)
| | - Asuka Watanabe
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (I.D.); (A.W.)
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan;
| | - Tomohisa Kato
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (T.K.J.); (Y.N.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yuka Nakamura
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (T.K.J.); (Y.N.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yasuhito Ishigaki
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (T.K.J.); (Y.N.); (Y.I.)
| | - Shigetaka Shimodaira
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.K.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (M.T.); (I.D.); (A.W.)
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-218-8304
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Saida Y, Brender JR, Yamamoto K, Mitchell JB, Krishna MC, Kishimoto S. Multimodal Molecular Imaging Detects Early Responses to Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3693-3705. [PMID: 33837042 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has become a standard therapy for several cancers, however, the response to ICB is inconsistent and a method for noninvasive assessment has not been established to date. To investigate the capability of multimodal imaging to evaluate treatment response to ICB therapy, hyperpolarized 13C MRI using [1-13C] pyruvate and [1,4-13C2] fumarate and dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI was evaluated to detect early changes in tumor glycolysis, necrosis, and intratumor perfusion/permeability, respectively. Mouse tumor models served as platforms for high (MC38 colon adenocarcinoma) and low (B16-F10 melanoma) sensitivity to dual ICB of PD-L1 and CTLA4. Glycolytic flux significantly decreased following treatment only in the less sensitive B16-F10 tumors. Imaging [1,4-13C2] fumarate conversion to [1,4-13C2] malate showed a significant increase in necrotic cell death following treatment in the ICB-sensitive MC38 tumors, with essentially no change in B16-F10 tumors. DCE-MRI showed significantly increased perfusion/permeability in MC38-treated tumors, whereas a similar, but statistically nonsignificant, trend was observed in B16-F10 tumors. When tumor volume was also taken into consideration, each imaging biomarker was linearly correlated with future survival in both models. These results suggest that hyperpolarized 13C MRI and DCE MRI may serve as useful noninvasive imaging markers to detect early response to ICB therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: Hyperpolarized 13C MRI and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI in murine tumor models provide useful insight into evaluating early response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy.See related commentary by Cullen and Keshari, p. 3444.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Saida
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey R Brender
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kazutoshi Yamamoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Murali C Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shun Kishimoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Abstract
Enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot (Elispot) is a quantitative method for measuring relevant parameters of T-cell activation. The sensitivity of Elispot allows the detection of low-frequency antigen-specific T-cells that secrete cytokines and effector molecules, such as granzyme B and perforin. Cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) studies have taken advantage with this high-throughput technology by providing insights of quantity and immune kinetics. Accuracy, sensitivity, reproducibility, and robustness of Elispot resulted in a wide range of applications in research as well as in diagnostic field. Actually, CTL monitoring by Elispot is a gold standard for the evaluation of antigen-specific T-cell immunity in clinical trials and vaccine candidates where the ability to detect rare antigen-specific T-cells is of relevance for immune diagnostic. The most utilized Elispot assay is the Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) test, a marker for CD8+ CTL activation, but Elispot can be also used to distinguish different subsets of activated T-cells by using other cytokines such as T-helper (Th) 1 type cells (characterized by the production of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-21 and TNF-α), Th2 (producing cytokines like IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13), and Th17 (IL-17) cells.The reliability of Elispot generated data, by the evaluation of T-cell frequency recognizing individual antigen/peptide, is the core of this method currently applied widely to investigate specific immune responses in cancer, infections, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. The Elispot Assay is competing with other methods measuring single-cell cytokine production, e.g., intracellular cytokine by FACS or Milteny cytokine secretion assay. Other types of lymphocyte frequency and function assays include limiting dilution assay (LDA), cytotoxic T-cell assay (CTL), and tetramer staining. Compared with respect to sensitivity the Elispot Assay is outranking other methods to define frequency of antigen-specific lymphocytes. The method described herein would like to offer helpful and clear protocols for researchers that apply Elispot. IFN-γ and Perforin Elispot assays will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ranieri
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Clinical Pathology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Stefano Netti
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Clinical Pathology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Margherita Gigante
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Clinical Pathology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Körber N, Behrends U, Protzer U, Bauer T. Evaluation of T-activated proteins as recall antigens to monitor Epstein-Barr virus and human cytomegalovirus-specific T cells in a clinical trial setting. J Transl Med 2020; 18:242. [PMID: 32552697 PMCID: PMC7298696 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pools of overlapping synthetic peptides are routinely used for ex vivo monitoring of antigen-specific T-cell responses. However, it is rather unlikely that these peptides match those resulting from naturally processed antigens. T-activated proteins have been described as immunogenic and more natural stimulants, since they have to pass through antigen processing and comprise activation of all clinically relevant effector cell populations. METHODS We performed comparative analysis of numbers and cytokine expression pattern of CD4 and CD8 T cells after stimulation with recombinant, urea-formulated T-activated EBV-BZLF1, -EBNA3A, and HCMV-IE1, and -pp65 proteins or corresponding overlapping peptide pools. Freshly isolated and cryopreserved PBMC of 30 EBV- and 19 HCMV-seropositive and seven EBV- and HCMV-seronegative subjects were stimulated ex vivo and analysed for IFN-γ, TNF and IL-2 production by flow cytometry-based intracellular cytokine staining. RESULTS T-activated proteins showed a high specificity of 100% (EBV-BZLF1, HCMV-IE1, and -pp65) and 86% (EBV-EBNA3A), and a high T-cell stimulatory capacity of 73-95% and 67-95% using freshly isolated and cryopreserved PBMC, respectively. The overall CD4 T-cell response rates in both cohorts were comparable after stimulation with either T-activated protein or peptide pools with the exception of lower numbers of CD8 T cells detected after stimulation with T-activated EBV-EBNA3A- (p = 0.038) and HCMV-pp65- (p = 0.0006). Overall, the number of detectable antigen-specific T cells varied strongly between individuals. Cytokine expression patterns in response to T-activated protein and peptide pool-based stimulation were similar for CD4, but significantly different for CD8 T-cell responses. CONCLUSION EBV and HCMV-derived T-activated proteins represent innovative, highly specific recall antigens suitable for use in immunological endpoint assays to evaluate success or failure in immunotherapy clinical trials (e.g. to assess the risk of EBV and/or HCMV reactivation after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation). T-activated proteins could be of particular importance, if an impaired antigen processing (e.g. in a post-transplant setting) must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Körber
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München/Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Schneckenburgerstr. 8, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Uta Behrends
- Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München/Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Schneckenburgerstr. 8, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Bauer
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München/Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Schneckenburgerstr. 8, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
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de Wolf ACMT, Herberts CA, Hoefnagel MHN. Dawn of Monitoring Regulatory T Cells in (Pre-)clinical Studies: Their Relevance Is Slowly Recognised. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:91. [PMID: 32300597 PMCID: PMC7142310 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have a prominent role in the control of immune homeostasis. Pharmacological impact on their activity or balance with effector T cells could contribute to (impaired) clinical responses or adverse events. Monitoring treatment-related effects on T cell subsets may therefore be part of (pre-)clinical studies for medicinal products. However, the extent of immune monitoring performed in studies for marketing authorisation and the degree of correspondence with data available in the public domain is not known. We evaluated the presence of T cell immunomonitoring in 46 registration dossiers of monoclonal antibodies indicated for immune-related disorders and published scientific papers. We found that the depth of Treg analysis in registration dossiers was rather small. Nevertheless, data on treatment-related Treg effects are available in public academia-driven studies (post-registration) and suggest that Tregs may act as a biomarker for clinical responses. However, public data are fragmented and obtained with heterogeneity of experimental approaches from a diversity of species and tissues. To reveal the potential added value of T cell (and particular Treg) evaluation in (pre-)clinical studies, more cell-specific data should be acquired, at least for medicinal products with an immunomodulatory mechanism. Therefore, extensive analysis of T cell subset contribution to clinical responses and the relevance of treatment-induced changes in their levels is needed. Preferably, industry and academia should work together to obtain these data in a standardised manner and to enrich our knowledge about T cell activity in disease pathogenesis and therapies. This will ultimately elucidate the necessity of T cell subset monitoring in the therapeutic benefit-risk assessment.
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Abstract
It has been known for decades that the immune system can be spontaneously activated against melanoma. The presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in tumor deposits is a positive prognostic factor. Cancer vaccination includes approaches to generate, amplify, or skew antitumor immunity. To accomplish this goal, tested approaches involve administration of tumor antigens, antigen presenting cells or other immune modulators, or direct modulation of the tumor. Because the success of checkpoint blockade can depend in part on an existing antitumor response, cancer vaccination may play an important role in future combination therapies. In this review, we discuss a variety of melanoma vaccine approaches and methods to determine the biological impact of vaccination.
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Maio M, Coukos G, Ferrone S, Fox BA, Fridman WH, Garcia PL, Lahn M, Provendier O, Russo V, Rüttinger D, Shalabi A, Trajanoski Z, Viallet J, Wolchok JD, Ibrahim R. Addressing current challenges and future directions in immuno-oncology: expert perspectives from the 2017 NIBIT Foundation Think Tank, Siena, Italy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1-9. [PMID: 30564889 PMCID: PMC11028087 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A collaborative think tank involving panellists from immuno-oncology networks, clinical/translational investigators and the pharmaceutical industry was held in Siena, Italy, in October 2017 to discuss the evolving immune-oncology landscape, identify selected key challenges, and provide a perspective on the next steps required in the translation of current research and knowledge to clinical reality. While there is a trend of combining new agents (e.g., co-stimulator agonists) with a PD-1/PD-L1 treatment backbone, use of alternative combination therapy approaches should also be considered. While the rapid evolution in systems biology provides a deeper understanding of tumor and tumor microenvironment heterogeneity, there remains the need to identify and define genuinely predictive biomarkers to guide treatment and patient selection. Cross-specialty and cross-sector collaboration, along with a broader collective data-sharing approach are key to optimizing immuno-oncology therapy in clinical practice. Continued support of younger research-clinicians is essential for future success in clinical, translational and basic science investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Maio
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Istituto Toscano Tumori, University Hospital of Siena, V.le Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy.
- Italian Network for Tumor Bio-Immunotherapy Foundation, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Istituto Toscano Tumori, University Hospital of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - George Coukos
- Lausanne Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute at the Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Wolf H Fridman
- Cancer, Immune Control and Escape Team, Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Patrick L Garcia
- Merck, ZI de l'Ouriettaz, 1170, Aubonne, Switzerland
- An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Olivier Provendier
- Laboratoires Pierre Fabre, 45 Place Abel Gance, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Vincenzo Russo
- Italian Network for Tumor Bio-Immunotherapy Foundation, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Istituto Toscano Tumori, University Hospital of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Unit of Immuno-Biotherapy of Melanoma and Solid Tumors, Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
| | - Dominik Rüttinger
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, 82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Aiman Shalabi
- Cancer Research Institute, 29 Broadway, New York, NY, 10006-3111, USA
| | - Zlatko Trajanoski
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical and Graduate Schools, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ramy Ibrahim
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, 1 Letterman Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94129, USA
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DE Wolf C, VAN DE Bovenkamp M, Hoefnagel M. Regulatory perspective on in vitro potency assays for human dendritic cells used in anti-tumor immunotherapy. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:1289-1308. [PMID: 30327247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key connectors between the innate and adaptive immune system and have an important role in modulating other immune cells. Therefore, their therapeutic application to steer immune responses is considered in various disorders, including cancer. Due to differences in the cell source and manufacturing process, each DC medicinal product is unique. Consequently, release tests to ensure consistent quality need to be product-specific. Although general guidance concerning quality control testing of cell-based therapies is available, cell type-specific regulation is still limited. Especially guidance related to potency testing is needed, because developing an in vitro assay measuring cell properties relevant for in vivo functionality is challenging. In this review, we provide DC-specific guidance for development of in vitro potency assays for characterisation and release. We present a broad overview of in vitro potency assays suggested for DC products to determine their anti-tumor functionality. Several advantages and limitations of these assays are discussed. Also, we provide some points to consider for selection and design of a potency test. The ideal functionality assay for anti-tumor products evaluates the capacity of DCs to stimulate antigen-specific T cells. Because this approach may not be feasible for release, use of surrogate potency markers could be considered, provided that these markers are sufficiently linked to the in vivo DC biological activity and clinical response. Further elucidation of the involvement of specific DC subsets in anti-tumor responses will result in improved manufacturing processes for DC-based products and should be considered during potency assay development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte DE Wolf
- Medicines Evaluation Board College ter Beoordeling van Geneesmiddelen-Medicines Evaluation Board (CBG-MEB), Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Marja VAN DE Bovenkamp
- Medicines Evaluation Board College ter Beoordeling van Geneesmiddelen-Medicines Evaluation Board (CBG-MEB), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Hoefnagel
- Medicines Evaluation Board College ter Beoordeling van Geneesmiddelen-Medicines Evaluation Board (CBG-MEB), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Obara W, Hara I, Kato Y, Kato R, Inoue K, Sato F, Mimata H, Nakamura Y, Fujioka T. Immunotherapy with cancer peptides in combination with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin for patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1371-1380. [PMID: 29971464 PMCID: PMC11028097 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A phase I study using two peptide vaccines derived from M phase phosphoprotein 1 (MPHOSPH1) and DEP domain containing 1 (DEPDC1) demonstrated promising results for the treatment of advanced bladder cancer. Therefore, we further tested the ability of these peptides to prevent recurrence after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). MATERIALS AND METHODS 127 patients were enrolled in a multicenter, non-randomized phase II clinical trial. The primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival (RFS) rate, and secondary endpoints were safety and immunological response. HLA-A24-restricted peptides were subcutaneously administered in addition to intravesical BCG therapy. The exploratory endpoint evaluated differences of RFS rate between HLA-A*2402-positive (A24(+)) and -negative (A24(-)) groups. RESULTS A 2-year RFS rate in all patients was 74.0%. The RFS rate in the A24(+) group (n = 75) and in the A24(-) group (n = 52) were 76.0 and 71.2%, respectively. This vaccine therapy was well-tolerated and feasible. MPHOSPH1 and DEPDC1 peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses were observed in 75.8 and 77.5% of the A24(+) group, respectively. Patients having both peptide-specific CTL responses showed significantly better RFS than patients without CTL response (P = 0.014). In the A24(+) group, patients who had positive reaction at the injection sites (RAI) had significantly lower rates of recurrence than RAI-negative patients (P = 0.0019). CONCLUSIONS Cancer peptide vaccines in combination with intravesical BCG therapy demonstrated good immunogenicity and safety, and may provide benefit for preventing recurrence of NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Obara
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, 020-8505, Japan.
| | - Isao Hara
- Department of Urology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kato
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, 020-8505, Japan
| | - Renpei Kato
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, 020-8505, Japan
| | - Keiji Inoue
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sato
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Mimata
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tomoaki Fujioka
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, 020-8505, Japan
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Kalli KR, Block MS, Kasi PM, Erskine CL, Hobday TJ, Dietz A, Padley D, Gustafson MP, Shreeder B, Puglisi-Knutson D, Visscher DW, Mangskau TK, Wilson G, Knutson KL. Folate Receptor Alpha Peptide Vaccine Generates Immunity in Breast and Ovarian Cancer Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2018. [PMID: 29545464 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2499] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Folate receptor alpha (FR) is overexpressed in several cancers. Endogenous immunity to the FR has been demonstrated in patients and suggests the feasibility of targeting FR with vaccine or other immune therapies. CD4 helper T cells are central to the development of coordinated immunity, and prior work shows their importance in protecting against relapse. Our previous identification of degenerate HLA-class II epitopes from human FR led to the development of a broad coverage epitope pool potentially useful in augmenting antigen-specific immune responses in most patients.Patients and Methods: We conducted a phase I clinical trial testing safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine, enrolling patients with ovarian cancer or breast cancer who completed conventional treatment and who showed no evidence of disease. Patients were initially treated with low-dose cyclophosphamide and then vaccinated 6 times, monthly. Immunity and safety were examined during the vaccine period and up to 1 year later.Results: Vaccination was well tolerated in all patients. Vaccine elicited or augmented immunity in more than 90% of patients examined. Unlike recall immunity to tetanus toxoid (TT), FR T-cell responses developed slowly over the course of vaccination with a median time to maximal immunity in 5 months. Despite slow development of immunity, responsiveness appeared to persist for at least 12 months.Conclusions: The results demonstrate that it is safe to augment immunity to the FR tumor antigen, and the developed vaccine is testable for therapeutic activity in most patients whose tumors express FR, regardless of HLA genotype. Clin Cancer Res; 24(13); 3014-25. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew S Block
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | - Allan Dietz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Douglas Padley
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael P Gustafson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Dan W Visscher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Toni K Mangskau
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Education Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Keith L Knutson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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15
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Kalli KR, Block MS, Kasi PM, Erskine CL, Hobday TJ, Dietz A, Padley D, Gustafson MP, Shreeder B, Puglisi-Knutson D, Visscher DW, Mangskau TK, Wilson G, Knutson KL. Folate Receptor Alpha Peptide Vaccine Generates Immunity in Breast and Ovarian Cancer Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3014-3025. [PMID: 29545464 PMCID: PMC6030477 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Folate receptor alpha (FR) is overexpressed in several cancers. Endogenous immunity to the FR has been demonstrated in patients and suggests the feasibility of targeting FR with vaccine or other immune therapies. CD4 helper T cells are central to the development of coordinated immunity, and prior work shows their importance in protecting against relapse. Our previous identification of degenerate HLA-class II epitopes from human FR led to the development of a broad coverage epitope pool potentially useful in augmenting antigen-specific immune responses in most patients.Patients and Methods: We conducted a phase I clinical trial testing safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine, enrolling patients with ovarian cancer or breast cancer who completed conventional treatment and who showed no evidence of disease. Patients were initially treated with low-dose cyclophosphamide and then vaccinated 6 times, monthly. Immunity and safety were examined during the vaccine period and up to 1 year later.Results: Vaccination was well tolerated in all patients. Vaccine elicited or augmented immunity in more than 90% of patients examined. Unlike recall immunity to tetanus toxoid (TT), FR T-cell responses developed slowly over the course of vaccination with a median time to maximal immunity in 5 months. Despite slow development of immunity, responsiveness appeared to persist for at least 12 months.Conclusions: The results demonstrate that it is safe to augment immunity to the FR tumor antigen, and the developed vaccine is testable for therapeutic activity in most patients whose tumors express FR, regardless of HLA genotype. Clin Cancer Res; 24(13); 3014-25. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew S Block
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | - Allan Dietz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Douglas Padley
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael P Gustafson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Dan W Visscher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Toni K Mangskau
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Education Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Keith L Knutson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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16
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de Wolf C, van de Bovenkamp M, Hoefnagel M. Regulatory perspective on in vitro potency assays for human T cells used in anti-tumor immunotherapy. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:601-622. [PMID: 29598903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system is known to play an important role in anti-neoplastic responses via induction of several effector pathways, resulting in tumor cell death. Because of their ability to specifically recognize and kill tumor cells, the potential use of autologous tumor-derived and genetically engineered T cells as adoptive immunotherapy for cancer is currently being explored. Because of the variety of potential T cell-based medicinal products at the level of starting material and manufacturing process, product-specific functionality assays are needed to ensure quality for individual products. In this review, we provide an overview of in vitro potency assays suggested for characterization and release of different T cell-based anti-tumor products. We discuss functional assays, as presented in scientific advices and literature, highlighting specific advantages and limitations of the various assays. Because the anticipated in vivo mechanism of action for anti-tumor T cells involves tumor recognition and cell death, in vitro potency assays based on the cytotoxic potential of antigen-specific T cells are most evident. However, assays based on other T cell properties may be appropriate as surrogates for cytotoxicity. For all proposed assays, biological relevance of the tests and correlation of the read-outs with in vivo functionality need to be substantiated with sufficient product-specific (non-)clinical data. Moreover, further unraveling the complex interaction of immune cells with and within the tumor environment is expected to lead to further improvement of the T cell-based products. Consequently, increased knowledge will allow further optimized guidance for potency assay development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte de Wolf
- Medicines Evaluation Board (CBG-MEB), Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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17
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Chandran PA, Laske K, Cazaly A, Rusch E, Schmid-Horch B, Rammensee HG, Ottensmeier CH, Gouttefangeas C. Validation of Immunomonitoring Methods for Application in Clinical Studies: The HLA-Peptide Multimer Staining Assay. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2018; 94:342-353. [PMID: 27363684 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Validated assays are essential to generate data with defined specificity, consistency, and reliability. Although the process of validation is required for applying immunoassays in the context of clinical studies, reports on systematic validation of in vitro T cell assays are scarce so far. We recently validated our HLA-peptide multimer staining assay in a systematic manner so as to qualify the method for monitoring antigen-specific T cell responses after immunotherapy. METHODS Parameters of the assay, specificity, precision, linearity, sensitivity, and robustness were assessed systematically. Experiments were designed to address specifically each parameter and are detailed. RESULTS Nonspecific multimer staining was below the acceptance limit of 0.02% multimer(+) CD8(+) cells. The assay showed acceptable precision in all dimensions it was repeated (CV < 10%) and also demonstrated a linear detection (R2 > 0.99) of antigen specific cells. CONCLUSIONS We succeeded in validating the HLA-multimer staining assay in a systematic manner. Additionally, we propose a technical framework and recommendations that can be applied for validating other T cell assessment methods. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Anoop Chandran
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Karoline Laske
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Angelica Cazaly
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Rusch
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian H Ottensmeier
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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18
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Grizzi F, Basso G, Borroni EM, Cavalleri T, Bianchi P, Stifter S, Chiriva-Internati M, Malesci A, Laghi L. Evolving notions on immune response in colorectal cancer and their implications for biomarker development. Inflamm Res 2018; 67:375-389. [PMID: 29322204 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) still represents the third most commonly diagnosed type of cancer in men and women worldwide. CRC is acknowledged as a heterogeneous disease that develops through a multi-step sequence of events driven by clonal selections; this observation is sustained by the fact that histologically similar tumors may have completely different outcomes, including a varied response to therapy. METHODS In "early" and "intermediate" stage of CRC (stages II and III, respectively) there is a compelling need for new biomarkers fit to assess the metastatic potential of their disease, selecting patients with aggressive disease that might benefit from adjuvant and targeted therapies. Therefore, we review the actual notions on immune response in colorectal cancer and their implications for biomarker development. RESULTS The recognition of the key role of immune cells in human cancer progression has recently drawn attention on the tumor immune microenvironment, as a source of new indicators of tumor outcome and response to therapy. Thus, beside consolidated histopathological biomarkers, immune endpoints are now emerging as potential biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of immune signatures and cellular and molecular components of the immune system as biomarkers is particularly important considering the increasing use of immune-based cancer therapies as therapeutic strategies for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Basso
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Monica Borroni
- Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cavalleri
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Bianchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sanja Stifter
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Alberto Malesci
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Laghi
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Hereditary Cancer Genetics Clinic, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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19
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Agashe C, Chiang D, Grishin A, Masilamani M, Jones SM, Wood RA, Sicherer SH, Burks AW, Leung DYM, Dawson P, Sampson HA, Berin MC. Impact of granulocyte contamination on PBMC integrity of shipped blood samples: Implications for multi-center studies monitoring regulatory T cells. J Immunol Methods 2017; 449:23-27. [PMID: 28629732 PMCID: PMC5573627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In centralized immune monitoring for a multi-center allergen immunotherapy trial, we observed frequent loss of CD4+ T cell integrity following staining of cultured PBMCs with our regulatory T cell flow cytometry panel. Samples were marked by a loss of total cellular events, altered scatter properties, and reduced CD3+CD4+ events. This occurred only in samples that were stained with Foxp3 and were therefore treated with Foxp3 fixation-permeabilization buffer. We identified granulocyte contamination in samples associated with a loss of integrity, and went on to test the impact of granulocyte depletion on day-old blood samples. Granulocyte depletion prevented loss of cell integrity and CD3+CD4+ events, and reduced variability in detection of Foxp3+ cells. Addition of purified neutrophils back to PBMCs altered scatter properties and detection of CD4+ T cells. Implementation of a granulocyte depletion step in our standard operating protocols has reduced assay failure due to loss of sample integrity from 31% to 0%. Routine incorporation of a granulocyte depletion step during PBMC isolation is recommended prior to downstream immune monitoring in blood with next-day processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charuta Agashe
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Chiang
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Grishin
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Madhan Masilamani
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stacie M Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Robert A Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Scott H Sicherer
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Wesley Burks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Donald Y M Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Hugh A Sampson
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Cecilia Berin
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Letessier W, Demaret J, Gossez M, Allam C, Venet F, Rimmelé T, Monneret G. Decreased intra-lymphocyte cytokines measurement in septic shock patients: A proof of concept study in whole blood. Cytokine 2017; 104:78-84. [PMID: 28969945 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Functional testing protocols are thought to be the gold standard for the exploration of the immune system. However, in terms of routine analysis, they present numerous drawbacks and consequently their use is mainly limited to research applications. In the clinical context of septic shock, characterized by marked lymphocyte alterations, a new approach for lymphocyte intracellular cytokine measurement in whole blood upon was evaluated in a proof-of-concept study. Following lymphocyte activation, simultaneous intracellular labeling of Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and Interleukin-2 (IL-2) was performed in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (identified by surface marking). The analysis was carried out by flow cytometry (6 colors). Results obtained in septic patients (n=22) were compared to those of healthy volunteers (n=8). Independently of lymphopenia, there were significant differences between groups. In particular there was significant decrease in the production of IL-2 and TNF-α in septic patients, while the production of IFN-γ was not significantly altered. Polyfunctional results showed that patients presented with increased percentages of triple negative lymphocytes. In contrast, volunteers had higher proportions of triple positive cells. The approach could be performed in a robust and consistent way, taking 4.5h to complete. Moreover, clear differences could be observed between clinical groups with this modified method. These characteristics illustrate the potential of this novel whole blood protocol for clinical applications. However, further research is required to determine the applicability compared to alternative test and to evaluate clinical performances in larger cohorts of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Demaret
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Lyon F-69003, France; EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon - BioMérieux), Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Morgane Gossez
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Lyon F-69003, France; EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon - BioMérieux), Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Camille Allam
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Lyon F-69003, France; EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon - BioMérieux), Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Venet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Lyon F-69003, France; EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon - BioMérieux), Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Rimmelé
- EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon - BioMérieux), Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Monneret
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Lyon F-69003, France; EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon - BioMérieux), Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.
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21
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A Clinical Study Protocol to Identify Serum Biomarkers Predictive of Response to Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia Patients. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 974:245-250. [PMID: 28353242 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52479-5_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies are now exploring the potential of using blood-based biomarkers for prediction of antipsychotic treatment response in studies of schizophrenia patients. Here we describe the detailed setup of a clinical study to identify biomarker candidates for prediction of response of patients prior to receiving antipsychotics over a 6-week treatment period. The main emphasis is on study design, patient recruitment, sampling and outcome measures.
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22
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Butterfield LH. The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer Biomarkers Task Force recommendations review. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 52:12-15. [PMID: 28943324 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The clinical successes in cancer immunotherapy have led to a critical need for biomarkers in cancer immunotherapy. It is of the utmost importance to know who is most likely to benefit from these therapies (predictive biomarkers) but also who is starting to respond (prognostic biomarkers) and how the therapy functions in order to make rational combination choices (mechanism of action biomarkers). The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) Biomarkers Task Force addressed the state of the art and made a series of recommendations for the field, which is summarized here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Butterfield
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Immunology and Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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23
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Stroncek DF, Butterfield LH, Cannarile MA, Dhodapkar MV, Greten TF, Grivel JC, Kaufman DR, Kong HH, Korangy F, Lee PP, Marincola F, Rutella S, Siebert JC, Trinchieri G, Seliger B. Systematic evaluation of immune regulation and modulation. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:21. [PMID: 28331613 PMCID: PMC5359947 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies are showing promising clinical results in a variety of malignancies. Monitoring the immune as well as the tumor response following these therapies has led to significant advancements in the field. Moreover, the identification and assessment of both predictive and prognostic biomarkers has become a key component to advancing these therapies. Thus, it is critical to develop systematic approaches to monitor the immune response and to interpret the data obtained from these assays. In order to address these issues and make recommendations to the field, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer reconvened the Immune Biomarkers Task Force. As a part of this Task Force, Working Group 3 (WG3) consisting of multidisciplinary experts from industry, academia, and government focused on the systematic assessment of immune regulation and modulation. In this review, the tumor microenvironment, microbiome, bone marrow, and adoptively transferred T cells will be used as examples to discuss the type and timing of sample collection. In addition, potential types of measurements, assays, and analyses will be discussed for each sample. Specifically, these recommendations will focus on the unique collection and assay requirements for the analysis of various samples as well as the high-throughput assays to evaluate potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Stroncek
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 3C720, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Michael A Cannarile
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Madhav V Dhodapkar
- Department of Hematology & Immunobiology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, Box 208021, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- GI-Malignancy Section, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 12 N226, 9000 Rockville, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Jean Charles Grivel
- Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, PO Box 26999, Al Luqta Street, Doha, Qatar
| | - David R Kaufman
- Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 1000, UG 3CD28, North Wales, PA 19454 USA
| | - Heidi H Kong
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, MSC 1908, Bethesda, MD 20892-1908 USA
| | - Firouzeh Korangy
- GI-Malignancy Section, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 12 N226, 9000 Rockville, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Francesco Marincola
- Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, PO Box 26999, Al Luqta Street, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sergio Rutella
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - Janet C Siebert
- CytoAnalytics, 3500 South Albion Street, Cherry Hills Village, CO 80113 USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37/Room 4146, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, Halle, Germany
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Interferon-α-inducible Dendritic Cells Matured with OK-432 Exhibit TRAIL and Fas Ligand Pathway-mediated Killer Activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42145. [PMID: 28191816 PMCID: PMC5304184 DOI: 10.1038/srep42145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Active human dendritic cells (DCs), which efficiently induce immune responses through their functions as antigen-presenting cells, exhibit direct anti-tumour killing activity in response to some pathogens and cytokines. These antigen-presenting and tumour killing abilities may provide a breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy. However, the mechanisms underlying this killer DC activity have not been fully proven, despite the establishment of interferon-α (IFN-α)-generated killer DCs (IFN-DCs). Here mature IFN-DCs (mIFN-DCs), generated from IFN-DCs primed with OK-432 (streptococcal preparation), exhibited elevated expression of CD86 and human leukocyte antigen-DR (minimum criteria for DC vaccine clinical trials) as well as antigen-presenting abilities comparable with those of mature IL-4-DCs (mIL-4-DCs). Interestingly, the killing activity of mIFN-DCs, which correlated with the expression of CD56 (natural killer cell marker) and was activated via the tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and Fas ligand pathway, was stronger than that of IFN-DCs and remarkably stronger than that of mIL-4-DCs. Therefore, mIFN-DCs exhibit great potential as an anti-cancer vaccine that would promote both acquired immunity and direct tumour killing.
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25
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Smith AJ, Oertle J, Warren D, Prato D. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy for malignant cancers: Summary and perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocit.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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26
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Körber N, Behrends U, Hapfelmeier A, Protzer U, Bauer T. Validation of an IFNγ/IL2 FluoroSpot assay for clinical trial monitoring. J Transl Med 2016; 14:175. [PMID: 27297580 PMCID: PMC4906590 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The FluoroSpot assay, an advancement of the ELISpot assay, enables simultaneous measurement of different analytes secreted at a single-cell level. This allows parallel detection of several cytokines secreted by immune cells upon antigen recognition. Easier standardization, higher sensitivity and reduced labour intensity render FluoroSpot assays an interesting alternative to flow-cytometry based assays for analysis of clinical samples. While the use of immunoassays to study immunological primary and secondary endpoints becomes increasingly attractive, assays used require pre-trial validation. Here we describe the assay validation (precision, specificity and linearity) of a FluoroSpot immunological endpoint assay detecting Interferon γ (IFNγ) and Interleukin 2 (IL2) for use in clinical trial immune monitoring. Methods We validated an IFNγ/IL2 FluoroSpot assay to determine Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific cellular immune responses (IFNγ, IL2 and double positive IFNγ + IL2 responses), using overlapping peptide pools corresponding to EBV-proteins BZLF1 and EBNA3A. Assay validation was performed using cryopreserved PBMC of 16 EBV-seropositive and 6 EBV-seronegative donors. Precision was assessed by (i) testing 16 donors using three replicates per assay (intra-assay precision/repeatability) (ii) using two plates in parallel (intermediate precision/plate-to-plate variability) and (iii) by performing the assays on three different days (inter-assay precision/reproducibility). In addition, we determined specificity, linearity and quantification limits of the assay. Further we tested precision across the two assay systems, IFNγ/IL2 FluoroSpot and the corresponding enzymatic single cytokine ELISpot. Results The validation revealed: (1) a high intra-assay precision (coefficient of variation (CV) 9.96, 8.85 and 13.05 %), intermediate precision (CV 6.48, 10.20 and 12.97 %) and reproducibility (CV 20.81 %, 12,75 % and 12.07 %) depending on the analyte and antigen used; (2) a specificity of 100 %; (3) a linearity with R2 values from 0.93 to 0.99 depending on the analyte. The testing of the precision across the two assay systems, adduced a concordance correlation coefficient pc = 0.99 for IFNγ responses and pc = 0.93 for IL2 responses, indicating a large agreement between both assay methods. Conclusions The validated primary endpoint assay, an EBV peptide pool specific IFNγ/IL2 FluoroSpot assay was found to be suitable for the detection of EBV-specific immune responses subject to the requirement of standardized assay procedure and data analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0932-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Körber
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Schneckenburgerstr. 8, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Uta Behrends
- Clinical Cooperation Group Pediatric Tumor Immunology, Children's Hospital, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Hapfelmeier
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Schneckenburgerstr. 8, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group, Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München/Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Bauer
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Schneckenburgerstr. 8, 81675, Munich, Germany. .,Clinical Cooperation Group, Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Zentrum München/Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
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27
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Zhang Y, Zhang W, Dai H, Wang Y, Shi F, Wang C, Guo Y, Liu Y, Chen M, Feng K, Zhang Y, Liu C, Yang Q, Li S, Han W. An analytical biomarker for treatment of patients with recurrent B-ALL after remission induced by infusion of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:379-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-5035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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28
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Immunomonitoring in glioma immunotherapy: current status and future perspectives. J Neurooncol 2015; 127:1-13. [PMID: 26638171 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-2018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Given the continued poor clinical outcomes and refractory nature of glioblastoma multiforme to traditional interventions, immunotherapy is gaining traction due to its potential for specific tumor-targeting and long-term antitumor protective surveillance. Currently, development of glioma immunotherapy relies on overall survival as an endpoint in clinical trials. However, the identification of surrogate immunologic biomarkers can accelerate the development of successful immunotherapeutic strategies. Immunomonitoring techniques possess the potential to elucidate immunological mechanisms of antitumor responses, monitor disease progression, evaluate therapeutic effect, identify candidates for immunotherapy, and serve as prognostic markers of clinical outcome. Current immunomonitoring assays assess delayed-type hypersensitivity, T cell proliferation, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte function, cytokine secretion profiles, antibody titers, and lymphocyte phenotypes. Yet, no single immunomonitoring technique can reliably predict outcomes, relegating immunological markers to exploratory endpoints. In response, the most recent immunomonitoring assays are incorporating emerging technologies and novel analysis techniques to approach the goal of identifying a competent immunological biomarker which predicts therapy responsiveness and clinical outcome. This review addresses the current status of immunomonitoring in glioma vaccine clinical trials with emphasis on correlations with clinical response.
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29
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Speiser DE, Flatz L. Cancer immunotherapy drives implementation science in oncology. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3107-10. [PMID: 25625923 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.983000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has come a long way. The hope that immunological approaches may help cancer patients has sparked many initiatives in research and development (R&D). For many years, progress was modest and disappointments were frequent. Today, the increasing scientific and medical knowledge has established a solid basis for improvements. Considerable clinical success was first achieved for patients with hematological cancers. More recently, immunotherapy has entered center stage in the development of novel therapies against solid cancers. Together with R&D in angiogenesis, the field of immunology has fundamentally extended the scientific scope, which has evolved from a cancer-cell-centered view to a comprehensive and integrated vision of tumor biology. Current R&D is focused on a large array of possible disease mechanisms, driven by cancer cells, and amplified by tumor stroma, inflammatory and immunological actors, blood and lymph vessels, and the “macroenvironment," i.e. systemic mechanisms of the host, particularly of the haematopoietic system. Contrasting to this large spectrum of pathophysiological events promoting tumor growth, only a small number of biological mechanisms, namely of the immune system, have the potential to counteract tumor growth. They are of prime interest because therapeutic enhancement may result in clinical benefit for patients. This special issue is dedicated to immunotherapeutics against cancer, with particular emphasis on vaccination and combination therapies, providing updates and extended insight in this booming field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Speiser
- a Ludwig Cancer Research Center; Department of Oncology; Faculty of Biology and Medicine ; University of Lausanne ; Lausanne , Switzerland
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30
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Finn OJ, Khleif SN, Herberman RB. The FDA guidance on therapeutic cancer vaccines: the need for revision to include preventive cancer vaccines or for a new guidance dedicated to them. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:1011-6. [PMID: 26353948 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines based on antigens derived from self molecules rather than pathogens have been under basic and clinical investigations for many years. Up until very recently, they had been tested primarily in the setting of metastatic disease with the goal to engage the immune system in slowing down disease progression. Many therapeutic vaccine trials, either investigator initiated or led by pharmaceutical companies, have been completed and many are currently ongoing, following the FDA Guidance on therapeutic cancer vaccines published in 2011. In recent years, the target of cancer vaccines is being shifted to early cancer and even premalignant disease with the goal of preventing cancer. Although some issues addressed in the FDA Guidance on therapeutic vaccines apply to preventive vaccines, many do not. Here, we discuss a set of recommendations for revising the current Guidance to also cover preventive vaccines, or to include in a new Guidance dedicated specifically to vaccines for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Samir N Khleif
- GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regent University, Augusta, Georgia
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31
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Klaver Y, Kunert A, Sleijfer S, Debets R, Lamers CHJ. Adoptive T-cell therapy: a need for standard immune monitoring. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:513-33. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immune therapy, in particular the use of checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive transfer of T cells has recently demonstrated significant clinical responses against several tumor types. Unfortunately, these therapies are frequently accompanied by severe toxicities, underscoring the need for markers that provide information on therapy response. Monitoring immune responses in the tumor microenvironment and peripheral blood prior to and during these therapies will provide better insight into the mechanisms underlying clinical activities, and will potentially enable the identification of such markers. In this review, we present an overview of adoptive T-cell trials conducted with a special focus on immune monitoring, and argue that accurate monitoring of T cells is pivotal to further development of immune therapies to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarne Klaver
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Kunert
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Sleijfer
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reno Debets
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cor HJ Lamers
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Mac Keon S, Ruiz MS, Gazzaniga S, Wainstok R. Dendritic cell-based vaccination in cancer: therapeutic implications emerging from murine models. Front Immunol 2015; 6:243. [PMID: 26042126 PMCID: PMC4438595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the orchestration of immune responses, and are thus key targets in cancer vaccine design. Since the 2010 FDA approval of the first cancer DC-based vaccine (Sipuleucel-T), there has been a surge of interest in exploiting these cells as a therapeutic option for the treatment of tumors of diverse origin. In spite of the encouraging results obtained in the clinic, many elements of DC-based vaccination strategies need to be optimized. In this context, the use of experimental cancer models can help direct efforts toward an effective vaccine design. This paper reviews recent findings in murine models regarding the antitumoral mechanisms of DC-based vaccination, covering issues related to antigen sources, the use of adjuvants and maturing agents, and the role of DC subsets and their interaction in the initiation of antitumoral immune responses. The summary of such diverse aspects will highlight advantages and drawbacks in the use of murine models, and contribute to the design of successful DC-based translational approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Mac Keon
- Laboratorio de Cancerología, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires IIBBA-CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - María Sol Ruiz
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Fundación para la Investigación, Docencia y Prevención del Cáncer (FUCA) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Silvina Gazzaniga
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Departamento de Química Biológica IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Rosa Wainstok
- Laboratorio de Cancerología, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires IIBBA-CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina ; Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Departamento de Química Biológica IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Abstract
Cancer vaccines are designed to promote tumor specific immune responses, particularly cytotoxic CD8 positive T cells that are specific to tumor antigens. The earliest vaccines, which were developed in 1994-95, tested non-mutated, shared tumor associated antigens that had been shown to be immunogenic and capable of inducing clinical responses in a minority of people with late stage cancer. Technological developments in the past few years have enabled the investigation of vaccines that target mutated antigens that are patient specific. Several platforms for cancer vaccination are being tested, including peptides, proteins, antigen presenting cells, tumor cells, and viral vectors. Standard of care treatments, such as surgery and ablation, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, can also induce antitumor immunity, thereby having cancer vaccine effects. The monitoring of patients' immune responses at baseline and after standard of care treatment is shedding light on immune biomarkers. Combination therapies are being tested in clinical trials and are likely to be the best approach to improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Butterfield
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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34
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Butterfield LH, Disis ML, Fox BA, Khleif SN, Marincola FM. Preamble to the 2015 SITC immunotherapy biomarkers taskforce. J Immunother Cancer 2015; 3:8. [PMID: 25806107 PMCID: PMC4371796 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-015-0052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) has regularly hosted workshops and working groups focused on immunologic monitoring and immune biomarkers. Due to advances in cancer immunotherapy, including positive results from clinical trials testing new agents and combinations, emerging new technologies for measuring aspects of immunity, and novel candidate biomarkers from early phase trials, the SITC Immune Biomarkers Taskforce has reconvened to review the state of the art, identify current hurdles to further success and to make recommendations to the field. Topics being addressed by individual working groups include: (1) validation of candidate biomarkers, (2) identification of the most promising technologies, (3) testing of high throughput immune signatures and (4) investigation of the pre-treatment tumor microenvironment. Resultant recommendations will be published in JITC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Butterfield
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA ; University of Pittsburgh, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | | | - Bernard A Fox
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Samir N Khleif
- GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA USA
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35
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GuhaThakurta D, Sheikh NA, Fan LQ, Kandadi H, Meagher TC, Hall SJ, Kantoff PW, Higano CS, Small EJ, Gardner TA, Bailey K, Vu T, DeVries T, Whitmore JB, Frohlich MW, Trager JB, Drake CG. Humoral Immune Response against Nontargeted Tumor Antigens after Treatment with Sipuleucel-T and Its Association with Improved Clinical Outcome. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3619-30. [PMID: 25649018 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antitumor activity of cancer immunotherapies may elicit immune responses to nontargeted (secondary) tumor antigens, or antigen spread. We evaluated humoral antigen spread after treatment with sipuleucel-T, an immunotherapy for asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), designed to target prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP; primary antigen). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Serum samples from patients with mCRPC enrolled in the placebo-controlled phase III IMPACT study (evaluable n = 142) were used to assess humoral antigen spread after treatment with sipuleucel-T. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to self-antigens (including tumor antigens) were surveyed using protein microarrays and confirmed using Luminex xMAP. IgG responses were subsequently validated in ProACT (n = 33), an independent phase II study of sipuleucel-T. Association of IgG responses with overall survival (OS) was assessed using multivariate Cox models adjusted for baseline prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and lactate dehydrogenase levels. RESULTS In patients from IMPACT and ProACT, levels of IgG against multiple secondary antigens, including PSA, KLK2/hK2, K-Ras, E-Ras, LGALS8/PCTA-1/galectin-8, and LGALS3/galectin-3, were elevated after treatment with sipuleucel-T (P < 0.01), but not control. IgG responses (≥ 2-fold elevation posttreatment) occurred in ≥ 25% of patients, appeared by 2 weeks after sipuleucel-T treatment, and persisted for up to 6 months. IgG responses to PSA and LGALS3 were associated with improved OS in sipuleucel-T-treated patients from IMPACT (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Sipuleucel-T induced humoral antigen spread in patients with mCRPC. IgG responses were associated with improved OS in IMPACT. The methods and results reported may identify pharmacodynamic biomarkers of clinical outcome after sipuleucel-T treatment, and help in clinical assessments of other cancer immunotherapies. See related commentary by Hellstrom and Hellstrom, p. 3581.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li-Qun Fan
- Dendreon Corporation, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Simon J Hall
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Philip W Kantoff
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Celestia S Higano
- University of Washington School of Medicine and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eric J Small
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Tuyen Vu
- Dendreon Corporation, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | | | | - Charles G Drake
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, the Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Shaib W, Goldstein D, El-Rayes BF. Peptide Vaccines for Treatment of Colon Cancer: Have We Made Progress? CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-014-0250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Yoshitake Y, Fukuma D, Yuno A, Hirayama M, Nakayama H, Tanaka T, Nagata M, Takamune Y, Kawahara K, Nakagawa Y, Yoshida R, Hirosue A, Ogi H, Hiraki A, Jono H, Hamada A, Yoshida K, Nishimura Y, Nakamura Y, Shinohara M. Phase II clinical trial of multiple peptide vaccination for advanced head and neck cancer patients revealed induction of immune responses and improved OS. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:312-21. [PMID: 25391695 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The peptides derived from ideal cancer-testis antigens, including LY6K, CDCA1, and IMP3 (identified using genome-wide cDNA microarray analyses), were used in immunotherapy for head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). In this trial, we analyzed the immune response to and safety and efficacy of vaccine therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A total of 37 patients with advanced HNSCC were enrolled in this trial of peptide vaccine therapy, and the OS, PFS, and immunologic response were evaluated using enzyme-linked ImmunoSpot (ELISPOT) and pentamer assays. The peptides were subcutaneously administered weekly with IFA. The primary endpoints were evaluated on the basis of differences between HLA-A*2402-positive [A24(+)] patients treated with peptide vaccine therapy and -negative [A24(-)] patients treated without peptide vaccine therapy among those with advanced HNSCC. RESULTS Our cancer vaccine therapy was well tolerated. The OS of the A24(+) vaccinated group (n = 37) was statistically significantly longer than that of the A24(-) group (n = 18) and median survival time (MST) was 4.9 versus 3.5 months, respectively; P < 0.05. One of the patients exhibited a complete response. In the A24(+) vaccinated group, the ELISPOT assay identified LY6K-, CDCA1-, and IMP3-specific CTL responses in 85.7%, 64.3%, and 42.9% of the patients, respectively. The patients showing LY6K- and CDCA1-specific CTL responses demonstrated a longer OS than those without CTL induction. Moreover, the patients exhibiting CTL induction for multiple peptides demonstrated better clinical responses. CONCLUSIONS The immune response induced by this vaccine may improve the prognosis of patients with advanced HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Yoshitake
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan. Itoh Dento-Maxillofacial Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Daiki Fukuma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akira Yuno
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan. Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hirayama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan. Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakayama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Tanaka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Nagata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan. Minamata City General Hospital and Medical Center, Minamata, Japan
| | - Yasuo Takamune
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kenta Kawahara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakagawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yoshida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akiyuki Hirosue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hidenao Ogi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Hiraki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Jono
- Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital and Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akinobu Hamada
- Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital and Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan. Department of Clinical Pharmacology Group for Translational Research Support Core National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Yoshida
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. OncoTherapy Science Incorporation, Research and Development Division, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nishimura
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Masanori Shinohara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Di Caro G, Castino GF, Bergomas F, Cortese N, Chiriva-Internati M, Grizzi F, Marchesi F. Immune-based therapies in pancreatic and colorectal cancers and biomarkers of responsiveness. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:1219-28. [PMID: 25222571 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.947277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune-based strategies are the most promising treatments to improve cancer disease control. Early clinical trials are ongoing to test the safety and feasibility of immune-based therapies for gastrointestinal cancers. However, to date, immunotherapy has been only an experimental option for these diseases and a better understanding of their molecular, cellular, structural and clinical dissimilarities is crucial in the generation of tailored immunotherapeutic treatments. In this review, we will summarize the key mechanisms that regulate the action of immune system in cancer and the different immune-based approaches aimed at improving disease control in patients with advanced disease. We will then move on to discussing the current immunotherapeutic approaches in two types of gastrointestinal (colo-rectal and pancreatic) cancers, whose immune microenvironment has been lately object of intense analyses and has emerged as an important determinant of clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Caro
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano 20089, Italy
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Baxevanis CN, Papamichail M, Perez SA. Therapeutic cancer vaccines: a long and winding road to success. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:131-44. [PMID: 24224539 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.852961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing the immune system to achieve therapeutic efficacy in cancer has been a milestone in immuno-oncology. Tumor-induced suppression works as an obstacle for the effectiveness of immunotherapies. Advances in our understanding of the interrelationship between cancer immunoediting and immunotherapy led to successful manipulation of anticancer immunity; this provided the platform for combining cancer vaccines with chemotherapies counteracting, to some extent, tumor-induced suppressive entities and demonstrating clinical efficacy. Targeting co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory receptors with immunostimulatory antibodies has also shown clinical promise and its combined use with vaccines is a promising new approach of immunotherapy for cancer. Recent evidence supporting vaccine administration in patients with early and less aggressive disease should be additionally placed to select the appropriate patient population and to identify earlier markers of clinical benefit and immunological parameters that correlate with survival. This review focuses on promising vaccination platforms and essential perspectives in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin N Baxevanis
- St. Savas Cancer Hospital, Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center , 171 Alexandras Avenue, 11522 Athens , Greece
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Abstract
The implementation of a robust technology adapted to clinical practice for the evaluation of the tumor-immune infiltrate is required to exploit its prognostic and theranostic value (Robins et al., this issue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Pagès
- Laboratory of Immunology, Immunomonitoring Platform, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Descartes University, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, INSERM U872, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
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Ascierto PA, Marincola FM. What have we learned from cancer immunotherapy in the last 3 years? J Transl Med 2014; 12:141. [PMID: 24886164 PMCID: PMC4038596 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently, most immunotherapeutic approaches used to fight cancer were ineffective, counteracted by the tumour's ability to evade immune attack. However, extensive research has improved our understanding of tumour immunology and enabled the development of novel treatments that can harness the patient's immune system and prevent immune escape. Over the last few years, through numerous clinical trials and real-world experience, we have accumulated a large amount of evidence regarding the potential for long-term survival with immunotherapy agents in various types of malignancy. The results of these studies have also highlighted a number of recurring observations with immuno-oncology agents, including their potential for clinical application across a broad patient population and for both conventional and unconventional response patterns. Furthermore, given the numerous immune checkpoints that exist and the multiple mechanisms used by tumours to escape the immune system, targeting distinct checkpoint pathways using combination approaches is an attractive therapeutic strategy with the potential to further enhance the antitumour immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo A Ascierto
- Unit of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Heiss MM, Ströhlein MA, Bokemeyer C, Arnold D, Parsons SL, Seimetz D, Lindhofer H, Schulze E, Hennig M. The role of relative lymphocyte count as a biomarker for the effect of catumaxomab on survival in malignant ascites patients: results from a phase II/III study. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3348-57. [PMID: 24714773 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We report the role of relative lymphocyte count (RLC) as a potential biomarker with prognostic impact for catumaxomab efficacy and overall survival (OS) based on a post hoc analysis of the pivotal phase II/III study of intraperitoneal catumaxomab treatment of malignant ascites. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The impact of treatment and RLC on OS was evaluated using multivariate Cox models. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests were used for group comparisons. Survival analyses were performed on the safety population [patients with paracentesis plus ≥ 1 dose of catumaxomab (n = 157) and paracentesis alone (n = 88)]. Determination of the optimal cutoff value for RLC was based on five optimality criteria. RESULTS OS was significantly longer with catumaxomab versus paracentesis alone (P = 0.0219). The 6-month OS rate with catumaxomab was 28.9% versus 6.7% with paracentesis alone. RLC had a positive impact on OS and was an independent prognostic factor (P < 0.0001). In patients with RLC > 13% (n = 159: catumaxomab, 100 and control, 59), catumaxomab was associated with a favorable effect on OS versus paracentesis alone (P = 0.0072), with a median/mean OS benefit of 41/131 days and an increased 6-month survival rate of 37.0% versus 5.2%, respectively. In patients with RLC ≤ 13% at screening (n = 74: catumaxomab, 50 and control, 24), the median (mean) OS difference between the catumaxomab and the control group was 3 (16) days, respectively (P = 0.2561). CONCLUSIONS OS was significantly improved after catumaxomab treatment in patients with malignant ascites. An RLC > 13% at baseline was a significant prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Heiss
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Abdominal, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center, Witten-Herdecke University, Cologne; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neovii (formerly Fresenius) Biotech GmbH; TRION Pharma GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Ströhlein
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Abdominal, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center, Witten-Herdecke University, Cologne; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neovii (formerly Fresenius) Biotech GmbH; TRION Pharma GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Abdominal, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center, Witten-Herdecke University, Cologne; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neovii (formerly Fresenius) Biotech GmbH; TRION Pharma GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Arnold
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Abdominal, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center, Witten-Herdecke University, Cologne; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neovii (formerly Fresenius) Biotech GmbH; TRION Pharma GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon L Parsons
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Abdominal, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center, Witten-Herdecke University, Cologne; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neovii (formerly Fresenius) Biotech GmbH; TRION Pharma GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Seimetz
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Abdominal, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center, Witten-Herdecke University, Cologne; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neovii (formerly Fresenius) Biotech GmbH; TRION Pharma GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Horst Lindhofer
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Abdominal, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center, Witten-Herdecke University, Cologne; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neovii (formerly Fresenius) Biotech GmbH; TRION Pharma GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Schulze
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Abdominal, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center, Witten-Herdecke University, Cologne; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neovii (formerly Fresenius) Biotech GmbH; TRION Pharma GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hennig
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Abdominal, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center, Witten-Herdecke University, Cologne; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neovii (formerly Fresenius) Biotech GmbH; TRION Pharma GmbH, Munich, Germany; and Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Witek M, Blomain ES, Magee MS, Xiang B, Waldman SA, Snook AE. Tumor radiation therapy creates therapeutic vaccine responses to the colorectal cancer antigen GUCY2C. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014; 88:1188-95. [PMID: 24661671 PMCID: PMC3967134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation therapy (RT) is thought to produce clinical responses in cancer patients, not only through direct toxicity to cancer cells and supporting tumor stroma cells, but also through activation of immunologic effectors. More recently, RT has potentiated the local and systemic effects of cancer immunotherapy (IT). However, combination regimens that maximize immunologic and clinical efficacy remain undefined. METHODS AND MATERIALS We evaluated the impact of local RT on adenoviral-mediated vaccination against the colorectal cancer antigen GUCY2C (Ad5-GUCY2C) in a murine subcutaneous tumor model using mouse CT26 colon cancer cells (CT26-GUCY2C). Immune responses were assessed by ELISpot, and clinical responses were assessed by tumor size and incidence. RESULTS The specific sequence of tumor-directed RT preceding Ad5-GUCY2C IT transformed inactive therapeutic Ad5-GUCY2C vaccination into a curative vaccine. GUCY2C-specific T cell responses were amplified (P<.05), tumor eradication was maximized (P<.01), and tumor volumes were minimized (P<.001) in mice whose tumors were irradiated before, compared with after, Ad5-GUCY2C vaccination. The immunologic and antitumor efficacy of Ad5-GUCY2C was amplified comparably by unfractionated (8 Gy × 1), or biologically equivalent doses of fractionated (3.5 Gy × 3), RT. The antitumor effects of sequential RT and IT (RT-IT) depended on expression of GUCY2C by tumor cells and the adenoviral vaccine vector, and tumor volumes were inversely related to the magnitude of GUCY2C-specific T cell responses. Moreover, mice cured of CT26-GUCY2C tumors by RT-IT showed long-lasting antigen-dependent protection, resisting tumors formed by GUCY2C-expressing 4T1 breast cancer cells inoculated 50 days after CT26 cells. CONCLUSIONS Optimal sequencing of RT and IT amplifies antigen-specific local and systemic immune responses, revealing novel acute and long-term therapeutic antitumor protection. These observations underscore the importance of modality sequence optimization before the initiation of clinical trials of RT and IT to maximize immune and antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Witek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center; Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Erik S Blomain
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael S Magee
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bo Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam E Snook
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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GuhaThakurta D, Sheikh NA, Meagher TC, Letarte S, Trager JB. Applications of systems biology in cancer immunotherapy: from target discovery to biomarkers of clinical outcome. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 6:387-401. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2013.811814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Arlen PM, Wood LV. Prostate cancer vaccines: moving therapeutic vaccination forward in the post-Provenge™ era. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 11:287-302. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schlom J, Hodge JW, Palena C, Tsang KY, Jochems C, Greiner JW, Farsaci B, Madan RA, Heery CR, Gulley JL. Therapeutic cancer vaccines. Adv Cancer Res 2014; 121:67-124. [PMID: 24889529 PMCID: PMC6324585 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines have the potential of being integrated in the therapy of numerous cancer types and stages. The wide spectrum of vaccine platforms and vaccine targets is reviewed along with the potential for development of vaccines to target cancer cell "stemness," the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype, and drug-resistant populations. Preclinical and recent clinical studies are now revealing how vaccines can optimally be used with other immune-based therapies such as checkpoint inhibitors, and so-called nonimmune-based therapeutics, radiation, hormonal therapy, and certain small molecule targeted therapies; it is now being revealed that many of these traditional therapies can lyse tumor cells in a manner as to further potentiate the host immune response, alter the phenotype of nonlysed tumor cells to render them more susceptible to T-cell lysis, and/or shift the balance of effector:regulatory cells in a manner to enhance vaccine efficacy. The importance of the tumor microenvironment, the appropriate patient population, and clinical trial endpoints is also discussed in the context of optimizing patient benefit from vaccine-mediated therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudia Palena
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kwong-Yok Tsang
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline Jochems
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John W Greiner
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Benedetto Farsaci
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ravi A Madan
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher R Heery
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot (Elispot) is a quantitative method for measuring relevant parameters of T cell activation. The sensitivity of Elispot allows the detection of low-frequency antigen-specific T cells that secrete cytokines and effector molecules, such as granzyme B and perforin. Cytotoxic T cell (CTL) studies have taken advantage with this high-throughput technology by providing insights into quantity and immune kinetics. Accuracy, sensitivity, reproducibility, and robustness of Elispot resulted in a wide range of applications in research as well as in diagnostic field. Actually, CTL monitoring by Elispot is a gold standard for the evaluation of antigen-specific T cell immunity in clinical trials and vaccine candidates where the ability to detect rare antigen-specific T cells is of relevance for immune diagnostic. The most utilized Elispot assay is the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) test, a marker for CD8(+) CTL activation, but Elispot can also be used to distinguish different subsets of activated T cells by using other cytokines such as T-helper (Th) 1-type cells (characterized by the production of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-21, and TNF-α), Th2 (producing cytokines like IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13), and Th17 (IL-17) cells. The reliability of Elispot-generated data, by the evaluation of T cell frequency recognizing individual antigen/peptide, is the core of this method currently applied widely to investigate specific immune responses in cancer, infections, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. The Elispot assay is competing with other methods measuring single-cell cytokine production, e.g., intracellular cytokine by FACS or Miltenyi cytokine secretion assay. Other types of lymphocyte frequency and function assays include limiting dilution assay (LDA), cytotoxic T cell assay (CTL), and tetramer staining. Compared with respect to sensitivity the Elispot assay is outranking other methods to define frequency of antigen-specific lymphocytes. The method described herein would like to offer helpful and clear protocols for researchers that apply Elispot. IFN-γ and perforin Elispot assays are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ranieri
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Foggia, Ospedali Riuniti, Viale Luigi Pinto, 1, Foggia, 71122, Italy,
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Butterfield LH, Buffo MJ. Immunologic monitoring of cancer vaccine trials using the ELISPOT assay. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1102:71-82. [PMID: 24258974 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-727-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines are designed to activate an immune response to tumor-specific or tumor-associated antigens expressed by the tumor. Cancer vaccines take many forms, including synthetic peptides, tumor cells and lysates, cell lines, and autologous antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells. The target antigens may be known, or "defined" in the vaccine, or unknown. In melanoma, more so than in other cancers, a large number of immunogenic "shared" antigens (tumor-specific or tumor-associated) have been identified. This allows for vaccination of groups of patients with the same vaccine, and also allows for testing for melanoma tumor immunity even when the vaccine does not include defined antigens. For the cancer vaccine field, the goal of a prognostic or predictive biomarker has yet to be achieved. However, the primary immunologic goal of any cancer vaccine is the induction (or amplification) of an immune response against the tumor, therefore the primary goal of immunologic monitoring in this setting, is testing for that response. In this chapter, we present standardized methodology from a central immunologic monitoring laboratory for melanoma cancer vaccine immune response assessment by the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Spot (ELISPOT) assay. This assay allows for enumeration of antigen-specific cells in a plate format. We present the Interferon (IFN)-γ-producing lymphocyte assay, but the platform is easily adjusted to several cell types and several secreted molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Butterfield
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Abstract
Extensive research in the area of active-specific immunotherapy has led to the approval of the first therapeutic cancer vaccine sipuleucel-T (Provenge™) in 2010. Even though a major milestone for the field of cancer immunotherapy, many obstacles towards successful integration of vaccination strategies into the oncologists' armamentarium remain. This chapter discusses possible future perspectives for cancer vaccines as a treatment modality in oncology with special focus on biomarkers (response prediction and patient selection), requirements for clinical trial design, and combination therapies (standard of care and new molecular entities).Extensive research in the area of active-specific immunotherapy has led to the approval of the first therapeutic cancer vaccine sipuleucel-T (Provenge™) in 2010. Even though a major milestone for the field of cancer immunotherapy, many obstacles towards successful integration of vaccination strategies into the oncologists' armamentarium remain. This chapter discusses possible future perspectives for cancer vaccines as a treatment modality in oncology with special focus on biomarkers (response prediction and patient selection), requirements for clinical trial design, and combination therapies (standard of care and new molecular entities).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Winter
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Tumor Immunology, Department of Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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50
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Butterfield LH. Dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy clinical trials: are we making progress? Front Immunol 2013; 4:454. [PMID: 24379816 PMCID: PMC3861778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) have been tested in cancer immunotherapy clinical trials for two decades. Over this time, the methods of DC culture (or manufacture) have evolved, the approaches for antigen loading have broadened, the maturation signals have varied and different sites of administration have been tested. The post-vaccination immunologic questions asked have also varied between trials and over time. In this review, I will consider multiple aspects of DC-based vaccines tested in cancer patients, including the cell culture, antigen loading, maturation, and delivery, as well as what we have learned from testing immune responses in vaccinated patients who have benefited clinically, and those who have not measurably benefited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Butterfield
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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