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Andress Huacachino A, Joo J, Narayanan N, Tehim A, Himes BE, Penning TM. Aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily website and database: An update. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 398:111111. [PMID: 38878851 PMCID: PMC11232437 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily is a large family of proteins found across the kingdoms of life. Shared features of the family include 1) structural similarities such as an (α/β)8-barrel structure, disordered loop structure, cofactor binding site, and a catalytic tetrad, and 2) the ability to catalyze the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) reduced (NAD(P)H)-dependent reduction of a carbonyl group. A criteria of family membership is that the protein must have a measured function, and thus, genomic sequences suggesting the transcription of potential AKR proteins are considered pseudo-members until evidence of a functionally expressed protein is available. Currently, over 200 confirmed AKR superfamily members are reported to exist. A systematic nomenclature for the AKR superfamily exists to facilitate family and subfamily designations of the member to be communicated easily. Specifically, protein names include the root "AKR", followed by the family represented by an Arabic number, the subfamily-if one exists-represented by a letter, and finally, the individual member represented by an Arabic number. The AKR superfamily database has been dedicated to tracking and reporting the current knowledge of the AKRs since 1997, and the website was last updated in 2003. Here, we present an updated version of the website and database that were released in 2023. The database contains genetic, functional, and structural data drawn from various sources, while the website provides alignment information and family tree structure derived from bioinformatics analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Andress Huacachino
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6061, USA; Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6061, USA
| | - Jaehyun Joo
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6061, USA
| | - Nisha Narayanan
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6061, USA
| | - Anisha Tehim
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6061, USA
| | - Blanca E Himes
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6061, USA; Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6061, USA
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6061, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6061, USA.
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Liao C, Huang Z, Liu J, Deng M, Wang L, Chen Y, Li J, Zhao J, Luo X, Zhu J, Wu Q, Fu W, Sun B, Zheng J. Role of extracellular vesicles in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 197:104348. [PMID: 38588967 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common health threat to men worldwide, and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) is the leading cause of PCa-related deaths. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer compartments secreted by living cells that are important mediators of intercellular communication. EVs regulate the biological processes of recipient cells by transmitting heterogeneous cargoes, contributing to CRPC occurrence, progression, and drug resistance. These EVs originate not only from malignant cells, but also from various cell types within the tumor microenvironment. EVs are widely dispersed throughout diverse biological fluids and are attractive biomarkers derived from noninvasive liquid biopsy techniques. EV quantities and cargoes have been tested as potential biomarkers for CRPC diagnosis, progression, drug resistance, and prognosis; however, technical barriers to their clinical application continue to exist. Furthermore, exogenous EVs may provide tools for new therapies for CRPC. This review summarizes the current evidence on the role of EVs in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyu Liao
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zeyu Huang
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jingui Liu
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Min Deng
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yutong Chen
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xing Luo
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jingzhen Zhu
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Qingjian Wu
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Weihua Fu
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Bishao Sun
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Ji Zheng
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China.
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Zahr T, Boda VK, Ge J, Yu L, Wu Z, Que J, Li W, Qiang L. Small molecule conjugates with selective estrogen receptor β agonism promote anti-aging benefits in metabolism and skin recovery. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2137-2152. [PMID: 38799642 PMCID: PMC11119546 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is imperative to mammalian reproductivity, metabolism, and aging. However, the hormone activating estrogen receptor (ERs) α can cause major safety concerns due to the enrichment of ERα in female tissues and certain malignancies. In contrast, ERβ is more broadly expressed in metabolic tissues and the skin. Thus, it is desirable to generate selective ERβ agonist conjugates for maximizing the therapeutic effects of ERs while minimizing the risks of ERα activation. Here, we report the design and production of small molecule conjugates containing selective non-steroid ERβ agonists Gtx878 or genistein. Treatment of aged mice with our synthesized conjugates improved aging-associated declines in insulin sensitivity, visceral adipose integrity, skeletal muscle function, and skin health, with validation in vitro. We further uncovered the benefits of ERβ conjugates in the skin using two inducible skin injury mouse models, showing increased skin basal cell proliferation, epidermal thickness, and wound healing. Therefore, our ERβ-selective agonist conjugates offer novel therapeutic potential to improve aging-associated conditions and aid in rejuvenating skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Zahr
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vijay K. Boda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jian Ge
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Human Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lexiang Yu
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zhongzhi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Human Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Li Qiang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Li M, Zhang L, Yu J, Wang X, Cheng L, Ma Z, Chen X, Wang L, Goh BC. AKR1C3 in carcinomas: from multifaceted roles to therapeutic strategies. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1378292. [PMID: 38523637 PMCID: PMC10957692 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1378292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C3 (AKR1C3), also known as type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD5) or prostaglandin F (PGF) synthase, functions as a pivotal enzyme in androgen biosynthesis. It catalyzes the conversion of weak androgens, estrone (a weak estrogen), and PGD2 into potent androgens (testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone), 17β-estradiol (a potent estrogen), and 11β-PGF2α, respectively. Elevated levels of AKR1C3 activate androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway, contributing to tumor recurrence and imparting resistance to cancer therapies. The overexpression of AKR1C3 serves as an oncogenic factor, promoting carcinoma cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, and is correlated with unfavorable prognosis and overall survival in carcinoma patients. Inhibiting AKR1C3 has demonstrated potent efficacy in suppressing tumor progression and overcoming treatment resistance. As a result, the development and design of AKR1C3 inhibitors have garnered increasing interest among researchers, with significant progress witnessed in recent years. Novel AKR1C3 inhibitors, including natural products and analogues of existing drugs designed based on their structures and frameworks, continue to be discovered and developed in laboratories worldwide. The AKR1C3 enzyme has emerged as a key player in carcinoma progression and therapeutic resistance, posing challenges in cancer treatment. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of AKR1C3's role in carcinoma development, its implications in therapeutic resistance, and recent advancements in the development of AKR1C3 inhibitors for tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Jingzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jingzhou, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Le Cheng
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Haematology–Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- Department of Haematology–Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Sun L, Qu K, Liu Y, Ma X, Chen N, Zhang J, Huang B, Lei C. Assessing genomic diversity and selective pressures in Bashan cattle by whole-genome sequencing data. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:835-846. [PMID: 34762022 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1998094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Specific ecological environments and domestication have continuously influenced the physiological characteristics of Chinese indigenous cattle. Among them, Bashan cattle belongs to one of the indigenous breeds. However, the genomic diversity of Bashan cattle is still unknown. Published whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data of 13 Bashan cattle and 48 worldwide cattle were used to investigate the genetic composition and selection characteristics of Bashan cattle. The population structure analysis revealed that Bashan cattle harbored ancestries with East Asian taurine and Chinese indicine. Genetic diversity analysis implied the relatively high genomic diversity in Bashan cattle. Through the identification of containing >5 nsSNPs or frameshift mutations genes in Bashan cattle, a large number of pathways related to sensory perception were discovered. CLR, θπ ratio, FST, and XP-EHH methods were used to detect the candidate signatures of positive selection in Bashan cattle. Among the identified genes, most of the enriched signal pathways were related to environmental information processing, biological systems, and metabolism. We mainly reported genes related to the nervous system (HCN1, KATNA1, FSTL1, GRIK2, and CPLX2), immune (CD244, SLAMF1, LY9, and CD48), and reproduction (AKR1C1, AKR1C3, AKR1C4, and TUSC3). Our findings will be significant in understanding the molecular basis underlying phenotypic variation of breed-related traits and improving productivity in Bashan cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Kaixing Qu
- Academy of Science and Technology, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong, China
| | - Yangkai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ningbo Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jicai Zhang
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, China
| | - Bizhi Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Detlefsen AJ, Mesaros CA, Duan L, Penning TM. AKR1C3 Converts Castrate and Post-Abiraterone DHEA-S into Testosterone to Stimulate Growth of Prostate Cancer Cells via 5-Androstene-3β,17β-Diol. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:1888-1898. [PMID: 37772993 PMCID: PMC10508215 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI) are used to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) to stop a resurgence of androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Despite early success, patients on ARSIs eventually relapse, develop drug resistance, and succumb to the disease. Resistance may occur through intratumoral steroidogenesis mediated by upregulation of aldo-keto reductase family 1C member 3 (AKR1C3). Patients treated with leuprolide (castrate) and those treated with leuprolide plus abiraterone (post-Abi) harbor a reservoir of DHEA-S which could fuel testosterone (T) biosynthesis via AKR1C3 to cause a resurgence of prostate cancer cell growth. We demonstrate that concentrations of DHEA-S found in castrate and post-Abi patients are (i) converted to T in an AKR1C3-dependent manner in prostate cancer cells, and (ii) in amounts sufficient to stimulate AKR1C3-dependent cell growth. We observed this in primary and metastatic prostate cancer cell lines, CWR22PC and DuCaP, respectively. Androgen measurements were made by stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS. We demonstrate AKR1C3 dependence using stable short hairpin RNA knockdown and pharmacologic inhibitors. We also demonstrate that free DHEA is reduced to 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol (5-Adiol) by AKR1C3 and that this is a major metabolite, suggesting that in our cell lines 5-Adiol is a predominant precursor of T. We have identified a mechanism of ARSI resistance common to both primary and metastatic cell lines that is dependent on the conversion of DHEA to 5-Adiol on route to T catalyzed by AKR1C3. SIGNIFICANCE We show that reservoirs of DHEA-S that remain after ARSI treatment are converted into T in primary and metastatic prostate cancer cells in amounts sufficient to stimulate cell growth. Pharmacologic and genetic approaches demonstrate that AKR1C3 is required for these effects. Furthermore, the route to T proceeds through 5-Adiol. We propose that this is a mechanism of ARSI drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Detlefsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Clementina A. Mesaros
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ling Duan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Trevor M. Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Van-Duyne G, Blair IA, Sprenger C, Moiseenkova-Bell V, Plymate S, Penning TM. The androgen receptor. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:439-481. [PMID: 37717994 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The Androgen Receptor (AR) is a ligand (androgen) activated transcription factor and a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily. It is required for male sex hormone function. AR-FL (full-length) has the domain structure of NRs, an N-terminal domain (NTD) required for transactivation, a DNA-binding domain (DBD), a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and a ligand-binding domain (LBD). Paradoxes exist in that endogenous ligands testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) have differential effects on male sexual development while binding to the same receptor and transcriptional specificity is achieved even though the androgen response elements (AREs) are identical to those seen for the progesterone, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. A high resolution 3-dimensional structure of AR-FL by either cryo-EM or X-ray crystallography has remained elusive largely due to the intrinsic disorder of the NTD. AR function is regulated by post-translational modification leading to a large number of proteoforms. The interaction of these proteoforms in multiprotein complexes with co-activators and co-repressors driven by interdomain coupling mediates the AR transcriptional output. The AR is a drug target for selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMS) that either have anabolic or androgenic effects. Protstate cancer is treated with androgen deprivation therapy or by the use of AR antagonists that bind to the LBD. Drug resistance occurs due to adaptive AR upregulation and the appearance of splice variants that lack the LBD and become constitutively active. Bipolar T treatment and NTD-antagonists could surmount these resistance mechanisms, respectively. These recent advances in AR signaling are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Van-Duyne
- Department of Biophysics & Biochemistry, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Cynthia Sprenger
- Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington and GRECC, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Vera Moiseenkova-Bell
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stephen Plymate
- Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington and GRECC, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Kulkarni S, Singh Y, Biharee A, Bhatia N, Monga V, Thareja S. Molecular docking, 3D-QSAR and simulation studies for identifying pharmacophoric features of indole derivatives as 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (17β-HSD5) inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:12668-12685. [PMID: 36744535 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2175265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excess of androgens leads to various diseases such as Poly-Cystic Ovarian Syndrome, Prostate Cancer, Hirsutism, Obesity and Acne. 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase type 5 (17β-HSD5) converts androstenedione into testosterone peripherally, thereby significantly contributing to the development of these diseases. Indole-bearing scaffolds are reported as potential 17β-HSD5 inhibitors for the manifestation of diseases arising due to androgen excess. In the present work, we have extensively performed a combination of molecular docking, Gaussian field-based 3D-QSAR, Pharmacophore mapping and MD-simulation studies (100 ns) to identify the pharmacophoric features of indole-based compounds as potent 17β-HSD5 inhibitors. Molecular simulation studies of the most potent compound in the binding pocket of enzyme revealed that the compound 11 was stable in the binding pocket and showed good binding affinity through interactions with various residues of active site pocket. The Molecular mechanics Generalized Born surface area continuum solvation (MM/GBSA) and Molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) calculations revealed that the compound 11 possessed a free binding energy of -36.36 kcal/mol and -7.00 kcal/mol, respectively, which was better as compared to reference compound Desmethyl indomethacin (DES). The developed pharmacophore will be helpful to design novel indole-based molecules as potent 17β-HSD5 inhibitors for the treatment of various androgenic disorders.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swanand Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Yogesh Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Avadh Biharee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Neha Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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Yang JC, Xu P, Ning S, Wasielewski LJ, Adomat H, Hwang SH, Morisseau C, Gleave M, Corey E, Gao AC, Lara PN, Evans CP, Hammock BD, Liu C. Novel inhibition of AKR1C3 and androgen receptor axis by PTUPB synergizes enzalutamide treatment in advanced prostate cancer. Oncogene 2023; 42:693-707. [PMID: 36596844 PMCID: PMC9975039 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02566-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the main driving force of mortality in prostate cancer patients. Among the parameters contributing to the progression of CRPC and treatment failure, elevation of the steroidogenic enzyme AKR1C3 and androgen receptor variant 7 (AR-V7) are frequently reported. The AKR1C3/AR-V7 complex has been recognized as a major driver for drug resistance in advanced prostate cancer. Herein we report that the level of AKR1C3 is reciprocally regulated by the full-length androgen receptor (AR-FL) through binding to the distal enhancer region of the AKR1C3 gene. A novel function of PTUPB in AKR1C3 inhibition was discovered and PTUPB showed more effectiveness than indomethacin and celecoxib in suppressing AKR1C3 activity and CRPC cell growth. PTUPB synergizes with enzalutamide treatment in tumor suppression and gene signature regulation. Combination treatments with PTUPB and enzalutamide provide benefits by blocking AR/AR-V7 signaling, which inhibits the growth of castration relapsed VCaP xenograft tumors and patient-derived xenograft organoids. Targeting of the ARK1C3/AR/AR-V7 axis with PTUPB and enzalutamide may overcome drug resistance to AR signaling inhibitors in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy C Yang
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shu Ning
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Logan J Wasielewski
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hans Adomat
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Martin Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Washington, WA, USA
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Primo N Lara
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher P Evans
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Chengfei Liu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Miller KJ, Henry I, Maylin Z, Smith C, Arunachalam E, Pandha H, Asim M. A compendium of Androgen Receptor Variant 7 target genes and their role in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1129140. [PMID: 36937454 PMCID: PMC10014620 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1129140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent androgen receptor (AR) signalling is the main driver of prostate cancer (PCa). Truncated isoforms of the AR called androgen receptor variants (AR-Vs) lacking the ligand binding domain often emerge during treatment resistance against AR pathway inhibitors such as Enzalutamide. This review discusses how AR-Vs drive a more aggressive form of PCa through the regulation of some of their target genes involved in oncogenic pathways, enabling disease progression. There is a pressing need for the development of a new generation of AR inhibitors which can repress the activity of both the full-length AR and AR-Vs, for which the knowledge of differentially expressed target genes will allow evaluation of inhibition efficacy. This review provides a detailed account of the most common variant, AR-V7, the AR-V7 regulated genes which have been experimentally validated, endeavours to understand their relevance in aggressive AR-V driven PCa and discusses the utility of the downstream protein products as potential drug targets for PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zoe Maylin
- *Correspondence: Zoe Maylin, ; Mohammad Asim,
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11
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Guo J, Tang C, Shu Z, Guo J, Tang H, Huang P, Ye X, Liang T, Tang K. Single-cell analysis reveals that Jinwu Gutong capsule attenuates the inflammatory activity of synovial cells in osteoarthritis by inhibiting AKR1C3. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1031996. [PMID: 36505054 PMCID: PMC9727177 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1031996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Jinwu Gutong capsule (JGC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). Synovitis is a typical pathological change in OA and promotes disease progression. Elucidating the therapeutic mechanism of JGC is crucial for the precise treatment of OA synovitis. In this study, we demonstrate that JGC effectively inhibits hyperproliferation, attenuates inflammation, and promotes apoptosis of synovial cells. Through scRNA-seq data analysis of OA synovitis, we dissected two distinct cell fates that influence disease progression (one fate led to recovery while the other fate resulted in deterioration), which illustrates the principles of fate determination. By intersecting JGC targets with synovitis hub genes and then mimicking picomolar affinity interactions between bioactive compounds and binding pockets, we found that the quercetin-AKR1C3 pair exhibited the best affinity, indicating that this pair constitutes the most promising molecular mechanism. In vitro experiments confirmed that the expression of AKR1C3 in synovial cells was reduced after JGC addition. Further overexpression of AKR1C3 significantly attenuated the therapeutic efficacy of JGC. Thus, we revealed that JGC effectively treats OA synovitis by inhibiting AKR1C3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuyue Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhao Shu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junfeng Guo
- Department of Stomatology, The 970th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force, Yantai, China
| | - Hong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Taotao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Kanglai Tang, ; Taotao Liang,
| | - Kanglai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Kanglai Tang, ; Taotao Liang,
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12
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Dang L, Zhang C, Su B, Ning N, Huang Q, Zhou S, Wu M, Ma W, Wang M, Cui P, Li Y, Wang S. Mechanisms of action of Zishen Yutai pills in treating premature ovarian failure determined by integrating UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS and network pharmacology analysis. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:281. [PMID: 36289509 PMCID: PMC9597968 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zishen Yutai (ZSYT) pill, a patent Chinese medicine, has been widely used in the treatment of infertility, abortion, and adjunctive treatment of in vitro fertilization (IVF) for decades. Recently, the results of clinical observations showed that premature ovarian failure (POF) patients exhibited improved expression of steroids and clinical symptoms associated with hormone disorders after treatment with Zishen Yutai pills. However, the pharmacological mechanism of action of these pills remains unclear. Methods The compounds of Zishen Yutai pills found in blood circulation were identified via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) technique in the serum of POF mice after oral administration of Zishen Yutai pills. The potential targets of compounds were screened using Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database, Traditional Chinese Medicine Database@Taiwan, Drugbank Database, PubChem, HIT, Pharmapper, and Swiss Target Prediction. The target genes associated with POF were collected from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man Database, PharmGkb, Genecards, Therapeutic Target Database, and Genetic Association Database. The overlapping genes between the potential targets of Zishen Yutai pills’ compounds and the target genes associated with POF were clarified via protein-protein interaction (PPI), pathway, and network analysis. Results Nineteen compounds in Zishen Yutai pills were detected in the serum of POF mice after oral administration. A total of 695 Zishen Yutai (ZSYT) pill-related targets were screened, and 344 POF-related targets were collected. From the results of Zishen Yutai (ZSYT) pill-POF PPI analysis, CYP19A1, AKR1C3, ESR1, AR, and SRD5A2 were identified as key targets via network analysis, indicating their core role in the treatment of POF with Zishen Yutai pills. Moreover, the pathway enrichment results suggested that Zishen Yutai pills treated POF primarily by regulating neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and ovarian steroidogenesis. Conclusions Via virtual screening, we found that regulation of neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and ovarian steroidogenesis was the potential therapeutic mechanism of Zishen Yutai pills in treating POF. Our study suggested that combining the analysis of Zishen Yutai pills’ compounds in blood in vivo in the POF model and network pharmacology prediction might offer a tool to characterize the mechanism of Zishen Yutai pills in the POF. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-022-03763-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China ,Post-Doctoral Research Center of Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong China ,Guangzhou Baiyunshan Zhongyi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Chunbo Zhang
- Post-Doctoral Research Center of Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong China ,Guangzhou Baiyunshan Zhongyi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Biru Su
- Guangzhou Baiyunshan Zhongyi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Na Ning
- Guangzhou Baiyunshan Zhongyi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Qiuling Huang
- Guangzhou Baiyunshan Zhongyi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Su Zhou
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Meng Wu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Wenqing Ma
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Man Wang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Yan Li
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Shixuan Wang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
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13
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Zhu S, Ni Y, Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhao F, Dai J, Wang Z, Zhu X, Chen J, Zhao J, Zeng Y, Chen N, Zeng P, Shen P, Sun G, Zeng H. Plasma Exosomal AKR1C3 mRNA Expression Is a Predictive and Prognostic Biomarker in Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Oncologist 2022; 27:e870-e877. [PMID: 36067250 PMCID: PMC9632314 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyac177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) is important in prostate cancer progression, being a potential biomarker in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Previous explorations of AKR1C3 are mainly based on tissue samples. This study investigates using plasma-based liquid biopsy to validate the prognostic and predictive value of AKR1C3 in patients with mCRPC . MATERIALS AND METHODS We prospectively recruited 62 patients with mCRPC. All patients received repeated prostate biopsies at the time of mCRPC diagnosis, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was used to detect protein expression of AKR1C3 in the tissues. We took their blood simultaneously and performed digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) to measure expression levels of AKR1C3 in the exosomes. The detected plasma and tissue AKR1C3 expression levels were analyzed for patients' overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival under first-line abiraterone use (ABI-PFS). RESULTS All other baseline characteristics were balanced between the 2 groups. 15/62 (24.2%) and 25/62 (40.3%) patients showed AKR1C3-EXO positive (≥20 copies/20 μL) and AKR1C3-IHC positive, respectively. Positive AKR1C3-EXO expression was associated with decreased patients' survival [ABI-PFS: 3.9 vs 10.1 months, P < .001; OS: 16.2 vs 32.5 months, P < .001]. AKR1C3-IHC positivity was also correlated with ABI-PFS and OS (P = .010, P = .016). In patients with worse baseline blood tests (including higher alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level and lower hemoglobin (HB) level), and lower ISUP/WHO group (<4), their OS was significantly worse when showing AKR1C3-EXO positive. CONCLUSION AKR1C3-EXO is associated with patient prognosis regarding OS and ABI-PFS and can be used as a biomarker in mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xingming Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaowen Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengnian Zhao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jindong Dai
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junru Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinge Zhao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ni Chen
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Urology, West People’s Republic of China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Zeng
- 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Shen
- Pengfei Shen, Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China.
| | - Guangxi Sun
- Guangxi Sun, Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China.
| | - Hao Zeng
- Corresponding author: Hao Zeng, Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China.
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Zhang Y, Qin S, Chao J, Luo Y, Sun Y, Duan J. The In-Vitro Antitumor Effects of AST-3424 Monotherapy and Combination Therapy With Oxaliplatin or 5-Fluorouracil in Primary Liver Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:885139. [PMID: 35936728 PMCID: PMC9354847 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.885139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Primary liver cancer (PLC) is a common and highly lethal malignancy in the world. Approximately 85% of PLC is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and this study mainly focuses on HCC. The onset of liver cancer is insidious and often complicated with basic liver disease. Meanwhile, its clinical symptoms are atypical, and the degree of malignancy is high. What is worse is that its treatment is difficult, and the prognosis is poor. All these factors make its mortality close to its incidence. AST-3424 is a prodrug of a potent nitrogen mustard, which targets the tumor by its specific and selective mode of activation and results in the concentration of the drug in the tumor and plays a higher intensity of antitumor effect with reduced side effects. The purpose of this study was to explore the in-vitro antitumor activity and mechanism of AST-3424 monotherapy and combination therapy with oxaliplatin (OXA) or 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu). Moreover, it can provide an experimental basis for further studies. Methods Tumor growth of HCC cells was examined by using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry, and clone formation assays. Tumor migration of HCC cells was examined by using the Transwell assay. The in-vitro antitumor activity of AST-3424 monotherapy and combination therapy with OXA and 5-Fu was quantified by growth and metastasis inhibition rate. The underlying molecular mechanism was investigated by using Western blotting. Results The inhibiting effects of AST-3424 were significant in both HepG2 cells and PLC/PRF/5 cells. Moreover, HepG2 cells showed higher sensitivity to AST-3424. With increasing AST-3424 concentration, AKR1C3 protein expression level was downregulated significantly. The inhibition of AST-3424 was significantly higher than OXA, 5-Fu, Sor (sorafenib), and Apa (apatinib) in both HCC cells. AST-3424 monotherapy and combination therapy with OXA or 5-Fu all strongly inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells, blocked HCC cells in the S phase, promoted apoptosis induction, and suppressed the migration of HCC cells. Among them, the antitumor effect of AST-3424 in combination with OXA was obviously enhanced. Western blotting analysis demonstrated the regulation of P21, Bax, Caspase3, PARP, MMP-2, MMP-9, and p-Smad proteins in the presence of AST-3424 monotherapy and combination therapy with OXA or 5-Fu, indicating that its antitumor mechanisms may be associated with the regulation of the TGF-β signaling cascade. Conclusion The in-vitro studies revealed that AST-3424 in combination with both OXA and 5-Fu showed an increased antitumor effect, and the combination with OXA resulted in a synergistic effect. Together with the in-vitro results, additional in-vitro and in-vivo studies are warranted to further certify its antitumor effects and explore more potential antitumor mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Graduate School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shukui Qin
- Department of Medical Oncology Center, BaYi Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Shukui Qin,
| | - Jiaojiao Chao
- Department of Graduate School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of China National Ministry of Education (MOE)), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yandi Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of China National Ministry of Education (MOE)), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Duan
- Ascentawits Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Shenzhen, China
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15
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Zheng J, Yang Z, Li Y, Yang L, Yao R. Knockdown of AKR1C3 Promoted Sorafenib Sensitivity Through Inhibiting the Phosphorylation of AKT in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:823491. [PMID: 35359392 PMCID: PMC8963762 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.823491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sorafenib, which can induce ferroptosis, is a multikinase inhibitor for enhancing survival in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, a considerable challenge for the treatment of HCC is sorafenib resistance. Therefore, targeting the relationship between sorafenib resistance and ferroptosis genes may provide a novel approach for the treatment of HCC. Materials and Methods We analyzed the gene expression and clinicopathological factors from The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC), International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC), and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases (GSE109211/GSE62813). The statistical analysis was conducted in R. Cell proliferation was assayed by MTT, cell colony-forming assay, and wound healing assay. Immunofluorescence assay and Western blot were used to evaluate the expression of AKT. Results Many ferroptosis-related genes were upregulated in the sorafenib-resistant group. Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) was highly expressed in sorafenib-resistant patients, and the high expression of AKR1C3 was associated with the poor prognosis of patients from the TCGA and ICGC databases. MTT and colony-forming assays showing AKR1C3 overexpression enhanced the proliferation of HCC cells and acute sorafenib resistance. Knockdown of AKR1C3 inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells and increased the drug sensitivity of sorafenib. Immunofluorescence assay and Western blot proved that AKR1C3 promoted the phosphorylation of AKT. Conclusion AKR1C3 can induce sorafenib resistance through promoting the phosphorylation of AKT in HCC. AKR1C3 inhibitors may be used in conjunction with sorafenib to become a better therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zheng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Tangshan Vocational and Technical College, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Tangshan Vocational and Technical College, Tangshan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihong Yang,
| | - Yanlei Li
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tangshan Workers’ Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Ruili Yao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Tangshan Vocational and Technical College, Tangshan, China
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Möller G, Temml V, Cala Peralta A, Gruet O, Richomme P, Séraphin D, Viault G, Kraus L, Huber-Cantonati P, Schopfhauser E, Pachmayr J, Tokarz J, Schuster D, Helesbeux JJ, Dyar KA. Analogues of Natural Chalcones as Efficient Inhibitors of AKR1C3. Metabolites 2022; 12:99. [PMID: 35208174 PMCID: PMC8876231 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring substances are valuable resources for drug development. In this respect, chalcones are known to be antiproliferative agents against prostate cancer cell lines through various mechanisms or targets. Based on the literature and preliminary results, we aimed to study and optimise the efficiency of a series of chalcones to inhibit androgen-converting AKR1C3, known to promote prostate cancer. A total of 12 chalcones with different substitution patterns were synthesised. Structure-activity relationships associated with these modifications on AKR1C3 inhibition were analysed by performing enzymatic assays and docking simulations. In addition, the selectivity and cytotoxicity of the compounds were assessed. In enzymatic assays, C-6' hydroxylated derivatives were more active than C-6' methoxylated derivatives. In contrast, C-4 methylation increased activity over C-4 hydroxylation. Docking results supported these findings with the most active compounds fitting nicely in the binding site and exhibiting strong interactions with key amino acid residues. The most effective inhibitors were not cytotoxic for HEK293T cells and selective for 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases not primarily involved in steroid hormone metabolism. Nevertheless, they inhibited several enzymes of the steroid metabolism pathways. Favourable substitutions that enhanced AKR1C3 inhibition of chalcones were identified. This study paves the way to further develop compounds from this series or related flavonoids with improved inhibitory activity against AKR1C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Möller
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (J.T.); (K.A.D.)
| | - Veronika Temml
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (V.T.); (E.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Antonio Cala Peralta
- University of Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France; (A.C.P.); (O.G.); (P.R.); (D.S.); (G.V.); (J.-J.H.)
| | - Océane Gruet
- University of Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France; (A.C.P.); (O.G.); (P.R.); (D.S.); (G.V.); (J.-J.H.)
| | - Pascal Richomme
- University of Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France; (A.C.P.); (O.G.); (P.R.); (D.S.); (G.V.); (J.-J.H.)
| | - Denis Séraphin
- University of Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France; (A.C.P.); (O.G.); (P.R.); (D.S.); (G.V.); (J.-J.H.)
| | - Guillaume Viault
- University of Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France; (A.C.P.); (O.G.); (P.R.); (D.S.); (G.V.); (J.-J.H.)
| | - Luisa Kraus
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology and Clinical Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.K.); (P.H.-C.); (J.P.)
| | - Petra Huber-Cantonati
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology and Clinical Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.K.); (P.H.-C.); (J.P.)
| | - Elisabeth Schopfhauser
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (V.T.); (E.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Johanna Pachmayr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology and Clinical Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.K.); (P.H.-C.); (J.P.)
| | - Janina Tokarz
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (J.T.); (K.A.D.)
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (V.T.); (E.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Jean-Jacques Helesbeux
- University of Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France; (A.C.P.); (O.G.); (P.R.); (D.S.); (G.V.); (J.-J.H.)
| | - Kenneth Allen Dyar
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (J.T.); (K.A.D.)
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Current Treatment Modalities Targeting Tumor Microenvironment in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34664246 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73119-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is responsible for significant cancer-related morbidity and mortality following local treatment failure in men. The initial stages of PCa are typically managed with a combination of surgical resection and/or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Unfortunately, a significant proportion of PCa continues to progress despite being at castrate levels of testosterone (<50 ng/dl), at which point it is coined castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In recent years, many novel therapeutics and drug combinations have been created for CRPC patients. These include immune checkpoint inhibitors, chemokine receptor antagonists, steroidogenic enzyme inhibition, and novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors as well as combinations of drugs. The selection of the most appropriate therapy depends on several factors like stage of the disease, age of the patient, metastasis, functional status, and response towards previous therapies. Here, we review the current state of the literature regarding treatment modalities, focusing on the treatment recommendations per the American Urological Association (AUA), recent clinical trials, and their limitations. An accurate and reliable overview of the strengths and limitations of PCa therapeutics could also allow personalized therapeutic interventions against PCa.
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de Nys R, Kumar R, Gecz J. Protocadherin 19 Clustering Epilepsy and Neurosteroids: Opportunities for Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9769. [PMID: 34575929 PMCID: PMC8469663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroids yield great influence on neurological development through nuclear hormone receptor (NHR)-mediated gene regulation. We recently reported that cell adhesion molecule protocadherin 19 (encoded by the PCDH19 gene) is involved in the coregulation of steroid receptor activity on gene expression. PCDH19 variants cause early-onset developmental epileptic encephalopathy clustering epilepsy (CE), with altered steroidogenesis and NHR-related gene expression being identified in these individuals. The implication of hormonal pathways in CE pathogenesis has led to the investigation of various steroid-based antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of this disorder, with mixed results so far. Therefore, there are many unmet challenges in assessing the antiseizure targets and efficiency of steroid-based therapeutics for CE. We review and assess the evidence for and against the implication of neurosteroids in the pathogenesis of CE and in view of their possible clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah de Nys
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (R.d.N.); (R.K.)
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Raman Kumar
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (R.d.N.); (R.K.)
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (R.d.N.); (R.K.)
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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19
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Raittinen PVH, Syvälä H, Tammela TLJ, Häkkinen MR, Ilmonen P, Auriola S, Murtola TJ. Atorvastatin induces adrenal androgen downshift in men with prostate cancer: A post Hoc analysis of a pilot adaptive Randomised clinical trial. EBioMedicine 2021; 68:103432. [PMID: 34144486 PMCID: PMC8219992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) progression depends on androgen receptor activity. Cholesterol is required for biosynthesis of all steroid hormones, including androgens. Impact of cholesterol-lowering statins on androgens is unknown. We explored atorvastatin influence on serum and prostatic tissue steroidomic profiles (SP) to expose novel pathways for limiting androgen concentration in men with PCa. METHODS This is a pre-planned post hoc analysis of ESTO-1 pilot randomised, double-blinded, clinical trial. Statin naïve men, scheduled for radical prostatectomy due to localised PCa, were randomised 1:1 to use daily 80 mg of atorvastatin or placebo before the surgery for a median of 28 days. Participants were recruited and treated at the Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland. 108 of the 158 recruited men were included in the analysis based on sample availability for hormone profiling. Serum and prostatic tissue steroid profiles were determined using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Wilcoxon rank sum test and bootstrap confidence intervals (CI) were used to analyse the difference between placebo and atorvastatin arms. FINDINGS Most serum and prostatic steroids, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, were not associated with atorvastatin use. However, atorvastatin use induced serum SP changes in 11-ketoandrostenedione (placebo 960pM, atorvastatin 617.5pM, p-value <0.0001, median difference -342.5; 95% CI -505.23 - -188.98). In the prostatic tissue, atorvastatin was associated with plausible downshift in 11- ketodihydrotestosterone (placebo 25.0pM in 100 mg tissue/1 mL saline, atorvastatin 18.5pM in 100 mg tissue/1 mL saline, p-value 0.027, median difference -6.53; 95% CI -12.8 - -0.29); however, this association diminished after adjusting for multiple testing. No serious harms were reported. INTERPRETATION Atorvastatin was associated with adrenal androgen downshift in the serum and possibly in the prostate. The finding warrants further investigation whether atorvastatin could improve androgen deprivation therapy efficacy. FUNDING Funded by grants from the Finnish Cultural Foundation, Finnish Cancer Society, Academy of Finland, and the Expert Responsibility Area of the Tampere University Hospital. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER NCT01821404.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paavo V H Raittinen
- Department of Mathematics and Systems Analysis, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, 02150, Finland.
| | - Heimo Syvälä
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Finland.
| | - Teuvo L J Tammela
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Finland.
| | - Merja R Häkkinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1B, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Pauliina Ilmonen
- Department of Mathematics and Systems Analysis, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, 02150, Finland.
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1B, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Teemu J Murtola
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Finland.
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20
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Clinical implications of genomic alterations in metastatic prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:310-322. [PMID: 33452452 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-020-00308-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
There has been a rapid expansion in treatment options for the management of metastatic prostate cancer, but individual patient outcomes can be variable due to inter-patient tumor heterogeneity. Fortunately, the disease can be stratified on the basis of common somatic features, providing potential for the development of clinically useful prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Tissue biopsy programs and studies leveraging circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) have revealed specific genomic alterations that are associated with aggressive disease biology. In this review, we discuss the potential for genomic subtyping to improve prognostication and to help guide treatment selection. We summarize data on associations between AR pathway alterations and patient response to AR signaling inhibitors and other standards of care. We describe the links between detection of different types of DNA damage repair defects and clinical outcomes with targeted therapies such as poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors or immune checkpoint inhibitors. PI3K signaling pathway inhibitors are also in advanced clinical development and we report upon the potential for these and other novel targeted therapies to have impact in specific molecular subsets of metastatic prostate cancer. Finally, we discuss the growing use of blood-based analytes for prognostic and predictive biomarker development, and summarize ongoing prospective biomarker-driven clinical trials.
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21
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Chen J, Yang Y, Xu D, Li J, Wu S, Jiang Y, Wang C, Yang Z, Zhao L. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles combined with AKR1C3 siRNA inhibited the growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer by suppressing androgen synthesis in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 540:83-89. [PMID: 33450484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intracrine androgen synthesis plays a critical role in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) is a vital enzyme in the intracrine androgen synthesis pathway. In this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were employed to deliver small interfering RNA targeting AKR1C3 (siAKR1C3) to downregulate AKR1C3 expression in CPRC cells. The optimal weight ratio of MSNs/siAKR1C3 was determined by a gel retardation assay. Prostate cancer cells such as VCaP cells, which intracrinally express AKR1C3, and LNCaP-AKR1C3 cells stably transfected with AKR1C3 were used to investigate the antitumour effect of MSNs-siAKR1C3. Fluorescence detection and Western blot analyses were applied to confirm the entrance of MSNs-siAKR1C3 into the cells. A SRB (Sulforhodamine B) assay was employed to assess the cell viability, and a radioimmunoassay was used to measure the androgen concentration. Moreover, real-time PCR (RT-PCR), Western blot analysis and ELISA were used to determine the transcription and expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), AKR1C3 and androgen receptor (AR). Meanwhile, a reporter gene assay was performed to determine the AR activity. Additionally, a castrated nude mouse xenograft tumour model was produced to verify the inhibitory effect of MSNs-siAKR1C3 in vivo. The results showed that the optimal weight ratio of MSNs/siAKR1C3 was 140:1, and the complex could effectively enter cells, downregulate AKR1C3 expression, reduce the androgen concentration, inhibit AR activation, and inhibit CRPC development both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that decreasing intracrine androgen synthesis and inactivating AR signals by MSNs-siAKR1C3 may be a potential effective method for CRPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Chen
- Nursing School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Yanrong Yang
- Nursing School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Duo Xu
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Basic Medicine School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Shan Wu
- Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China; School of Medicine Women's Hospital of Zhejiang University, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Nursing School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Changshuai Wang
- Nursing School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zhaoyun Yang
- Nursing School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Lijing Zhao
- Nursing School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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22
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Asangani I, Blair IA, Van Duyne G, Hilser VJ, Moiseenkova-Bell V, Plymate S, Sprenger C, Wand AJ, Penning TM. Using biochemistry and biophysics to extinguish androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100240. [PMID: 33384381 PMCID: PMC7949100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.012411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) continues to be androgen receptor (AR) driven. Inhibition of AR signaling in CRPC could be advanced using state-of-the-art biophysical and biochemical techniques. Structural characterization of AR and its complexes by cryo-electron microscopy would advance the development of N-terminal domain (NTD) and ligand-binding domain (LBD) antagonists. The structural basis of AR function is unlikely to be determined by any single structure due to the intrinsic disorder of its NTD, which not only interacts with coregulators but likely accounts for the constitutive activity of AR-splice variants (SV), which lack the LBD and emerge in CRPC. Using different AR constructs lacking the LBD, their effects on protein folding, DNA binding, and transcriptional activity could reveal how interdomain coupling explains the activity of AR-SVs. The AR also interacts with coregulators that promote chromatin looping. Elucidating the mechanisms involved can identify vulnerabilities to treat CRPC, which do not involve targeting the AR. Phosphorylation of the AR coactivator MED-1 by CDK7 is one mechanism that can be blocked by the use of CDK7 inhibitors. CRPC gains resistance to AR signaling inhibitors (ARSI). Drug resistance may involve AR-SVs, but their role requires their reliable quantification by SILAC-mass spectrometry during disease progression. ARSI drug resistance also occurs by intratumoral androgen biosynthesis catalyzed by AKR1C3 (type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase), which is unique in that its acts as a coactivator of AR. Novel bifunctional inhibitors that competitively inhibit AKR1C3 and block its coactivator function could be developed using reverse-micelle NMR and fragment-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Asangani
- Department Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory Van Duyne
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vincent J Hilser
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vera Moiseenkova-Bell
- Department Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen Plymate
- Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, and GRECC, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cynthia Sprenger
- Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, and GRECC, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A Joshua Wand
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Department Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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23
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Zhou L, Song Z, Hu J, Liu L, Hou Y, Zhang X, Yang X, Chen K. ACSS3 represses prostate cancer progression through downregulating lipid droplet-associated protein PLIN3. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:841-860. [PMID: 33391508 PMCID: PMC7738848 DOI: 10.7150/thno.49384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current endocrine therapy for prostate cancer (PCa) mainly inhibits androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signaling. However, due to increased intratumoural androgen synthesis and AR variation, PCa progresses to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which ultimately becomes resistant to endocrine therapy. A search for new therapeutic perspectives is urgently needed. Methods: By screening lipid metabolism-related gene sets and bioinformatics analysis in prostate cancer database, we identified the key lipid metabolism-related genes in PCa. Bisulfite genomic Sequence Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (BSP) and Methylation-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (MSP) were preformed to detect the promoter methylation of ACSS3. Gene expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, IHC and co-IP. The function of ACSS3 in PCa was measured by CCK-8, Transwell assays. LC/MS, Oil Red O assays and TG and cholesterol measurement assays were to detect the levels of TG and cholesterol in cells. Resistance to Enzalutamide in C4-2 ENZR cells was examined in a xenograft tumorigenesis model in vivo. Results: We found that acyl-CoA synthetase short chain family member 3 (ACSS3) was downregulated and predicted a poor prognosis in PCa. Loss of ACSS3 expression was due to gene promoter methylation. Restoration of ACSS3 expression in PCa cells significantly reduced LD deposits, thus promoting apoptosis by increasing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and decreasing de novo intratumoral androgen synthesis, inhibiting CRPC progression and reversing Enzalutamide resistance. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that ACSS3 reduced LD deposits by regulating the stability of the LD coat protein perilipin 3 (PLIN3). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that ACSS3 represses prostate cancer progression through downregulating lipid droplet-associated protein PLIN3.
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24
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Penning TM, Asangani IA, Sprenger C, Plymate S. Intracrine androgen biosynthesis and drug resistance. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2020; 3:912-929. [PMID: 35582223 PMCID: PMC8992556 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer is the lethal form of prostate cancer and most commonly remains dependent on androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Current therapies use AR signaling inhibitors (ARSI) exemplified by abiraterone acetate, a P450c17 inhibitor, and enzalutamide, a potent AR antagonist. However, drug resistance to these agents occurs within 12-18 months and they only prolong overall survival by 3-4 months. Multiple mechanisms can contribute to ARSI drug resistance. These mechanisms can include but are not limited to germline mutations in the AR, post-transcriptional alterations in AR structure, and adaptive expression of genes involved in the intracrine biosynthesis and metabolism of androgens within the tumor. This review focuses on intracrine androgen biosynthesis, how this can contribute to ARSI drug resistance, and therapeutic strategies that can be used to surmount these resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M. Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Irfan A. Asangani
- Department Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cynthia Sprenger
- Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stephen Plymate
- Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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25
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Sun M, Zhou Y, Zhuo X, Wang S, Jiang S, Peng Z, Kang K, Zheng X, Sun M. Design, Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Novel Indole Derivatives Containing Benzoic Acid Group as Potential AKR1C3 Inhibitors. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000519. [PMID: 33111427 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a fatal, metastatic form of prostate cancer, characterized by reactivation of the androgen axis. Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) converts androstenedione (AD) and 5α-androstanedione to testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), respectively. In CRPC, AKR1C3 is upregulated and implicated in drug resistance and has been regarded as a potential therapeutic target. Here we examined a series of indole derivatives containing benzoic acid or phenylhydroxamic acid and found that 4-({3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)sulfanyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)benzoic acid (3e) and N-hydroxy-4-({3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)sulfanyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)benzamide (3q) inhibited 22Rv1 cell proliferation with IC50 values of 6.37 μM and 2.72 μM, respectively. In enzymatic assay, compounds 3e and 3q exhibited potent inhibitory effect against AKR1C3 (IC50 =0.26 and 2.39 μM, respectively). These results indicated that compounds 3e and 3q might be useful leads for further investigation of more potential AKR1C3 inhibitors used for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China.,Institute of Cancer, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310002, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Xuefang Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Shisheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Zhihuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Ke Kang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Xuehua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Mingna Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
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26
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Wang YA, Sfakianos J, Tewari AK, Cordon-Cardo C, Kyprianou N. Molecular tracing of prostate cancer lethality. Oncogene 2020; 39:7225-7238. [PMID: 33046797 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is diagnosed mostly in men over the age of 50 years, and has favorable 5-year survival rates due to early cancer detection and availability of curative surgical management. However, progression to metastasis and emergence of therapeutic resistance are responsible for the majority of prostate cancer mortalities. Recent advancement in sequencing technologies and computational capabilities have improved the ability to organize and analyze large data, thus enabling the identification of novel biomarkers for survival, metastatic progression and patient prognosis. Large-scale sequencing studies have also uncovered genetic and epigenetic signatures associated with prostate cancer molecular subtypes, supporting the development of personalized targeted-therapies. However, the current state of mainstream prostate cancer management does not take full advantage of the personalized diagnostic and treatment modalities available. This review focuses on interrogating biomarkers of prostate cancer progression, including gene signatures that correspond to the acquisition of tumor lethality and those of predictive and prognostic value in progression to advanced disease, and suggest how we can use our knowledge of biomarkers and molecular subtypes to improve patient treatment and survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshuo Alice Wang
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - John Sfakianos
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Tewari
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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27
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Franko A, Berti L, Hennenlotter J, Rausch S, Scharpf MO, de Angelis MH, Stenzl A, Birkenfeld AL, Peter A, Lutz SZ, Häring HU, Heni M. Transcript Levels of Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Subfamily C (AKR1C) Are Increased in Prostate Tissue of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030124. [PMID: 32932589 PMCID: PMC7564141 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 (AKR1) enzymes play a crucial role in diabetic complications. Since type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with cancer progression, we investigated the impact of diabetes on AKR1 gene expression in the context of prostate cancer (PCa) development. In this study, we analyzed benign (BEN) prostate and PCa tissue of patients with and without T2D. Furthermore, to replicate hyperglycemia in vitro, we treated the prostate adenocarcinoma cell line PC3 with increasing glucose concentrations. Gene expression was quantified using real-time qPCR. In the prostate tissue of patients with T2D, AKR1C1 and AKR1C2 transcripts were higher compared to samples of patients without diabetes. In PC3 cells, high glucose treatment induced the gene expression levels of AKR1C1, C2, and C3. Furthermore, both in human tissue and in PC3 cells, the transcript levels of AKR1C1, C2, and C3 showed positive associations with oncogenes, which are involved in proliferation processes and HIF1α and NFκB pathways. These results indicate that in the prostate glands of patients with T2D, hyperglycemia could play a pivotal role by inducing the expression of AKR1C1, C2, and C3. The higher transcript level of AKR1C was furthermore associated with upregulated HIF1α and NFκB pathways, which are major drivers of PCa carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Franko
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.); (A.L.B.); (S.Z.L.); (H.-U.H.)
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Lucia Berti
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Jörg Hennenlotter
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.H.); (S.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Steffen Rausch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.H.); (S.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Marcus O. Scharpf
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Martin Hrabĕ de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.H.); (S.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Andreas L. Birkenfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.); (A.L.B.); (S.Z.L.); (H.-U.H.)
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Andreas Peter
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.P.)
| | - Stefan Z. Lutz
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.); (A.L.B.); (S.Z.L.); (H.-U.H.)
- Clinic for Geriatric and Orthopedic Rehabilitation Bad Sebastiansweiler, 72116 Mössingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.); (A.L.B.); (S.Z.L.); (H.-U.H.)
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Martin Heni
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.); (A.L.B.); (S.Z.L.); (H.-U.H.)
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7071-29-82714
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Molecular Characterisation of Canine Osteosarcoma in High Risk Breeds. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092405. [PMID: 32854182 PMCID: PMC7564920 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs develop osteosarcoma (OSA) and the disease process closely resembles that of human OSA. OSA has a poor prognosis in both species and disease-free intervals and cure rates have not improved in recent years. Gene expression in canine OSAs was compared with non-tumor tissue utilising RNA sequencing, validated by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (n = 16). Polymorphic polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts in the androgen receptor (AR/NR3C4) and nuclear receptor coactivator 3 (NCOA3) genes were investigated in control and OSA patients using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Sanger sequencing and fragment analysis (n = 1019 Rottweilers, 379 Irish Wolfhounds). Our analysis identified 1281 significantly differentially expressed genes (>2 fold change, p < 0.05), specifically 839 lower and 442 elevated gene expression in osteosarcoma (n = 3) samples relative to non-malignant (n = 4) bone. Enriched pathways and gene ontologies were identified, which provide insight into the molecular pathways implicated in canine OSA. Expression of a subset of these genes (SLC2A1, DKK3, MMP3, POSTN, RBP4, ASPN) was validated by qRTPCR and immunohistochemistry (MMP3, DKK3, SLC2A1) respectively. While little variation was found in the NCOA3 polyQ tract, greater variation was present in both polyQ tracts in the AR, but no significant associations in length were made with OSA. The data provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of OSA in high risk breeds. This knowledge may inform development of new prevention strategies and treatments for OSA in dogs and supports utilising spontaneous OSA in dogs to improve understanding of the disease in people.
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Zhang J, Wu D, He Y, Li L, Liu S, Lu J, Gui H, Wang Y, Tao Y, Wang H, Kaushik D, Rodriguez R, Wang Z. Rapamycin inhibits AR signaling pathway in prostate cancer by interacting with the FK1 domain of FKBP51. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 23:100778. [PMID: 32695889 PMCID: PMC7365970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of the androgen receptor signaling pathway in the emasculated environment is the main reason for the occurrence of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The immunophilin FKBP51, as a co-chaperone protein, together with Hsp90 help the correct folding of AR. Rapamycin is a known small-molecule inhibitor of FKBP51, but its effect on the FKBP51/AR signaling pathway is not clear. In this study, the interaction mechanism between FKBP51 and rapamycin was investigated using steady-state fluorescence quenching, X-ray crystallization, MTT assay, and qRT-PCR. Steady-state fluorescence quenching assay showed that rapamycin could interact with FKBP51. The crystal of the rapamycin-FKBP51 complex indicated that rapamycin occupies the hydrophobic binding pocket of FK1 domain which is vital for AR activity. The residues involving rapamycin binding are mainly hydrophobic and may overlap with the AR interaction site. Further assays showed that rapamycin could inhibit the androgen-dependent growth of human prostate cancer cells by down-regulating the expression levels of AR activated downstream genes. Taken together, our study demonstrates that rapamycin suppresses AR signaling pathway by interfering with the interaction between AR and FKBP51. The results of this study not only can provide useful information about the interaction mechanism between rapamycin and FKBP51, but also can provide new clues for the treatment of prostate cancer and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Rapamycin occupies the hydrophobic binding pocket of FK1 domain of FKBP51. Rapamycin suppresses the AR signaling pathway by interacting with FKBP51. Rapamycin inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells via the AR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Dan Wu
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.,School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Yongxing He
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Lanlan Li
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Shanhui Liu
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Lu
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Huiming Gui
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Yan Tao
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Hanzhang Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Dharam Kaushik
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ronald Rodriguez
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
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30
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Fang T, Shang W, Liu C, Liu Y, Ye A. Single-Cell Multimodal Analytical Approach by Integrating Raman Optical Tweezers and RNA Sequencing. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10433-10441. [PMID: 32643364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis has become a state-of-art approach to heterogeneity profiling in tumor cells. Herein, we realize a kind of single-cell multimodal analytical approach by combining single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) with Raman optical tweezers (ROT), a label-free single-cell identification and isolation technique, and apply it to investigate drug sensitivity. The drug sensitivity of human BGC823 gastric cancer cells toward different drugs, paclitaxel and sodium dichloroacetate, was distinguished in the conjoint analytical way including morphology monitoring, Raman identification, and transcriptomic profiling. Each individual BGC823 cancer cell was measured by Raman spectroscopy, then nondestructively isolated out by ROT, and finally RNA-sequenced. Our results demonstrate each analytical mode can reflect cell response to the drugs from different perspectives and is consistent and complementary with each other. Therefore, we believe the multimodal analytical approach offers an access to comprehensive characterizations of the unicellular complexity, which especially makes sense for studying tumor heterogeneity or a desired special cell from a mixture cell sample such as whole blood.
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31
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Liu Y, He S, Chen Y, Liu Y, Feng F, Liu W, Guo Q, Zhao L, Sun H. Overview of AKR1C3: Inhibitor Achievements and Disease Insights. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11305-11329. [PMID: 32463235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) is known as a hormone activity regulator and prostaglandin F (PGF) synthase that regulates the occupancy of hormone receptors and cell proliferation. Because of the overexpression in metabolic diseases and various hormone-dependent and -independent carcinomas, as well as the emergence of clinical drug resistance, an increasing number of studies have investigated AKR1C3 inhibitors. Here, we briefly review the physiological and pathological function of AKR1C3 and then summarize the recent development of selective AKR1C3 inhibitors. We propose our viewpoints on the current problems associated with AKR1C3 inhibitors with the aim of providing a reference for future drug discovery and potential therapeutic perspectives on novel, potent, selective AKR1C3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, Huaian 223005, People's Republic of China.,Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
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32
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Zhao J, Ning S, Lou W, Yang JC, Armstrong CM, Lombard AP, D'Abronzo LS, Evans CP, Gao AC, Liu C. Cross-Resistance Among Next-Generation Antiandrogen Drugs Through the AKR1C3/AR-V7 Axis in Advanced Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1708-1718. [PMID: 32430485 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The next-generation antiandrogen drugs, XTANDI (enzalutamide), ZYTIGA (abiraterone acetate), ERLEADA (apalutamide) and NUBEQA (darolutamide) extend survival times and improve quality of life in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Despite these advances, resistance occurs frequently and there is currently no definitive cure for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Our previous studies identified that similar mechanisms of resistance to enzalutamide or abiraterone occur following treatment and cross-resistance exists between these therapies in advanced prostate cancer. Here, we show that enzalutamide- and abiraterone-resistant prostate cancer cells are further cross-resistant to apalutamide and darolutamide. Mechanistically, we have determined that the AKR1C3/AR-V7 axis confers this cross-resistance. Knockdown of AR-V7 in enzalutamide-resistant cells resensitize cells to apalutamide and darolutamide treatment. Furthermore, targeting AKR1C3 resensitizes resistant cells to apalutamide and darolutamide treatment through AR-V7 inhibition. Chronic apalutamide treatment in C4-2B cells activates the steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway and increases AKR1C3 expression, which confers resistance to enzalutamide, abiraterone, and darolutamide. In conclusion, our results suggest that apalutamide and darolutamide share similar resistant mechanisms with enzalutamide and abiraterone. The AKR1C3/AR-V7 complex confers cross-resistance to second-generation androgen receptor-targeted therapies in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinge Zhao
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Shu Ning
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Wei Lou
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Joy C Yang
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Cameron M Armstrong
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Alan P Lombard
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Leandro S D'Abronzo
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Christopher P Evans
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California.,UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California. .,UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California
| | - Chengfei Liu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California. .,UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
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33
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Narayanan R. Therapeutic targeting of the androgen receptor (AR) and AR variants in prostate cancer. Asian J Urol 2020; 7:271-283. [PMID: 32742927 PMCID: PMC7385518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) accounted for over 300 000 deaths world-wide in 2018. Most of the PCa deaths occurred due to the aggressive castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Since the androgen receptor (AR) and its ligands contribute to the continued growth of androgen-dependent PCa (ADPCa) and CRPC, AR has become a well-characterized and pivotal therapeutic-target. Although AR signaling was identified as therapeutic-target in PCa over five-decades ago, there remains several practical issues such as lack of antagonist-bound AR crystal structure, stabilization of the AR in the presence of agonists due to N-terminus and C-terminus interaction, unfavorable large-molecule accommodation of the ligand-binding domain (LBD), and generation of AR splice variants that lack the LBD that impede the discovery of highly potent fail-safe drugs. This review summarizes the AR-signaling pathway targeted therapeutics currently used in PCa and the approaches that could be used in future AR-targeted drug development of potent next-generation molecules. The review also outlines the discovery of molecules that bind to domains other than the LBD and those that inhibit both the full length and splice variant of ARs.
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34
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Barnard M, Mostaghel EA, Auchus RJ, Storbeck KH. The role of adrenal derived androgens in castration resistant prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 197:105506. [PMID: 31672619 PMCID: PMC7883395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains androgen dependant despite castrate levels of circulating testosterone following androgen deprivation therapy, the first line of treatment for advanced metstatic prostate cancer. CRPC is characterized by alterations in the expression levels of steroidgenic enzymes that enable the tumour to derive potent androgens from circulating adrenal androgen precursors. Intratumoral androgen biosynthesis leads to the localized production of both canonical androgens such as 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) as well as less well characterized 11-oxygenated androgens, which until recently have been overlooked in the context of CRPC. In this review we discuss the contribution of both canonical and 11-oxygenated androgen precursors to the intratumoral androgen pool in CRPC. We present evidence that CRPC remains androgen dependent and discuss the alterations in steroidogenic enzyme expression and how these affect the various pathways to intratumoral androgen biosynthesis. Finally we summarize the current treatment strategies for targeting adrenal derived androgen biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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35
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Penning TM, Detlefsen AJ. Intracrinology-revisited and prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 196:105499. [PMID: 31614208 PMCID: PMC6954292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The formation of steroid hormones in peripheral target tissues is referred to as their intracrine formation. This process occurs in hormone dependent malignancies such as prostate and breast cancer in which the disease can be either castrate resistant or occur post-menopausally, respectively. In these instances, the major precursor steroid of androgens and estrogens is dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-SO4. This article reviews the major pathways by which adrenal steroids are converted to the potent male sex hormones, testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) and the discrete enzyme isoforms involved in castration resistant prostate cancer. Previous studies have mainly utilized radiotracers to investigate these pathways but have not used prevailing concentrations of precursors found in castrate male human serum. In addition, the full power of stable-isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry has not been applied routinely. Furthermore, it is clear that adaptive responses occur in the transporters and enzyme isoforms involved in response to androgen deprivation therapy that need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, 421 Curie Blvd, 1350 BRBII/IIII, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6084, United States.
| | - Andrea J Detlefsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Park S, Song CS, Lin CL, Jiang S, Osmulski PA, Wang CM, Marck BT, Matsumoto AM, Morrissey C, Gaczynska ME, Chen Y, Mostaghel EA, Chatterjee B. Inhibitory Interplay of SULT2B1b Sulfotransferase with AKR1C3 Aldo-keto Reductase in Prostate Cancer. Endocrinology 2020; 161:bqz042. [PMID: 31894239 PMCID: PMC7341717 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SULT2B1b (SULT2B) is a prostate-expressed hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase, which may regulate intracrine androgen homeostasis by mediating 3β-sulfation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the precursor for 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) biosynthesis. The aldo-keto reductase (AKR)1C3 regulates androgen receptor (AR) activity in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) by promoting tumor tissue androgen biosynthesis from adrenal DHEA and also by functioning as an AR-selective coactivator. Herein we report that SULT2B-depleted CRPC cells, arising from stable RNA interference or gene knockout (KO), are markedly upregulated for AKR1C3, activated for ERK1/2 survival signal, and induced for epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT)-like changes. EMT was evident from increased mesenchymal proteins and elevated EMT-inducing transcription factors SNAI1 and TWIST1 in immunoblot and single-cell mass cytometry analyses. SULT2B KO cells showed greater motility and invasion in vitro; growth escalation in xenograft study; and enhanced metastatic potential predicted on the basis of decreased cell stiffness and adhesion revealed from atomic force microscopy analysis. While AR and androgen levels were unchanged, AR activity was elevated, since PSA and FKBP5 mRNA induction by DHT-activated AR was several-fold higher in SULT2B-silenced cells. AKR1C3 silencing prevented ERK1/2 activation and SNAI1 induction in SULT2B-depleted cells. SULT2B was undetectable in nearly all CRPC metastases from 50 autopsy cases. Primary tumors showed variable and Gleason score (GS)-independent SULT2B levels. CRPC metastases lacking SULT2B expressed AKR1C3. Since AKR1C3 is frequently elevated in advanced prostate cancer, the inhibitory influence of SULT2B on AKR1C3 upregulation, ERK1/2 activation, EMT-like induction, and on cell motility and invasiveness may be clinically significant. Pathways regulating the inhibitory SULT2B-AKR1C3 axis may inform new avenue(s) for targeting SULT2B-deficient prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulgi Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, South Korea
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chung-Seog Song
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chun-Lin Lin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Shoulei Jiang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Pawel A Osmulski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chiou-Miin Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Brett T Marck
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Alvin M Matsumoto
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Maria E Gaczynska
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Yidong Chen
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Greehy Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Bandana Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
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37
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Ponnusamy S, He Y, Hwang DJ, Thiyagarajan T, Houtman R, Bocharova V, Sumpter BG, Fernandez E, Johnson D, Du Z, Pfeffer LM, Getzenberg RH, McEwan IJ, Miller DD, Narayanan R. Orally Bioavailable Androgen Receptor Degrader, Potential Next-Generation Therapeutic for Enzalutamide-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:6764-6780. [PMID: 31481513 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Androgen receptor (AR)-targeting prostate cancer drugs, which are predominantly competitive ligand-binding domain (LBD)-binding antagonists, are inactivated by common resistance mechanisms. It is important to develop next-generation mechanistically distinct drugs to treat castration- and drug-resistant prostate cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Second-generation AR pan antagonist UT-34 was selected from a library of compounds and tested in competitive AR binding and transactivation assays. UT-34 was tested using biophysical methods for binding to the AR activation function-1 (AF-1) domain. Western blot, gene expression, and proliferation assays were performed in various AR-positive enzalutamide-sensitive and -resistant prostate cancer cell lines. Pharmacokinetic and xenograft studies were performed in immunocompromised rats and mice. RESULTS UT-34 inhibits the wild-type and LBD-mutant ARs comparably and inhibits the in vitro proliferation and in vivo growth of enzalutamide-sensitive and -resistant prostate cancer xenografts. In preclinical models, UT-34 induced the regression of enzalutamide-resistant tumors at doses when the AR is degraded; but, at lower doses, when the AR is just antagonized, it inhibits, without shrinking, the tumors. This indicates that degradation might be a prerequisite for tumor regression. Mechanistically, UT-34 promotes a conformation that is distinct from the LBD-binding competitive antagonist enzalutamide and degrades the AR through the ubiquitin proteasome mechanism. UT-34 has a broad safety margin and exhibits no cross-reactivity with G-protein-coupled receptor kinase and nuclear receptor family members. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, UT-34 exhibits the properties necessary for a next-generation prostate cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suriyan Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yali He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Dong-Jin Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Rene Houtman
- PamGene International, Den Bosch, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Elias Fernandez
- Biochemistry and Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Daniel Johnson
- Molecular Bioinformatics Core, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ziyun Du
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Lawrence M Pfeffer
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Iain J McEwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
- West Cancer Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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Liu C, Yang JC, Armstrong CM, Lou W, Liu L, Qiu X, Zou B, Lombard AP, D'Abronzo LS, Evans CP, Gao AC. AKR1C3 Promotes AR-V7 Protein Stabilization and Confers Resistance to AR-Targeted Therapies in Advanced Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1875-1886. [PMID: 31308078 PMCID: PMC6995728 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms resulting in resistance to next-generation antiandrogens in castration-resistant prostate cancer are incompletely understood. Numerous studies have determined that constitutively active androgen receptor (AR) signaling or full-length AR bypass mechanisms may contribute to the resistance. Previous studies established that AKR1C3 and AR-V7 play important roles in enzalutamide and abiraterone resistance. In the present study, we found that AKR1C3 increases AR-V7 expression in resistant prostate cancer cells through enhancing protein stability via activation of the ubiquitin-mediated proteasome pathway. AKR1C3 reprograms AR signaling in enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells. In addition, bioinformatical analysis of indomethacin-treated resistant cells revealed that indomethacin significantly activates the unfolded protein response, p53, and apoptosis pathways, and suppresses cell-cycle, Myc, and AR/ARV7 pathways. Targeting AKR1C3 with indomethacin significantly decreases AR/AR-V7 protein expression in vitro and in vivo through activation of the ubiquitin-mediated proteasome pathway. Our results suggest that the AKR1C3/AR-V7 complex collaboratively confers resistance to AR-targeted therapies in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Liu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Joy C Yang
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Cameron M Armstrong
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Wei Lou
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Liangren Liu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Xiaomin Qiu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Binhao Zou
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Alan P Lombard
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Leandro S D'Abronzo
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Christopher P Evans
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California
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Wangtrakuldee P, Adeniji AO, Zang T, Duan L, Khatri B, Twenter BM, Estrada MA, Higgins TF, Winkler JD, Penning TM. A 3-(4-nitronaphthen-1-yl) amino-benzoate analog as a bifunctional AKR1C3 inhibitor and AR antagonist: Head to head comparison with other advanced AKR1C3 targeted therapeutics. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 192:105283. [PMID: 30641225 PMCID: PMC6625945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Drugs used for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) include Abiraterone acetate (Zytiga®) and Enzalutamide (XTANDI®). However, these drugs provide clinical benefit in metastatic disease for only a brief period before drug resistance emerges. One mechanism of drug resistance involves the overexpression of type 5 17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (aldo-keto reductase 1C3 or AKR1C3), a major enzyme responsible for the formation of intratumoral androgens that activate the androgen receptor (AR). 3-((4-Nitronaphthalen-1-yl)amino)benzoic acid 1 is a "first-in-class" AKR1C3 competitive inhibitor and AR antagonist. Compound 1 was compared in a battery of in vitro studies with structurally related N-naphthyl-aminobenzoates, and AKR1C3 targeted therapeutics e.g. GTx-560 and ASP9521, as well as with R-bicalutamide, enzalutamide and abiraterone acetate. Compound 1 was the only naphthyl derivative that was a selective AKR1C3 inhibitor and AR antagonist in direct competitive binding assays and in AR driven reporter gene assays. GTx-560 displayed weak activity as a direct AR antagonist but had high potency in the AR reporter gene assay consistent with its ability to inhibit the co-activator function of AKR1C3. By contrast ASP9521 did not act as either an AR antagonist or block AR reporter gene activity. Compound 1 was the only compound that showed comparable potency to inhibit AKR1C3 and act as a direct AR antagonist. Compound 1 blocked the formation of testosterone in LNCaP-AKR1C3 cells, and the expression of PSA driven by the AKR1C3 substrate (4-androstene-3,17-dione) and by an AR agonist, 5α-dihydrotestosterone consistent with its bifunctional role. Compound 1 blocked the nuclear translocation of the AR at similar concentrations to enzalutamide and caused disappearance of the AR from cell lysates. R-biaclutamide and enzalutamide inhibited AKR1C3 at concentrations 200x greater than compound 1, suggesting that its bifunctionality can be explained by a shared pharmacophore that can be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phumvadee Wangtrakuldee
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and the Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1315 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Adegoke O Adeniji
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and the Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1315 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Tianzhu Zang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and the Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1315 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Ling Duan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and the Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1315 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Buddha Khatri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34thStreet, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Barry M Twenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34thStreet, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Michelle A Estrada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34thStreet, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Tyler F Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34thStreet, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34thStreet, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and the Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1315 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA.
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Murugavel S, Manikandan N, Ravikumar C, Naveen K, Perumal PT. Synthesis, Structural Commentary, Supramolecular Architecture and Molecular Docking Investigations of a Novel Thiophene-Fused 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivative as a Potent Anti-Cancer Agent. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476619070163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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McNamara KM, Sasano H. The role of 17βHSDs in breast tissue and breast cancers. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:32-44. [PMID: 30408503 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The family of seventeen beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes has a long and diverse history in breast and breast cancer research. Given the known dependence of the breast on steroid signalling and intracrine steroid metabolism these enzymes are considered to be essential local fine tuners of overall steroid balance in the tissue. This review will cover the current state of knowledge regarding the expression, clinical effect and biological regulation of enzymes in both cancerous and normal states. In addition we will also cover the current state of knowledge regarding 17βHSD actions in the often neglected adipose and stromal components of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely May McNamara
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, School of Graduate Medicine, Tohoku University, Japan.
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, School of Graduate Medicine, Tohoku University, Japan
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Penning TM. AKR1C3 (type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/prostaglandin F synthase): Roles in malignancy and endocrine disorders. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:82-91. [PMID: 30012349 PMCID: PMC6422768 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aldo-Keto-Reductase 1C3 (type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD)/prostaglandin (PG) F2α synthase) is the only 17β-HSD that is not a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase. By acting as a 17-ketosteroid reductase, AKR1C3 produces potent androgens in peripheral tissues which activate the androgen receptor (AR) or act as substrates for aromatase. AKR1C3 is implicated in the production of androgens in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and polycystic ovarian syndrome; and is implicated in the production of aromatase substrates in breast cancer. By acting as an 11-ketoprostaglandin reductase, AKR1C3 generates 11β-PGF2α to activate the FP receptor and deprives peroxisome proliferator activator receptorγ of its putative PGJ2 ligands. These growth stimulatory signals implicate AKR1C3 in non-hormonal dependent malignancies e.g. acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AKR1C3 moonlights by acting as a co-activator of the AR and stabilizes ubiquitin ligases. AKR1C3 inhibitors have been used clinically for CRPC and AML and can be used to probe its pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1315 BRBII/III 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Tsachaki M, Odermatt A. Subcellular localization and membrane topology of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:98-106. [PMID: 30864548 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs) comprise enzymes initially identified by their ability to interconvert active and inactive forms of sex steroids, a vital process for the tissue-specific control of estrogen and androgen balance. However, most 17β-HSDs have now been shown to accept substrates other than sex steroids, including bile acids, retinoids and fatty acids, thereby playing unanticipated roles in cell physiology. This functional divergence is often reflected by their different subcellular localization, with 17β-HSDs found in the cytosol, peroxisome, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and in lipid droplets. Moreover, a subset of 17β-HSDs are integral membrane proteins, with their specific topology dictating the cellular compartment in which they exert their enzymatic activity. Here, we summarize the present knowledge on the subcellular localization and membrane topology of the 17β-HSD enzymes and discuss the correlation with their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsachaki
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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Karunasinghe N, Symes E, Gamage A, Wang A, Murray P, Zhu S, Goudie M, Masters J, Ferguson LR. Interaction between leukocyte aldo-keto reductase 1C3 activity, genotypes, biological, lifestyle and clinical features in a prostate cancer cohort from New Zealand. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217373. [PMID: 31125365 PMCID: PMC6534310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) is known for multiple functions including its catalytic activity towards producing extra-testicular androgen. The present study is towards understanding interaction between biological, lifestyle and genetic impacts of AKR1C3 and their influence on clinical factors in a prostate cancer (PC) cohort from New Zealand (NZ). Method Characteristics of 516 PC patients were collected from the Auckland Regional Urology Facility, NZ. These men were genotyped for the AKR1C3 rs12529 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The leukocyte AKR1C3 activity was measured in a sub-cohort. Variability of leukocyte AKR1C3 activity between biological, lifestyle and clinical features as well as correlation between biological and clinical features were assessed with and without genetic stratification. Results The leukocyte AKR1C3 activity was associated with age at diagnosis (0.51 vs 0.34 μM coumberol units for >69y vs ≤69y, P = 0.03); and with anatomic stage/prognostic grouping among the AKR1C3 rs12529 CC genotype carriers (0.50 vs 28 μM coumberol units among low- and high-risk groups respectively, P = 0.02). Significant correlation between leukocyte AKR1C3 activity and age at PC diagnosis was also observed (correlation coefficient 0.20 and P = 0.02). Ever- smoking impacted both age and PSA at PC diagnosis among AKR1C3 rs12529 GG and CG genotype carriers respectively. Age at diagnosis significantly correlated with PSA at diagnosis in the main (correlation coefficient 0.29, and P<0.001) and sub-cohorts (correlation coefficient 0.24, and P = 0.01); and those carrying the AKR1C3 rs12529 CG and GG genotypes in both the main (correlation coefficient 0.30, and P<0.001 and correlation coefficient 0.35, and P<0.001 respectively) and sub-cohorts (correlation coefficient 0.43, and P<0.001 and correlation coefficient 0.39, and P = 0.06 respectively); but not with those carrying the CC genotype. Conclusions Age dependent PSA thresholds in PC screening could have been valid only in men carrying the AKR1C3 rs12529 CG and GG genotypes in this NZ cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishi Karunasinghe
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (ACSRC), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (FM&HS), The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Eva Symes
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (ACSRC), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (FM&HS), The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Amy Gamage
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (ACSRC), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (FM&HS), The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alice Wang
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (ACSRC), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (FM&HS), The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pam Murray
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (ACSRC), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (FM&HS), The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shuotun Zhu
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (ACSRC), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (FM&HS), The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Megan Goudie
- Urology Department, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Masters
- Urology Department, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
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Knuuttila M, Hämäläinen E, Poutanen M. Applying mass spectrometric methods to study androgen biosynthesis and metabolism in prostate cancer. J Mol Endocrinol 2019; 62:R255-R267. [PMID: 30917337 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent development of gas chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS) has provided novel tools to define sex steroid concentrations. These new methods overcome several of the problems associated with immunoassays for sex steroids. With the novel MS-based applications we are now able to measure small concentrations of the steroid hormones reliably and with high accuracy in both body fluids and tissue homogenates. The sensitivity of the tandem mass spectrometry assays allows us also for the first time to reliably measure picomolar or even femtomolar concentrations of estrogens and androgens. Furthermore, due to a high sensitivity and specificity of MS technology, we are also able to measure low concentrations of steroid hormones of interest in the presence of pharmacological concentration of other steroids and structurally closely related compounds. Both of these features are essential for multiple preclinical models for prostate cancer. The MS assays are also valuable for the simultaneous measurement of multiple steroids and their metabolites in small sample volumes in serum and tissue biopsies of prostate cancer patients before and after drug interventions. As a result, novel information about steroid hormone synthesis and metabolic pathways in prostate cancer has been obtained. In our recent studies, we have extensively applied a GC-MS/MS method to study androgen biosynthesis and metabolism in VCaP prostate cancer xenografts in mice. In the present review, we shortly summarize some of the benefits of the GC-MS/MS and novel LC-MS/MS assays, and provide examples of their use in defining novel mechanisms of androgen action in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Knuuttila
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Hämäläinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and HUSLAB, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Penning TM, Wangtrakuldee P, Auchus RJ. Structural and Functional Biology of Aldo-Keto Reductase Steroid-Transforming Enzymes. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:447-475. [PMID: 30137266 PMCID: PMC6405412 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) are monomeric NAD(P)(H)-dependent oxidoreductases that play pivotal roles in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids in humans. AKR1C enzymes acting as 3-ketosteroid, 17-ketosteroid, and 20-ketosteroid reductases are involved in the prereceptor regulation of ligands for the androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptors and are considered drug targets to treat steroid hormone-dependent malignancies and endocrine disorders. In contrast, AKR1D1 is the only known steroid 5β-reductase and is essential for bile-acid biosynthesis, the generation of ligands for the farnesoid X receptor, and the 5β-dihydrosteroids that have their own biological activity. In this review we discuss the crystal structures of these AKRs, their kinetic and catalytic mechanisms, AKR genomics (gene expression, splice variants, polymorphic variants, and inherited genetic deficiencies), distribution in steroid target tissues, roles in steroid hormone action and disease, and inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Phumvadee Wangtrakuldee
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Verma K, Zang T, Penning TM, Trippier PC. Potent and Highly Selective Aldo-Keto Reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) Inhibitors Act as Chemotherapeutic Potentiators in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Med Chem 2019; 62:3590-3616. [PMID: 30836001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) catalyzes the synthesis of 9α,11β-prostaglandin (PG) F2α and PGF2α prostanoids that sustain the growth of myeloid precursors in the bone marrow. The enzyme is overexpressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Moreover, AKR1C3 confers chemotherapeutic resistance to the anthracyclines: first-line agents for the treatment of leukemias. The highly homologous isoforms AKR1C1 and AKR1C2 inactivate 5α-dihydrotestosterone, and their inhibition would be undesirable. We report herein the identification of AKR1C3 inhibitors that demonstrate exquisite isoform selectivity for AKR1C3 over the other closely related isoforms to the order of >2800-fold. Biological evaluation of our isoform-selective inhibitors revealed a high degree of synergistic drug action in combination with the clinical leukemia therapeutics daunorubicin and cytarabine in in vitro cellular models of AML and primary patient-derived T-ALL cells. Our developed compounds exhibited >100-fold dose reduction index that results in complete resensitization of a daunorubicin-resistant AML cell line to the chemotherapeutic and >100-fold dose reduction of cytarabine in both AML cell lines and primary T-ALL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy , Amarillo , Texas 79106 , United States
| | - Tianzhu Zang
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy , Amarillo , Texas 79106 , United States.,Center for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas 79409 , United States
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Oncogenic and osteolytic functions of histone demethylase NO66 in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncogene 2019; 38:5038-5049. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Storbeck KH, Mostaghel EA. Canonical and Noncanonical Androgen Metabolism and Activity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:239-277. [PMID: 31900912 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are critical drivers of prostate cancer. In this chapter we first discuss the canonical pathways of androgen metabolism and their alterations in prostate cancer progression, including the classical, backdoor and 5α-dione pathways, the role of pre-receptor DHT metabolism, and recent findings on oncogenic splicing of steroidogenic enzymes. Next, we discuss the activity and metabolism of non-canonical 11-oxygenated androgens that can activate wild-type AR and are less susceptible to glucuronidation and inactivation than the canonical androgens, thereby serving as an under-recognized reservoir of active ligands. We then discuss an emerging literature on the potential non-canonical role of androgen metabolizing enzymes in driving prostate cancer. We conclude by discussing the potential implications of these findings for prostate cancer progression, particularly in context of new agents such as abiraterone and enzalutamide, which target the AR-axis for prostate cancer therapy, including mechanisms of response and resistance and implications of these findings for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center S-182, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Screening, synthesis, crystal structure, and molecular basis of 6-amino-4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-5-carbonitriles as novel AKR1C3 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5934-5943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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