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Xue C, Li G, Zheng Q, Gu X, Shi Q, Su Y, Chu Q, Yuan X, Bao Z, Lu J, Li L. Tryptophan metabolism in health and disease. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1304-1326. [PMID: 37352864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism primarily involves the kynurenine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and indole pathways. A variety of bioactive compounds produced via Trp metabolism can regulate various physiological functions, including inflammation, metabolism, immune responses, and neurological function. Emerging evidence supports an intimate relationship between Trp metabolism disorder and diseases. The levels or ratios of Trp metabolites are significantly associated with many clinical features. Additionally, studies have shown that disease progression can be controlled by modulating Trp metabolism. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, Trp-2,3-dioxygenase, kynurenine-3-monooxygenase, and Trp hydroxylase are the rate-limiting enzymes that are critical for Trp metabolism. These key regulatory enzymes can be targeted for treating several diseases, including tumors. These findings provide novel insights into the treatment of diseases. In this review, we have summarized the recent research progress on the role of Trp metabolites in health and disease along with their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ganglei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qiuxian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qingmiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yuanshuai Su
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qingfei Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhengyi Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Pang Y, Lu T, Xu-Monette ZY, Young KH. Metabolic Reprogramming and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065493. [PMID: 36982568 PMCID: PMC10052731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma is a heterogeneous group of diseases that often require their metabolism program to fulfill the demand of cell proliferation. Features of metabolism in lymphoma cells include high glucose uptake, deregulated expression of enzymes related to glycolysis, dual capacity for glycolytic and oxidative metabolism, elevated glutamine metabolism, and fatty acid synthesis. These aberrant metabolic changes lead to tumorigenesis, disease progression, and resistance to lymphoma chemotherapy. This metabolic reprogramming, including glucose, nucleic acid, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism, is a dynamic process caused not only by genetic and epigenetic changes, but also by changes in the microenvironment affected by viral infections. Notably, some critical metabolic enzymes and metabolites may play vital roles in lymphomagenesis and progression. Recent studies have uncovered that metabolic pathways might have clinical impacts on the diagnosis, characterization, and treatment of lymphoma subtypes. However, determining the clinical relevance of biomarkers and therapeutic targets related to lymphoma metabolism is still challenging. In this review, we systematically summarize current studies on metabolism reprogramming in lymphoma, and we mainly focus on disorders of glucose, amino acids, and lipid metabolisms, as well as dysregulation of molecules in metabolic pathways, oncometabolites, and potential metabolic biomarkers. We then discuss strategies directly or indirectly for those potential therapeutic targets. Finally, we prospect the future directions of lymphoma treatment on metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Pang
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Hematology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tingxun Lu
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zijun Y. Xu-Monette
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ken H. Young
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-668-7568; Fax: +1-919-684-1856
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Sakamoto T, Odera K, Onozato M, Sugasawa H, Takahashi R, Fujimaki Y, Fukushima T. Direct Fluorescence Evaluation of d-Amino Acid Oxidase Activity Using a Synthetic d-Kynurenine Derivative. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14530-14536. [PMID: 36222234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
d-Amino acid oxidase (DAO) has been suggested to be associated with the central nervous system diseases, such as schizophrenia. We newly synthesized a nonfluorescent 5-methylthio-d-kynurenine (MeS-d-KYN), which was converted to blue-fluorescent 6-MeS-kynurenic acid (MeS-KYNA, λex = 364 nm, λem = 450 nm) through a one-step reaction by incubation with DAO. It was revealed that fluorescence intensity increased accompanied by commercial porcine kidney DAO activity (unit) with a good correlation (R2 = 0.9972), suggesting that the fluorometric evaluation of DAO activity using MeS-d-KYN is feasible. MeS-d-KYN was applied to fluorescent DAO imaging in cultured LLC-PK1 cells, and the blue fluorescence of MeS-KYNA overlapped considerably with the location of peroxisomes, which was suggested to be the location of DAO in the cells. Because fluorescence was diminished in the presence of 6-chloro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3(2H)-one (CBIO), a DAO inhibitor, it was considered that DAO activity in cells could be directly evaluated using MeS-d-KYN as the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba274-8510, Japan
| | - Keiko Odera
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba274-8510, Japan
| | - Mayu Onozato
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba274-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugasawa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba274-8510, Japan
| | - Ryoya Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba274-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuto Fujimaki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Industrial Technology Research Institute, Jonan Branch, 1-20-20 minamikamata, Ota-ku, Tokyo144-0035, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukushima
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba274-8510, Japan
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Song X, Si Q, Qi R, Liu W, Li M, Guo M, Wei L, Yao Z. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1: A Promising Therapeutic Target in Malignant Tumor. Front Immunol 2022; 12:800630. [PMID: 35003126 PMCID: PMC8733291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.800630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a complex multifactorial and multistep process in which tumors can utilize a diverse repertoire of immunosuppressive mechanisms to evade host immune attacks. The degradation of tryptophan into immunosuppressive kynurenine is considered an important immunosuppressive mechanism in the tumor microenvironment. There are three enzymes, namely, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), involved in the metabolism of tryptophan. IDO1 has a wider distribution and higher activity in catalyzing tryptophan than the other two; therefore, it has been studied most extensively. IDO1 is a cytosolic monomeric, heme-containing enzyme, which is now considered an authentic immune regulator and represents one of the promising drug targets for tumor immunotherapy. Collectively, this review highlights the regulation of IDO1 gene expression and the ambivalent mechanisms of IDO1 on the antitumoral immune response. Further, new therapeutic targets via the regulation of IDO1 are discussed. A comprehensive analysis of the expression and biological function of IDO1 can help us to understand the therapeutic strategies of the inhibitors targeting IDO1 in malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Song
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qianqian Si
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rui Qi
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Weidan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The People's Hospital, Pingxiang County, Xingtai, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengyue Guo
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiyan Yao
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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Ko BS, Liang SM, Chang TC, Wu JY, Lee PH, Hsu YJ, Kuo CC, Liou JY, Wu KK. Association of Tumor Hydroxyindole O-Methyltransferase and Serum 5-Methoxytryptophan with Long-Term Survival of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215311. [PMID: 34771474 PMCID: PMC8582430 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary 5-methoxytryptophan (5-MTP) is a tryptophan (Trp) metabolite synthesized by hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT). Expression of HIOMT is decreased in various tumors. However, whether HIOMT expression and serum 5-MTP concentration associate with prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze HCC tissue HIOMT mRNA and serum 5-MTP and determine their association with survival following therapeutic liver resection. We found a significant association of serum 5-MTP or tissue HIOMT and serum kynurenine (Kyn) with overall and relapse free (RF) survival of HCC. The combination of serum 5-MTP and Kyn is a potential prognostic biomarker of HCC. Abstract 5-methoxytryptophan (5-MTP) is a recently discovered tryptophan (Trp) metabolite with anti-inflammatory and tumor-suppressing actions. Its synthesis is catalyzed by hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT). HIOMT levels were reported to be decreased in some patients with colorectal, pancreatic and breast cancer. It is unclear whether tissue HIOMT levels is altered in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is also unclear whether serum 5-MTP concentration is influenced by HCC. In this study, 150 HCC and adjacent normal liver tissues and serum samples were obtained from the HCC biobank established by a prospective multicenter study. Serum samples from 47 healthy subjects were included as a reference. HIOMT mRNA was measured by real time PCR. Serum 5-MTP and selected Trp metabolites were analyzed by quantitative LC-MS. HCC tissue HIOMT mRNA levels adjusted for adjacent normal tissue HIOMT mRNA levels was associated with overall and relapse-free (RF) survival. Combined serum 5-MTP or tissue HIOMT mRNA and serum kynurenine (Kyn) analysis predicted prolonged overall and RF survival following liver resection. A high serum 5-MTP or tissue HIOMT mRNA and low serum Kyn is associated with long-term survival. In conclusion, tumor tissue HIOMT mRNA and serum 5-MTP are potential biomarkers of HCC, especially when analyzed in combination with serum Kyn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Sheng Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
- Department of Hematological Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Man Liang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan; (S.-M.L.); (T.-C.C.); (J.-Y.W.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-C.K.)
| | - Tzu-Ching Chang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan; (S.-M.L.); (T.-C.C.); (J.-Y.W.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-C.K.)
| | - Jing-Yiing Wu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan; (S.-M.L.); (T.-C.C.); (J.-Y.W.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-C.K.)
| | - Po-Hsun Lee
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan; (S.-M.L.); (T.-C.C.); (J.-Y.W.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-C.K.)
| | - Yu-Juei Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, National Defense Medical Center, Department of Medicine Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Chin Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan; (S.-M.L.); (T.-C.C.); (J.-Y.W.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-C.K.)
| | - Jun-Yang Liou
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan; (S.-M.L.); (T.-C.C.); (J.-Y.W.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-C.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.L.); (K.K.W.)
| | - Kenneth K Wu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan; (S.-M.L.); (T.-C.C.); (J.-Y.W.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-C.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.L.); (K.K.W.)
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Morita N, Hoshi M, Hara T, Ninomiya S, Enoki T, Yoneda M, Tsurumi H, Saito K. Viability of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells is regulated by kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:790. [PMID: 34584567 PMCID: PMC8461759 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a clinically heterogeneous lymphoid malignancy that is the most common type of lymphoma in Japan. Previous studies have demonstrated that patients with DLBCL have a poor prognosis due to increased levels of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygnase and kynurenine (KYN). However, the roles of metabolites acting downstream of KYN and associated enzymes are not fully understood. The present study investigated the role of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), which catalyzes the conversion of KYN to 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), using serum samples from patients with DLBCL and human DLBCL cell lines with different KMO expression [STR-428 cells with high levels of KMO expression (KMOhigh) and KML-1 cells with low levels of KMO expression (KMOlow)]. Serum samples from 28 patients with DLBCL and 34 healthy volunteers were used to investigate the association between prognosis and KMO activity or 3-HK levels. Furthermore, to investigate the roles of KMO and its related metabolites, STR-428 and KML-1 cell lines, and the lymph nodes of patients with DLBCL were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR for KMO, KYNU, 3-hydroxyanthranilate-3,4-dioxygenase and quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase, by western blotting, and immunohistochemical or immunofluorescence staining for KMO, and by cell viability and NAD+/NADH assays. KYN pathway metabolites in serum samples were measured by HPLC. Serum 3-HK levels were regulated independently of serum KYN levels, and increased serum 3-HK levels and KMO activity were found to be associated with worse disease progression. Notably, the addition of KMO inhibitors and 3-HK negatively and positively regulated the viability of DLBCL cells, respectively. Furthermore, NAD+ levels in KMOhigh STR-428 cells were significantly higher than those in KMOlow KML-1 cells. These results suggested that 3-HK generated by KMO activity may be involved in the regulation of DLBCL cell viability via NAD+ synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanaka Morita
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masato Hoshi
- Department of Biochemical and Analytical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hara
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Matsunami General Hospital, Kasamatsucho, Gifu 501-6062, Japan
| | - Soranobu Ninomiya
- Department of Hematology, Matsunami General Hospital, Kasamatsucho, Gifu 501-6062, Japan
| | - Taisuke Enoki
- Department of Educational Collaboration, Health and Safety Sciences, Osaka Kyoiku University, Kashiwara, Osaka 582-8285, Japan
| | - Misao Yoneda
- Department of Pathology, Suzuka University of Medical Sciences, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan
| | - Hisashi Tsurumi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Matsunami General Hospital, Kasamatsucho, Gifu 501-6062, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
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Di Martino L, Tosello V, Peroni E, Piovan E. Insights on Metabolic Reprogramming and Its Therapeutic Potential in Acute Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168738. [PMID: 34445444 PMCID: PMC8395761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute leukemias, classified as acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, represent the most prevalent hematologic tumors in adolescent and young adults. In recent years, new challenges have emerged in order to improve the clinical effectiveness of therapies already in use and reduce their side effects. In particular, in this scenario, metabolic reprogramming plays a key role in tumorigenesis and prognosis, and it contributes to the treatment outcome of acute leukemia. This review summarizes the latest findings regarding the most relevant metabolic pathways contributing to the continuous growth, redox homeostasis, and drug resistance of leukemia cells. We describe the main metabolic deregulations in acute leukemia and evidence vulnerabilities that could be exploited for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Di Martino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Gastroenterologiche, Universita’ di Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy;
| | - Valeria Tosello
- UOC Immunologia e Diagnostica Molecolare Oncologica, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV—IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy; (V.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Edoardo Peroni
- UOC Immunologia e Diagnostica Molecolare Oncologica, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV—IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy; (V.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Erich Piovan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Gastroenterologiche, Universita’ di Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy;
- UOC Immunologia e Diagnostica Molecolare Oncologica, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV—IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy; (V.T.); (E.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8215895
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Kim M, Tomek P. Tryptophan: A Rheostat of Cancer Immune Escape Mediated by Immunosuppressive Enzymes IDO1 and TDO. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636081. [PMID: 33708223 PMCID: PMC7940516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of the immunosuppressive tryptophan catabolism mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) holds enormous promise for sensitising cancer patients to immune checkpoint blockade. Yet, only IDO1 inhibitors had entered clinical trials so far, and those agents have generated disappointing clinical results. Improved understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in the immune-regulatory function of the tryptophan catabolism is likely to optimise therapeutic strategies to block this pathway. The immunosuppressive role of tryptophan metabolite kynurenine is becoming increasingly clear, but it remains a mystery if tryptophan exerts functions beyond serving as a precursor for kynurenine. Here we hypothesise that tryptophan acts as a rheostat of kynurenine-mediated immunosuppression by competing with kynurenine for entry into immune T-cells through the amino acid transporter called System L. This hypothesis stems from the observations that elevated tryptophan levels in TDO-knockout mice relieve immunosuppression instigated by IDO1, and that the vacancy of System L transporter modulates kynurenine entry into CD4+ T-cells. This hypothesis has two potential therapeutic implications. Firstly, potent TDO inhibitors are expected to indirectly inhibit IDO1 hence development of TDO-selective inhibitors appears advantageous compared to IDO1-selective and dual IDO1/TDO inhibitors. Secondly, oral supplementation with System L substrates such as leucine represents a novel potential therapeutic modality to restrain the immunosuppressive kynurenine and restore anti-tumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minah Kim
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Petr Tomek
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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9
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Yao Y, Liang H, Fang X, Zhang S, Xing Z, Shi L, Kuang C, Seliger B, Yang Q. What is the prospect of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibition in cancer? Extrapolation from the past. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:60. [PMID: 33557876 PMCID: PMC7869231 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a monomeric heme-containing enzyme, catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism, which plays an important role in immunity and neuronal function. Its implication in different pathophysiologic processes including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases has inspired the development of IDO1 inhibitors in the past decades. However, the negative results of the phase III clinical trial of the would-be first-in-class IDO1 inhibitor (epacadostat) in combination with an anti-PD1 antibody (pembrolizumab) in patients with advanced malignant melanoma call for a better understanding of the role of IDO1 inhibition. In this review, the current status of the clinical development of IDO1 inhibitors will be introduced and the key pre-clinical and clinical data of epacadostat will be summarized. Moreover, based on the cautionary notes obtained from the clinical readout of epacadostat, strategies for the identification of reliable predictive biomarkers and pharmacodynamic markers as well as for the selection of the tumor types to be treated with IDO1inhibitors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Zikang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxiang Kuang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Straße 2, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, 200438, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Liu XH, Zhai XY. Role of tryptophan metabolism in cancers and therapeutic implications. Biochimie 2021; 182:131-139. [PMID: 33460767 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism is associated with diverse biological processes, including nerve conduction, inflammation, and the immune response. The majority of free Trp is broken down through the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway (KP), in which indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) catalyze the rate-limiting step. Clinical studies have demonstrated that Trp metabolism promotes tumor progression due to modulation of the immunosuppressive microenvironment through multiple mechanisms. In this process, IDO-expressing dendritic cells (DCs) exhibit tolerogenic potential and orchestrate T cell immune responses. Various signaling molecules control IDO expression, initiating the immunoregulatory pathway of Trp catabolism. Based on these characteristics, KP enzymes and catabolites are emerging as significant prognostic indicators and potential therapeutic targets of cancer. The physiological and oncologic roles of Trp metabolism are briefly summarized here, along with great challenges for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Zhai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China.
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11
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Balog A, Lin TA, Maley D, Gullo-Brown J, Kandoussi EH, Zeng J, Hunt JT. Preclinical Characterization of Linrodostat Mesylate, a Novel, Potent, and Selective Oral Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Inhibitor. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 20:467-476. [PMID: 33298590 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumors can exploit the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) pathway to create an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Activated IDO1 metabolizes tryptophan into immunosuppressive kynurenine, leading to suppressed effector T-cell (Teff) proliferation, allowing for tumor escape from host immune surveillance. IDO1 inhibition counteracts this immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and may improve cancer outcomes, particularly when combined with other immunotherapies. Linrodostat mesylate (linrodostat) is a potent, selective oral IDO1 inhibitor that occupies the heme cofactor-binding site to prevent further IDO1 activation and is currently in multiple clinical trials for treatment of patients with advanced cancers. Here, we assess the in vitro potency, in vivo pharmacodynamic (PD) activity, and preclinical pharmacokinetics (PKs) of linrodostat. Linrodostat exhibited potent cellular activity, suppressing kynurenine production in HEK293 cells overexpressing human IDO1 and HeLa cells stimulated with IFNγ, with no activity against tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase or murine indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 detected. Linrodostat restored T-cell proliferation in a mixed-lymphocyte reaction of T cells and allogeneic IDO1-expressing dendritic cells. In vivo, linrodostat reduced kynurenine levels in human tumor xenograft models, exhibiting significant PD activity. Linrodostat demonstrated a PK/PD relationship in the xenograft model, preclinical species, and samples from patients with advanced cancers, with high oral bioavailability in preclinical species and low to moderate systemic clearance. Our data demonstrate that linrodostat potently and specifically inhibits IDO1 to block an immunosuppressive mechanism that could be responsible for tumor escape from host immune surveillance with favorable PK/PD characteristics that support clinical development.
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12
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Xu B, Hu R, Liang Z, Chen T, Chen J, Hu Y, Jiang Y, Li Y. Metabolic regulation of the bone marrow microenvironment in leukemia. Blood Rev 2020; 48:100786. [PMID: 33353770 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most leukemia patients experience little benefit from immunotherapy, in part due to the immunosuppressive bone marrow microenvironment. Various metabolic mechanisms orchestrate the behaviors of immune cells and leukemia cells in the bone marrow microenvironment. Furthermore, leukemia cells regulate the bone marrow microenvironment through metabolism to generate an adequate supply of energy and to escape antitumor immune surveillance. Thus, the targeting of the interaction between leukemia cells and the bone marrow microenvironment provides a new therapeutic avenue. In this review, we describe the concept of the bone marrow microenvironment and several important metabolic processes of leukemia cells within the bone marrow microenvironment, including carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. In addition, we discuss how these metabolic pathways regulate antitumor immunity and reveal potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyan Xu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China
| | - Zhao Liang
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China; The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - Jianyu Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China
| | - Yuxing Hu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China
| | - Yirong Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523059, PR China.
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), 510005 Guangzhou, PR China.
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13
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Masaki A, Ishida T, Maeda Y, Ito A, Suzuki S, Narita T, Kinoshita S, Yoshida T, Ri M, Kusumoto S, Komatsu H, Inagaki H, Ueda R, Choi I, Suehiro Y, Iida S. Clinical significance of tryptophan catabolism in follicular lymphoma. Hematol Oncol 2020; 38:742-753. [PMID: 32940915 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO), catabolizes tryptophan (Trp) in the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway, and is important in suppressing antitumor immune responses in the tumor microenvironment. With regard to previously untreated patients with follicular lymphoma (FL), we sought to establish the prognostic significance of Trp catabolism in this disease. Serum Trp and Kyn levels in 110 patients with FL were quantified, and their relationship to different clinical parameters studied. IDO expression in the lymph nodes of affected patients was studied. Study participants included 54 males and 56 females (age range 39-86, median 62 years), showing a 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of 78.5%. Patients with a high Kyn level (5-year OS, 65.0% vs. 81.7%; p = 0.026), high Kyn/Trp ratio (71.1% vs. 81.7%; p = 0.002), and low hemoglobin (Hb) level (<12.0 g/dL; p = 0.001; a component of FL international prognostic indexes) demonstrated a significantly shorter OS. Multivariate analysis included the following 10 variables: age, sex, serum β2-microglobulin, Hb, longest diameter of the largest involved node, Ann Arbor stage, serum lactate dehydrogenase, histologic grading, B symptoms, and serum Kyn/Trp ratio; a lower Hb level and a high Kyn/Trp ratio (HR, 3.239; 95% CI, 1.296-8.096) led to a significantly inferior OS. In the microenvironment, some CD11c-positive myeloid dendritic cells but not FL tumor cells were found to produce IDO. Overall, measuring levels of serum Kyn and Trp in individual patients with FL contributed to predicting their prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Masaki
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishida
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Maeda
- Center for Joint Research Facilities Support, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Asahi Ito
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Susumu Suzuki
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Tomoko Narita
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shiori Kinoshita
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaki Ri
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kusumoto
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Komatsu
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inagaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Ueda
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Ilseung Choi
- Department of Hematology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Youko Suehiro
- Department of Hematology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Iida
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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14
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Autocrine HGF/c-Met signaling pathway confers aggressiveness in lymph node adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Oncogene 2020; 39:5782-5794. [PMID: 32747750 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive T-cell neoplasm. While ATL cells in peripheral blood (PB-ATL) are sensitive to anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 treatment, non-PB-ATLs, including lymph node ATLs (LN-ATLs), are more aggressive and resistant. We examined characteristic cytokines and growth factors that allow non-PB-ATLs to proliferate and invade compared with PB-ATLs. Protein array analysis revealed hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) were significantly upregulated in non-PB-ATLs compared with PB-ATLs. The HGF membrane receptor, c-Met, was expressed in PB-ATL and non-PB-ATL cell lines, but CCR2, a CCL2 receptor, was not. Immunohistochemical analysis in clinical ATLs revealed high HGF expression in LNs, pharynx, bone marrow, and tonsils. The HGF/c-Met signaling pathway was active downstream in non-PB-ATLs. Downregulation of HGF/c-Met by siRNA or chemical inhibitors decreased in vitro and in vivo proliferation and invasion by non-PB-ATLs. Treatment with bromodomain and extra-terminal motif inhibitor suppressed HGF expression and decreased levels of histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27Ac) and bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) binding promoter and enhancer regions, suppressing non-PB-ATL cellular growth. Our data indicate H3K27Ac/BRD4 epigenetics regulates the HGF/c-MET pathway in ATLs; targeting this pathway may improve treatment of aggressive non-PB-ATLs.
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15
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Hong W, Cheng W, Zheng T, Jiang N, Xu R. AHR is a tunable knob that controls HTLV-1 latency-reactivation switching. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008664. [PMID: 32678826 PMCID: PMC7367443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing latent infection but retaining the capability to reactivate in certain circumstance is an ingenious tactic for retroviruses to persist in vivo while evading host immune surveillance. Many evidences indicate that Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is not completely silent in vivo. However, signals that trigger HTLV-1 latency-reactivation switching remain poorly understood. Here, we show that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, plays a critical role in HTLV-1 plus-strand expression. Importantly, HTLV-1 reactivation could be tunably manipulated by modulating the level of AHR ligands. Mechanistically, activated AHR binds to HTLV-1 LTR dioxin response element (DRE) site (CACGCATAT) and drives plus-strand transcription. On the other hand, persistent activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway constitutes one key prerequisite for AHR overexpression in HTLV-1 infected T-cells, setting the stage for the advent of AHR signaling. Our findings suggest that HTLV-1 might achieve its reactivation in vivo when encountering environmental, dietary, microbial and metabolic cues that induce sufficient AHR signaling. HTLV-1 is considered largely latent in vivo because viral products were rarely detected in freshly isolated PBMCs of infected individuals. However, the existence of strong HTLV-1-specific immune response in most infected individuals suggests that the virus should not be completely silent in vivo. Since viral gene expression plays a critical role in cell transformation and de novo infection, a novel insight into where and how HTLV-1 achieves its reactivation in vivo is essential for developing new therapeutic approaches. AHR is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates intricate transcriptional programs in response to environmental, dietary, microbial and metabolic cues. It has been reported that AHR is constitutively overexpressed in HTLV-1-infected T-cells. Nevertheless, the functional role of AHR in HTLV-1 pathogenesis is still obscure. In this study, we show that activated AHR can directly bind to HTLV-1 LTR DRE site (CACGCATAT) and drive HTLV-1 plus-strand transcription. Importantly, HTLV-1 latency-reactivation-latency switching could be manipulated in MT-1 cells by adding and removing additional kynurenine (a well-known AHR ligand). Moreover, we explicate that the persistent NF-κB activation is critical for AHR overexpression in HTLV-1-infected T-cells. These results imply that constitutive AHR overexpression in infected T-cells endues HTLV-1 the potential to reactivate from latency when the level of AHR ligands reaches a certain threshold. Accordingly, we propose that HTLV-1 might achieve its reactivation in certain parts of the body that are prone to accumulate AHR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Hong
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine & Xiamen Key Lab of Marine and Gene Drugs, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenzhao Cheng
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine & Xiamen Key Lab of Marine and Gene Drugs, Xiamen, China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
| | - Tingjin Zheng
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine & Xiamen Key Lab of Marine and Gene Drugs, Xiamen, China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine & Xiamen Key Lab of Marine and Gene Drugs, Xiamen, China
| | - Ruian Xu
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine & Xiamen Key Lab of Marine and Gene Drugs, Xiamen, China
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Tsang M, Cleveland J, Rubenstein JL. On point in primary CNS lymphoma. Hematol Oncol 2020; 38:640-647. [PMID: 32510610 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) is an aggressive brain tumor that represents a significant challenge both to elucidate its biological pathogenesis as well as to develop definitive precision medicines with minimal collateral toxicity. We highlight the key issues in diagnosis and treatment and focus on emerging technologies, current options among consolidation strategies, and biological agents. We anticipate that further development of molecular diagnostics and molecular imaging approaches that elucidate minimal residual disease in brain parenchyma, leptomeninges, intraocular compartments and even bone marrow will greatly impact the delivery and timing of cytotoxic and biological therapies. Implementation of these approaches is likely essential to clarify ongoing discrepancies in the interpretation of clinical trial results that currently are based on relatively unrefined definitions of response. While the results of early phase investigations involving ibrutinib and the IMiD agents, lenalidomide, pomalidomide, as well as avadomide, strongly support the hypothesis that the B-cell receptor (BCR) pathway, involving MYD88 and CD79B and NF-kB activation, is critical to the pathogenesis of PCNSL, much work is needed to elucidate mechanisms of resistance. Similarly, development of strategies to overcome immunosuppressive mechanisms that are upregulated in the tumor microenvironment is a high priority. Finally, ongoing evidence supports the hypothesis that the blood-brain barrier represents a significant impediment to efficient brain tumor penetration of novel therapeutic agents and innovative strategies of drug delivery remain essential to further improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazie Tsang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joseph Cleveland
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James L Rubenstein
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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17
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Ferreira JM, Dellê H, Camacho CP, Almeida RJ, Reis ST, Matos YST, Lima AMR, Leite KRM, Pontes-Júnior J, Srougi M. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in the prognosis of the localized prostate cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 2020; 52:1477-1482. [PMID: 32152758 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-020-02414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) is an enzyme that acts as an immunomodulatory molecule. It is found in several types of cancer where it seems to be associated with tumor escape due to its immunosuppressive mechanisms. However, the role of IDO1 expression in prostate cancer (PC) is unclear. The aim of our study was to evaluate the expression of IDO1 in localized PC and to correlate with the classic prognostic factor and recurrence after surgical treatment. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated surgical specimens from 111 patients with localized PC, who underwent radical prostatectomy. Recurrence was defined as a prostate specific antigen (PSA) level exceeding 0.2 ng/mL postoperatively, and the follow-up was 123 months. IDO1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 72 cases of which 42 (58%) had biochemical recurrence. RESULTS Lower IDO1 expression was associated with higher Gleason score (p = 0.022) and PSA levels (p = 0.042). The multivariate analyses revealed that the loss of IDO1 and higher PSA were independently associated with biochemical recurrence. The chance of recurrence was increased by 85% in patients with lower IDO1 [OR = 0.15; p = 0.009 CI 95% (0.038-0.633)] and increased by 5.5 times in patients with higher PSA [OR = 5.51; p = 0.012 CI 95% (1.435-21.21)]. The recurrence-free survival curve also demonstrates that lower IDO1 was associated with lower time to biochemical recurrence (p = 0.0004). CONCLUSION The loss of IDO1 expression was associated with increased chance of biochemical recurrence, higher PSA, and a Gleason score in localized PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Mendes Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo City, SP, Brazil.
| | - Humberto Dellê
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo City, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleber Pinto Camacho
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo City, SP, Brazil
| | - Robson José Almeida
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo City, SP, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Thalita Reis
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yves Silva Teles Matos
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo City, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda M Ramos Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo City, SP, Brazil
| | - Kátia Ramos Moreira Leite
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Pontes-Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo City, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel Srougi
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Zhou QH, Han H, Lu JB, Liu TY, Huang KB, Deng CZ, Li ZS, Chen JP, Yao K, Qin ZK, Liu ZW, Li YH, Guo SJ, Ye YL, Zhou FJ, Liu RY. Up-regulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) expression and catalytic activity is associated with immunosuppression and poor prognosis in penile squamous cell carcinoma patients. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2020; 40:3-15. [PMID: 32125093 PMCID: PMC7163927 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan (Trp) catabolism have been demonstrated to play an important role in tumor immunosuppression. This study examined the expression and catalytic activity of IDO1 in penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) and explored their clinical significance. Methods IDO1 expression level, serum concentrations of Trp and kynurenine (Kyn) were examined in 114 PSCC patients by immunohistonchemistry and solid‐phase extraction‐liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. The survival was analyzed using Kaplan‐Meier method and the log‐rank test. Hazard ratio of death was analyzed via univariate and multivariate Cox regression. Immune cell types were defined by principal component analysis. The correlativity was assessed by Pearson's correlation analysis. Results The expression level of IDO1 in PSCC cells was positively correlated with serum Kyn concentration and Kyn/Trp radio (KTR; both P < 0.001) but negatively correlated with serum Trp concentration (P = 0.001). Additionally, IDO1 up‐regulation in cancer cells and the increase of serum KTR were significantly associated with advanced N stage (both P < 0.001) and high pathologic grade (P = 0.008 and 0.032, respectively). High expression level of IDO1 in cancer cells and serum KTR were associated with short disease‐specific survival (both P < 0.001). However, besides N stage (hazard radio [HR], 6.926; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.458‐19.068; P < 0.001) and pathologic grade (HR, 2.194; 95% CI, 1.021‐4.529; P = 0.038), only serum KTR (HR, 2.780; 95% CI, 1.066‐7.215; P = 0.036) was an independent predictor for PSCC prognosis. IDO1 expression was positively correlated with the expression of interferon‐γ (IFNγ, P < 0.001) and immunosuppressive markers (programmed cell death protein 1, cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein 4 and programmed death‐ligand 1 and 2; all P < 0.05), and the infiltration of immune cells (including cytotoxic T lymphocytes, regulatory T lymphocytes, tumor‐associated macrophages, and myeloid‐derived suppressor cells; all P < 0.001) in PSCC tissues. Furthermore, the expression of IDO1 was induced by IFNγ in a dose‐dependent manner in PSCC cells. Conclusions IFNγ‐induced IDO1 plays a crucial role in immunoediting and immunosuppression in PSCC. Additionally, serum KTR, an indicator of IDO1 catabolic activity, can be utilized as an independent prognostic factor for PSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Hua Zhou
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Hui Han
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Bin Lu
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Ting-Yu Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Kang-Bo Huang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Chuang-Zhong Deng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Zai-Shang Li
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518021, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Ping Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Kai Yao
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Ke Qin
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo-Wei Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Hong Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Jie Guo
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Lin Ye
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Fang-Jian Zhou
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Ran-Yi Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
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19
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Lanser L, Kink P, Egger EM, Willenbacher W, Fuchs D, Weiss G, Kurz K. Inflammation-Induced Tryptophan Breakdown is Related With Anemia, Fatigue, and Depression in Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:249. [PMID: 32153576 PMCID: PMC7047328 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many patients with cancer suffer from anemia, depression, and an impaired quality of life (QoL). These patients often also show decreased plasma tryptophan levels and increased kynurenine concentrations in parallel with elevated concentrations of Th1 type immune activation marker neopterin. In the course of anti-tumor immune response, the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-γ) induces both, the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) to degrade tryptophan and the enzyme GTP-cyclohydrolase I to form neopterin. High neopterin concentrations as well as an increased kynurenine to tryptophan ratio (Kyn/Trp) in the blood of cancer patients are predictive for a worse outcome. Inflammation-mediated tryptophan catabolism along the kynurenine pathway is related to fatigue and anemia as well as to depression and a decreased QoL in patients with solid tumors. In fact, enhanced tryptophan breakdown might greatly contribute to the development of anemia, fatigue, and depression in cancer patients. IDO activation and stimulation of the kynurenine pathway exert immune regulatory mechanisms, which may impair anti-tumor immune responses. In addition, tumor cells can degrade tryptophan to weaken immune responses directed against them. High IDO expression in the tumor tissue is associated with a poor prognosis of patients. The efficiency of IDO-inhibitors to inhibit cancer progression is currently tested in combination with established chemotherapies and with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Inflammation-mediated tryptophan catabolism and its possible influence on the development and persistence of anemia, fatigue, and depression in cancer patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lanser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patricia Kink
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eva Maria Egger
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Willenbacher
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Oncotyrol Centre for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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20
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Zimmer P, Schmidt ME, Prentzell MT, Berdel B, Wiskemann J, Kellner KH, Debus J, Ulrich C, Opitz CA, Steindorf K. Resistance Exercise Reduces Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2019; 9:962. [PMID: 31612110 PMCID: PMC6773833 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Evidence from preclinical studies and trials in healthy volunteers suggests that exercise may modulate the levels of tryptophan (TRP) metabolites along the kynurenine (KYN) pathway. As KYN and downstream KYN metabolites are known to promote cancer progression by inhibiting anti-tumor immune responses and by promoting the motility of cancer cells, we investigated if resistance exercise can also control the levels of KYN pathway metabolites in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy (NCT01468766). Patients and Methods: Chemotherapy-naïve breast cancer patients (n = 96) were either randomized to an exercise/intervention group (IG) or a control group (CG). The IG participated in a 12-week supervised progressive resistance exercise program twice a week, whereas the CG received a supervised relaxation program. Serum levels of TRP and KYN as well as urine levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and neurotoxic quinolinic acid (QUINA) were assessed before (t0), after radiotherapy, and mid-term of the exercise intervention (t1) and after the exercise intervention (t2). Additionally, 24 healthy women (HIG) participated in the exercise program to investigate potential differences in its effects on KYN metabolites in comparison to the breast cancer patients. Results: At baseline (t0) the breast cancer patients showed a significantly elevated serum KYN/TRP ratio and urine QUINA/KYNA ratio, as well as increased urine QUINA levels in comparison to the healthy women. In response to exercise the healthy women and the breast cancer patients differed significantly in the levels of urine QUINA and the QUINA/KYNA ratio. Most importantly, serum KYN levels and the KYN/TRP ratio were significantly reduced in exercising patients (IG) compared to non-exercising patients (CG) both at t1 and t2. Conclusion: Resistance exercise may represent a potent non-pharmacological avenue to counteract an activation of the KYN pathway in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Physical Activity, Prevention and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martina E Schmidt
- Division of Physical Activity, Prevention and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mirja Tamara Prentzell
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bianca Berdel
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Wiskemann
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Debus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Ulrich
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Christiane A Opitz
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karen Steindorf
- Division of Physical Activity, Prevention and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Phase 1 investigation of lenalidomide/rituximab plus outcomes of lenalidomide maintenance in relapsed CNS lymphoma. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1595-1607. [PMID: 29986852 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017014845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet need for effective biological therapies for relapsed central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma. Lenalidomide is active in activated B-cell type diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and rituximab is effective in CNS lymphoma. These observations are the basis for this first trial of an immunomodulatory drug as monotherapy in CNS lymphoma, and, in patients with inadequate responses to lenalidomide, with rituximab. In an independent cohort, we evaluated lenalidomide maintenance after salvage with high-dose methotrexate or focal irradiation in relapsed primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL). We determined safety, efficacy, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) penetration of lenalidomide at 10-, 15-, and 20-mg dose levels in 14 patients with refractory CD20+ CNS lymphoma. Nine subjects with relapsed, refractory CNS lymphoma achieved better than partial response with lenalidomide monotherapy, 6 maintained response ≥9 months, and 4 maintained response ≥18 months. Median progression-free survival for lenalidomide/rituximab was 6 months. In the independent cohort, response duration with lenalidomide maintenance after complete responses 2 through 5 were significantly longer than response durations after standard therapy. The CSF/plasma partition coefficient of lenalidomide was ≥20% at 15- and 20-mg dose levels. Change in CSF interleukin-10 at 1 month correlated with clinical response and response duration to lenalidomide. Metabolomic profiling of CSF identified novel biomarkers, including lactate, and implicated indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase activity with CNS lymphoma progression on lenalidomide. We conclude that lenalidomide penetrates ventricular CSF and is active as monotherapy in relapsed CNS lymphomas. We provide evidence that maintenance lenalidomide potentiates response duration after salvage in relapsed PCNSL and delays whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT). This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01542918.
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22
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Zhai L, Ladomersky E, Lauing KL, Wu M, Scholtens DM, Savoor R, Zhang B, Wu JD, Horbinski C, Lukas RV, Binder DC, Wainwright DA. Commentary: preclinical efficacy of immune-checkpoint monotherapy does not recapitulate corresponding biomarkers-based clinical predictions in glioblastoma by Garg et al. (2017). Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:1548242. [PMID: 30723577 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1548242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical modeling and gene expression analyses have yielded distinct observations for the role of immune checkpoint, IDO1, in glioblastoma (GBM). Accordingly, our recent work differs with Garg et al. (2017) with respect to IDO1 among preclinical and bioinformatic GBM datasets. Here, we discuss the methodological differences that affected study interpretation, and potentially, future clinical decision-making for IDO1-targeting approaches against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erik Ladomersky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristen L Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Meijing Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Denise M Scholtens
- Department of Preventive Medicine-Biostatistics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rohan Savoor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer D Wu
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rimas V Lukas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David C Binder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Medicine-Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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23
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Rubenstein JL. Can rituximab unlock the innate potential of checkpoint blockade in the CNS? Leuk Lymphoma 2018; 60:281-283. [PMID: 30188237 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1510496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James L Rubenstein
- a Hematology/Oncology , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA.,b Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
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24
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de Charette M, Houot R. Hide or defend, the two strategies of lymphoma immune evasion: potential implications for immunotherapy. Haematologica 2018; 103:1256-1268. [PMID: 30006449 PMCID: PMC6068015 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.184192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evading immune eradication is a prerequisite for neoplastic progression and one of the hallmarks of cancer. Here, we review the different immune escape strategies of lymphoma and classify them into two main mechanisms. First, lymphoma cells may “hide” to become invisible to the immune system. This can be achieved by losing or downregulating MHC and/or molecules involved in antigen presentation (including antigen processing machinery and adhesion molecules), thereby preventing their recognition by the immune system. Second, lymphoma cells may “defend” themselves to become resistant to immune eradication. This can be achieved in several ways: by becoming resistant to apoptosis, by expressing inhibitory ligands that deactivate immune cells and/or by inducing an immunosuppressive (humoral and cellular) microenvironment. These immune escape mechanisms may have therapeutic implications. Their identification may be used to guide “personalized immunotherapy” for lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roch Houot
- CHU Rennes, Service Hématologie Clinique, F-35033, France .,INSERM, U1236, F-35043, France
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25
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Wojtowicz W, Chachaj A, Olczak A, Ząbek A, Piątkowska E, Rybka J, Butrym A, Biedroń M, Mazur G, Wróbel T, Szuba A, Młynarz P. Serum NMR metabolomics to differentiate haematologic malignancies. Oncotarget 2018; 9:24414-24427. [PMID: 29849950 PMCID: PMC5966245 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematological malignancies are a frequently diagnosed group of neoplasms and a significant cause of cancer deaths. The successful treatment of these diseases relies on early and accurate detection. Specific small molecular compounds released by malignant cells and the simultaneous response by the organism towards the pathological state may serve as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers or as a tool with relevance for cancer therapy management. To identify the most important metabolites required for differentiation, an 1H NMR metabolomics approach was applied to selected haematological malignancies. This study utilized 116 methanol serum extract samples from AML (n= 38), nHL (n= 26), CLL (n= 21) and HC (n= 31). Multivariate and univariate data analyses were performed to identify the most abundant changes among the studied groups. Complex and detailed VIP-PLS-DA models were calculated to highlight possible changes in terms of biochemical pathways and discrimination ability. Chemometric model prediction properties were validated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and statistical analysis. Two sets of eight important metabolites in HC/AML/CLL/nHL comparisons and five in AML/CLL/nHL comparisons were selected to form complex models to represent the most significant changes that occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Wojtowicz
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Angelika Chachaj
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Angiology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Olczak
- Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole, Poland
| | - Adam Ząbek
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Justyna Rybka
- Department of Haematology, Blood Neoplasms, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Butrym
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.,Department of Physiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Monika Biedroń
- Department of Haematology, Blood Neoplasms, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Mazur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wróbel
- Department of Haematology, Blood Neoplasms, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Szuba
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Angiology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Młynarz
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wroclaw, Poland
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26
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Masaki A, Ishida T, Maeda Y, Ito A, Suzuki S, Narita T, Kinoshita S, Takino H, Yoshida T, Ri M, Kusumoto S, Komatsu H, Inagaki H, Ueda R, Choi I, Suehiro Y, Iida S. Clinical significance of tryptophan catabolism in Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Sci 2017; 109:74-83. [PMID: 29080383 PMCID: PMC5765298 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO) is an enzyme catabolizing tryptophan (Trp) into the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway. The purpose of the present study was to determine the clinical significance of Trp catabolism in newly diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients. We quantified serum Trp and Kyn in 52 HL patients, and analyzed their associations with different clinical parameters including serum soluble CD30 concentration. The IDO expression was evaluated in the patients’ affected lymph nodes. The cohort comprised 22 male and 30 female patients (age range, 15‐81 years; median, 45 years), with a 5‐year overall survival (OS) of 88.6%. The OS was significantly shorter for patients with a high Kyn/Trp ratio (OS at 5 years, 60.0% vs 92.2%), for those with stage IV disease, and for those with lymphocytopenia (<600/mm3 and/or <8% white blood cell count). The latter two parameters are components of the international prognostic score for advanced HL. In contrast, there were no significant differences in OS according to age, serum albumin, hemoglobin, sex, white blood cell count, or serum soluble CD30 (≥ or <285.6 ng/mL). Multivariate analysis using the three variables stage, lymphocytopenia, and serum Kyn/Trp ratio showed that only the latter significantly affected OS. Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 was produced by macrophages/dendritic cells, but not by HL tumor cells, and IDO levels determined by immunohistochemistry had a significant positive correlation with the serum Kyn/Trp ratio. In conclusion, quantification of serum Kyn and Trp is useful for predicting prognosis of individual HL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Masaki
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Maeda
- Laboratory of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Asahi Ito
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Susumu Suzuki
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Tomoko Narita
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shiori Kinoshita
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisashi Takino
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaki Ri
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kusumoto
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Komatsu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inagaki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Ueda
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Ilseung Choi
- Department of Hematology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Youko Suehiro
- Department of Hematology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Iida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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27
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Yong CS, Abba Moussa D, Cretenet G, Kinet S, Dardalhon V, Taylor N. Metabolic orchestration of T lineage differentiation and function. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3104-3118. [PMID: 28901530 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cells are stimulated by the engagement of antigen, cytokine, pathogen, and hormone receptors. While research performed over many years has focused on deciphering the molecular components of these pathways, recent data underscore the importance of the metabolic environment in conditioning responses to receptor engagement. The ability of T cells to undergo a massive proliferation and cytokine secretion in response to receptor signals requires alterations to their bioenergetic homeostasis, allowing them to meet new energetic and biosynthetic demands. The metabolic reprogramming of activated T cells is regulated not only by changes in intracellular nutrient uptake and utilization but also by nutrient and oxygen concentrations in the extracellular environment. Notably, the extracellular environment can be profoundly altered by pathological conditions such as infections and tumors, thereby perturbing the metabolism and function of antigen-specific T lymphocytes. This review highlights the interplay between diverse metabolic networks and the transcriptional/epigenetic states that condition T-cell differentiation, comparing the metabolic features of T lymphocytes with other immune cells. We further address recent discoveries in the metabolic pathways that govern T-cell function in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen S Yong
- IGMM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Naomi Taylor
- IGMM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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28
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Zhai L, Ladomersky E, Lauing KL, Wu M, Genet M, Gritsina G, Győrffy B, Brastianos PK, Binder DC, Sosman JA, Giles FJ, James CD, Horbinski C, Stupp R, Wainwright DA. Infiltrating T Cells Increase IDO1 Expression in Glioblastoma and Contribute to Decreased Patient Survival. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6650-6660. [PMID: 28751450 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) mediates potent immunosuppression in multiple preclinical models of cancer. However, the basis for elevated IDO1 expression in human cancer, including the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, glioblastoma (GBM), is poorly understood. The major objective of this study is to address this gap in our understanding of how IDO1 expression contributes to the biology of GBM, and whether its level of expression is a determinant of GBM patient outcome.Experimental Design: Patient-resected GBM, The Cancer Genome Atlas, human T-cell:GBM cocultures, as well as nu/nu, NOD-scid, and humanized (NSG-SGM3-BLT) mice-engrafted human GBM form the basis of our investigation.Results:In situ hybridization for IDO1 revealed transcript expression throughout patient-resected GBM, whereas immunohistochemical IDO1 positivity was highly variable. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that higher levels of IDO1 transcript predict a poor patient prognosis (P = 0.0076). GBM IDO1 mRNA levels positively correlated with increased gene expression for markers of cytolytic and regulatory T cells, in addition to decreased patient survival. Humanized mice intracranially engrafted human GBM revealed an IFNγ-associated T-cell-mediated increase of intratumoral IDO1Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high intratumoral IDO1 mRNA levels correlate with a poor GBM patient prognosis. It also confirms the positive correlation between increased GBM IDO1 levels and human-infiltrating T cells. Collectively, this study suggests that future efforts aimed at increasing T-cell-mediated effects against GBM should consider combinatorial approaches that coinhibit potential T-cell-mediated IDO1 enhancement during therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 23(21); 6650-60. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Erik Ladomersky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kristen L Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Meijing Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Matthew Genet
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Galina Gritsina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Budapest, Hungary.,2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Priscilla K Brastianos
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David C Binder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jeffrey A Sosman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Francis J Giles
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Charles D James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Roger Stupp
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. .,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Wang Y, Hu GF, Wang ZH. The status of immunosuppression in patients with stage IIIB or IV non-small-cell lung cancer correlates with the clinical characteristics and response to chemotherapy. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:3557-3566. [PMID: 28790848 PMCID: PMC5530847 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s136259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of tryptophan (Trp) degradation via the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway, which inhibits the proliferation of T cells and induces the apoptosis of T cells, leading to immune tolerance. Therefore, IDO has been considered as the most important mechanism for tumor cells to escape from immune response. Previous studies suggested that IDO might be involved in the progression of tumor and resistance to chemotherapy. Several preclinical and clinical studies have proven that IDO inhibitors can regulate IDO-mediated tumor immune escape and potentiate the effect of chemotherapy. Thus, the present study investigated the correlation between the clinical parameters, responses to chemotherapy, and IDO activity to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application of IDO inhibitors to improve the suppression status and poor prognosis in cancer patients. METHODS The serum concentrations of Trp and Kyn were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in 252 patients with stage IIIB or IV non-small-cell lung cancer, and 55 healthy controls. The IDO activity was determined by calculating the serum Kyn-to-Trp (Kyn/Trp) ratio. RESULTS The IDO activity was significantly higher in the lung cancer patients than in the controls (median 0.0389 interquartile range [0.0178-0.0741] vs 0.0111 [0.0091-0.0133], respectively; P<0.0001). In addition, patients with adenocarcinoma had higher IDO activity than patients with nonadenocarcinoma (0.0449 [0.0189-0.0779] vs 0.0245 [0.0155-0.0563], respectively; P=0.006). Furthermore, patients with stage IIIB disease had higher IDO activity than patients with stage IV disease (0.0225 [0.0158-0.0595] vs 0.0445 [0.0190-0.0757], respectively; P=0.012). The most meaningful discovery was that there was a significant difference between the partial response (PR) patients and the stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD) patients (0.0240 [0.0155-0.0381] vs 0.0652 [0.0390-0.0831] vs 0.0868 [0.0209-0.0993], respectively, P<0.0001). CONCLUSION IDO activity was increased in lung cancer patients. Higher IDO activity correlated with histological types and disease stages of lung cancer patients, induced the cancer cells' resistance to chemotherapy, and decreased the efficacy of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Guo-fang Hu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Zhe-hai Wang
- Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
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Maliniemi P, Laukkanen K, Väkevä L, Dettmer K, Lipsanen T, Jeskanen L, Bessede A, Oefner PJ, Kadin ME, Ranki A. Biological and clinical significance of tryptophan-catabolizing enzymes in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1273310. [PMID: 28405495 PMCID: PMC5384345 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1273310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase 1 (IDO1) induces immune tolerance in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and is recognized as a potential therapeutic target. We studied the expression of both IDO1 and the related tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) in several different subtypes of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), and evaluated the kynurenine (KYN) pathway in the local TME and in patient sera. Specimens from the total of 90 CTCL patients, including mycosis fungoides (MF, n = 37), lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP, n = 36), primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (pcALCL, n = 4), subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTCL n = 13), and 10 patients with inflammatory lichen ruber planus (LRP), were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), quantitative PCR, and/or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Three CTCL cell lines also were studied. Expression of both IDO1 and TDO was upregulated in CTCL. In MF specimens and in the MF cell line MyLa2000, IDO1 expression exceeded that of TDO, whereas the opposite was true for LyP, ALCL, and corresponding Mac1/2A cell lines. The spectrum of IDO1-expressing cell types differed among CTCL subtypes and was reflected in the clinical behavior. In MF, SPTCL, and LyP, IDO1 was expressed by malignant cells and by CD33+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells, whereas in SPTCL CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages also expressed IDO1. Significantly elevated serum KYN/Trp ratios were found in patients with advanced stages of MF. Epacadostat, an IDO1 inhibitor, induced a clear decrease in KYN concentration in cell culture. These results show the importance of IDO1/TDO-induced immunosuppression in CTCL and emphasize its role as a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilvi Maliniemi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Laukkanen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Väkevä
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Dettmer
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tuomas Lipsanen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leila Jeskanen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital , Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Peter J Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marshall E Kadin
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine and Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Annamari Ranki
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital , Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Larkin PB, Sathyasaikumar KV, Notarangelo FM, Funakoshi H, Nakamura T, Schwarcz R, Muchowski PJ. Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 make separate, tissue-specific contributions to basal and inflammation-induced kynurenine pathway metabolism in mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1860:2345-2354. [PMID: 27392942 PMCID: PMC5808460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mammals, the majority of the essential amino acid tryptophan is degraded via the kynurenine pathway (KP). Several KP metabolites play distinct physiological roles, often linked to immune system functions, and may also be causally involved in human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders, schizophrenia and cancer. Pharmacological manipulation of the KP has therefore become an active area of drug development. To target the pathway effectively, it is important to understand how specific KP enzymes control levels of the bioactive metabolites in vivo. METHODS Here, we conducted a comprehensive biochemical characterization of mice with a targeted deletion of either tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) or indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the two initial rate-limiting enzymes of the KP. These enzymes catalyze the same reaction, but differ in biochemical characteristics and expression patterns. We measured KP metabolite levels and enzyme activities and expression in several tissues in basal and immune-stimulated conditions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Although our study revealed several unexpected downstream effects on KP metabolism in both knockout mice, the results were essentially consistent with TDO-mediated control of basal KP metabolism and a role of IDO in phenomena involving stimulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Larkin
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Korrapati V Sathyasaikumar
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francesca M Notarangelo
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hiroshi Funakoshi
- Center for Advanced Research and Education (CARE), Asahikawa Medical University, 1-1-1- Higashinijo Midorigaoka, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | | | - Robert Schwarcz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul J Muchowski
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; The Taube-Koret Center for Huntington's Disease Research, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Bostian ACL, Eoff RL. Aberrant Kynurenine Signaling Modulates DNA Replication Stress Factors and Promotes Genomic Instability in Gliomas. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1369-80. [PMID: 27482758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism of the essential amino acid L-tryptophan (TRP) is implicated in a number of neurological conditions including depression, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. The TRP catabolite kynurenine (KYN) has recently emerged as an important neuroactive factor in brain tumor pathogenesis, with additional studies implicating KYN in other types of cancer. Often highlighted as a modulator of the immune response and a contributor to immune escape for malignant tumors, it is well-known that KYN has effects on the production of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)), which can have a direct impact on DNA repair, replication, cell division, redox signaling, and mitochondrial function. Additional effects of KYN signaling are imparted through its role as an endogenous agonist for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and it is largely through activation of the AhR that KYN appears to mediate malignant progression in gliomas. We have recently reported on the ability of KYN signaling to modulate expression of human DNA polymerase kappa (hpol κ), a translesion enzyme involved in bypass of bulky DNA lesions and activation of the replication stress response. Given the impact of KYN on NAD(+) production, AhR signaling, and translesion DNA synthesis, it follows that dysregulation of KYN signaling in cancer may promote malignancy through alterations in the level of endogenous DNA damage and replication stress. In this perspective, we discuss the connections between KYN signaling, DNA damage tolerance, and genomic instability, as they relate to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- April C L Bostian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , 4301 W. Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, United States
| | - Robert L Eoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , 4301 W. Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, United States
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Hascitha J, Priya R, Jayavelu S, Dhandapani H, Selvaluxmy G, Sunder Singh S, Rajkumar T. Analysis of Kynurenine/Tryptophan ratio and expression of IDO1 and 2 mRNA in tumour tissue of cervical cancer patients. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:919-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhai L, Spranger S, Binder DC, Gritsina G, Lauing KL, Giles FJ, Wainwright DA. Molecular Pathways: Targeting IDO1 and Other Tryptophan Dioxygenases for Cancer Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:5427-33. [PMID: 26519060 PMCID: PMC4681601 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), IDO2, and tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase (TDO) comprise a family of enzymes that catalyze the first- and rate-limiting step associated with the catabolic conversion of tryptophan (Trp) into kynurenine (Kyn). Through subsequent enzymatic and spontaneous reactions, Kyn is further converted into the energetic substrates, NAD(+) and ATP, to fuel cellular metabolic functions. Coincidently, the depletion of Trp and accumulation of Kyn has been demonstrated to induce effector T-cell apoptosis/dysfunction and immunosuppressive regulatory T-cell induction, respectively. Similar to other immune checkpoints, IDO1 and TDO are suggested to be important targets for immunotherapeutic intervention. This is represented by the recent growth of efforts to inhibit the Trp-to-Kyn pathway as a means to control immunosuppression. Inhibitors currently in clinical trials, INCB024360, GDC-0919, indoximod, and an IDO1 peptide-based vaccine, are being evaluated for their efficacy against a wide range of cancers including melanoma, glioblastoma, non-small cell lung, pancreatic, and/or breast cancer, as well as metastatic disease. Despite the rapid development of potent clinical grade inhibitors, strategic questions remain. Here, we review the state of the literature with respect to current therapeutic inhibitors of tryptophan catabolism, evaluation of those efforts preclinically and clinically, compensatory changes that occur with therapeutic targeting, as well as newly recognized signaling features that raise critical questions to the field. Given the rapidly evolving interest in determining how IDO1/TDO, and to an unknown extent, IDO2, can be targeted for increasing cancer immunotherapeutic efficacy, we present a brief but comprehensive analysis that addresses critical questions, while highlighting the mechanics that remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stefani Spranger
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David C Binder
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Galina Gritsina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kristen L Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Francis J Giles
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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Leclerc GJ, DeSalvo J, Du J, Gao N, Leclerc GM, Lehrman MA, Lampidis TJ, Barredo JC. Mcl-1 downregulation leads to the heightened sensitivity exhibited by BCR-ABL positive ALL to induction of energy and ER-stress. Leuk Res 2015; 39:S0145-2126(15)30360-X. [PMID: 26346348 PMCID: PMC4783293 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BCR-ABL positive (+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) accounts for ∼30% of cases of ALL. We recently demonstrated that 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG), a dual energy (glycolysis inhibition) and ER-stress (N-linked-glycosylation inhibition) inducer, leads to cell death in ALL via ER-stress/UPR-mediated apoptosis. Among ALL subtypes, BCR-ABL+ ALL cells exhibited the highest sensitivity to 2-DG suggesting BCR-ABL expression may be linked to this increased vulnerability. To confirm the role of BCR-ABL, we constructed a NALM6/BCR-ABL stable cell line and found significant increase in 2-DG-induced apoptosis compared to control. We found that Mcl-1 was downregulated by agents inducing ER-stress and Mcl-1 levels correlated with ALL sensitivity. In addition, we showed that Mcl-1 expression is positively regulated by the MEK/ERK pathway, dependent on BCR-ABL, and further downregulated by combining ER-stressors with TKIs. We determined that energy/ER stressors led to translational repression of Mcl-1 via the AMPK/mTOR and UPR/PERK/eIF2α pathways. Taken together, our data indicate that BCR-ABL+ ALL exhibits heightened sensitivity to induction of energy and ER-stress through inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway, and translational repression of Mcl-1 expression via AMPK/mTOR and UPR/PERK/eIF2α pathways. This study supports further consideration of strategies combining energy/ER-stress inducers with BCR-ABL TKIs for future clinical translation in BCR-ABL+ ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy J Leclerc
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Joanna DeSalvo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Jianfeng Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Ningguo Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gilles M Leclerc
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Mark A Lehrman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Theodore J Lampidis
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Julio C Barredo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
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Taylor JG, Gribben JG. Microenvironment abnormalities and lymphomagenesis: Immunological aspects. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 34:36-45. [PMID: 26232774 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune cells within the microenvironment identify and eliminate cells displaying signs of malignant potential. Immunosurveillance effector Natural Killer (NK) cells and Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) identify malignant cells through germline receptors such as NKG2D and in the case of CTLs, presentation of antigen through the T cell receptor. Manipulation of immunosurveillance through altered tumor-identifying ligand expression or secretion, resistance to cytotoxicity, or compromised cytotoxic cell activity through immune tolerance mechanisms all contribute to failure of these systems to prevent cancer development. This review examines the diverse mechanisms by which alterations in the immune microenvironment can promote lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John G Gribben
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
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Abstract
IDO1 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1) is a member of a unique class of mammalian haem dioxygenases that catalyse the oxidative catabolism of the least-abundant essential amino acid, L-Trp (L-tryptophan), along the kynurenine pathway. Significant increases in knowledge have been recently gained with respect to understanding the fundamental biochemistry of IDO1 including its catalytic reaction mechanism, the scope of enzyme reactions it catalyses, the biochemical mechanisms controlling IDO1 expression and enzyme activity, and the discovery of enzyme inhibitors. Major advances in understanding the roles of IDO1 in physiology and disease have also been realised. IDO1 is recognised as a prominent immune regulatory enzyme capable of modulating immune cell activation status and phenotype via several molecular mechanisms including enzyme-dependent deprivation of L-Trp and its conversion into the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand kynurenine and other bioactive kynurenine pathway metabolites, or non-enzymatic cell signalling actions involving tyrosine phosphorylation of IDO1. Through these different modes of biochemical signalling, IDO1 regulates certain physiological functions (e.g. pregnancy) and modulates the pathogenesis and severity of diverse conditions including chronic inflammation, infectious disease, allergic and autoimmune disorders, transplantation, neuropathology and cancer. In the present review, we detail the current understanding of IDO1’s catalytic actions and the biochemical mechanisms regulating IDO1 expression and activity. We also discuss the biological functions of IDO1 with a focus on the enzyme's immune-modulatory function, its medical implications in diverse pathological settings and its utility as a therapeutic target.
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