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Kang K, Lin X, Chen P, Liu H, Liu F, Xiong W, Li G, Yi M, Li X, Wang H, Xiang B. T cell exhaustion in human cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189162. [PMID: 39089484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
T cell exhaustion refers to a progressive state in which T cells become functionally impaired due to sustained antigenic stimulation, which is characterized by increased expression of immune inhibitory receptors, but weakened effector functions, reduced self-renewal capacity, altered epigenetics, transcriptional programme and metabolism. T cell exhaustion is one of the major causes leading to immune escape of cancer, creating an environment that supports tumor development and metastatic spread. In addition, T cell exhaustion plays a pivotal role to the efficacy of current immunotherapies for cancer. This review aims to provide a comprehensive view of roles of T cell exhaustion in cancer development and progression. We summerized the regulatory mechanisms that involved in T cell exhaustion, including transcription factors, epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming events, and various microenvironmental factors such as cytokines, microorganisms, and tumor autocrine substances. The paper also discussed the challenges posed by T cell exhaustion to cancer immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy, highlightsing the obstacles encountered in ICB therapies and CAR-T therapies due to T cell exhaustion. Finally, the article provides an overview of current therapeutic options aimed to reversing or alleviating T cell exhaustion in ICB and CAR-T therapies. These therapeutic approaches seek to overcome T cell exhaustion and enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapies in treating tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Kang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Huai Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Mei Yi
- Department of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Infammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
| | - Bo Xiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
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Pourhashem Z, Nourani L, Pirahmadi S, Yousefi H, J. Sani J, Raz A, Zakeri S, Dinparast Djadid N, Abouie Mehrizi A. Malaria transmission blocking activity of Anopheles stephensi alanyl aminopeptidase N antigen formulated with MPL, CpG, and QS21 adjuvants. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306664. [PMID: 38968270 PMCID: PMC11226095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Malaria, a preventive and treatable disease, is still responsible for annual deaths reported in most tropical regions, principally in sub-Saharan Africa. Subunit recombinant transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) have been proposed as promising vaccines to succeed in malaria elimination and eradication. Here, a provisional study was designed to assess the immunogenicity and functional activity of alanyl aminopeptidase N (APN1) of Anopheles stephensi, as a TBV candidate, administered with MPL, CpG, and QS21 adjuvants in the murine model. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The mouse groups were immunized with recombinant APN1 (rAPN1) alone or formulated with CpG, MPL, QS-21, or a combination of adjuvants (CMQ), and the elicited immune responses were evaluated after the third immunization. The standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA) measured the functional activity of antibodies against bacterial-expressed APN1 protein in adjuvanted vaccine groups on transmission of P. falciparum (NF54) to An. stephensi mosquitoes. Evaluation of mice vaccinated with rAPN1 formulated with distinct adjuvants manifested a significant increase in the high-avidity level of anti-APN1 IgG and IgG subclasses; however, rAPN1 induced the highest level of high-avidity anti-APN1 IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b antibodies in the immunized vaccine group 5 (APN1/CMQ). In addition, vaccine group 5 (receiving APN1/CMQ), had still the highest level of anti-APN1 IgG antibodies relative to other immunized groups after six months, on day 180. The SMFA data indicates a trend towards higher transmission-reducing activity in groups 2 and 5, which received the antigen formulated with CpG or a combination of three adjuvants. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results have shown the capability of admixture to stimulate high-affinity and long-lasting antibodies against the target antigen to hinder Plasmodium parasite development in the mid-gut of An. stephensi. The attained results authenticated APN1/CMQ and APN1/CpG as a potent APN1-based TBV formulation which will be helpful in designing a vaccine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Pourhashem
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Nourani
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Pirahmadi
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hemn Yousefi
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar J. Sani
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Raz
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Dinparast Djadid
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Abouie Mehrizi
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tehran, Iran
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Sun Z, Zhao H, Ma L, Shi Y, Ji M, Sun X, Ma D, Zhou W, Huang T, Zhang D. The quest for nanoparticle-powered vaccines in cancer immunotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:61. [PMID: 38355548 PMCID: PMC10865557 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advancements in cancer treatment, this disease still poses a serious threat to public health. Vaccines play an important role in preventing illness by preparing the body's adaptive and innate immune responses to combat diseases. As our understanding of malignancies and their connection to the immune system improves, there has been a growing interest in priming the immune system to fight malignancies more effectively and comprehensively. One promising approach involves utilizing nanoparticle systems for antigen delivery, which has been shown to potentiate immune responses as vaccines and/or adjuvants. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the immunological mechanisms of cancer vaccines while focusing specifically on the recent applications of various types of nanoparticles in the field of cancer immunotherapy. By exploring these recent breakthroughs, we hope to identify significant challenges and obstacles in making nanoparticle-based vaccines and adjuvants feasible for clinical application. This review serves to assess recent breakthroughs in nanoparticle-based cancer vaccinations and shed light on their prospects and potential barriers. By doing so, we aim to inspire future immunotherapies for cancer that harness the potential of nanotechnology to deliver more effective and targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Endodontics, East Branch of Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Yanli Shi
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Mei Ji
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Endodontics, Gaoxin Branch of Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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Li F, Wang Y, Chen D, Du Y. Nanoparticle-Based Immunotherapy for Reversing T-Cell Exhaustion. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1396. [PMID: 38338674 PMCID: PMC10855737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
T-cell exhaustion refers to a state of T-cell dysfunction commonly observed in chronic infections and cancer. Immune checkpoint molecules blockading using PD-1 and TIM-3 antibodies have shown promising results in reversing exhaustion, but this approach has several limitations. The treatment of T-cell exhaustion is still facing great challenges, making it imperative to explore new therapeutic strategies. With the development of nanotechnology, nanoparticles have successfully been applied as drug carriers and delivery systems in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Furthermore, nanoparticle-based immunotherapy has emerged as a crucial approach to reverse exhaustion. Here, we have compiled the latest advances in T-cell exhaustion, with a particular focus on the characteristics of exhaustion that can be targeted. Additionally, the emerging nanoparticle-based delivery systems were also reviewed. Moreover, we have discussed, in detail, nanoparticle-based immunotherapies that aim to reverse exhaustion, including targeting immune checkpoint blockades, remodeling the tumor microenvironment, and targeting the metabolism of exhausted T cells, etc. These data could aid in comprehending the immunopathogenesis of exhaustion and accomplishing the objective of preventing and treating chronic diseases or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
| | - Yahong Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (D.C.)
| | - Dandan Chen
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (D.C.)
| | - Yunjie Du
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
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Español-Rego M, Fernández-Martos C, Elez E, Foguet C, Pedrosa L, Rodríguez N, Ruiz-Casado A, Pineda E, Cid J, Cabezón R, Oliveres H, Lozano M, Ginés A, García-Criado A, Ayuso JR, Pagés M, Cuatrecasas M, Torres F, Thomson T, Cascante M, Benítez-Ribas D, Maurel J. A Phase I-II multicenter trial with Avelumab plus autologous dendritic cell vaccine in pre-treated mismatch repair-proficient (MSS) metastatic colorectal cancer patients; GEMCAD 1602 study. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:827-840. [PMID: 36083313 PMCID: PMC10025226 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune check-point blockade (ICB) has shown clinical benefit in mismatch repair-deficient/microsatellite instability high metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) but not in mismatch repair-proficient/microsatellite stable patients. Cancer vaccines with autologous dendritic cells (ADC) could be a complementary therapeutic approach to ICB as this combination has the potential to achieve synergistic effects. METHODS This was a Phase I/II multicentric study with translational sub-studies, to evaluate the safety, pharmacodynamics and anti-tumor effects of Avelumab plus ADC vaccine in heavily pre-treated MSS mCRC patients. Primary objective was to determine the maximum tolerated dose and the efficacy of the combination. The primary end-point was 40% progression-free survival at 6 months with a 2 Simon Stage. RESULTS A total of 28 patients were screened and 19 pts were included. Combined therapy was safe and well tolerated. An interim analysis (Simon design first-stage) recommended early termination because only 2/19 (11%) patients were disease free at 6 months. Median PFS was 3.1 months [2.1-5.3 months] and overall survival was 12.2 months [3.2-23.2 months]. Stimulation of immune system was observed in vitro but not clinically. The evaluation of basal RNA-seq noted significant changes between pre and post-therapy liver biopsies related to lipid metabolism and transport, inflammation and oxidative stress pathways. CONCLUSIONS The combination of Avelumab plus ADC vaccine is safe and well tolerated but exhibited modest clinical activity. Our study describes, for the first-time, a de novo post-therapy metabolic rewiring, that could represent novel immunotherapy-induced tumor vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena Elez
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d’Hebrón Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Foguet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leire Pedrosa
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors Group, Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, C. Villarroel, 170. 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Rodríguez
- Medical Oncology Department, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ruiz-Casado
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Pineda
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors Group, Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, C. Villarroel, 170. 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Cid
- Apheresis & Cellular Therapy Unit, Department of Hemotherapy and Hemostasis, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Cabezón
- Immunology Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helena Oliveres
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors Group, Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, C. Villarroel, 170. 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Lozano
- Apheresis & Cellular Therapy Unit, Department of Hemotherapy and Hemostasis, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angels Ginés
- Endoscopic Unit, Gastrointestinal Service, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBER-EHD), Instituto Nacional de La Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Ramon Ayuso
- Radiology Department, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Pagés
- Radiology Department, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Cuatrecasas
- Pathology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBER-EHD), Instituto Nacional de La Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ferràn Torres
- Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Timothy Thomson
- Barcelona Institute for Molecular Biology, National Science Council (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBER-EHD), Instituto Nacional de La Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marta Cascante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBER-EHD), Instituto Nacional de La Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Joan Maurel
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors Group, Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, C. Villarroel, 170. 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBER-EHD), Instituto Nacional de La Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Emerging peptide-based nanovaccines: From design synthesis to defense against cancer and infection. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114117. [PMID: 36528914 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based vaccines, which form one of the most potent vaccine platforms, offer exclusive advantages over classical vaccines that use whole organisms or proteins. However, peptides alone are still poor stability and weak immunogenicity, thus need a delivery system that can overcome these shortcomings. Currently, nanotechnology has been extensively utilized to address this issue. Nanovaccines, as new formulations of vaccines using nanoparticles (NPs) as carriers or adjuvants, are undergoing development instead of conventional vaccines. Indeed, peptide-based nanovaccine is a rapidly developing field of research that is emerging out of the confluence of antigenic peptides with the nano-delivery system. In this review, we shed light on the rational design and preparation strategies based on various nanomaterials of peptide-based nanovaccines, and we spotlight progress in the development of peptide-based nanovaccines against cancer and infectious diseases. Finally, the future prospects for development of peptide-based nanovaccines are presented.
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Butkovich N, Tucker JA, Ramirez A, Li E, Meli VS, Nelson EL, Wang SW. Nanoparticle vaccines can be designed to induce pDC support of mDCs for increased antigen display. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:596-610. [PMID: 36476811 PMCID: PMC10775882 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01132h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccine immunotherapy facilitates the immune system's recognition of tumor-associated antigens, and the biomolecular design of these vaccines using nanoparticles is one important approach towards obtaining strong anti-tumor responses. Following activation of dendritic cells (DCs), a robust CD8+ T cell-mediated adaptive immune response is critical for tumor elimination. While the role of efficient antigen-presenting myeloid DCs (mDCs) is conventionally attributed towards vaccine efficacy, participation by highly cytokine-producing plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) is less understood and is often overlooked. We examined vaccines based on the E2 protein nanoparticle platform that delivered encapsulated TLR9 agonist bacterial-like DNA (CpG1826 or CpG1018) or TLR7 agonist viral ssRNA to determine their efficacy over free agonists in activating both mDCs and pDCs for antigen presentation. Although mDCs were only activated by nanoparticle-encapsulated TLR9 agonists, pDCs were activated by all the individually tested constructs, and CpG1826 was shown to induce pDC cytokine production. Transfer of secreted factors from pDCs that were stimulated with a vaccine formulation comprising peptide antigen and CpG1826 enhanced mDC display of the antigen, particularly when delivered in nanoparticles. Only when treated with nanoparticle-conjugated vaccine could pDCs secrete factors to induce antigen display on naïve mDCs. These results reveal that pDCs can aid mDCs, highlighting the importance of activating both pDCs and mDCs in designing effective cancer vaccines, and demonstrate the advantage of using nanoparticle-based vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Butkovich
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Jo Anne Tucker
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Aaron Ramirez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Enya Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Vijaykumar S Meli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Edward L Nelson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Szu-Wen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Zhou J, Li K, Zang X, Xie Y, Song J, Chen X. ROS-responsive Galactosylated-nanoparticles with Doxorubicin Entrapment for Triple Negative Breast Cancer Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:1381-1397. [PMID: 36987427 PMCID: PMC10040171 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s396087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive tumors with high metastasis and mortality, which constitutes 15~20% of all breast cancers. Chemotherapy remains main therapeutic option in the treatment of patients with TNBC. Methods We developed reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive galactosylated nanoparticles (DOX@NPs) as an efficiently targeted carrier for doxorubicin (DOX) delivery to inhibit the growth of TNBC in vitro and in vivo. DOX@NPs were composed of polyacrylate galactose and phenylboronic derivatives conjugation. The in vitro cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, cell apoptosis and cycle distribution of tumor cells treated with different formulations were investigated. Meanwhile in vivo biodistribution and antitumor effects were investigated in a 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse model. Results DOX@NPs showed good ROS responsiveness and rapid DOX release in the presence of H2O2. Furthermore, our data suggested that DOX@NPs could effectively trigger tumor cells apoptosis and cycle arrest, efficiently accumulate into tumor sites, and suppress tumor growth without adverse side effects. Conclusion Our results suggested DOX@NP with potent potential as a promising nanocarrier for TNBC therapy, which deserved further investigation for other cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kangkang Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinlong Zang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xinlong Zang; Xuehong Chen, Email ;
| | - Yi Xie
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinxiao Song
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuehong Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
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Peng T, Xu T, Liu X. Research progress of the engagement of inorganic nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:1914-1932. [PMID: 35748543 PMCID: PMC9246104 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2086940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has attracted widespread attention from scientists for its high morbidity and mortality, posing great threats to people’s health. Cancer immunotherapy with high specificity, low toxicity as well as triggering systemic anti-tumor response has gradually become common in clinical cancer treatment. However, due to the insufficient immunogenicity of tumor antigens peptides, weak ability to precisely target tumor sites, and the formation of tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment, the efficacy of immunotherapy is often limited. In recent years, the emergence of inorganic nanomaterials makes it possible for overcoming the limitations mentioned above. With self-adjuvant properties, high targeting ability, and good biocompatibility, the inorganic nanomaterials have been integrated with cancer immunotherapy and significantly improved the therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingwei Peng
- Postgraduate Training Base in Shanghai Gongli Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Pudong New Area, China
| | - Tianzhao Xu
- Shanghai Qiansu Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Pudong New Area, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Gongli Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Gongli Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Abdelgalil RM, Elmorshedy YM, Elkhodairy KA, Teleb M, Bekhit AA, Khattab SN, Elzoghby AO. Engineered nanomedicines for augmenting the efficacy of colorectal cancer immunotherapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:1721-1745. [PMID: 36621872 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most devastating diseases worldwide. Immunotherapeutic agents for CRC treatment have shown limited efficacy due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In this context, various types of nanoparticles (NPs) have been used to reverse the immunosuppressive TME, potentiate the effect of immunotherapeutic agents and reduce their systemic side effects. Many advantages could be offered by NPs, related to drug-loading efficiency, particle size and others that can potentially aid the delivery of immunotherapeutic agents. The recent research on how nano-based immunotherapy can remodel the immunosuppressive TME of CRC and hence boost the antitumor immune response, as well as the challenges that face clinical translation of NPs and future perspectives, are summarized in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riham M Abdelgalil
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521, Alexandria, Egypt.,Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yomna M Elmorshedy
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521, Alexandria, Egypt.,Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Kadria A Elkhodairy
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521, Alexandria, Egypt.,Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Teleb
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Adnan A Bekhit
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521, Alexandria, Egypt.,Pharmacy Program, Allied Health Department, College of Health & Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, 32038, Riffa, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Sherine N Khattab
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 21521, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O Elzoghby
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521, Alexandria, Egypt.,Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521, Alexandria, Egypt.,Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA 02115, Boston, USA
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11
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Haegebaert RM, Kempers M, Ceelen W, Lentacker I, Remaut K. Nanoparticle mediated targeting of toll-like receptors to treat colorectal cancer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 172:16-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Koirala P, Bashiri S, Toth I, Skwarczynski M. Current Prospects in Peptide-Based Subunit Nanovaccines. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2412:309-338. [PMID: 34918253 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1892-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination renders protection against pathogens via stimulation of the body's natural immune responses. Classical vaccines that utilize whole organisms or proteins have several disadvantages, such as induction of undesired immune responses, poor stability, and manufacturing difficulties. The use of minimal immunogenic pathogen components as vaccine antigens, i.e., peptides, can greatly reduce these shortcomings. However, subunit antigens require a specific delivery system and immune adjuvant to increase their efficacy. Recently, nanotechnology has been extensively utilized to address this issue. Nanotechnology-based formulation of peptide vaccines can boost immunogenicity and efficiently induce cellular and humoral immune responses. This chapter outlines the recent developments and advances of nano-sized delivery platforms for peptide antigens, including nanoparticles composed of polymers, peptides, lipids, and inorganic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashamsa Koirala
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sahra Bashiri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia. .,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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13
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Sun HC, Huang J, Fu Y, Hao LL, Liu X, Shi TY. Enhancing Immune Responses to a DNA Vaccine Encoding Toxoplasma gondii GRA7 Using Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles as an Adjuvant. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:787635. [PMID: 34976863 PMCID: PMC8716823 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.787635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infects almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans. DNA vaccines are an effective strategy against T. gondii infection, but these vaccines have often been poorly immunogenic due to the poor distribution of plasmids or degradation by lysosomes. It is necessary to evaluate the antigen delivery system for optimal vaccination strategy. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been shown to modulate and enhance the cellular humoral immune response. Here, we studied the immunological properties of calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaPNs) as nanoadjuvants to enhance the protective effect of T. gondii dense granule protein (GRA7). BALB/c mice were injected three times and then challenged with T. gondii RH strain tachyzoites. Mice vaccinated with GRA7-pEGFP-C2+nano-adjuvant (CaPNs) showed a strong cellular immune response, as monitored by elevated levels of anti-T. gondii-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), a higher IgG2a-to-IgG1 ratio, elevated interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon (IFN)-γ production, and low IL-4 levels. We found that a significantly higher level of splenocyte proliferation was induced by GRA7-pEGFP-C2+nano-adjuvant (CaPNs) immunization, and a significantly prolonged survival time and decreased parasite burden were observed in vaccine-immunized mice. These data indicated that CaPN-based immunization with T. gondii GRA7 is a promising approach to improve vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Chao Sun
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Animal Epidemic Surveillance, Zhejiang Provincial Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Fu
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Li Hao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tuan-Yuan Shi
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Kim SH, Park JH, Lee SJ, Lee HS, Jung JK, Lee YR, Cho HI, Kim JK, Kim K, Park CS, Lee CK. Efficient Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy Using Tumor Epitope-Coated Biodegradable Nanoparticles Combined With Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid and an Anti-PD1 Monoclonal Antibody. Immune Netw 2022; 22:e42. [DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sun-Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Jung
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Young-Ran Lee
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Hyun-Il Cho
- Research and Development Division, ViGenCell Inc., Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Kyungjae Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea
| | - Chan-Su Park
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Chong-Kil Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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15
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Liu G, Zhu M, Zhao X, Nie G. Nanotechnology-empowered vaccine delivery for enhancing CD8 + T cells-mediated cellular immunity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113889. [PMID: 34364931 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
After centuries of development, using vaccination to stimulate immunity has become an effective method for prevention and treatment of a variety of diseases including infective diseases and cancers. However, the tailor-made efficient delivery system for specific antigens is still urgently needed due to the low immunogenicity and stability of antigens, especially for vaccines to induce CD8+ T cells-mediated cellular immunity. Unlike B cells-mediated humoral immunity, CD8+ T cells-mediated cellular immunity mainly aims at the intracellular antigens from microorganism in virus-infected cells or genetic mutations in tumor cells. Therefore, the vaccines for stimulating CD8+ T cells-mediated cellular immunity should deliver the antigens efficiently into the cytoplasm of antigen presenting cells (APCs) to form major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI)-antigen complex through cross-presentation, followed by activating CD8+ T cells for immune protection and clearance. Importantly, nanotechnology has been emerged as a powerful tool to facilitate these multiple processes specifically, allowing not only enhanced antigen immunogenicity and stability but also APCs-targeted delivery and elevated cross-presentation. This review summarizes the process of CD8+ T cells-mediated cellular immunity induced by vaccines and the technical advantages of nanotechnology implementation in general, then provides an overview of the whole spectrum of nanocarriers studied so far and the recent development of delivery nanotechnology in vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer. Finally, we look forward to the future development of nanotechnology for the next generation of vaccines to induce CD8+ T cells-mediated cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangna Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Motao Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Genetic Network Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangdong 510700, China.
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16
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The Role of Peptide-Based Tumor Vaccines on Cytokines of Adaptive Immunity: A Review. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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A Combination of Anti-PD-L1 Treatment and Therapeutic Vaccination Facilitates Improved Retroviral Clearance via Reactivation of Highly Exhausted T Cells. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.02121-20. [PMID: 33531395 PMCID: PMC7858051 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02121-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant efforts, vaccines are not yet available for every infectious pathogen, and the search for a protective approach to prevent the establishment of chronic infections, i.e., with HIV, continues. Immune checkpoint therapies targeting inhibitory receptors, such as PD-1, have shown impressive results against solid tumors. PD-1-targeted therapies have shown modest antiviral effects in preclinical models of chronic viral infection. Thus, novel therapy protocols are necessary to enhance T cell immunity and viral control to overcome T cell dysfunction and immunosuppression. Here, we demonstrate that nanoparticle-based therapeutic vaccination improved PD-1-targeted therapy during chronic infection with Friend retrovirus (FV). Prevention of inhibitory signals by blocking PD-L1 in combination with therapeutic vaccination with nanoparticles containing the microbial compound CpG and a CD8+ T cell Gag epitope peptide synergistically enhanced functional virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses and improved viral clearance. We characterized the CD8+ T cell populations that were affected by this combination therapy, demonstrating that new effector cells were generated and that exhausted CD8+ T cells were reactivated at the same time. While CD8+ T cells with high PD-1 (PD-1hi) expression turned into a large population of granzyme B-expressing CD8+ T cells after combination therapy, CXCR5-expressing follicular cytotoxic CD8+ T cells also expanded to a high degree. Thus, our study describes a very efficient approach to enhance virus control and may help us to understand the mechanisms of combination immunotherapy reactivating CD8+ T cell immunity. A better understanding of CD8+ T cell immunity during combination therapy will be important for developing efficient checkpoint therapies against chronic viral infections and cancer.
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18
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Pavitra E, Dariya B, Srivani G, Kang SM, Alam A, Sudhir PR, Kamal MA, Raju GSR, Han YK, Lakkakula BVKS, Nagaraju GP, Huh YS. Engineered nanoparticles for imaging and drug delivery in colorectal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 69:293-306. [PMID: 31260733 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest diseases worldwide due to a lack of early detection methods and appropriate drug delivery strategies. Conventional imaging techniques cannot accurately distinguish benign from malignant tissue, leading to frequent misdiagnosis or diagnosis at late stages of the disease. Novel screening tools with improved accuracy and diagnostic precision are thus required to reduce the mortality burden of this malignancy. Additionally, current therapeutic strategies, including radio- and chemotherapies carry adverse side effects and are limited by the development of drug resistance. Recent advances in nanotechnology have rendered it an attractive approach for designing novel clinical solutions for CRC. Nanoparticle-based formulations could assist early tumor detection and help to overcome the limitations of conventional therapies including poor aqueous solubility, nonspecific biodistribution and limited bioavailability. In this review, we shed light on various types of nanoparticles used for diagnosis and drug delivery in CRC. In addition, we will explore how these nanoparticles can improve diagnostic accuracy and promote selective drug targeting to tumor sites with increased efficiency and reduced cytotoxicity against healthy colon tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eluri Pavitra
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC) Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Begum Dariya
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Vanasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Gowru Srivani
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Vanasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Sung-Min Kang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC) Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Afroz Alam
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Vanasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Putty-Reddy Sudhir
- The Center for Translational Biomedical Research, UNCG, Kannapolis, NC-28081, USA
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Ganji Seeta Rama Raju
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyu Han
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA-30322, USA
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC) Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Park KS, Sun X, Aikins ME, Moon JJ. Non-viral COVID-19 vaccine delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 169:137-151. [PMID: 33340620 PMCID: PMC7744276 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel corona virus termed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread throughout the globe at a formidable speed, causing tens of millions of cases and more than one million deaths in less than a year of its report in December 2019. Since then, companies and research institutions have raced to develop SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, ranging from conventional viral and protein-based vaccines to those that are more cutting edge, including DNA- and mRNA-based vaccines. Each vaccine exhibits a different potency and duration of efficacy, as determined by the antigen design, adjuvant molecules, vaccine delivery platforms, and immunization method. In this review, we will introduce a few of the leading non-viral vaccines that are under clinical stage development and discuss delivery strategies to improve vaccine efficacy, duration of protection, safety, and mass vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Soo Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Sun
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marisa E Aikins
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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20
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Kollenda S, Kopp M, Wens J, Koch J, Schulze N, Papadopoulos C, Pöhler R, Meyer H, Epple M. A pH-sensitive fluorescent protein sensor to follow the pathway of calcium phosphate nanoparticles into cells. Acta Biomater 2020; 111:406-417. [PMID: 32439614 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate nanoparticles (100 nm) were fluorescently labelled with poly(ethyleneimine) (PEIATTO490LS; red fluorescence). They were loaded with a Tandem fusion protein consisting of mRFP1-eGFP (red and green fluorescence in the same molecule)that acts as smart biological pH sensor to trace nanoparticles inside cells. Its fluorescence is also coupled to the structural integrity of the protein, i.e. it is also a label for a successful delivery of a functional protein into the cell. At pH 7.4, the fluorescence of both proteins (red and green) is detectable. At a pH of 4.5-5 inside the lysosomes, the green fluorescence is quenched due to the protonation of the eGFP chromophore, but the pH-independent red fluorescence of mRFP1 remains. The nanoparticles were taken up by cells (cell lines: HeLa, Caco-2 and A549) via endocytic pathways and then directed to lysosomes. Time-resolved confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed mRFP1 and nanoparticles co-localizing with lysosomes. The fluorescence of eGFP was only detectable outside lysosomes, i.e. most likely inside early endosomes or at the cell membrane during the uptake, indicating the neutral pH at these locations. The Tandem fusion protein provides a versatile platform to follow the intracellular pathway of bioactive nanocarriers, e.g. therapeutic proteins. The transfection with a Tandem-encoding plasmid by calcium phosphate nanoparticles led to an even intracellular protein distribution in cytosol and nucleoplasm, i.e. very different from direct protein uptake. Neither dissolved protein nor dissolved plasmid DNA were taken up by the cells, underscoring the necessity for a suitable carrier like a nanoparticle. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: A pH-sensitive protein ("tandem") was used to follow the pathway of calcium phosphate nanoparticles. This protein consists of a pH-sensitive fluorophore (eGFP; green) and a pH-independent fluorophore (mRFP1; red). This permits to follow the pathway of a nanoparticle inside a cell. At a low pH inside an endolysosome, the green fluorescence vanishes but the red fluorescence persists. This is also a very useful model for the delivery of therapeutic proteins into cells. The delivery by nanoparticles was compared with the protein expression after cell transfection with plasmid DNA encoding for the tandem protein. High-resolution image analysis gave quantitative data on the intracellular protein distribution.
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21
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Cuzzubbo S, Banissi C, Rouchon MS, Tran T, Tanchot C, Tartour E, Carpentier AF. The adjuvant effect of melanin is superior to incomplete Freund's adjuvant in subunit/peptide vaccines in mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:2501-2512. [PMID: 32561966 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peptide vaccines represent an attractive alternative to conventional anti-tumor therapies, but have not yet achieved significant clinical efficacy with commonly used formulations. Combination of short antigenic peptides, synthetic melanin and TLR9 agonist (Toll-like receptor 9, CpG-28) was reported as highly efficient to trigger strong CD8 + T-cell responses. We compared this vaccine approach to the standard adjuvant formulation that combines the incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and CpG-28, using either an ovalbumin epitope (pOVA30) or a spontaneously occurring tumor neoepitope (mAdpgk).Melanin-based vaccine induced significantly higher cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses than IFA-based vaccine in both pOVA30- and mAdpgk-targeted vaccines. The anti-tumor efficacy of melanin-based vaccine was further assessed in mice, grafted either with E.G7-OVA cells (E.G7 cells transfected with ovalbumin) or with MC38 cells that spontaneously express the mAdpgk neoepitope. Melanin-based vaccine induced a major inhibition of E.G7-OVA tumor growth when compared to IFA-based vaccine (p < 0.001), but tumors eventually relapsed from day 24. In the MC38 tumor model, no significant inhibition of tumor growth was observed. In both cases, tumor escape appeared related to the loss of antigen presentation by tumor cells (loss of ovalbumin expression in E.G7-OVA model; poor presentation of mAdpgk in MC38 model), although the CTL responses displayed an effector memory phenotype, a high cytolytic potential and low programmed cell death-1 (PD1) expression.In conclusion, synthetic melanin can be efficiently used as an adjuvant to enhance T-cells response against subunit vaccine antigens and compared favorably to the classic combination of IFA and TLR9 agonist in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cuzzubbo
- PARCC, INSERM, UMR-970, Université de Paris, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Claire Banissi
- Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales (Fondation Carpentier), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Marie Sophie Rouchon
- Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales (Fondation Carpentier), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Thi Tran
- PARCC, INSERM, UMR-970, Université de Paris, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Tanchot
- PARCC, INSERM, UMR-970, Université de Paris, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- PARCC, INSERM, UMR-970, Université de Paris, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France.,Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Antoine F Carpentier
- PARCC, INSERM, UMR-970, Université de Paris, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales (Fondation Carpentier), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015, Paris, France.,Service de Neurologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France
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22
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Khalifehzadeh R, Arami H. The CpG molecular structure controls the mineralization of calcium phosphate nanoparticles and their immunostimulation efficacy as vaccine adjuvants. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:9603-9615. [PMID: 32314980 PMCID: PMC7239567 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09782a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The co-precipitation of calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaPs) in the presence of nucleotide chains such as polynucleotides (i.e., plasmid DNA and siRNA) and oligonucleotides has been extensively used for pre-clinical gene or drug delivery and immunotherapy studies. However, the exact role of these molecules in mineralization and tuning the physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized CaPs is still not entirely clear. In this study, we evaluated the effects of three different CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) and two representative nucleic acids (siRNA and DNA), when used as templates for the formation of CaPs. We examined the influence of CpGs with naturally-occurring phosphodiester or modified phosphorothioate backbones on the homogeneous formation of CaPs from a modified simulated body fluid solution. The hydrodynamic size, size polydispersity, morphology and surface charge of the CaPs were used as the most critical checkpoints to unravel the involved mechanisms. Our results show that the characteristics of CaPs are highly dependent on the composition, backbone, sequence and concentrations of the CpGs. The CpG type and concentration control the size distribution of the mineralized CaPs and their immunostimulation performance as verified by the activation of dendritic cells and secretion of the pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine, type I interferon-α (IFN-α) and co-stimulatory CD80, CD86 and CD40 markers. This study paves the way for better design of more efficient CaPs loaded with different types of CpGs for immunostimulation applications as vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Khalifehzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Shriram Center, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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23
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Huang Y, Zeng J. Recent development and applications of nanomaterials for cancer
immunotherapy. NANOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWS 2020; 9:367-384. [DOI: 10.1515/ntrev-2020-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Immunotherapy, which utilizes the patient’s own immune system to fight against
cancer, further results in durable antitumor responses and reduces metastasis and
recurrence, has become one of the most effective and important cancer therapies along
with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Nanomaterials with the advantages of
large specific surface, delivery function, and controllable surface chemistry are
used to deliver antigens or adjuvants, or both, help to boost immune responses with
the imaging function or just act as adjuvants themselves and modulate tumor
microenvironment (TME). In this review, recent development and applications of
nanomaterials for cancer immunotherapy including delivery systems based on
nanomaterials, uniting imaging, self-adjuvants, targeting functions, artificial
antigen presenting cells, and TME modulation are focused and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Huang
- Liver Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005 , China
| | - Jinhua Zeng
- Liver Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005 , China
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Tornesello AL, Tagliamonte M, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM, Buonaguro L. Nanoparticles to Improve the Efficacy of Peptide-Based Cancer Vaccines. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1049. [PMID: 32340356 PMCID: PMC7226445 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles represent a potent antigen presentation and delivery system to elicit an optimal immune response by effector cells targeting tumor-associated antigens expressed by cancer cells. Many types of nanoparticles have been developed, such as polymeric complexes, liposomes, micelles and protein-based structures such as virus like particles. All of them show promising results for immunotherapy approaches. In particular, the immunogenicity of peptide-based cancer vaccines can be significantly potentiated by nanoparticles. Indeed, nanoparticles are able to enhance the targeting of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and trigger cytokine production for optimal T cell response. The present review summarizes the categories of nanoparticles and peptide cancer vaccines which are currently under pre-clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lucia Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.L.T.); (F.M.B.)
| | - Maria Tagliamonte
- Innovative Immunological Models, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.L.T.); (F.M.B.)
| | - Franco M. Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.L.T.); (F.M.B.)
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Innovative Immunological Models, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
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25
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Nanoparticle mediated cancer immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 69:307-324. [PMID: 32259643 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The versatility and nanoscale size have helped nanoparticles (NPs) improve the efficacy of conventional cancer immunotherapy and opened up exciting approaches to combat cancer. This review first outlines the tumor immune evasion and the defensive tumor microenvironment (TME) that hinders the activity of host immune system against tumor. Then, a detailed description on how the NP based strategies have helped improve the efficacy of conventional cancer vaccines and overcome the obstacles led by TME. Sustained and controlled drug delivery, enhanced cross presentation by immune cells, co-encapsulation of adjuvants, inhibition of immune checkpoints and intrinsic adjuvant like properties have aided NPs to improve the therapeutic efficacy of cancer vaccines. Also, NPs have been efficient modulators of TME. In this context, NPs facilitate better penetration of the chemotherapeutic drug by dissolution of the inhibitory meshwork formed by tumor associated cells, blood vessels, soluble mediators and extra cellular matrix in TME. NPs achieve this by suppression, modulation, or reprogramming of the immune cells and other mediators localised in TME. This review further summarizes the applications of NPs used to enhance the efficacy of cancer vaccines and modulate the TME to improve cancer immunotherapy. Finally, the hurdles faced in commercialization and translation to clinic have been discussed and intriguingly, NPs owe great potential to emerge as clinical formulations for cancer immunotherapy in near future.
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Effective Activation of Human Antigen-Presenting Cells and Cytotoxic CD8 + T Cells by a Calcium Phosphate-Based Nanoparticle Vaccine Delivery System. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010110. [PMID: 32121590 PMCID: PMC7157756 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of vaccines to induce T cell responses is crucial for preventing diseases caused by viruses. Nanoparticles (NPs) are considered to be efficient tools for the initiation of potent immune responses. Calcium phosphate (CaP) NPs are a class of biodegradable nanocarriers that are able to deliver immune activating molecules across physiological barriers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess whether Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand and viral antigen functionalized CaP NPs are capable of inducing efficient maturation of human antigen presenting cells (APC). To achieve this, we generated primary human dendritic cells (DCs) and stimulated them with CpG or poly(I:C) functionalized CaP NPs. DCs were profoundly stronger when activated upon NP stimulation compared to treatment with soluble TLR ligands. This is indicated by increased levels of costimulatory molecules and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Consequently, coculture of NP-stimulated APCs with CD8+ T cells resulted in a significant expansion of virus-specific T cells. In summary, our data suggest that functionalized CaP NPs are a suitable tool for activating human virus-specific CD8+ T cells and may represent an excellent vaccine delivery system.
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Type I interferon signaling, regulation and gene stimulation in chronic virus infection. Semin Immunol 2019; 43:101277. [PMID: 31155227 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFN-I) mediate numerous immune interactions during viral infections, from the establishment of an antiviral state to invoking and regulating innate and adaptive immune cells that eliminate infection. While continuous IFN-I signaling plays critical roles in limiting virus replication during both acute and chronic infections, sustained IFN-I signaling also leads to chronic immune activation, inflammation and, consequently, immune exhaustion and dysfunction. Thus, an understanding of the balance between the desirable and deleterious effects of chronic IFN-I signaling will inform our quest for IFN-based therapies for chronic viral infections as well as other chronic diseases, including cancer. As such the factors involved in induction, propagation and regulation of IFN-I signaling, from the initial sensing of viral nucleotides within the cell to regulatory downstream signaling factors and resulting IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) have received significant research attention. This review summarizes recent work on IFN-I signaling in chronic infections, and provides an update on therapeutic approaches being considered to counter such infections.
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