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Kim HJ, Hong JH. Multiple Regulatory Signals and Components in the Modulation of Bicarbonate Transporters. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:78. [PMID: 38258089 PMCID: PMC10820580 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bicarbonate transporters are responsible for the appropriate flux of bicarbonate across the plasma membrane to perform various fundamental cellular functions. The functions of bicarbonate transporters, including pH regulation, cell migration, and inflammation, are highlighted in various cellular systems, encompassing their participation in both physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we focused on recently identified modulatory signaling components that regulate the expression and activity of bicarbonate transporters. Moreover, we addressed recent advances in our understanding of cooperative systems of bicarbonate transporters and channelopathies. This current review aims to provide a new, in-depth understanding of numerous human diseases associated with the dysfunction of bicarbonate transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Physiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea;
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Guo Y, Sun D, Zhang Y, Yu X, Fang Y, Lv C, Zhang Q, Zhu Y, Qiao S, Xia Y, Wei Z, Dai Y. The neuropeptide cortistatin attenuates Th17 cell response through inhibition of glycolysis via GHSR1. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ericsson AC, Bains M, McAdams Z, Daniels J, Busi SB, Waschek JA, Dorsam GP. The G Protein-Coupled Receptor, VPAC1, Mediates Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide-Dependent Functional Homeostasis of the Gut Microbiota. GASTRO HEP ADVANCES 2022; 1:253-264. [PMID: 36910129 PMCID: PMC9997614 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastha.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide involved in the regulation of feeding behavior and circadian rhythms, metabolism, and immunity. Previous studies revealed the homeostatic effects of VIP signaling on the gut microbiota. VIP-deficient mice demonstrate a gut microbiota dysbiosis characterized by reduced α-diversity and decreased relative abundance (RA) of Gram-positive Firmicutes. However, the mechanism by which VIP signaling affects changes in the microbiota is unknown. METHODS To investigate the role of the 2 cognate G protein-coupled receptors for VIP (VPAC1 and VPAC2) in VIP-mediated homeostasis of the microbiota, fecal samples from VPAC1- and VPAC2-deficient, heterozygous, and wild-type littermate mice were assessed via targeted amplicon sequencing. Their microbiota profiles were additionally compared with microbiota from VIP-deficient, heterozygous, and wild-type littermates, where genotype-dependent changes in the composition and predicted function of each cohort were compared. RESULTS While wild-type mice in each line differed in α-diversity and β-diversity, consistent changes in both metrics were observed in VIP-deficient and VPAC1-deficient mice. This includes a dramatic reduction in α-diversity, increased RA of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and decreased RA of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Muribaculaceae, and Rikenellaceae. Specific amplicon sequence variants and predicted functions found to differ significantly based on VIP or VPAC1 genotype were concordant in their directions of change. Multiplatform predicted functional profiling suggested a defective VIP-VPAC1 axis was associated with reduced amino acid degradation along with reduced quinol and quinone biosynthesis. Furthermore, alterations in predicted functions include increased sugar degradation, nitrate reduction, and fatty acid biosynthetic pathways, among other changes. CONCLUSION We conclude that VIP signaling through VPAC1 is critical for the maintenance of normal function of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Manpreet Bains
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Zachary McAdams
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Justin Daniels
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Susheel B. Busi
- Department of Systems Ecology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - James A. Waschek
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Glenn P. Dorsam
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
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Leceta J, Garin MI, Conde C. Mechanism of Immunoregulatory Properties of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in the K/BxN Mice Model of Autoimmune Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701862. [PMID: 34335612 PMCID: PMC8322839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The K/BxN mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) closely resembles the human disease. In this model, arthritis results from activation of autoreactive KRN T cells recognizing the glycolytic enzyme glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) autoantigen, which provides help to GPI-specific B cells, resulting in the production of pathogenic anti-GPI antibodies that ultimately leads to arthritis symptoms from 4 weeks of age. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide broadly distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system that is also expressed in lymphocytes and other immune cell types. VIP is a modulator of innate and adaptive immunity, showing anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties. Basically, this neuropeptide promotes a shift in the Th1/Th2 balance and enhances dedifferentiation of T regulatory cells (Treg). It has demonstrated its therapeutic effects on the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model of RA. In the present hypothesis and theory article, we propose that the immunoregulatory properties of VIP may be due likely to the inhibition of T cell plasticity toward non-classic Th1 cells and an enhanced follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr) activity. The consequences of these regulatory properties are the reduction of systemic pathogenic antibody titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Leceta
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina I Garin
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapy Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Conde
- Laboratorio de Reumatología Experimental y Observacional, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Vasoactive intestinal peptide axis is dysfunctional in patients with Graves' disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13018. [PMID: 32747757 PMCID: PMC7400547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide with potent immunoregulatory properties. Reduced serum VIP levels and alterations in VIP receptors/signaling on immune cells have been associated with different inflammatory/autoimmune diseases. However, its role in autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) remains unknown. This study examined the interrelationship between VIP system, autoimmune background and thyroid hormones in peripheral immune cells in patients with AITD. Only Graves' disease (GD) patients showed significantly lower serum VIP levels when compared to healthy subjects and to Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients. Serum VIP levels were lower at the onset of GD, showing a significant negative correlation with thyroid hormone levels. The expression of VIP receptors, VPAC1 and VPAC2, was significantly upregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from GD patients. There was an impairment of VIP signalling in these patients, probably attributable to a dysfunction of VPAC1 with preservation of VPAC2. The correlation between VPAC1 and thyroid hormone receptor expression in PBMC from healthy subjects was lost in GD patients. In summary, the VIP system is altered in peripheral immune cells of GD patients and this finding is associated with different thyroid hormone receptor patterns, showing a dynamic inter-regulation and a prominent role of VIP in this setting.
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Martínez C, Juarranz Y, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, Carrión M, Pérez-García S, Villanueva-Romero R, Castro D, Lamana A, Mellado M, González-Álvaro I, Gomariz RP. A Clinical Approach for the Use of VIP Axis in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E65. [PMID: 31861827 PMCID: PMC6982157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroendocrine and immune systems are coordinated to maintain the homeostasis of the organism, generating bidirectional communication through shared mediators and receptors. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is the paradigm of an endogenous neuropeptide produced by neurons and endocrine and immune cells, involved in the control of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Exogenous administration of VIP exerts therapeutic effects in models of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors (VPAC1 and VPAC2). Currently, there are no curative therapies for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and patients present complex diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic problems in daily clinical practice due to their heterogeneous nature. This review focuses on the biology of VIP and VIP receptor signaling, as well as its protective effects as an immunomodulatory factor. Recent progress in improving the stability, selectivity, and effectiveness of VIP/receptors analogues and new routes of administration are highlighted, as well as important advances in their use as biomarkers, contributing to their potential application in precision medicine. On the 50th anniversary of VIP's discovery, this review presents a spectrum of potential clinical benefits applied to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Yasmina Juarranz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Irene Gutiérrez-Cañas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Mar Carrión
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Selene Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Raúl Villanueva-Romero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - David Castro
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Amalia Lamana
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Mario Mellado
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Isidoro González-Álvaro
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Médica, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rosa P. Gomariz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
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de Campos Soriani Azevedo M, Garlet TP, Francisconi CF, Colavite PM, Tabanez AP, Melchiades JL, Favaro Trombone AP, Sfeir C, Little S, Silva RM, Garlet GP. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Immunoregulatory Role at the Periapex: Associative and Mechanistic Evidences from Human and Experimental Periapical Lesions. J Endod 2019; 45:1228-1236. [PMID: 31402064 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The balance between the host proinflammatory immune response and the counteracting anti-inflammatory and reparative responses supposedly determine the outcome of periapical lesions. In this scenario, the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) may exert a protective role because of its prominent immunoregulatory capacity. In this study, we investigated (in a cause-and-effect manner) the potential involvement of VIP in the development of human and experimental periapical lesions. METHODS Periapical granulomas (n = 124) and control samples (n = 48) were comparatively assessed for VIP and multiple immunologic/activity marker expression through real-time polymerase chain reaction. Experimental periapical lesions (C57Bl/6 wild-type mice) were evaluated regarding endogenous VIP expression correlation with lesion development and the effect of recombinant VIP therapy in lesion outcome. CCR4KO and IL4KO strains and anti-glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein inhibition were used to test the involvement of Treg and Th2 cells in VIP-mediated effects. RESULTS VIP expression was more prevalent in periapical granulomas than in controls, presenting a positive association with immunoregulatory factors and an inverse association/correlation with proinflammatory mediators and the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio. Endogenous VIP expression up-regulation was temporally associated with lesion immunoregulation and a decline of bone loss. VIP therapy in mice prompted the arrest of lesion development, being associated with an anti-inflammatory and proreparative response that limits the proinflammatory, Th1, Th17, and osteoclastogenic response in the periapex. The VIP protective effect was dependent of Treg migration and activity and independent of interleukin 4. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that VIP overexpression in human and experimental periapical lesions is associated with lesion inactivity and that VIP therapy results in the attenuation of experimental lesion progression associated with the immunosuppressive response involving Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiago Pompermaier Garlet
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology and Genetics, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Carolina Favaro Francisconi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Maria Colavite
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Petenuci Tabanez
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jessica Lima Melchiades
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Charles Sfeir
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven Little
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Renato Menezes Silva
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Gustavo Pompermaier Garlet
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Gomariz RP, Juarranz Y, Carrión M, Pérez-García S, Villanueva-Romero R, González-Álvaro I, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, Lamana A, Martínez C. An Overview of VPAC Receptors in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Biological Role and Clinical Significance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:729. [PMID: 31695683 PMCID: PMC6817626 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The axis comprised by the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and its G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), VPAC1, and VPAC2, belong to the B1 family and signal through Gs or Gq proteins. VPAC receptors seem to preferentially interact with Gs in inflammatory cells, rather than Gq, thereby stimulating adenylate cyclase activity. cAMP is able to trigger various downstream pathways, mainly the canonical PKA pathway and the non-canonical cAMP-activated guanine nucleotide exchange factor (EPAC) pathway. Classically, the presence of VPACs has been confined to the plasma membrane; however, VPAC1 location has been described in the nuclear membrane in several cell types such as activated Th cells, where they are also functional. VPAC receptor signaling modulates a number of biological processes by tipping the balance of inflammatory mediators in macrophages and other innate immune cells, modifying the expression of TLRs, and inhibiting MMPs and the expression of adhesion molecules. Receptor signaling also downregulates coagulation factors and acute-phase proteins, promotes Th2 over Th1, stimulates Treg abundance, and finally inhibits a pathogenic Th17 profile. Thus, the VIP axis signaling regulates both the innate and adaptive immune responses in several inflammatory/autoimmune diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune disease that develops on a substrate of genetically susceptible individuals and under the influence of environmental factors, as well as epigenetic mechanisms. It is a heterogeneous disease with different pathogenic mechanisms and variable clinical forms between patients with the same diagnosis. The knowledge of VIP signaling generated in both animal models and human ex vivo studies can potentially be translated to clinical reality. Most recently, the beneficial effects of nanoparticles of VIP self-associated with sterically stabilized micelles have been reported in a murine model of RA. Another novel research area is beginning to define the receptors as biomarkers in RA, with their expression levels shown to be associated with the activity of the disease and patients-reported impairment. Therefore, VPAC expression together VIP genetic variants could allow patients to be stratified at the beginning of the disease with the purpose of guiding personalized treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa P. Gomariz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rosa P. Gomariz
| | - Yasmina Juarranz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Carrión
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Selene Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Villanueva-Romero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidoro González-Álvaro
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Gutiérrez-Cañas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amalia Lamana
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Jiao H, Ren H. The effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the rat model of experimental autoimmune neuritis and the implications for treatment of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy or Guillain-Barré syndrome. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:3817-3824. [PMID: 30464413 PMCID: PMC6228051 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s175331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Guillain-Barré syndrome is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy that is characterized histologically by demyelination of peripheral nerves and nerve roots, infiltrates of T lymphocytes, and an inflammatory response that includes macrophage infiltrates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in a rat model of experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN). Methods Forty male Lewis rats were divided into a control group (N=10), an EAN group (N=10), an EAN group treated with 15 nmol of VIP (N=10), and an EAN group treated with 30 nmol of VIP (N=10). The rat model was created by subcutaneous injection of P2 polypeptide (200 µg P257-81) into the base of the tail. Intraperitoneal injection of VIP was given on day 7. Rats were weighed and functionally evaluated using an EAN score (0-10). On day 16, the rats were euthanized. The sciatic nerve was examined histologically and using immunohistochemistry with antibodies against CD8, CD68, and forkhead box p3 (Foxp3). Serum concentrations of IL-17 and interferon-α (IFN-α) were measured by ELISA on day 16 after creating the EAN model. Results The VIP-treated EAN groups had increased body weight and improved EAN scores compared with the untreated EAN group. CD8-positive and CD68-positive cells were significantly reduced in the EAN group treated with 30 nmol of VIP compared with 15 nmol of VIP. Foxp3-positive cells were significantly decreased in both EAN groups treated with VIP, and serum concentrations of IL-17 and IFN-α were significantly lower compared with the untreated EAN group (P<0.05). Conclusion In a rat model of EAN, treatment with VIP resulted in functional improvement, reduced nerve inflammation, and decreased serum levels of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiao
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Ren
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China, .,Immunity & Infection Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China,
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Pereira FB, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ, Reis EA, Oliveira ALGD, Rocha MODC, Menezes CADS. Vasoactive intestinal peptide degradation might influence Interleukin-17 expression in cardiac chagasic patients. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2018; 60:e57. [PMID: 30365640 PMCID: PMC6199123 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201860057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) expression is lower in cardiac chagasic patients and is related to worse cardiac function. The reduction of VIP in patients with Chagas disease may be a result of its enhanced degradation. To test this hypothesis, the tryptase and chymase expression was evaluated. We also related VIP levels with interleukin-17 (IL-17) expression since VIP may modulate IL-17 production. Plasma levels of chymase were higher in chagasic patients. Conversely, VIP/chymase and VIP/tryptase ratios were lower in chagasic patients when compared to non-infected individuals. Besides, the VIP/chymase ratio was lower in chagasic cardiac patients in comparison with the indeterminate group. A positive correlation between tryptase and chymase levels was observed in chagasic cardiac patients. In relation to IL-17, we observed a higher expression of this cytokine in the cardiac form of the disease than in the indeterminate form. IL-17/VIP ratio was higher in the cardiac form in comparison with non-infected or indeterminate form. These results suggest that the low levels of VIP observed in chagasic patients could be due to an increased production of chymase and/or to the additive effect of the interaction between chymase and tryptase in the cardiac form. Moreover, the decreased VIP expression may contribute to the increase of IL-17 in chagasic cardiac patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walderez O. Dutra
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, Brazil
| | - Kenneth J. Gollob
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, Brazil; A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Brazil
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The Anti-Inflammatory Mediator, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Modulates the Differentiation and Function of Th Subsets in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:6043710. [PMID: 30155495 PMCID: PMC6092975 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6043710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic background, epigenetic modifications, and environmental factors trigger autoimmune response in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Several pathogenic infections have been related to the onset of RA and may cause an inadequate immunological tolerance towards critical self-antigens leading to chronic joint inflammation and an imbalance between different T helper (Th) subsets. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a mediator that modulates all the stages comprised between the arrival of pathogens and Th cell differentiation in RA through its known anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions. This “neuroimmunopeptide” modulates the pathogenic activity of diverse cell subpopulations involved in RA as lymphocytes, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), or macrophages. In addition, VIP decreases the expression of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) in FLS from RA patients. These receptors act as sensors of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) connecting the innate and adaptive immune system. Moreover, VIP modulates the imbalance between Th subsets in RA, decreasing pathogenic Th1 and Th17 subsets and favoring Th2 or Treg profile during the differentiation/polarization of naïve or memory Th cells. Finally, VIP regulates the plasticity between theses subsets. In this review, we provide an overview of VIP effects on the aforementioned features of RA pathology.
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Grasso E, Gori S, Paparini D, Soczewski E, Fernández L, Gallino L, Salamone G, Martinez G, Irigoyen M, Ruhlmann C, Pérez Leirós C, Ramhorst R. VIP induces the decidualization program and conditions the immunoregulation of the implantation process. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 460:63-72. [PMID: 28689770 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The decidualization process involves phenotype and functional changes on endometrial cells and the modulation of mediators with immunoregulatory properties as the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). We investigate VIP contribution to the decidualization program and to immunoregulation throughout the human embryo implantation process. The decidualization of Human endometrial stromal cell line (HESC) with Medroxyprogesterone-dibutyryl-cAMP increased VIP/VPAC-receptors system. In fact, VIP could induce decidualization increasing differentiation markers (IGFBP1, PRL, KLF13/KLF9 ratio, CXCL12, CXCL8 and CCL2) and allowing Blastocyst-like spheroids (BLS) invasion in an in vitro model of embryo implantation. Focus on the tolerogenic effects, decidualized cells induced a semi-mature profile on maternal dendritic cells; restrained CD4+ cells recruitment while increased regulatory T-cells recruitment. Interestingly, the human blastocyst conditioned media from developmentally impaired embryos diminished the invasion and T-regulatory cells recruitment in these settings. These evidences suggest that VIP contributes to the implantation process inducing decidualization, allowing BLS invasion and favoring a tolerogenic micro-environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Grasso
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Soledad Gori
- Institute of Experimental Medicine IMEX-CONICET, National Academy of Sciences, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Paparini
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Soczewski
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Laura Fernández
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Lucila Gallino
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Salamone
- Institute of Experimental Medicine IMEX-CONICET, National Academy of Sciences, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Pérez Leirós
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Rosanna Ramhorst
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Argentina.
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Zongyi Y, Dongying C, Baifeng L. Global Regulatory T-Cell Research from 2000 to 2015: A Bibliometric Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162099. [PMID: 27611317 PMCID: PMC5017768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to analyze the global scientific output of regulatory T-cell (Treg) research and built a model to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate publications from 2000 to 2015. Data were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) of Thomson Reuters on January 1, 2016. The bibliometric method and Citespace III were used to analyze authors, journals, publication outputs, institutions, countries, research areas, research hotspots, and trends. In total, we identified 35,741 publications on Treg research from 2000 to 2015, and observed that the annual publication rate increased with time. The Journal of Immunology published the highest number of articles, the leading country was the USA, and the leading institute was Harvard University. Sakaguchi, Hori, Fontenot, and Wang were the top authors in Treg research. Immunology accounted for the highest number of publications, followed by oncology, experimental medicine, cell biology, and hematology. Keyword analysis indicated that autoimmunity, inflammation, cytokine, gene expression, foxp3, and immunotherapy were the research hotspots, whereas autoimmune inflammation, gene therapy, granzyme B, RORγt, and th17 were the frontiers of Treg research. This bibliometric analysis revealed that Treg-related studies are still research hotspots, and that Treg-related clinical therapies are the research frontiers; however, further study and collaborations are needed worldwide. Overall, our findings provide valuable information for the editors of immunology journals to identify new perspectives and shape future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zongyi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Organ Transplantation, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Dongying
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Baifeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Organ Transplantation, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail:
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Massironi S, Zilli A, Cavalcoli F, Conte D, Peracchi M. Chromogranin A and other enteroendocrine markers in inflammatory bowel disease. Neuropeptides 2016; 58:127-34. [PMID: 26804239 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the distribution and products of enteroendocrine cells may play a role in immune activation and regulation of gut inflammation. This review aims at critically evaluating the main enteroendocrine markers in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). A narrative review was performed by searching inflammatory bowel diseases and enteroendocrine biomarkers in PubMed. Relevant modifications of some enteroendocrine markers, such as Chromogranin A, and their correlation with disease activity have been reported in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Even if data about neuroendocrine markers are sometimes contrasting, they may be potentially useful for the diagnosis and clinical management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Massironi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Zilli
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Postgraduate School of Gastroenterology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Federica Cavalcoli
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Postgraduate School of Gastroenterology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Dario Conte
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Postgraduate School of Gastroenterology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Maddalena Peracchi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Postgraduate School of Gastroenterology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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Jimeno R, Leceta J, Garín M, Ortiz AM, Mellado M, Rodríguez-Frade JM, Martínez C, Pérez-García S, Gomariz RP, Juarranz Y. Th17 polarization of memory Th cells in early arthritis: the vasoactive intestinal peptide effect. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:257-69. [PMID: 25957307 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0714-327r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies in humans indicate the implication of Th17 cells in RA. Therapies targeting their pathogenicity, as well as their plasticity to the Th17/1 phenotype, could ameliorate the progression of the pathology. The neuroendocrine environment has a major impact on the differentiation of lymphoid cells. VIP is present in the microenvironment of the joint, and its known therapeutic effects are supported by several studies on RA. We examine the ability of VIP to modulate the differentiation of Th17 cells. Peripheral blood CD4(+)CD45RO(+) T cells from HD and eRA patients were expanded under Th17-polarizing conditions in the presence of TGF-β. After 7 days, the higher IL-17A, IL-21, and IL-9 levels and lower IL-22 levels indicate the nonpathogenic profile for Th17 cells in HD. In contrast, Th17 cells from eRA patients produced significantly more IL-22 and IFN-γ, and these cells show a more Th17/1 profile, indicating a pathogenic phenotype. Interestingly, when VIP was present in the Th17 conditioned medium, increased levels of IL-10 and IL-9 were detected in HD and eRA patients. VIP also reduced the levels of IL-22 in eRA patients. These data suggest that VIP reduces the pathogenic profile of the Th17-polarized cells. This effect was accompanied by an increased in the Treg/Th17 profile, as shown by the increase levels of Foxp3. In conclusion, this report addresses a novel and interesting question on the effect of VIP on human Th17 cells and adds clinical relevance by analyzing, in parallel, HD and eRA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Jimeno
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de *Biología y Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; División de Terapias Innovadoras en el S. Hematopoyético, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad Mixta de Terapias Avanzadas, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; and Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Leceta
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de *Biología y Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; División de Terapias Innovadoras en el S. Hematopoyético, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad Mixta de Terapias Avanzadas, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; and Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Garín
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de *Biología y Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; División de Terapias Innovadoras en el S. Hematopoyético, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad Mixta de Terapias Avanzadas, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; and Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Ortiz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de *Biología y Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; División de Terapias Innovadoras en el S. Hematopoyético, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad Mixta de Terapias Avanzadas, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; and Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Mellado
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de *Biología y Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; División de Terapias Innovadoras en el S. Hematopoyético, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad Mixta de Terapias Avanzadas, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; and Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Rodríguez-Frade
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de *Biología y Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; División de Terapias Innovadoras en el S. Hematopoyético, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad Mixta de Terapias Avanzadas, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; and Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de *Biología y Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; División de Terapias Innovadoras en el S. Hematopoyético, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad Mixta de Terapias Avanzadas, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; and Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Selene Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de *Biología y Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; División de Terapias Innovadoras en el S. Hematopoyético, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad Mixta de Terapias Avanzadas, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; and Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa P Gomariz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de *Biología y Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; División de Terapias Innovadoras en el S. Hematopoyético, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad Mixta de Terapias Avanzadas, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; and Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yasmina Juarranz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de *Biología y Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; División de Terapias Innovadoras en el S. Hematopoyético, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Unidad Mixta de Terapias Avanzadas, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas/IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; and Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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González-Álvaro I, Ortiz AM, Seoane IV, García-Vicuña R, Martínez C, Gomariz RP. Biomarkers predicting a need for intensive treatment in patients with early arthritis. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 21:170-81. [PMID: 25163741 PMCID: PMC4298237 DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140825123104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous nature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) complicates early recognition and treatment. In recent years, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated that intervention during the window of opportunity can improve the response to treatment and slow—or even stop—irreversible structural changes. Advances in therapy, such as biologic agents, and changing approaches to the disease, such as the treat to target and tight control strategies, have led to better outcomes resulting from personalized treatment to patients with different prognostic markers. The various biomarkers identified either facilitate early diagnosis or make it possible to adjust management to disease activity or poor outcomes. However, no single biomarker can bridge the gap between disease onset and prescription of the first DMARD, and traditional biomarkers do not identify all patients requiring early aggressive treatment. Furthermore, the outcomes of early arthritis cohorts are largely biased by the treatment prescribed to patients; therefore, new challenges arise in the search for prognostic biomarkers. Herein, we discuss the value of traditional and new biomarkers and suggest the need for intensive treatment as a new surrogate marker of poor prognosis that can guide therapeutic decisions in the early stages of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - R P Gomariz
- Rheumatology Service, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, IIS Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
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Fraccaroli L, Grasso E, Hauk V, Paparini D, Soczewski E, Mor G, Pérez Leirós C, Ramhorst R. VIP boosts regulatory T cell induction by trophoblast cells in an in vitro model of trophoblast-maternal leukocyte interaction. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:49-58. [PMID: 25877932 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a1014-492rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible regulatory T cells (Tregs) exert a timely and efficient immunosuppressive action at the critical peri-implantation stage essential for maternal tolerance to the conceptus. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) promotes anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic profiles through binding to VIP receptors on immune cells. We evaluated whether VIP produced by trophoblast cells induces Tregs during the early interaction of maternal leukocytes with trophoblast cells, thus contributing to maternal tolerance. We used an in vitro model of maternal leukocyte-trophoblast cell interaction represented by cocultures of fertile women's PBMCs with a human trophoblast cell line (Swan-71) and evaluated the effect of VIP added exogenously and of the endogenous polypeptide. VIP increased the frequency of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) cells after coculture, and these cells were able to suppress the maternal alloresponse. VIP also increased the frequency of CD4(+)IL10(+) and CD4(+)TGFβ(+) cells, but it did not modulate IFN-γ or IL-17 production. Swan-71 secreted VIP, and their coculture with maternal PBMCs significantly increased the frequency of Tregs. This effect was even more pronounced if the trophoblast cells had been pretreated with VIP. In both situations, the VIP antagonist prevented the increase in the frequency of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) cells, reflecting a specific effect of the polypeptide after the interaction with Swan-71 cells. Finally, the increase in CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) frequency was prevented by an anti-TGF-β Ab and a VIP antagonist. These results suggest that VIP could have an active role in the immunoregulatory processes operating in the maternal-placental interface by contributing to the induction of Tregs through a mechanism involving TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fraccaroli
- *Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, University of Buenos Aires School of Sciences, IQUIBICEN-CONICET (National Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Reproductive Immunology Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Grasso
- *Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, University of Buenos Aires School of Sciences, IQUIBICEN-CONICET (National Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Reproductive Immunology Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Hauk
- *Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, University of Buenos Aires School of Sciences, IQUIBICEN-CONICET (National Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Reproductive Immunology Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Paparini
- *Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, University of Buenos Aires School of Sciences, IQUIBICEN-CONICET (National Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Reproductive Immunology Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Soczewski
- *Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, University of Buenos Aires School of Sciences, IQUIBICEN-CONICET (National Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Reproductive Immunology Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gil Mor
- *Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, University of Buenos Aires School of Sciences, IQUIBICEN-CONICET (National Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Reproductive Immunology Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Pérez Leirós
- *Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, University of Buenos Aires School of Sciences, IQUIBICEN-CONICET (National Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Reproductive Immunology Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosanna Ramhorst
- *Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, University of Buenos Aires School of Sciences, IQUIBICEN-CONICET (National Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Reproductive Immunology Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in Early Spondyloarthritis: Low Serum Levels as a Potential Biomarker for Disease Severity. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:577-84. [PMID: 25711477 PMCID: PMC4477066 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0517-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a family of inflammatory diseases sharing clinical, genetic, and radiological features. While crucial for tailoring early interventions, validated prognostic biomarkers are scarce in SpA. We analyze the correlation between serum levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and disease activity/severity in patients with early chronic inflammatory back pain. The study population comprised 54 patients enrolled in our early chronic inflammatory back pain register. We collected demographic information, clinical data, laboratory data, and imaging findings. VIP levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay in serum samples from 162 visits. The association between independent variables and VIP levels was analyzed using longitudinal multivariate analysis nested by patient and visit. No significant differences were observed in VIP levels between these two groups. Lower levels of VIP were significantly associated with a higher Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASFI) score, presence of bone edema in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, and lower hemoglobin levels. Coexistence of cutaneous psoriasis was independently associated with lower VIP levels, and similar trend was observed for enthesitis. We conclude that SpA patients with low serum VIP levels had worse 2-year disease outcome, suggesting that serum VIP levels could be a valid prognostic biomarker.
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Jimeno R, Gomariz RP, Garín M, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, González-Álvaro I, Carrión M, Galindo M, Leceta J, Juarranz Y. The pathogenic Th profile of human activated memory Th cells in early rheumatoid arthritis can be modulated by VIP. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 93:457-67. [PMID: 25430993 PMCID: PMC4366555 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Our aim is to study the behavior of memory Th cells (Th17, Th17/1, and Th1 profiles) from early rheumatoid arthritis (eRA) patients after their in vitro activation/expansion to provide information about its contribution to RA chronicity. Moreover, we analyzed the potential involvement of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) as an endogenous healing mediator. CD4(+)CD45RO(+) T cells from PBMCs of HD and eRA were activated/expanded in vitro in the presence/absence of VIP. FACS, ELISA, RT-PCR, and immunocytochemistry analyses were performed. An increase in CCR6(+)/RORC(+) cells and in RORC-proliferating cells and a decrease in T-bet-proliferating cells and T-bet(+)/RORC(+) cells were shown in eRA. mRNA expression of IL-17, IL-2, RORC, RORA, STAT3, and Tbx21 and protein secretion of IL-17, IFNγ, and GM-CSF were higher in eRA. VIP decreased the mRNA expression of IL-22, IL-2, STAT3, Tbx21, IL-12Rβ2, IL-23R, and IL-21R in HD and it decreased IL-21, IL-2, and STAT3 in eRA. VIP decreased IL-22 and GM-CSF secretion and increased IL-9 secretion in HD and it decreased IL-21 secretion in eRA. VPAC2/VPAC1 ratio expression was increased in eRA. All in all, memory Th cells from eRA patients show a greater proportion of Th17 cells with a pathogenic Th17 and Th17/1 profile compared to HD. VIP is able to modulate the pathogenic profile, mostly in HD. Our results are promising for therapy in the early stages of RA because they suggest that targeting molecules involved in the pathogenic Th17, Th17/1, and Th1 phenotypes and targeting VIP receptors could have a therapeutic effect modulating these subsets. KEY MESSAGES Th17 cells are more important than Th1 in the contribution to pathogenesis in eRA patients. Pathogenic Th17 and Th17/1 profile are abundant in activated/expanded memory Th cells from eRA patients. VIP decreases the pathogenic Th17, Th1, and Th17/1 profiles, mainly in healthy donors. The expression of VIP receptors is reduced in eRA patients respect to healthy donors, whereas the ratio of VPAC2/VPAC1 expression is higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Jimeno
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Vasoactive intestinal peptide maintains the nonpathogenic profile of human th17-polarized cells. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:512-25. [PMID: 24805298 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine microenvironment modulates CD4 T cell differentiation causing the shift of naïve CD4 T cells into different cell subsets. This process is also regulated by modulators such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a neuropeptide with known immunomodulatory properties on CD4 T cells that exert this action through specific receptors, vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor (VPAC)1 and VPAC2. Our results show that the pattern of VIP receptors expression ratio is modified during Th17 differentiation. In this report, we evaluate the capacity of VIP to modulate naïve human cells into Th17 cells in vitro by analyzing their functional phenotype. The presence of VIP maintains the nonpathogenic profile of Th17-polarized cells, increases the proliferation rate, and decreases their Th1 potential. VIP induces the upregulation of the STAT3 gene interaction with the VPAC1 receptor during the onset of Th17 differentiation. Moreover, RAR-related orphan receptor C (RORC), RAR-related orphan receptor A (RORA), and interleukin (IL)-17A genes are upregulated in the presence of VIP through interaction with VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. Interestingly, VIP induces the expression of the IL-23R gene through interaction with the VPAC2 receptor during the expansion phase. This is the first report that describes the differentiation of naïve human T cells to Th17-polarized cells in the presence of VIP and demonstrates how this differentiation regulates the expression of the VIP receptors.
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Grasso E, Paparini D, Agüero M, Mor G, Pérez Leirós C, Ramhorst R. VIP contribution to the decidualization program: regulatory T cell recruitment. J Endocrinol 2014; 221:121-31. [PMID: 24492467 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During early pregnancy, the human uterus undergoes profound tissue remodeling characterized by leukocyte invasion and production of proinflammatory cytokines, followed by tissue repair and tolerance maintenance induction. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is produced by trophoblast cells and modulates the maternal immune response toward a tolerogenic profile. Here, we evaluated the contribution of the VIP/VPAC to endometrial renewal, inducing decidualization and the recruitment of induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) that accompany the implantation period. For that purpose, we used an in vitro model of decidualization with a human endometrial stromal cell line (HESC) stimulated with progesterone (P4) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) simulating the inflammatory response during implantation and human iTregs (CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+)) differentiated from naïve T cells obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of fertile women. We observed that VIP and its receptor VPAC1 are constitutively expressed in HESCs and that P4 increased VIP expression. Moreover, in HESC VIP induced expression of RANTES (CCL5), one of the main chemokines involved in T cell recruitment, and this effect is enhanced by the presence of P4 and LPS. Finally, assays of the migration of iTregs toward conditioned media from HESCs revealed that endogenous VIP production induced by P4 and LPS and RANTES production were involved, as anti-RANTES neutralizing Ab or VIP antagonist prevented their migration. We conclude that VIP may have an active role in the decidualization process, thus contributing to recruitment of iTregs toward endometrial stromal cells by increasing RANTES expression in a P4-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Grasso
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires and IQUIBICEN- CONICET (National Research Council of Science and Technology), Int. Guiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2 Piso 4, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Shoemaker RC, House D, Ryan JC. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) corrects chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS) acquired following exposure to water-damaged buildings. Health (London) 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2013.53053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fraccaroli L, Grasso E, Hauk V, Cortelezzi M, Calo G, Pérez Leirós C, Ramhorst R. Defects in the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/VPAC system during early stages of the placental-maternal leucocyte interaction impair the maternal tolerogenic response. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 170:310-20. [PMID: 23121672 PMCID: PMC3518891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful embryo implantation occurs followed by a local inflammatory/T helper type 1 (Th1) response, subsequently redirected towards a tolerogenic predominant profile. The lack of control of this initial local inflammatory response may be an underlying cause of early pregnancy complications as recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA). Considering that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) mediates anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic effects in several conditions we hypothesized that VIP might contribute to tolerance towards trophoblast antigens during the early interaction of maternal leucocytes and trophoblast cells. In this study we investigated VIP/VPAC system activity and expression on maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after interaction with immortalized trophoblast cells (Swan-71 cell line) as an in-vitro model of feto-maternal interaction, and we analysed whether it modulates maternal regulatory T cell (T(reg))/Th1 responses. We also investigated the contribution of the endogenous VIP/VPAC system to RSA pathogenesis. VIP decreased T-bet expression significantly, reduced monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and nitrite production in co-cultures of PBMCs from fertile women with trophoblast cells; while it increased the frequency of CD4(+) CD25(+) forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3)(+) cells, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β expression and interleukin (IL)-10 secretion. These effects were prevented by VIP-specific antagonist. Interestingly, PBMCs from RSA patients displayed significantly higher T-bet expression, lower T(reg) frequency and lower frequency of VIP-producer CD4 lymphocytes after the interaction with trophoblast cells. Moreover, the patients displayed a significantly lower frequency of endometrial CD4(+) VIP(+) cells in comparison with fertile women. VIP showed a Th1-limiting and T(reg) -promoting response in vitro that would favour early pregnancy outcome. Because RSA patients displayed defects in the VIP/VPAC system, this neuropeptide could be a promising candidate for diagnostic biomarker or surrogate biomarker for recurrent spontaneous abortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fraccaroli
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires and National Research Council (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Couvineau A, Ceraudo E, Tan YV, Nicole P, Laburthe M. The VPAC1 receptor: structure and function of a class B GPCR prototype. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:139. [PMID: 23162538 PMCID: PMC3499705 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represents a small sub-family encompassing 15 members, and are very promising targets for the development of drugs to treat many diseases such as chronic inflammation, neurodegeneration, diabetes, stress, and osteoporosis. The VPAC1 receptor which is an archetype of the class B GPCRs binds Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP), a neuropeptide widely distributed in central and peripheral nervous system modulating many physiological processes including regulation of exocrine secretions, hormone release, foetal development, immune response … VIP appears to exert beneficial effect in neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. This article reviews the current knowledge regarding the structure and molecular pharmacology of VPAC1 receptors. Over the past decade, structure-function relationship studies have demonstrated that the N-terminal ectodomain (N-ted) of VPAC1 plays a pivotal role in VIP recognition. The use of different approaches such as directed mutagenesis, photoaffinity labeling, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), molecular modeling, and molecular dynamic simulation has led to demonstrate that: (1) the central and C-terminal part of the VIP molecule interacts with the N-ted of VPAC1 receptor which is itself structured as a « Sushi » domain; (2) the N-terminal end of the VIP molecule interacts with the first transmembrane domain of the receptor where three residues (K(143), T(144), and T(147)) play an important role in VPAC1 interaction with the first histidine residue of VIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Couvineau
- *Correspondence: A. Couvineau and M. Laburthe, Faculté de Médecine X. Bichat, INSERM U773/CRB3, 16 Rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France. e-mail: ;
| | | | | | | | - M. Laburthe
- *Correspondence: A. Couvineau and M. Laburthe, Faculté de Médecine X. Bichat, INSERM U773/CRB3, 16 Rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France. e-mail: ;
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Pérez-García S, Juarranz Y, Carrión M, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, Margioris A, Pablos JL, Tsatsanis C, Gomariz RP. Mapping the CRF-urocortins system in human osteoarthritic and rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts: effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:3261-9. [PMID: 21360527 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the brain and pituitary gland, the corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) system is expressed in peripheral tissues. In this study we characterize the expression of CRF, urocortins (UCN1, UCN2, and UCN3), and their receptors (CRFR1 and CRFR2) in osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). Moreover, we analyze the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) effect on the CRF system, as well as its physiological consequences on mediators of inflammatory/destructive processes. CRF and UCNs exhibit differential pattern in OA and RA-FLS. By real-time PCR we detected more expression of CRF and UCN1 in RA, and UCN2 and UCN3 in OA, while the CRFR2 expression was similar. In RA-FLS VIP treatment resulted in a significant decrease of the proinflammatory peptides, CRF and UCN1, and a significant increase of the potential anti-inflammatory agents, UCN3 and CRFR2. Using Western blot assays, we showed that the ratio between phospho-CREB (p-CREB) and c-AMP response element-binding (CREB) is higher in OA and significantly lower in RA-FLS after VIP treatment, with consequences upon cAMP response element in CRF and UCN1 genes. Real-time PCR and EIA proved that VIP significantly inhibits cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in RA-FLS. In all cases, we consider significant data when P < 0.05. These data indicate a role of endogenous CRF, UCNs, and CRFR2 in the OA and RA joint microenvironment. We confirm the anti-inflammatory function of VIP, through the modulation of the expression of CRF system that impacts in a reduction of mediators with inflammatory/destructive functions, supporting its therapeutic potential in rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Microglial cells are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system. These cells of mesodermal/mesenchymal origin migrate into all regions of the central nervous system, disseminate through the brain parenchyma, and acquire a specific ramified morphological phenotype termed "resting microglia." Recent studies indicate that even in the normal brain, microglia have highly motile processes by which they scan their territorial domains. By a large number of signaling pathways they can communicate with macroglial cells and neurons and with cells of the immune system. Likewise, microglial cells express receptors classically described for brain-specific communication such as neurotransmitter receptors and those first discovered as immune cell-specific such as for cytokines. Microglial cells are considered the most susceptible sensors of brain pathology. Upon any detection of signs for brain lesions or nervous system dysfunction, microglial cells undergo a complex, multistage activation process that converts them into the "activated microglial cell." This cell form has the capacity to release a large number of substances that can act detrimental or beneficial for the surrounding cells. Activated microglial cells can migrate to the site of injury, proliferate, and phagocytose cells and cellular compartments.
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Jimeno R, Leceta J, Martínez C, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, Pérez-García S, Carrión M, Gomariz RP, Juarranz Y. Effect of VIP on the balance between cytokines and master regulators of activated helper T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 90:178-86. [PMID: 21445087 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CD4T helper cells are decisive in the struggle against pathogens and in maintaining immune homeostasis. Nevertheless, they also drive immune-mediated disease. Recently, emerging evidence suggests that seemingly committed Th cells possess plasticity and may convert into other types of effector cells. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is an immunomodulator neuropeptide, which is able to promote or inhibit individually the differentiation or function of some T-helper subsets. We conducted ex vivo study with erythrocyte-depleted spleen cells from healthy mice to check the balance between cytokines and master regulators of different T-helper subsets. This neuropeptide adversely affected the differentiation and functionality phases of Th17 cells and had a negative influence on cytokines related to Th1 function, increasing Th17 cells over those of the Th1 cell subset. With respect to Th2 subsets, VIP augmented the interleukin (IL)-4/IL-9 mRNA ratio, and a negative correlation between IL-4 and IL-9 was observed in culture supernatants. VIP augmented Th2 relative to Th1 in cell subsets. VIP decreased the iTreg/Th17 balance. Regarding the induced T-regulatory (iTreg)/Th1 balance, VIP increased the presence of immunoregulatory cytokines in relation to IFNγ. Although additional studies are needed to clarify the role of VIP on the balance between cytokines and master regulators during T-helper differentiation, our data show that VIP reduces Th17/Th1 and Th1/Th2 ratios. However, the iTreg/Th17 ratio was differently counterbalanced, probably because of culture conditions. Finally, this is the first study showing that VIP also modulates Th2/Th9 and iTreg/Th1 ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Jimeno
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Zhao N, Zhang W, Guo Y, Jia H, Zha Q, Liu Z, Xu S, Lu A. Effects on neuroendocrinoimmune network of Lizhong Pill in the reserpine induced rats with spleen deficiency in traditional Chinese medicine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:454-9. [PMID: 20951788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Lizhong Pill, composed of radix Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), rhizoma Zingiberis (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.) and radix Glycytthizae (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.), is a classical herbal product for curing spleen deficiency in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and reserpine treated rats show similar signs to TCM spleen deficiency pattern. This paper is aimed to explore the regulatory effect on neuroendocrinoimmune network by Lizhong Pill in reserpine induced TCM spleen deficiency rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS 100 healthy adult male SD rats, with a mean weight of 200 g, were randomly divided into five groups in average: control group, reserpine treated group, atropine treated group, treatment groups with Lizhong Pill at high dose and low dose (equal to the dosage of crude drugs for 4 g/kg/d and 8 g/kg/d). Rats in reserpine treated group were induced by intraperitoneal injection of reserpine at 0.5 mg/kgd for 4 weeks. The levels of IL-1, IL-6 and gastrin were measured with radioimmunoassay, TNF-α and IFN-γ in serum were measured with ELISA, the level of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) in small intestine were determined with radioimmunoassay, and the TNF-α and TGF-β positive cells in small intestine were detected by immunohistological staining. Data were analyzed with SAS 9.1 software package. RESULTS The rats in reserpine treated group, body weight, concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-1 and TNF-α in serum, expression of TGF-β in small intestine, VIP in small intestine decreased (P<0.05), and the level of IL-6 in serum, expression of TNF-α, SP in small intestine and gastrin were increased (P<0.05). Administration of Lizhong Pill at high dose could increase the body weights at day 21, and the weights of rats in Lizhong Pill groups were much higher compared to reserpine treated group. At high dose of Lizhong Pill could increase the level of TNF-α in serum. Lizhong Pill at high dose and low dose could reverse the changes of IL-1, IL-6 and IFN-γ, gastrin, expression of TGF-β and TNF-α, VIP and SP in small intestine. CONCLUSIONS The rats treated with reserpine, with similar signs to TCM spleen deficiency, show neuroendocrinoimmune disorders, and the restoration of the neuroendocrinoimmune disorders might be the part of mechanism of Lizhong Pill for reinforcing TCM spleen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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Cocco E, Paladini F, Macino G, Fulci V, Fiorillo MT, Sorrentino R. The expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1 is negatively modulated by microRNA 525-5p. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12067. [PMID: 20706588 PMCID: PMC2919398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a neurokine with effects on
the immune system where it is involved in promoting tolerance. In this
context, one of its receptors, VPAC1, has been found to be down-modulated in
cells of the immune network in response to activating stimuli. In
particular, the bacterial liposaccaride (LPS), a strong activator of the
innate immune system, induces a rapid decrease of VPAC1 expression in
monocytes and this event correlates with polymorphisms in the
3′-UTR of the gene. Methodology/Principal Findings MicroRNA 525-5p, having as putative target the 3′-UTR region of
VPAC1, has been analysed for its expression in monocytes and for its role in
down-modulating VPAC1 expression. We report here that miR-525-5p is promptly
up-regulated in LPS-treated monocytes. This microRNA, when co-transfected in
293T cells together with a construct containing the 3′-UTR of the
VPAC1 gene, significantly reduced the luciferase activity in a standard
expression assay. The U937 cell line as well as primary monocytes enforced
to express miR-525-5p, both down-modulate VPAC1 expression at similar
extent. Conclusions/Significance Our results show that the response to an inflammatory stimulus elicits in
monocytes a rapid increase of miR-525-5p that targets a signaling pathway
involved in the control of the immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cocco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles
Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Paladini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles
Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Macino
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology, Sapienza University,
Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Fulci
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology, Sapienza University,
Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorillo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles
Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Sorrentino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles
Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Kosloski LM, Ha DM, Hutter JAL, Stone DK, Pichler MR, Reynolds AD, Gendelman HE, Mosley RL. Adaptive immune regulation of glial homeostasis as an immunization strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem 2010; 114:1261-76. [PMID: 20524958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, notably Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, are amongst the most devastating disorders afflicting the elderly. Currently, no curative treatments or treatments that interdict disease progression exist. Over the past decade, immunization strategies have been proposed to combat disease progression. Such strategies induce humoral immune responses against misfolded protein aggregates to facilitate their clearance. Robust adaptive immunity against misfolded proteins, however, accelerates disease progression, precipitated by induced effector T cell responses that lead to encephalitis and neuronal death. Since then, mechanisms that attenuate such adaptive neurotoxic immune responses have been sought. We propose that shifting the balance between effector and regulatory T cell activity can attenuate neurotoxic inflammatory events. This review summarizes advances in immune regulation to achieve a homeostatic glial response for therapeutic gain. Promising new ways to optimize immunization schemes and measure their clinical efficacy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Kosloski
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Jimeno R, Gomariz RP, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, Martínez C, Juarranz Y, Leceta J. New insights into the role of VIP on the ratio of T-cell subsets during the development of autoimmune diabetes. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:734-45. [PMID: 20309012 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Type I diabetes is an autoimmune T-cell-mediated disease associated with overexpression of inflammatory mediators and the disturbance of different T-cell subsets. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a potent anti-inflammatory agent with regulatory effects on activated T cells. As the equilibrium between different T-cell subsets is involved in the final outcome, leading to tolerance or autoimmunity, we studied the evolution of markers for T cells in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. The study of different transcription factors, cytokines or cytokine receptors, shows that VIP interferes with functional phase of T helper 17 (Th17) cells and prevents the increase in the proportion of Th1 to Th17 cells. On the other hand, VIP-treated NOD mice show an increase in the proportion of CD4(+)CD25(+) cells in the spleen. Thus, VIP switches the Tregs/Th17 ratio leading to tolerance in NOD mice. Similarly, VIP reverses the ratio of Th1-/Th2-cell subsets associated with autoimmune pathology. All these effects on the ratio of T-cell subsets and the anti-inflammatory effect of VIP in decreasing proinflammatory mediators result in a reduction of β-cell destruction in pancreas. Taken together, these results show that VIP provides significant protection against spontaneous diabetes by modulating T-cell subsets and counterbalancing tolerance and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Jimeno
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Reynolds AD, Stone DK, Hutter JAL, Benner EJ, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Regulatory T cells attenuate Th17 cell-mediated nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a model of Parkinson's disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2261-71. [PMID: 20118279 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nitrated alpha-synuclein (N-alpha-syn) immunization elicits adaptive immune responses to novel antigenic epitopes that exacerbate neuroinflammation and nigrostriatal degeneration in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of Parkinson's disease. We show that such neuroimmune degenerative activities, in significant measure, are Th17 cell-mediated, with CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cell (Treg) dysfunction seen among populations of N-alpha-syn-induced T cells. In contrast, purified vasoactive intestinal peptide induced and natural Tregs reversed N-alpha-syn T cell nigrostriatal degeneration. Combinations of adoptively transferred N-alpha-syn and vasoactive intestinal peptide immunocytes or natural Tregs administered to MPTP mice attenuated microglial inflammatory responses and led to robust nigrostriatal protection. Taken together, these results demonstrate Treg control of N-alpha-syn-induced neurodestructive immunity and, as such, provide a sound rationale for future Parkinson's disease immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Reynolds
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Roca V, Calafat M, Larocca L, Ramhorst R, Farina M, Franchi AM, Pérez Leirós C. Potential immunomodulatory role of VIP in the implantation sites of prediabetic nonobese diabetic mice. Reproduction 2009; 138:733-42. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-09-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Among several factors known to modulate embryo implantation and survival, uterine quiescence and neovascularization, maternal immunotolerance through the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance towards a Th2 profile, local regulatory T-cell (Treg) activation, and high levels of progesterone were assigned a prominent role. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuroimmunopeptide that has anti-inflammatory effects, promotes Th2 cytokines and CD4+CD25+FOXP3+Treg activation, and stimulates exocrine secretion, smooth muscle relaxation, and vasodilatation favoring uterus quiescence. The goal of the present work was to explore the participation of VIP in the implantation sites of normal and pregnant prediabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) females, a mouse strain that spontaneously develops an autoimmune exocrinopathy similar to Sjögren's syndrome. Our results indicate a reduction in litter size from the third parturition onwards in the NOD female lifespan with increased resorption rates. Progesterone systemic levels were significantly decreased in pregnant NOD mice compared with BALB/c mice, although the allogeneic response to progesterone by spleen cells was not impaired. VIP receptors,Vipr1andVipr2(Vpac1andVpac2), were expressed at the implantation sites and VIP induced leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and Treg marker expression in both strains; however, a reducedVipexpression was found in NOD implantation sites. We conclude that the reduced birth rate at 16-week-old NOD mice with a Th1 systemic cytokine profile involves resorption processes with a lower expression of VIP at the sites of implantation, which acts as a local inducer of pro-implantatory LIF and Treg activation.
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Calafat M, Larocca L, Roca V, Hauk V, Pregi N, Nesse A, Pérez Leirós C. Vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibits TNF-alpha-induced apoptotic events in acinar cells from nonobese diabetic mice submandibular glands. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R53. [PMID: 19356238 PMCID: PMC2688204 DOI: 10.1186/ar2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The role of apoptotic secretory epithelium as a pro-inflammatory triggering factor of exocrine dysfunction is currently explored in Sjogren's syndrome patients and in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has anti-inflammatory effects in various models of chronic inflammation. Our goal was to analyse the effect of TNF-α on apoptotic mediators in isolated acinar cells from NOD submandibular gland and their modulation by VIP. Methods Acinar cells were isolated from submandibular glands of 16-week-old NOD females with salivary flow decline. Age-matched BALB/c females or eight-week-old NOD females were used as controls. Apoptotic mediators and TNF-α receptor expression were assessed by immunoblotting and RT-PCR, caspase 3 activity was assessed by optical density at 405 nm with Ac-DEVD-pNA as a substrate and chromatin condensation by Hoechst stain. They were evaluated in resting conditions and after a 3.5 or 6 hours of culture with TNF-α. VIP effects in acinar cells were assessed at 100 nM in TNF-α-treated cultures and VIP receptor functional assays by radio immunoassay (cAMP) or enzymatic detection (amylase). Results NOD acinar cells at 16 weeks present an increased expression of TNF-α receptor1 together with increased Bax, tumour protein 53-induced nuclear protein1α (TP53INP1α), caspase 3 activity and chromatin condensation. Acini from NOD mice were more sensitive to TNF-α-induced increases of apoptotic mediators than control cells. VIP inhibited TNF-α-induced apoptotic events through functional VPAC1 receptors coupled to the protein kinase A (PKA) signalling pathway. Conclusions Our results indicate that acinar cells isolated from submandibular glands of NOD mice with salivary dysfunction are more sensitive to apoptosis induced by TNF-α which could be prevented by VIP through a PKA-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Calafat
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Yadav M, Goetzl EJ. Vasoactive intestinal peptide-mediated Th17 differentiation: an expanding spectrum of vasoactive intestinal peptide effects in immunity and autoimmunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1144:83-9. [PMID: 19076367 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1418.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between neural and immune effector pathways serve a vital role in mammalian defenses against foreign pathogens and toxins. The immune system initiates processes leading to the release of diverse mediators and cytokines that recruit neural and endocrine involvement in immunity. Inversely, transmitters released from nerves innervating immune organs regulate the development and functions of the immune cells. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is the quantitatively and functionally most prominent immunoregulatory neuropeptide that participates in local tissue immune responses by potently affecting T cell and macrophage migration, proliferation, and cytokine production. T cells, macrophages, and mast cells express the VIP G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) VPAC(1) and VPAC(2) that transduce the effects of VIP on immunity. The VIP-VPAC axes also are coupled to abnormal T cell functions in different autoimmune conditions. Recently, it has been shown that VIP also enhances the differentiation of distinctive type of proinflammatory Th17 cells by a VPAC(1)-dependent mechanism. This unique VIP-VPAC(1) signaling in Th17 cell differentiation expands our understanding of VIP immune functions, provides new insights into the immune roles of individual VPAC receptors, and offers meaningful possibilities for improving therapeutic potential of VIP in immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Yadav
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology-Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0711, USA.
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Postulated role of vasoactive neuropeptide-related immunopathology of the blood brain barrier and Virchow-Robin spaces in the aetiology of neurological-related conditions. Mediators Inflamm 2009; 2008:792428. [PMID: 19229345 PMCID: PMC2643053 DOI: 10.1155/2008/792428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive neuropeptides (VNs) such as pituitary
adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide
(VIP) have critical roles as neurotransmitters, vasodilators including perfusion
and hypoxia regulators, as well as immune and nociception modulators.
They have key roles in blood vessels in the central nervous system (CNS)
including maintaining functional integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB)
and blood spinal barrier (BSB). VNs are potent activators of adenylate cyclase and thus
also have a key role in cyclic AMP production affecting regulatory T cell and
other immune functions. Virchow-Robin spaces (VRSs) are perivascular compartments
surrounding small vessels within the CNS and contain VNs.
Autoimmunity of VNs or VN receptors may affect BBB and VRS function and,
therefore, may contribute to the aetiology of neurological-related conditions
including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
VN autoimmunity will likely affect CNS and immunological homeostasis.
Various pharmacological and immunological treatments including phosphodiesterase inhibitors
and plasmapheresis may be indicated.
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Wang GY, Sun B, Kong QF, Zhang Y, Li R, Wang JH, Wang DD, Lv GX, Li HL. IL-17 eliminates the therapeutic effects of myelin basic protein-induced nasal tolerance in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by activating IL-6. Scand J Immunol 2008; 68:589-97. [PMID: 19055697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17 is a proinflammatory cytokine primarily secreted by Th17 cells, which are a CD4(+) T-cell subset. Th17 cells and IL-17 are important in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and in its established animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, it is unclear whether IL-17 contributes to EAE immune tolerance. We used the myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide MBP 68-86 to induce nasal tolerance to EAE, and simultaneously interfered with the tolerance by treatment with different doses of IL-17. We found that IL-17 dramatically interfered with MBP 68-86-induced immune tolerance. IL-17 administration increased IL-6 release, skewing T cell differentiation towards Th17 cells and decreasing the number of Treg cells. This led to an imbalance between Treg cells and Th17 cells and spurred the development of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-Y Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University Provincial Key Lad of Neurobiology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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