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Jangra A, Gola P, Singh J, Gond P, Ghosh S, Rachamalla M, Dey A, Iqbal D, Kamal M, Sachdeva P, Jha SK, Ojha S, Kumar D, Jha NK, Chopra H, Tan SC. Emergence of taurine as a therapeutic agent for neurological disorders. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:62-68. [PMID: 37488845 PMCID: PMC10479846 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.374139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Taurine is a sulfur-containing, semi-essential amino acid that occurs naturally in the body. It alternates between inflammation and oxidative stress-mediated injury in various disease models. As part of its limiting functions, taurine also modulates endoplasmic reticulum stress, Ca2+ homeostasis, and neuronal activity at the molecular level. Taurine effectively protects against a number of neurological disorders, including stroke, epilepsy, cerebral ischemia, memory dysfunction, and spinal cord injury. Although various therapies are available, effective management of these disorders remains a global challenge. Approximately 30 million people are affected worldwide. The design of taurine formation could lead to potential drugs/supplements for the health maintenance and treatment of central nervous system disorders. The general neuroprotective effects of taurine and the various possible underlying mechanisms are discussed in this review. This article is a good resource for understanding the general effects of taurine on various diseases. Given the strong evidence for the neuropharmacological efficacy of taurine in various experimental paradigms, it is concluded that this molecule should be considered and further investigated as a potential candidate for neurotherapeutics, with emphasis on mechanism and clinical studies to determine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Jangra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India
| | - Priyanka Gola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India
| | - Jiten Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India
| | - Pooja Gond
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India
| | - Swarnabha Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India
| | - Mahesh Rachamalla
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Department of Health Information Management, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehnaz Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Shing Cheng Tan
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Pavlichenko M, Lafrenaye AD. The Central Fluid Percussion Brain Injury in a Gyrencephalic Pig Brain: Scalable Diffuse Injury and Tissue Viability for Glial Cell Immunolabeling following Long-Term Refrigerated Storage. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1682. [PMID: 37371777 PMCID: PMC10295711 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people annually; however, our knowledge of the diffuse pathologies associated with TBI is limited. As diffuse pathologies, including axonal injury and neuroinflammatory changes, are difficult to visualize in the clinical population, animal models are used. In the current study, we used the central fluid percussion injury (CFPI) model in a micro pig to study the potential scalability of these diffuse pathologies in a gyrencephalic brain of a species with inflammatory systems very similar to humans. We found that both axonal injury and microglia activation within the thalamus and corpus callosum are positively correlated with the weight-normalized pressure pulse, while subtle changes in blood gas and mean arterial blood pressure are not. We also found that the majority of tissue generated up to 10 years previously is viable for immunofluorescent labeling after long-term refrigeration storage. This study indicates that a micro pig CFPI model could allow for specific investigations of various degrees of diffuse pathological burdens following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Pavlichenko
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA
| | - Audrey D. Lafrenaye
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA
- Richmond Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249-4915, USA
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Agnew-Svoboda W, Ubina T, Figueroa Z, Wong YC, Vizcarra EA, Roebini B, Wilson EH, Fiacco TA, Riccomagno MM. A genetic tool for the longitudinal study of a subset of post-inflammatory reactive astrocytes. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100276. [PMID: 36046623 PMCID: PMC9421582 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are vital support cells that ensure proper brain function. In brain disease, astrocytes reprogram into a reactive state that alters many of their cellular roles. A long-standing question in the field is whether downregulation of reactive astrocyte (RA) markers during resolution of inflammation is because these astrocytes revert back to a non-reactive state or die and are replaced. This has proven difficult to answer mainly because existing genetic tools cannot distinguish between healthy versus RAs. Here we describe the generation of an inducible genetic tool that can be used to specifically target and label a subset of RAs. Longitudinal analysis of an acute inflammation model using this tool revealed that the previously observed downregulation of RA markers after inflammation is likely due to changes in gene expression and not because of cell death. Our findings suggest that cellular changes associated with astrogliosis after acute inflammation are largely reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Agnew-Svoboda
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Teresa Ubina
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Zoe Figueroa
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yiu-Cheung Wong
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Edward A. Vizcarra
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Bryan Roebini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Emma H. Wilson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Todd A. Fiacco
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Martin M. Riccomagno
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Glioblastoma Microenvironment and Cellular Interactions. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041092. [PMID: 35205842 PMCID: PMC8870579 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This paper summarizes the crosstalk between tumor/non-tumor cells and other elements of the glioblastoma (GB) microenvironment. In tumor pathology, glial cells result in the highest number of cancers, and GB is considered the most lethal tumor of the central nervous system (CNS). The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex peritumoral hallo composed of tumor cells and several non-tumor cells (e.g., nervous cells, stem cells, fibroblasts, vascular and immune cells), which might be a key factor for the ineffective treatment since the microenvironment modulates the biologic status of the tumor with the increase in its evasion capacity. A deeper understanding of cell–cell interactions in the TME and with the tumor cells could be the basis for a more efficient therapy. Abstract The central nervous system (CNS) represents a complex network of different cells, such as neurons, glial cells, and blood vessels. In tumor pathology, glial cells result in the highest number of cancers, and glioblastoma (GB) is considered the most lethal tumor in this region. The development of GB leads to the infiltration of healthy tissue through the interaction between all the elements of the brain network. This results in a GB microenvironment, a complex peritumoral hallo composed of tumor cells and several non-tumor cells (e.g., nervous cells, stem cells, fibroblasts, vascular and immune cells), which might be the principal factor for the ineffective treatment due to the fact that the microenvironment modulates the biologic status of the tumor with the increase in its evasion capacity. Crosstalk between glioma cells and the brain microenvironment finally inhibits the beneficial action of molecular pathways, favoring the development and invasion of the tumor and its increasing resistance to treatment. A deeper understanding of cell–cell interactions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and with the tumor cells could be the basis for a more efficient therapy.
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P2Y2 Receptor Mediated Neuronal Regeneration and Angiogenesis to Affect Functional Recovery in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury. Neural Plast 2022; 2022:2191011. [PMID: 35154311 PMCID: PMC8828345 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2191011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R) signaling pathway on neuronal regeneration and angiogenesis during spinal cord injury (SCI). The rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, including the sham+dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), SCI+DMSO, and SCI+P2Y2R groups. The SCI animal models were constructed. A locomotor rating scale was used for behavioral assessments. The apoptosis of spinal cord tissues was detected by TUNEL staining. The expression levels of P2Y2R, GFAP, nestin, Tuj1, and CD34 were detected by immunofluorescence staining, and the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The locomotor score in the model group was significantly lower than the sham group. The expression of P2Y2R was increased after SCI. The expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were increased remarkably in the SCI model group compared with the sham group. The P2Y2R inhibitor relieved neuronal inflammation after SCI. Compared with the sham group, the apoptotic rate of spinal cord tissue cells in the model group was significantly increased. The P2Y2R inhibitor reduced the apoptosis of the spinal cord tissue. The expressions of CD34, Tuj1, and nestin in the model group were decreased, while the expressions of GFAP and P2Y2R were increased. The P2Y2R inhibitor reversed their expression levels. The P2Y2R inhibitor could alleviate SCI by relieving the neuronal inflammation, inhibiting the spinal cord tissue apoptosis, and promoting neuronal differentiation and vascular proliferation after SCI. P2Y2R may serve as a target for the treatment of SCI.
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Mattiassi S, Rizwan M, Grigsby CL, Zaw AM, Leong KW, Yim EKF. Enhanced efficiency of nonviral direct neuronal reprogramming on topographical patterns. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:5175-5191. [PMID: 34128504 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00400j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nonviral direct neuronal reprogramming holds significant potential in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, the issue of low reprogramming efficiency poses a major barrier to its application. We propose that topographical cues, which have been applied successfully to enhance lineage-directed differentiation and multipotent stem cell transdifferentiation, could improve nonviral direct neuronal reprogramming efficiency. To investigate, we used a polymer-BAM (Brn2, Ascl1, Myt1l) factor transfection polypex to reprogram primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Using a multiarchitecture chip, we screened for patterns that may improve transfection and/or subsequent induced neuron reprogramming efficiency. Selected patterns were then investigated further by analyzing β-tubulin III (TUJ1) and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) protein expression, cell morphology and electrophysiological function of induced neurons. Certain hierarchical topographies, with nanopatterns imprinted on micropatterns, significantly improved the percentage of TUJ1+ and MAP2+ cells. It is postulated that the microscale base pattern enhances initial BAM expression while the nanoscale sub-pattern promotes subsequent maturation. This is because the base pattern alone increased expression of TUJ1 and MAP2, while the nanoscale pattern was the only pattern yielding induced neurons capable of firing multiple action potentials. Nanoscale patterns also produced the highest fraction of cells showing spontaneous synaptic activity. Overall, reprogramming efficiency with one dose of polyplex on hierarchical patterns was comparable to that of five doses without topography. Thus, topography can enhance nonviral direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Mattiassi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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The effects of Taurine supplementation on inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Nutr J 2021; 20:53. [PMID: 34103066 PMCID: PMC8186362 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00712-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury is a public health concern and is the main cause of death among various types of trauma. The inflammatory conditions due to TBI are associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. Taurine has been reported to have immune-modulatory effects. Thus, the aim of this study was to survey the effect of taurine supplementation in TBI patients. Methods In this study, 32 patients with TBI were randomized into two groups. The treatment group received 30 mg/kg/day of taurine in addition to the Standard Entera Meal and the control group received Standard Entera Meal for 14 days. Prior to and following the intervention, the patients were investigated in terms of serum levels of IL-6, IL-10, hs-CRP and TNF-α as well as APACHEII, SOFA and NUTRIC scores, Glasgow coma scale and weight. In addition, the length of Intensive Care Unit stay, days of dependence on ventilator and 30-day mortality were studied. SPSS software (version 13.0) was used for data analysis. Results Taurine significantly decreased the serum levels of IL-6 (p = 0.04) and marginally APACHEII score (p = 0.05). In addition, weight loss was significantly lower in taurine group (p = 0.03). Furthermore, taurine significantly increased the GCS (p = 0.03). The groups were not different significantly in terms of levels of IL-10, hs-CRP, and TNF-α, SOFA and NUTRIC scores, 30-day mortality, length of ICU stay and days of dependence on ventilator. Conclusion According to the results of the present study, taurine supplementation can reduce the IL-6 levels as one of the important inflammatory markers in these patients; and enhances the clinical outcomes too. Trial registration IRCT, IRCT20180514039657N1. Registered 22 June 2018.
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Morad T, Hendler RM, Canji E, Weiss OE, Sion G, Minnes R, Polaq AHG, Merfeld I, Dubinsky Z, Nesher E, Baranes D. Aragonite-Polylysine: Neuro-Regenerative Scaffolds with Diverse Effects on Astrogliosis. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2850. [PMID: 33260420 PMCID: PMC7760860 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials, especially when coated with adhesive polymers, are a key tool for restorative medicine, being biocompatible and supportive for cell adherence, growth, and function. Aragonite skeletons of corals are biomaterials that support survival and growth of a range of cell types, including neurons and glia. However, it is not known if this scaffold affects neural cell migration or elongation of neuronal and astrocytic processes, prerequisites for initiating repair of damage in the nervous system. To address this, hippocampal cells were aggregated into neurospheres and cultivated on aragonite skeleton of the coral Trachyphyllia geoffroyi (Coral Skeleton (CS)), on naturally occurring aragonite (Geological Aragonite (GA)), and on glass, all pre-coated with the oligomer poly-D-lysine (PDL). The two aragonite matrices promoted equally strong cell migration (4.8 and 4.3-fold above glass-PDL, respectively) and axonal sprouting (1.96 and 1.95-fold above glass-PDL, respectively). However, CS-PDL had a stronger effect than GA-PDL on the promotion of astrocytic processes elongation (1.7 vs. 1.2-fold above glass-PDL, respectively) and expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (3.8 vs. and 1.8-fold above glass-PDL, respectively). These differences are likely to emerge from a reaction of astrocytes to the degree of roughness of the surface of the scaffold, which is higher on CS than on GA. Hence, CS-PDL and GA-PDL are scaffolds of strong capacity to derive neural cell movements and growth required for regeneration, while controlling the extent of astrocytic involvement. As such, implants of PDL-aragonites have significant potential as tools for damage repair and the reduction of scar formation in the brain following trauma or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzachy Morad
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel; (T.M.); (R.M.H.); (E.C.); (O.E.W.); (A.H.G.P.); (I.M.); (E.N.)
| | - Roni Mina Hendler
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel; (T.M.); (R.M.H.); (E.C.); (O.E.W.); (A.H.G.P.); (I.M.); (E.N.)
| | - Eyal Canji
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel; (T.M.); (R.M.H.); (E.C.); (O.E.W.); (A.H.G.P.); (I.M.); (E.N.)
| | - Orly Eva Weiss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel; (T.M.); (R.M.H.); (E.C.); (O.E.W.); (A.H.G.P.); (I.M.); (E.N.)
| | - Guy Sion
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;
- Institute for Land Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, P.O. Box 789, Elizabeth Mitchell Drive, Albury, NSW 2642, Australia
| | - Refael Minnes
- Department of Physics, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel;
| | - Ania Hava Grushchenko Polaq
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel; (T.M.); (R.M.H.); (E.C.); (O.E.W.); (A.H.G.P.); (I.M.); (E.N.)
| | - Ido Merfeld
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel; (T.M.); (R.M.H.); (E.C.); (O.E.W.); (A.H.G.P.); (I.M.); (E.N.)
| | - Zvy Dubinsky
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel;
| | - Elimelech Nesher
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel; (T.M.); (R.M.H.); (E.C.); (O.E.W.); (A.H.G.P.); (I.M.); (E.N.)
- Institute for Personalized and Translational Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
| | - Danny Baranes
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel; (T.M.); (R.M.H.); (E.C.); (O.E.W.); (A.H.G.P.); (I.M.); (E.N.)
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury leads to cellular damage which in turn results in the rapid release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that prompt resident cells to release cytokines and chemokines. These in turn rapidly recruit neutrophils, which assist in limiting the spread of injury and removing cellular debris. Microglia continuously survey the CNS (central nervous system) compartment and identify structural abnormalities in neurons contributing to the response. After some days, when neutrophil numbers start to decline, activated microglia and astrocytes assemble at the injury site—segregating injured tissue from healthy tissue and facilitating restorative processes. Monocytes infiltrate the injury site to produce chemokines that recruit astrocytes which successively extend their processes towards monocytes during the recovery phase. In this fashion, monocytes infiltration serves to help repair the injured brain. Neurons and astrocytes also moderate brain inflammation via downregulation of cytotoxic inflammation. Depending on the severity of the brain injury, T and B cells can also be recruited to the brain pathology sites at later time points.
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Guaraldi M, Lee S, Shea TB. Synaptic Signals from Glutamate-Treated Neurons Induce Aberrant Post-Synaptic Signals in Untreated Neuronal Networks. Open Neurol J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874205x02014010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective:
Glutamate neurotoxicity is associated with a wide range of disorders and can impair synaptic function. Failure to clear extracellular glutamate fosters additional cycles and spread of regional hyperexcitation.
Methods and Results:
Using cultured murine cortical neurons, herein it is demonstrated that synaptic signals generated by cultures undergoing glutamate-induced hyperactivity can invoke similar effects in other cultures not exposed to elevated glutamate.
Conclusion:
Since sequential synaptic connectivity can encompass extensive cortical regions, this study presents a potential additional contributor to the spread of damage resulting from glutamate excitotoxicity and should be considered in attempts to mitigate neurodegeneration.
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Rezagholizadeh A, Karimi SA, Hosseinmardi N, Janahmadi M, Sayyah M. The effects of glial cells inhibition on spatial reference, reversal and working memory deficits in a rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Int J Neurosci 2020; 132:226-236. [PMID: 32799586 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1807544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Evidence suggests that glial cells are influenced by Traumatic brain injury (TBI). Both protective and damaging roles have been attributed to reactive glial cells, but their role after TBI has not been well understood. In this study, the role of glial cells in TBI-induced cognitive impairment was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: Sham + PBS, sham + FC, TBI + PBS, and TBI + FC. FC (1 nmol/1 μl), a glial cell inhibitor, was injected into the lateral ventricle 10 min after TBI induction and it was repeated every 24 h until the seventh day. On days 8-13 post-injury, reference and reverse memory and on days 8-16 post-injury, working memory was assessed using the Morris water maze test. RESULTS Brain-injured rats exhibited significant impairments in acquisition and retrieval phases of reference and reverse memory compared to sham rats and FC administration could not attenuate the deteriorative effect of TBI in different learning tasks. TBI rats showed impairment in acquisition (but not retrieval) of working memory. Sham animals which received FC showed a deficit in reversal memory acquisition and retrieval of reference memory compared to sham + PBS rats. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that memory deficit induced by TBI cannot be improved by FC, and glial cells inhibition in uninjured animals causes impairments in reversal memory acquisition and retrieval of reference memory. Our results suggest that in addition to essential role of glial cells for memory formation in normal situation, their responses after TBI may have preventive effect against memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Rezagholizadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Asaad Karimi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Narges Hosseinmardi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sayyah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Transplantation of R-GSIK scaffold with mesenchymal stem cells improves neuroinflammation in a traumatic brain injury model. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:575-583. [PMID: 32715374 PMCID: PMC7683465 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Neural tissue engineering has been introduced as a novel therapeutic strategy for traumatic brain injury (TBI). Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been demonstrated to improve functional outcome of brain injury, and RADA4GGSIKVAV (R-GSIK), a self-assembling nano-peptide scaffold, has been suggested to promote the behavior of stem cells. This study was designed to determine the ability of the R-GSIK scaffold in supporting the effects of MSCs on motor function activity and inflammatory responses in an experimental TBI model. A significant recovery of motor function was observed in rats that received MSCs+R-GSIK compared with the control groups. Further analysis showed a reduction in the number of reactive astrocytes and microglial cells in the MSCs and MSCs+R-GSIK groups compared with the control groups. Furthermore, western blot analysis indicated a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TLR4, TNF, and IL6, in the MSCs and MSCs+R-GSIK groups compared with the TBI, vehicle, and R-GSIK groups. Overall, this study strengthens the idea that the co-transplantation of MSCs with R-GSIK can increase functional outcomes by preparing a beneficial environment. This improvement may be explained by the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs and the self-assembling nano-scaffold peptide.
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Baker TL, Sun M, Semple BD, Tyebji S, Tonkin CJ, Mychasiuk R, Shultz SR. Catastrophic consequences: can the feline parasite Toxoplasma gondii prompt the purrfect neuroinflammatory storm following traumatic brain injury? J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:222. [PMID: 32711529 PMCID: PMC7382044 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide; however, treatment development is hindered by the heterogenous nature of TBI presentation and pathophysiology. In particular, the degree of neuroinflammation after TBI varies between individuals and may be modified by other factors such as infection. Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite that infects approximately one-third of the world’s population, has a tropism for brain tissue and can persist as a life-long infection. Importantly, there is notable overlap in the pathophysiology between TBI and T. gondii infection, including neuroinflammation. This paper will review current understandings of the clinical problems, pathophysiological mechanisms, and functional outcomes of TBI and T. gondii, before considering the potential synergy between the two conditions. In particular, the discussion will focus on neuroinflammatory processes such as microglial activation, inflammatory cytokines, and peripheral immune cell recruitment that occur during T. gondii infection and after TBI. We will present the notion that these overlapping pathologies in TBI individuals with a chronic T. gondii infection have the strong potential to exacerbate neuroinflammation and related brain damage, leading to amplified functional deficits. The impact of chronic T. gondii infection on TBI should therefore be investigated in both preclinical and clinical studies as the possible interplay could influence treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shiraz Tyebji
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Defence, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher J Tonkin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Defence, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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14
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Kinoshita K, Ohtomo R, Takase H, Hamanaka G, Chung KK, Lok J, Katsuki H, Arai K. Different responses after intracerebral hemorrhage between young and early middle-aged mice. Neurosci Lett 2020; 735:135249. [PMID: 32673691 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although aging is a major risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), there are very few studies comparing ICH pathology between young and early middle-aged mice. In this study, 8-month old mice (early middle-aged mice) were compared against 2-month old mice (young mice) in neurological and histological changes after ICH induction, such as body weight, lesion volume, astrocytic responses, and motor and cognitive functions. At day 8 after ICH, there was no significant difference in lesion volume between the two groups, and both groups did not exhibit significant cognitive decline, as assessed by spontaneous alternative Y-maze test. On the other hand, 8-month old mice showed delayed recovery from body weight loss, along with reduced astrocytic activation. Interestingly, in the two motor function tests (beam-walking test and corner turn test), 8-month old mice exhibited lower scores only in the beam-walking test, suggesting a partial disturbance in motor recovery after ICH. These results suggest that age-related differences in ICH pathology may already start to appear in early middle-aged brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kinoshita
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Ohtomo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Takase
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Gen Hamanaka
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kelly K Chung
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Josephine Lok
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Hiroshi Katsuki
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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15
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Li KY, Gong PF, Li JT, Xu NJ, Qin S. Morphological and molecular alterations of reactive astrocytes without proliferation in cerebral cortex of an APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model and Alzheimer's patients. Glia 2020; 68:2361-2376. [PMID: 32469469 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are fundamental for maintaining brain homeostasis and are commonly involved in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In response to injury or toxic material, astrocytes undergo activation that results in hypertrophy and process ramification. Although numerous studies have shown that reactive astrocytes are intimately related to the pathogenesis of AD, their characteristic features including morphological and molecular alterations that occur during different stages of AD progression remain to be elucidated. Here, we crossed astrocyte-specific reporter mice hGFAP-CreERT2;Rosa-tdTomato with APP/PS1 mice, and then used genetic tracing to characterize the morphological profiles and expression of molecular biomarkers associated with progressive β-amyloid deposits in the cortical region of AD mice. Expression of glutamine synthetase (GS) was lower in cortical reactive astrocytes, in contrast to the higher expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, of APP/PS1 mice and AD patients relative to that in cortical astrocytes of wild-type mice and age-matched controls, respectively. GS activity was also decreased obviously in the cortex of APP/PS1 mice at 6 and 12 months of age relative to that in the wild-type mice of the same ages. Furthermore, cortical reactive astrocytes in APP/PS1 mice and AD patients did not undergo proliferation. Finally, based on RNA-sequencing analysis, we identified differentially expressed transcripts of signal transduction molecules involved in early induction of reactive astrocytes in the cortex of APP/PS1 mice. These findings provide a morphological and molecular basis with which to understand the function and mechanism of reactive astrocytes in the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Yu Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pi-Fang Gong
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Tong Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan-Jie Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Qin
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Ichkova A, Fukuda AM, Nishiyama N, Paris G, Obenaus A, Badaut J. Small Interference RNA Targeting Connexin-43 Improves Motor Function and Limits Astrogliosis After Juvenile Traumatic Brain Injury. ASN Neuro 2019; 11:1759091419847090. [PMID: 31194577 PMCID: PMC6566476 DOI: 10.1177/1759091419847090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile traumatic brain injury (jTBI) is the leading cause of death and disability for children and adolescents worldwide, but there are no pharmacological treatments available. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), an astrocytic perivascular protein, is increased after jTBI, and inhibition of its expression with small interference RNA mitigates edema formation and reduces the number of reactive astrocytes after jTBI. Due to the physical proximity of AQP4 and gap junctions, coregulation of AQP4 and connexin 43 (Cx43) expressions, and the possibility of water diffusion via gap junctions, we decided to address the potential role of astrocytic gap junctions in jTBI pathophysiology. We evaluated the role of Cx43 in the spread of the secondary injuries via the astrocyte network, such as edema formation associated with blood–brain barrier dysfunctions, astrogliosis, and behavioral outcome. We observed that Cx43 was altered after jTBI with increased expression in the perilesional cortex and in the hippocampus at several days post injury. In a second set of experiments, cortical injection of small interference RNA against Cx43 decreased Cx43 protein expression, improved motor function recovery, and decreased astrogliosis but did not result in differences in edema formation as measured via T2-weighted imaging or diffusion-weighted imaging at 1 day or 3 days. Based on our findings, we can speculate that while decreasing Cx43 has beneficial roles, it likely does not contribute to the spread of edema early after jTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew M. Fukuda
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nina Nishiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, CA, USA
| | - Germaine Paris
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, CA, USA
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, CA, USA
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, France
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, CA, USA
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17
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Liang F, Su F, Wang X, Long S, Zheng Y, He X, Pang J, Pei Z. Xyloketal derivative C53N protects against mild traumatic brain injury in mice. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 13:173-182. [PMID: 30643385 PMCID: PMC6312055 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s177951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), the most common type of TBI, can result in prolonged cognitive impairment, mood disorders, and behavioral problems. Reducing oxidative stress and inflammation can rescue the neurons from mTBI-induced cell death. Xyloketal B, a natural product from mangrove fungus, has shown good antioxidative and neuroprotective effects in several disease models. Here, we investigated the potential protection afforded by a xyloketal derivative, C53N, in a closed-skull mTBI model. Materials and methods Skulls of mice were thinned to 20–30 µm thickness, following which they were subjected to a slight compression injury to induce mTBI. One hour after TBI, mice were intraperitoneally injected with C53N, which was solubilized in 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide in saline. In vivo two-photon laser scanning microscopy was used to image cell death in injured parenchyma in each mouse over a 12-hour period (at 1, 3, 6, and 12 hours). Water content and oxidation index, together with pathological analysis of glial reactivity, were assessed at 24 hours to determine the effect of C53N on mTBI. Results Cell death, oxidative stress, and glial reactivity increased in mTBI mice compared with sham-injured mice. Treatment with 40 or 100 mg/kg C53N 1 hour after mTBI significantly attenuated oxidative stress and glial reactivity and reduced parenchymal cell death at the acute phase after mTBI. Conclusion The present study highlights the therapeutic potential of the xyloketal derivative C53N for pharmacological intervention in mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyin Liang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provisional Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China,
| | - Fengjuan Su
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provisional Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Simei Long
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provisional Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yinglin Zheng
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiaofei He
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provisional Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jiyan Pang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China,
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provisional Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China,
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18
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Allyl isothiocyanate attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation by modulating Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB pathways in traumatic brain injury in mice. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:241-250. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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19
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Carbonara M, Fossi F, Zoerle T, Ortolano F, Moro F, Pischiutta F, Zanier ER, Stocchetti N. Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury: Mesenchymal Stromal Cells can Potentially Overcome Some Limitations of Previous Clinical Trials. Front Neurol 2018; 9:885. [PMID: 30405517 PMCID: PMC6208094 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. In the last 30 years several neuroprotective agents, attenuating the downstream molecular and cellular damaging events triggered by TBI, have been extensively studied. Even though many drugs have shown promising results in the pre-clinical stage, all have failed in large clinical trials. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) may offer a promising new therapeutic intervention, with preclinical data showing protection of the injured brain. We selected three of the critical aspects identified as possible causes of clinical failure: the window of opportunity for drug administration, the double-edged contribution of mechanisms to damage and recovery, and the oft-neglected role of reparative mechanisms. For each aspect, we briefly summarized the limitations of previous trials and the potential advantages of a newer approach using MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carbonara
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Fossi
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Zoerle
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ortolano
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Moro
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Pischiutta
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Nino Stocchetti
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplants, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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20
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Berberine Protects Secondary Injury in Mice with Traumatic Brain Injury Through Anti-oxidative and Anti-inflammatory Modulation. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1814-1825. [PMID: 30027364 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major causes of death and disability worldwide. Novel and effective therapy is needed to prevent the secondary spread of damage beyond the initial injury. The aim of this study was to investigate whether berberine has a neuroprotective effect on secondary injury post-TBI, and to explore its potential mechanism in this protection. The mice were randomly divided into Sham-saline, TBI-saline and TBI-Berberine (50 mg/kg). TBI was induced by Feeney's weight-drop technique. Saline or berberine was administered via oral gavage starting 1 h post-TBI and continuously for 21 days. Motor coordination, spatial learning and memory were assessed using beam-walking test and Morris water maze test, respectively. Brain sections were processed for lesion volume assessment, and expression of neuronal nuclei (NeuN), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were detected via immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. There were statistically significant improvement in motor coordination, spatial learning and memory in the TBI-Berberine group, compared to the TBI-saline group. Treatment with berberine significantly reduced cortical lesion volume, neuronal loss, COX-2, iNOS and 8-OHdG expression in both the cortical lesion border zone (LBZ) and ipsilateral hippocampal CA1 region (CA1), compared to TBI-saline. Berberine treatment also significantly decreased Iba1- and GFAP-positive cell number in both the cortical LBZ and ipsilateral CA1, relative to saline controls. These results indicated that berberine exerted neuroprotective effects on secondary injury in mice with TBI probably through anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.
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21
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Li L, Yang R, Feng M, Guo Y, Wang Y, Guo J, Lu X. Rig-I is involved in inflammation through the IPS-1/TRAF 6 pathway in astrocytes under chemical hypoxia. Neurosci Lett 2018; 672:46-52. [PMID: 29474875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a crucial cytoplasmic pathogen recognition receptor involved in neuroinflammation in degenerative diseases. In the present study, in vitro human astrocytes were subjected to a chemical hypoxia model using cobalt chloride pretreatment. Chemical hypoxia induces the up-regulation of RIG-I in astrocytes and results in the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in an NF-κB dependent manner. Elevated RIG-I modulates the interaction of interferon-β promoter stimulator-1 (IPS-1) and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) following chemical hypoxia. Inhibition of IPS-1 or TRAF6 suppresses RIG-I-induced NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokines in response to chemical hypoxia. These data suggest that chemical hypoxia leads to RIG-I activation and the expression of inflammatory cytokines through the NF-κB pathway. Blocking IPS-1/TRAF6 pathway relieves RIG-I-induced neuroinflammation in astrocytes subjected to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, Jiangsu, China; Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Rongli Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Meijiang Feng
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, Jiangsu, China
| | - YiChen Guo
- School of medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - YuXuan Wang
- School of medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Guo
- School of medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, Jiangsu, China.
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22
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Sun M, McDonald SJ, Brady RD, O'Brien TJ, Shultz SR. The influence of immunological stressors on traumatic brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:618-628. [PMID: 29355823 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and typically involves a robust immune response. Although a great deal of preclinical research has been conducted to identify an effective treatment, all phase III clinical trials have been unsuccessful to date. These translational shortcomings are in part due to a failure to recognize and account for the heterogeneity of TBI, including how extracranial factors can influence the aftermath of TBI. For example, most preclinical studies have utilized isolated TBI models in young adult males, while clinical trials typically involve highly heterogeneous patient populations (e.g., different mechanisms of injury, a range of ages, presence of polytrauma or infection). This paper will review the current, albeit limited literature related to how TBI is affected by common concomitant immunological stressors. In particular, discussion will focus on whether extracranial trauma (i.e., polytrauma), infection, and age/immunosenescence can influence TBI pathophysiology, and thereby may result in a different brain injury than what would have occurred in an isolated TBI. It is concluded that these immunological stressors are all likely to be TBI modifiers that should be further studied and could impact translational treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujun Sun
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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23
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Zhang Y, Chopp M, Emanuele M, Zhang L, Zhang ZG, Lu M, Zhang T, Mahmood A, Xiong Y. Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury with Vepoloxamer (Purified Poloxamer 188). J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:661-670. [PMID: 29121826 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vepoloxamer is an amphipathic polymer that has shown potent hemorrheologic, cytoprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. This study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effects of vepoloxamer on sensorimotor and cognitive functional recovery in rats after traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced by controlled cortical impact. Young adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following groups: 1) sham; 2) saline; or 3) vepoloxamer. Vepoloxamer (300 mg/kg) or saline was administered over 60 min via intravenous infusion into tail veins starting at 2 h post-injury. Sensorimotor function and spatial learning were assessed using a modified neurological severity score and foot fault test, and Morris water maze test, respectively. The animals were sacrificed 35 days after injury and their brains were processed for measurement of lesion volume and neuroinflammation. Compared with the saline treatment, vepoloxamer initiated 2 h post-injury significantly improved sensorimotor functional recovery (Days 1-35; p < 0.0001) and spatial learning (Days 32-35; p < 0.0001), reduced cortical lesion volume by 20%, and reduced activation of microglia/macrophages and astrogliosis in many brain regions including injured cortex, corpus callosum, and hippocampus, as well as normalized the bleeding time and reduced brain hemorrhage and microthrombosis formation. In summary, vepoloxamer treatment initiated 2 h post-injury provides neuroprotection and anti-inflammation in rats after TBI and improves functional outcome, indicating that vepoloxamer treatment may have potential value for treatment of TBI. Further investigation of the optimal dose and therapeutic window of vepoloxamer treatment for TBI and the mechanisms underlying beneficial effects are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlu Zhang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Michael Chopp
- 2 Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan.,3 Department of Physics, Oakland University , Rochester, Michigan
| | | | - Li Zhang
- 2 Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- 2 Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Mei Lu
- 5 Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Talan Zhang
- 5 Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Asim Mahmood
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ye Xiong
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
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24
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Hüseyin Ö, Sevgi İ, Engin D, Fırat A, Gülsüm P, Şenay D. Ganoderma Lucidum Protects Rat Brain Tissue Against Trauma-Induced Oxidative Stress. Korean J Neurotrauma 2017; 13:76-84. [PMID: 29201838 PMCID: PMC5702762 DOI: 10.13004/kjnt.2017.13.2.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Traumatic brain injury causes tissue damage, breakdown of cerebral blood flow and metabolic regulation. This study aims to investigate the protective influence of antioxidant Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) polysaccharides (GLPs) on brain injury in brain-traumatized rats. Methods Sprague-Dawley conducted a head-traumatized method on rats by dropping off 300 g weight from 1 m height. Groups were categorized as control, G. lucidum, trauma, trauma+ G. lucidum (20 mL/kg per day via gastric gavage). Brain tissues were dissected from anesthetized rats 7 days after injury. For biochemical analysis, malondialdehyde, glutathione and myeloperoxidase values were measured. Results In histopathological examination, neuronal damage in brain cortex and changes in blood brain barrier were observed. In the analysis of immunohistochemical and western blot, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, vascular endothelial growth factor and cluster of differentiation 68 expression levels were shown. These analyzes demonstrated the beneficial effects of GLPs on brain injury. Conclusion We propose that GLPs treatment after brain injury could be an alternative treatment to decraseing inflammation and edema, preventing neuronal and glial cells degeneration if given in appropriate dosage and in particular time intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özevren Hüseyin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - İrtegün Sevgi
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Deveci Engin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Aşır Fırat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Pektanç Gülsüm
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Deveci Şenay
- Ataturk Health Hıgh School, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Brooks DM, Patel SA, Wohlgehagen ED, Semmens EO, Pearce A, Sorich EA, Rau TF. Multiple mild traumatic brain injury in the rat produces persistent pathological alterations in the brain. Exp Neurol 2017; 297:62-72. [PMID: 28756201 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple mild traumatic brain injury (mmTBI), in certain cases, produces persistent symptoms. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these symptoms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate extended pathological changes in the rat brain following mmTBI. Using the lateral fluid percussion (LFP) technique we exposed adult male Wistar rats to a mild TBI (mTBI) once a week for four weeks and compared them to surgical shams. At 90days following the last TBI or sham procedure the animals were cognitively tested in the Morris Water Maze (MWM), euthanized, and the brains removed for immunohistochemistry. At 90days following the last mTBI, NRF-2 staining was significantly decreased in the hilus of the hippocampus and cortex on the injured side, but did not significantly differ from shams on the un-injured side. CD68 positive microglia were significantly increased in the ipsilateral corpus callosum, cortex, and internal capsule of injured animals. Reactive astrocytosis, determined by increased GFAP staining, was also evident in the corpus callosum, cortex, internal capsule and thalamus on the injured side. Interestingly, the corpus callosum thickness at the midline was decreased in injured animals and had evident demyelination when compared to sham animals. Despite these findings, there were no significant differences in neurological assessments at 90days following the last injury. In MWM testing there were not significant differences in the training phase, the time spent in the thigmotaxia zone, or the target quadrant during the probe trial. However, there were significant differences between shams and injured animals in platform zone crossings during the probe trial. These results demonstrate that repetitive head trauma may produce persistent, long-term pathological alterations in brain architecture that may be difficult to detect using standard cognitive and neurological assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Brooks
- The Neural Injury Center, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Sarjubhai A Patel
- The Neural Injury Center, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Eric D Wohlgehagen
- The Neural Injury Center, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Erin O Semmens
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Alan Pearce
- Melbourne School of Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Edmond A Sorich
- GLIA Diagnostics, PO Box 138N, Armadale, VIC 3143, Australia
| | - Thomas F Rau
- The Neural Injury Center, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States.
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26
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Liu Y, Wang R, Zhao Z, Dong W, Zhang X, Chen X, Ma L. Short-term caloric restriction exerts neuroprotective effects following mild traumatic brain injury by promoting autophagy and inhibiting astrocyte activation. Behav Brain Res 2017; 331:135-142. [PMID: 28495608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits may occur after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), but effective treatment modalities are presently unavailable. Caloric restriction (CR) has beneficial effects on neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury. However, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been clearly defined. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the short-term effects of CR treatment on cognitive function in mice after mTBI. Forty-five 12-week-old C57/BL6 mice were subjected to closed-head mTBI using a weight drop device. The mice were then randomly divided into three groups according to their diet for 30 days: the normal calorie group (mTBI+NC group, n=15), the caloric restriction group (mTBI+CR group, n=15), and the high energy group (mTBI+HE group, n=15). After 30 days, the Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate learning abilities. Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting were used to monitor pathological changes and changes in autophagy-associated proteins in the hippocampus. The average escape latency was significantly shorter in the mTBI+CR group than in the mTBI+NC and mTBI+HE groups, and the number of target platform crossings in the mTBI+CR group was significantly higher than in the other two groups. In the hippocampus, the expression of GFAP and mTOR was increased in the mTBI+HE group and decreased in the mTBI+CR group. Conversely, the expression of LC3B was decreased in the mTBI+HE group and increased in the mTBI+CR group. Our findings suggest that short-term CR after mTBI may ameliorate cognitive dysfunction induced by mTBI by increasing the level of autophagy and suppressing astrocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Central Laboratory, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Central Laboratory, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Wen Dong
- Central Laboratory, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chifeng City Hospital, Chifeng Clinical Medicine College of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 024000, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
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27
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Zhou HJ, Yang X, Cui HJ, Tang T, Zhong JH, Luo JK, Yang AL, Zhang QM, Zhou JH, Zhang Q. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Contributes to Reactive Astrogliosis via Activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Signaling after Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:1658-1665. [PMID: 27825285 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive astrogliosis has occurred after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) can act as a modulator for glial gene expression. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a critical regulator of reactive astrogliosis. The present study tested whether endogenous LIF acted on ICH-induced reactive astrogliosis via the STAT3 signaling pathway. Rats were divided into three experimental groups: 1) Rats received either an ICH or a needle insertion (sham), 2) Rats received 100 ng LIF or an equal volume of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) by direct infusion into the lateral ventricle (LV) after ICH, and 3) AG490 (0.25 mg/kg) was injected into the LV to block STAT3 signaling. Brains were perfused to identify proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)+/glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+nuclei. The expression of GFAP, LIF, LIF receptor (LIFR), glycoprotein 130 (gp130), and phospho-STAT3 (p-STAT3) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot, respectively. After ICH, the number of the PCNA+/GFAP+ nuclei and the expression of GFAP, LIF, LIFR, gp130, and p-STAT3 were increased. Moreover, LIF increased the number of PCNA+/GFAP+ nuclei and the expression of GFAP, LIFR, gp130, and p-STAT3. The number of PCNA+/ GFAP+ nuclei and GFAP protein levels were attenuated markedly after inhibition of p-STAT3. Together, these data suggest that LIF contributes to ICH-related reactive astrogliosis via activation of STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jun Zhou
- 1 The SATCM Key Lab of Chinese Gan, Central South University, Changsha , Hunan, P. R. China .,2 Institute of Neurology, China Three Gorges University , Yichang, Hubei, P. R. China .,3 Department of Neurology, China Three Gorges University , Yichang, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xi Yang
- 2 Institute of Neurology, China Three Gorges University , Yichang, Hubei, P. R. China .,3 Department of Neurology, China Three Gorges University , Yichang, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Han-Jin Cui
- 1 The SATCM Key Lab of Chinese Gan, Central South University, Changsha , Hunan, P. R. China .,4 Institute of Integrative Medicine, Central South University, Changsha , Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Tao Tang
- 1 The SATCM Key Lab of Chinese Gan, Central South University, Changsha , Hunan, P. R. China .,4 Institute of Integrative Medicine, Central South University, Changsha , Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhong
- 5 Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University , Yichang, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Kun Luo
- 1 The SATCM Key Lab of Chinese Gan, Central South University, Changsha , Hunan, P. R. China .,4 Institute of Integrative Medicine, Central South University, Changsha , Hunan, P. R. China
| | - A-Li Yang
- 6 Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha , Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Mei Zhang
- 2 Institute of Neurology, China Three Gorges University , Yichang, Hubei, P. R. China .,3 Department of Neurology, China Three Gorges University , Yichang, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Hua Zhou
- 2 Institute of Neurology, China Three Gorges University , Yichang, Hubei, P. R. China .,3 Department of Neurology, China Three Gorges University , Yichang, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- 2 Institute of Neurology, China Three Gorges University , Yichang, Hubei, P. R. China .,3 Department of Neurology, China Three Gorges University , Yichang, Hubei, P. R. China
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28
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Wang Y, Fan X, Tang T, Fan R, Zhang C, Huang Z, Peng W, Gan P, Xiong X, Huang W, Huang X. Rhein and rhubarb similarly protect the blood-brain barrier after experimental traumatic brain injury via gp91 phox subunit of NADPH oxidase/ROS/ERK/MMP-9 signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37098. [PMID: 27901023 PMCID: PMC5128794 DOI: 10.1038/srep37098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress chiefly contributes to the disruption of the BBB following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The Chinese herbal medicine rhubarb is a promising antioxidant in treating TBI. Here we performed in vivo and in vitro experiments to determine whether rhubarb and its absorbed bioactive compound protected the BBB after TBI by increasing ZO-1 expression through inhibition of gp91phox subunit of NADPH oxidase/ROS/ERK/MMP-9 pathway. Rats were subjected to the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model, and primary rat cortical astrocytes were exposed to scratch-wound model. The liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method showed that rhein was the compound absorbed in the brains of CCI rats after rhubarb administration. The wet-dry weights and Evans blue measurements revealed that rhubarb and rhein ameliorated BBB damage and brain edema in CCI rats. Western blots showed that rhubarb and rhein downregulated GFAP in vitro. RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, Western blot and dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate analysis indicated that rhubarb prevented activation of gp91phox subunit of NADPH oxidase induced ROS production, subsequently inhibited ERK/MMP-9 pathway in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, rhein and rhubarb similarly protected the BBB by inhibiting this signaling cascade. The results provide a novel herbal medicine to protect BBB following TBI via an antioxidative molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Xuegong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Rong Fan
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Chunhu Zhang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Zebing Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Weijun Peng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410011 Changsha, China
| | - Pingping Gan
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Xingui Xiong
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
- Institute of TCM-related Depressive Comorbidity, Nanjing University of Chinese medicine, 210046 Nanjing, China
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29
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30
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Perez EJ, Cepero ML, Perez SU, Coyle JT, Sick TJ, Liebl DJ. EphB3 signaling propagates synaptic dysfunction in the traumatic injured brain. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 94:73-84. [PMID: 27317833 PMCID: PMC5662938 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), ranging from mild concussion to severe penetrating wounds, can involve brain regions that contain damaged or lost synapses in the absence of neuronal death. These affected regions significantly contribute to sensory, motor and/or cognitive deficits. Thus, studying the mechanisms responsible for synaptic instability and dysfunction is important for protecting the nervous system from the consequences of progressive TBI. Our controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury produces ~20% loss of synapses and mild changes in synaptic protein levels in the CA3-CA1 hippocampus without neuronal losses. These synaptic changes are associated with functional deficits, indicated by >50% loss in synaptic plasticity and impaired learning behavior. We show that the receptor tyrosine kinase EphB3 participates in CCI injury-induced synaptic damage, where EphB3(-/-) mice show preserved long-term potentiation and hippocampal-dependent learning behavior as compared with wild type (WT) injured mice. Improved synaptic function in the absence of EphB3 results from attenuation in CCI injury-induced synaptic losses and reduced d-serine levels compared with WT injured mice. Together, these findings suggest that EphB3 signaling plays a deleterious role in synaptic stability and plasticity after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enmanuel J Perez
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Maria L Cepero
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sebastian U Perez
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Joseph T Coyle
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas J Sick
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Daniel J Liebl
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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31
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Ravin R, Blank PS, Busse B, Ravin N, Vira S, Bezrukov L, Waters H, Guerrero-Cazares H, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Lee PR, Fields RD, Bezrukov SM, Zimmerberg J. Blast shockwaves propagate Ca(2+) activity via purinergic astrocyte networks in human central nervous system cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25713. [PMID: 27162174 PMCID: PMC4861979 DOI: 10.1038/srep25713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent study of the pathophysiology of mild, blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) the exposure of dissociated, central nervous system (CNS) cells to simulated blast resulted in propagating waves of elevated intracellular Ca2+. Here we show, in dissociated human CNS cultures, that these calcium waves primarily propagate through astrocyte-dependent, purinergic signaling pathways that are blocked by P2 antagonists. Human, compared to rat, astrocytes had an increased calcium response and prolonged calcium wave propagation kinetics, suggesting that in our model system rat CNS cells are less responsive to simulated blast. Furthermore, in response to simulated blast, human CNS cells have increased expressions of a reactive astrocyte marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and a protease, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9). The conjoint increased expression of GFAP and MMP-9 and a purinergic ATP (P2) receptor antagonist reduction in calcium response identifies both potential mechanisms for sustained changes in brain function following primary bTBI and therapeutic strategies targeting abnormal astrocyte activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rea Ravin
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, USA.,Celoptics Inc., Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Paul S Blank
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, USA
| | - Brad Busse
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, USA
| | - Nitay Ravin
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, USA.,Celoptics Inc., Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Shaleen Vira
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, USA
| | - Ludmila Bezrukov
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, USA
| | - Hang Waters
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, USA
| | | | | | - Philip R Lee
- Section on Nervous System Development and Plasticity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3713, USA
| | - R Douglas Fields
- Section on Nervous System Development and Plasticity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3713, USA
| | - Sergey M Bezrukov
- Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0924, USA
| | - Joshua Zimmerberg
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, USA
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32
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Gao X, Wang X, Xiong W, Chen J. In vivo reprogramming reactive glia into iPSCs to produce new neurons in the cortex following traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22490. [PMID: 26957147 PMCID: PMC4783661 DOI: 10.1038/srep22490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in a significant amount of cell death in the brain. Unfortunately, the adult mammalian brain possesses little regenerative potential following injury and little can be done to reverse the initial brain damage caused by trauma. Reprogramming adult cells to generate induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) has opened new therapeutic opportunities to generate neurons in a non-neurogenic regions in the cortex. In this study we showed that retroviral mediated expression of four transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, cooperatively reprogrammed reactive glial cells into iPSCs in the adult neocortex following TBI. These iPSCs further differentiated into a large number of neural stem cells, which further differentiated into neurons and glia in situ, and filled up the tissue cavity induced by TBI. The induced neurons showed a typical neuronal morphology with axon and dendrites, and exhibited action potential. Our results report an innovative technology to transform reactive glia into a large number of functional neurons in their natural environment of neocortex without embryo involvement and without the need to grow cells outside the body and then graft them back to the brain. Thus this technology offers hope for personalized regenerative cell therapies for repairing damaged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University, 320 W 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University, 320 W 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Wenhui Xiong
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University, 320 W 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University, 320 W 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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Fominykh V, Onufriev MV, Vorobyeva A, Brylev L, Yakovlev AA, Zakharova MN, Gulyaeva NV. Increased S-nitrosothiols are associated with spinal cord injury in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 28:38-42. [PMID: 26778356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disorder associated with inflammation, demyelination and axonal damage. In search of potential biomarkers of spinal cord lesions in MS related to nitric oxide metabolites, we measured total nitrite and nitrate levels, and protein-bound nitrotyrosine and S-nitrosothiol concentrations in the serum of MS patients at different stages of the disease. Sixty-eight patients and 36 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Total nitrite and nitrate levels were augmented in relapsing-remitting MS, while increased S-nitrosothiol concentrations were found both in relapsing-remitting and secondary-progressive MS. Further analysis demonstrated that S-nitrosothiol levels were selectively increased in patients with spinal cord injury. The data suggest that high S-nitrosothiol concentration may be a potential serum biomarker for spinal cord injury in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Fominykh
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity & Neurophysiology RAS, Department of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Butlerov Street 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia.
| | - Mikhail V Onufriev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity & Neurophysiology RAS, Department of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Butlerov Street 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Anna Vorobyeva
- Research Center of Neurology Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Neuroinfection Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lev Brylev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity & Neurophysiology RAS, Department of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Butlerov Street 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Alexander A Yakovlev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity & Neurophysiology RAS, Department of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Butlerov Street 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Maria N Zakharova
- Research Center of Neurology Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Neuroinfection Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Gulyaeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity & Neurophysiology RAS, Department of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Butlerov Street 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
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Verkhratsky A, Parpura V. Astrogliopathology in neurological, neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 85:254-261. [PMID: 25843667 PMCID: PMC4592688 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroglial cells represent a main element in the maintenance of homeostasis and providing defense to the brain. Consequently, their dysfunction underlies many, if not all, neurological, neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. General astrogliopathy is evident in diametrically opposing morpho-functional changes in astrocytes, i.e. their hypertrophy along with reactivity or atrophy with asthenia. Neurological disorders with astroglial participation can be genetic, of which Alexander disease is a primary sporadic astrogliopathy, environmentally caused, such as heavy metal encephalopathies, or neurodevelopmental in origin. Astroglia contribute to neurodegenerative processes seen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. Furthermore, astroglia also play a role in major neuropsychiatric disorders, ranging from schizophrenia to depression, as well as in addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain.
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Avenue South, CIRC 429, Birmingham, AL 35294-0021, USA; Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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Koutsoudaki PN, Papastefanaki F, Stamatakis A, Kouroupi G, Xingi E, Stylianopoulou F, Matsas R. Neural stem/progenitor cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes, reduce inflammation, and ameliorate learning deficits after transplantation in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Glia 2015; 64:763-79. [PMID: 26712314 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system has limited capacity for regeneration after traumatic injury. Transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) has been proposed as a potential therapeutic approach while insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has neuroprotective properties following various experimental insults to the nervous system. We have previously shown that NPCs transduced with a lentiviral vector for IGF-I overexpression have an enhanced ability to give rise to neurons in vitro but also in vivo, upon transplantation in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Here we studied the regenerative potential of NPCs, IGF-I-transduced or not, in a mouse model of hippocampal mechanical injury. NPC transplantation, with or without IGF-I transduction, rescued the injury-induced spatial learning deficits as revealed in the Morris Water Maze. Moreover, it had beneficial effects on the host tissue by reducing astroglial activation and microglial/macrophage accumulation while enhancing generation of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells. One or two months after transplantation the grafted NPCs had migrated towards the lesion site and in the neighboring myelin-rich regions. Transplanted cells differentiated toward the oligodendroglial, but not the neuronal or astrocytic lineages, expressing the early and late oligodendrocyte markers NG2, Olig2, and CNPase. The newly generated oligodendrocytes reached maturity and formed myelin internodes. Our current and previous observations illustrate the high plasticity of transplanted NPCs which can acquire injury-dependent phenotypes within the host CNS, supporting the fact that reciprocal interactions between transplanted cells and the host tissue are an important factor to be considered when designing prospective cell-based therapies for CNS degenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi N Koutsoudaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
| | - Florentia Papastefanaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
| | - Antonios Stamatakis
- Biology-Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, University of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Georgia Kouroupi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
| | - Evangelia Xingi
- Light Microscopy Unit, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
| | - Fotini Stylianopoulou
- Biology-Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, University of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Rebecca Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
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Webster KM, Wright DK, Sun M, Semple BD, Ozturk E, Stein DG, O'Brien TJ, Shultz SR. Progesterone treatment reduces neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and brain damage and improves long-term outcomes in a rat model of repeated mild traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:238. [PMID: 26683475 PMCID: PMC4683966 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated mild traumatic brain injuries, such as concussions, may result in cumulative brain damage, neurodegeneration and other chronic neurological impairments. There are currently no clinically available treatment options known to prevent these consequences. However, growing evidence implicates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of repetitive mild brain injuries; thus, these may represent potential therapeutic targets. Progesterone has been demonstrated to have potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties after brain insult; therefore, here, we examined progesterone treatment in rats given repetitive mild brain injuries via the repeated mild fluid percussion injury model. METHODS Male Long-Evans rats were assigned into four groups: sham injury + vehicle treatment, sham injury + progesterone treatment (8 mg/kg/day), repeated mild fluid percussion injuries + vehicle treatment, and repeated mild fluid percussion injuries + progesterone treatment. Rats were administered a total of three injuries, with each injury separated by 5 days. Treatment was initiated 1 h after the first injury, then administered daily for a total of 15 days. Rats underwent behavioural testing at 12-weeks post-treatment to assess cognition, motor function, anxiety and depression. Brains were then dissected for analysis of markers for neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Ex vivo MRI was conducted in order to examine structural brain damage and white matter integrity. RESULTS Repeated mild fluid percussion injuries + progesterone treatment rats showed significantly reduced cognitive and sensorimotor deficits compared to their vehicle-treated counterparts at 12-weeks post-treatment. Progesterone treatment significantly attenuated markers of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in rats given repeated mild fluid percussion injuries, with concomitant reductions in grey and white matter damage as indicated by MRI. CONCLUSIONS These findings implicate neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the pathophysiological aftermath of mild brain injuries and suggest that progesterone may be a viable treatment option to mitigate these effects and their detrimental consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyria M Webster
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - David K Wright
- Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Ezgi Ozturk
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Donald G Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
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Soltani Z, Khaksari M, Shahrokhi N, Mohammadi G, Mofid B, Vaziri A, Amiresmaili S. Effect of estrogen and/or progesterone administration on traumatic brain injury-caused brain edema: the changes of aquaporin-4 and interleukin-6. J Physiol Biochem 2015; 72:33-44. [PMID: 26638215 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-015-0453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the development of brain edema post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been indicated. The present study was designed to investigate the effect(s) of administration of progesterone (P) and/or estrogen (E) on brain water content, AQP4 expression, and IL-6 levels post-TBI. The ovariectomized rats were divided into 11 groups: sham, one vehicle, two vehicles, E1, E2, P1, P2, E1 + P1, E1 + P2, E2 + P1, and E2 + P2. The brain AQP4 expression, IL-6 levels, and water content were evaluated 24 h after TBI induced by Marmarou's method. The low (E1 and P1) and high (E2 and P2) doses of estrogen and progesterone were administered 30 min post-TBI. The results showed that brain water content and AQP4 expression decreased in the E1, E2, P1, and P2-treated groups. The administration of E1 decreased IL-6 levels. Addition of progesterone decreased the inhibitory effect of E1 and E2 on the accumulation of water in the brain. Administration of E1 + P1 and E1 + P2 decreased the inhibitory effect of E1 on the IL-6 levels and AQP4 protein expression. Our findings suggest that estrogen or progesterone by itself has more effective roles in decrease of brain edema than combination of both. Possible mechanism may be mediated by the alteration of AQP4 and IL-6 expression. However, further studies are required to verify the exact mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Soltani
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Nader Shahrokhi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamabbas Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School of Afzalipour, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Behshad Mofid
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Bahonar Hospital of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Vaziri
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School of Afzalipour, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Wang X, Gao X, Michalski S, Zhao S, Chen J. Traumatic Brain Injury Severity Affects Neurogenesis in Adult Mouse Hippocampus. J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:721-33. [PMID: 26414411 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been proven to enhance neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. However, various groups have reported contradictory results on whether TBI increases neurogenesis, partially due to a wide range in the severities of injuries seen with different TBI models. To address whether the severity of TBI affects neurogenesis in the injured brain, we assessed neurogenesis in mouse brains receiving different severities of controlled cortical impact (CCI) with the same injury device. The mice were subjected to mild, moderate, or severe TBI by a CCI device. The effects of TBI severity on neurogenesis were evaluated at three stages: NSC proliferation, immature neurons, and newly-generated mature neurons. The results showed that mild TBI did not affect neurogenesis at any of the three stages. Moderate TBI promoted NSC proliferation without increasing neurogenesis. Severe TBI increased neurogenesis at all three stages. Our data suggest that the severity of injury affects adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus, and thus it may partially explain the inconsistent results of different groups regarding neurogenesis following TBI. Further understanding the mechanism of TBI-induced neurogenesis may provide a potential approach for using endogenous NSCs to protect against neuronal loss after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Wang
- 1 Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Indiana University , Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University , Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xiang Gao
- 1 Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Indiana University , Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University , Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Stephanie Michalski
- 3 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Shu Zhao
- 1 Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Indiana University , Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University , Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jinhui Chen
- 1 Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Indiana University , Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University , Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University , Indianapolis, Indiana
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Lin CM, Chang CK, Chang CP, Hsu YC, Lin MT, Lin JW. Protecting against ischaemic stroke in rats by heat shock protein 20-mediated exercise. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:1297-305. [PMID: 26479875 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise preconditioning (EP(+) ) has been widely accepted as a being of safe and effective preventive measure for stroke. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether EP(+) improves outcomes of ischaemic stroke by promoting neuronal and glial expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 20. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (288 in number) were used to investigate the contribution of HSP20-containing neurons and HSP20-containing glial cells in the exercise-mediated neuroprotection in the stroke condition using middle cerebral artery occlusion. RESULTS Exercise preconditioning, in addition to increasing the numbers of both the HSP20-containg neurons (88 ± 8 vs. 43 ± 4; n = 8 each group; P < 0·05) and the HSP20-containg astrocytes (102 ± 10 vs. 56 ± 5; n = 8; P < 0·05) significantly attenuated stroke-induced brain infarct (140 ± 9 vs. 341 ± 20 mm(3) ; n = 8 per group; P < 0·01), neuronal apoptosis (20 ± 5 vs. 87 ± 7; n = 8 per group; n = 8; P < 0·01), glial apoptosis (29 ± 5 vs. 101 ± 4; n = 8; P < 0·01), and neurological deficits (6·6 ± 0·3 vs. 11·7 ± 0·8; n = 8 per group; P < 0·01). Reducing the numbers of both HSP20-containing neurons and HSP20-contaiing glia by intracerebral injection of pSUPER small interfering RNAί expressing HSP20 significantly reversed the beneficial effects of EP(+) in attenuating stroke-induced cerebral infarct, neuronal and glial apoptosis, and neurological deficits. CONCLUSIONS The numbers of both the HSP20-containing neurons and the HSP20-containing glia inversely correlated with the outcomes of ischaemic stroke. In addition, preischaemic treadmill exercise improves outcomes of ischaemic stroke by increasing the numbers of both the HSP20-containing neurons and the HSP20-containing glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Min Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Kuei Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Hsu
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Tsun Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Wei Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Yu H, Wergedal JE, Rundle CH, Mohan S. Reduced bone mass accrual in mouse model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 51:1427-37. [PMID: 25785491 DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2014.04.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can affect bone by influencing the production/actions of pituitary hormones and neuropeptides that play significant regulatory roles in bone metabolism. Previously, we demonstrated that experimental TBI exerted a negative effect on the skeleton. Since mild TBI (mTBI) accounts for the majority of TBI cases, this study was undertaken to evaluate TBI effects using a milder impact model in female mice. Repetitive mTBI caused microhemorrhaging, astrocytosis, and increased anti-inflammatory protective actions in the brain of the impacted versus control mice 2 wk after the first impact. Serum levels of growth regulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) were reduced by 28.9%. Bone mass was reduced significantly in total body as well as individual skeletons. Tibial total cortical density was reduced by 7.0%, which led to weaker bones, as shown by a 31.3% decrease in femoral size adjusted peak torque. A 27.5% decrease in tibial trabecular bone volume per total volume was accompanied by a 34.3% (p = 0.07) decrease in bone formation rate (BFR) per total area. Based on our data, we conclude that repetitive mTBI exerted significant negative effects on accrual of both cortical and trabecular bone mass in mice caused by a reduced BFR.
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Lost Polarization of Aquaporin4 and Dystroglycan in the Core Lesion after Traumatic Brain Injury Suggests Functional Divergence in Evolution. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:471631. [PMID: 26583111 PMCID: PMC4637040 DOI: 10.1155/2015/471631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To understand how aquaporin4 (AQP4) and dystroglycan (DG) polarized distribution change and their roles in brain edema formation after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods. Brain water content, Evans blue detection, real-time PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence were used. Results. At an early stage of TBI, AQP4 and DG maintained vessel-like pattern in perivascular endfeet; M1, M23, and M1/M23 were increased in the core lesion. At a later stage of TBI, DG expression was lost in perivascular area, accompanied with similar but delayed change of AQP4 expression; expression of M1, M23, and DG and the ratio of M1/M2 were increased. Conclusion. At an early stage, AQP4 and DG maintained the polarized distribution. Upregulated M1 and M23 could retard the cytotoxic edema formation. At a later stage AQP4 and DG polarized expression were lost from perivascular endfeet and induced the worst cytotoxic brain edema. The alteration of DG expression could regulate that of AQP4 expression after TBI.
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Egashira Y, Zhao H, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. White Matter Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Role of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9. Stroke 2015; 46:2909-15. [PMID: 26374478 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.010351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We recently observed early white matter injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), but the underlying mechanisms are uncertain. This study investigated the potential role of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and consequent white matter injury. METHODS SAH was induced by endovascular perforation in adult male mice. The following 3 experiments were devised: (1) mice underwent magnetic resonance imaging at 24 h after SAH and were euthanized to determine BBB disruption and MMP-9 activation in white matter; (2) to investigate the role of MMP-9 in BBB disruption, lesion volumes on magnetic resonance imaging were compared between wild-type (WT) and MMP-9 knockout (MMP-9-/-) mice at 24 h after SAH; (3) WT and MMP-9-/- mice underwent magnetic resonance imaging at 1 and 8 days after SAH to detect time-dependent changes in brain injury. Brains were used to investigate myelin integrity in white matter. RESULTS In WT mice with SAH, white matter showed BBB disruption (albumin leakage) and T2 hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging. MMP-9 activity was elevated at 24 h after SAH. MMP-9-/- mice had less white matter T2 hyperintensity after SAH than WT mice. At 8 days after SAH, WT mice had decreased myelin integrity and MMP-9-/- mice developed less white matter injury. CONCLUSIONS SAH causes BBB disruption and consequent injury in white matter. MMP-9 plays an important role in those pathologies and could be a therapeutic target for SAH-induced white matter injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Egashira
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Hao Zhao
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Ya Hua
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Richard F Keep
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Guohua Xi
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
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A New Role Discovered for IGTP: The Protective Effect of IGTP in ICH-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:713-24. [PMID: 26242173 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Interferon gamma-induced GTPase (IGTP), which is also named Irgm3, has been widely described in regulating host resistance against intracellular pathogens. Previous researches have demonstrated that IGTP exerts beneficial function during coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection. However, little information is available regarding the role of IGTP in central nervous system. Here, our study revealed that IGTP may have an essential role during ICH-induced neuronal apoptosis. We found the expression level of IGTP adjacent to hematoma was strongly increased after ICH, accompanied with the up-regulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), active-caspase-3, p-GSK-3β, and Bax. IGTP was also observed to be co-localized with PCNA in astrocytes and active-caspase-3 in neurons, indicating its association with astrocyte proliferation and neuronal apoptosis after ICH. Finally, in vitro study, knocking down IGTP with IGTP-specific siRNA promoted active-caspase-3, p-GSK-3β, and Bax expression, and led to more severe neuronal apoptosis after ICH. All these results above suggested that IGTP might play a critical role in protecting neurons from apoptosis after ICH.
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Tibial fracture exacerbates traumatic brain injury outcomes and neuroinflammation in a novel mouse model of multitrauma. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1339-47. [PMID: 25853909 PMCID: PMC4528010 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Multitrauma is a common medical problem worldwide, and often involves concurrent traumatic brain injury (TBI) and bone fracture. Despite the high incidence of combined TBI and fracture, preclinical TBI research commonly employs independent injury models that fail to incorporate the pathophysiologic interactions occurring in multitrauma. Here, we developed a novel mouse model of multitrauma, and investigated whether bone fracture worsened TBI outcomes. Male mice were assigned into four groups: sham-TBI+sham-fracture (SHAM); sham-TBI+fracture (FX); TBI+sham-fracture (TBI); and TBI+fracture (MULTI). The injury methods included a closed-skull weight-drop TBI model and a closed tibial fracture. After a 35-day recovery, mice underwent behavioral testing and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MULTI mice displayed abnormal behaviors in the open-field compared with all other groups. On MRI, MULTI mice had enlarged ventricles and diffusion abnormalities compared with all other groups. These changes occurred in the presence of heightened neuroinflammation in MULTI mice at 24 hours and 35 days after injury, and elevated edema and blood-brain barrier disruption at 24 hours after injury. Together, these findings indicate that tibial fracture worsens TBI outcomes, and that exacerbated neuroinflammation may be an important factor that contributes to these effects, which warrants further investigation.
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Closed head injury in an age-related Alzheimer mouse model leads to an altered neuroinflammatory response and persistent cognitive impairment. J Neurosci 2015; 35:6554-69. [PMID: 25904805 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0291-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have associated increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related clinical symptoms with a medical history of head injury. Currently, little is known about pathophysiology mechanisms linked to this association. Persistent neuroinflammation is one outcome observed in patients after a single head injury. Neuroinflammation is also present early in relevant brain regions during AD pathology progression. In addition, previous mechanistic studies in animal models link neuroinflammation as a contributor to neuropathology and cognitive impairment in traumatic brain injury (TBI) or AD-related models. Therefore, we explored the potential interplay of neuroinflammatory responses in TBI and AD by analysis of the temporal neuroinflammatory changes after TBI in an AD model, the APP/PS1 knock-in (KI) mouse. Discrete temporal aspects of astrocyte, cytokine, and chemokine responses in the injured KI mice were delayed compared with the injured wild-type mice, with a peak neuroinflammatory response in the injured KI mice occurring at 7 d after injury. The neuroinflammatory responses were more persistent in the injured KI mice, leading to a chronic neuroinflammation. At late time points after injury, KI mice exhibited a significant impairment in radial arm water maze performance compared with sham KI mice or injured wild-type mice. Intervention with a small-molecule experimental therapeutic (MW151) that selectively attenuates proinflammatory cytokine production yielded improved cognitive behavior outcomes, consistent with a link between neuroinflammatory responses and altered risk for AD-associated pathology changes with head injury.
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46
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Barker-Haliski M, White HS. Glutamatergic Mechanisms Associated with Seizures and Epilepsy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:a022863. [PMID: 26101204 PMCID: PMC4526718 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is broadly characterized by aberrant neuronal excitability. Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain; thus, much of past epilepsy research has attempted to understand the role of glutamate in seizures and epilepsy. Seizures induce elevations in extracellular glutamate, which then contribute to excitotoxic damage. Chronic seizures can alter neuronal and glial expression of glutamate receptors and uptake transporters, further contributing to epileptogenesis. Evidence points to a shared glutamate pathology for epilepsy and other central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including depression, which is often a comorbidity of epilepsy. Therapies that target glutamatergic neurotransmission are available, but many have met with difficulty because of untoward adverse effects. Better understanding of this system has generated novel therapeutic targets that directly and indirectly modulate glutamatergic signaling. Thus, future efforts to manage the epileptic patient with glutamatergic-centric treatments now hold greater potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Barker-Haliski
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
| | - H Steve White
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
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Maneshi MM, Sachs F, Hua SZ. A Threshold Shear Force for Calcium Influx in an Astrocyte Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:1020-9. [PMID: 25442327 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) refers to brain damage resulting from external mechanical force, such as a blast or crash. Our current understanding of TBI is derived mainly from in vivo studies that show measurable biological effects on neurons sampled after TBI. Little is known about the early responses of brain cells during stimuli and which features of the stimulus are most critical to cell injury. We generated defined shear stress in a microfluidic chamber using a fast pressure servo and examined the intracellular Ca(2+) levels in cultured adult astrocytes. Shear stress increased intracellular Ca(2+) depending on the magnitude, duration, and rise time of the stimulus. Square pulses with a fast rise time (∼2 ms) caused transient increases in intracellular Ca(2+), but when the rise time was extended to 20 ms, the response was much less. The threshold for a response is a matrix of multiple parameters. Cells can integrate the effect of shear force from repeated challenges: A pulse train of 10 narrow pulses (11.5 dyn/cm(2) and 10 ms wide) resulted in a 4-fold increase in Ca(2+) relative to a single pulse of the same amplitude 100 ms wide. The Ca(2+) increase was eliminated in Ca(2+)-free media, but was observed after depleting the intracellular Ca(2+) stores with thapsigargin suggesting the need for a Ca(2+) influx. The Ca(2+) influx was inhibited by extracellular Gd(3+), a nonspecific inhibitor of mechanosensitive ion channels, but it was not affected by the more specific inhibitor, GsMTx4. The voltage-gated channel blockers, nifedipine, diltiazem, and verapamil, were also ineffective. The data show that the mechanically induced Ca(2+) influx commonly associated with neuron models for TBI is also present in astrocytes, and there is a viscoelastic/plastic coupling of shear stress to the Ca(2+) influx. The site of Ca(2+) influx has yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederick Sachs
- 2 Department of Physiology and Biophysics, SUNY-Buffalo , Buffalo, New York
| | - Susan Z Hua
- 1 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, SUNY-Buffalo , Buffalo, New York.,2 Department of Physiology and Biophysics, SUNY-Buffalo , Buffalo, New York
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Zhang Y, Chopp M, Meng Y, Zhang ZG, Doppler E, Winter S, Schallert T, Mahmood A, Xiong Y. Cerebrolysin improves cognitive performance in rats after mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2015; 122:843-55. [PMID: 25614944 DOI: 10.3171/2014.11.jns14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Long-term memory deficits occur after mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs), and effective treatment modalities are currently unavailable. Cerebrolysin, a peptide preparation mimicking the action of neurotrophic factors, has beneficial effects on neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries. The present study investigated the long-term effects of Cerebrolysin treatment on cognitive function in rats after mTBI. METHODS Rats subjected to closed-head mTBI were treated with saline (n = 11) or Cerebrolysin (2.5 ml/kg, n = 11) starting 24 hours after injury and then daily for 28 days. Sham animals underwent surgery without injury (n = 8). To evaluate cognitive function, the modified Morris water maze (MWM) test and a social odor-based novelty recognition task were performed after mTBI. All rats were killed on Day 90 after mTBI, and brain sections were immunostained for histological analyses of amyloid precursor protein (APP), astrogliosis, neuroblasts, and neurogenesis. RESULTS Mild TBI caused long-lasting cognitive memory deficits in the MWM and social odor recognition tests up to 90 days after injury. Compared with saline treatment, Cerebrolysin treatment significantly improved both long-term spatial learning and memory in the MWM test and nonspatial recognition memory in the social odor recognition task up to 90 days after mTBI (p < 0.05). Cerebrolysin significantly increased the number of neuroblasts and promoted neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, and it reduced APP levels and astrogliosis in the corpus callosum, cortex, dentate gyrus, CA1, and CA3 regions (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that Cerebrolysin treatment of mTBI improves long-term cognitive function, and this improvement may be partially related to decreased brain APP accumulation and astrogliosis as well as increased neuroblasts and neurogenesis.
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Cross-talk between neurons and astrocytes in response to bilirubin: adverse secondary impacts. Neurotox Res 2015; 26:1-15. [PMID: 24122290 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9427-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies using monotypic nerve cell cultures have shown that bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction (BIND) involves apoptosis and necrosis-like cell death, following neuritic atrophy and astrocyte activation,and that glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) has therapeutic efficacy against BIND. Cross-talk between neurons and astrocytes may protect or aggravate neurotoxicity by unconjugated bilirubin (UCB). In a previous work we have shown that bidirectional signaling during astrocyte-neuron recognition attenuates neuronal damage by UCB. Here, we investigated whether the establishment of neuron-astrocyte homeostasis prior to cell exposure to UCB was instead associated with a lower resistance of neurons to UCB toxicity, and if the pro-survival properties of GUDCA were replicated in that experimental model. We have introduced a 24 h adaptation period for neuron-glia communication prior to the 48 h treatment with UCB. In such conditions, UCB induced glial activation, which aggravated neuronal damage, comprising increased apoptosis,cell demise and neuritic atrophy, which were completely prevented in the presence of GUDCA. Neuronal multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 expression and tumor necrosis factor-a secretion, although unchanged by UCB, increased in the presence of astrocytes. The rise in S100B and nitric oxide in the co-cultures medium may have contributed to UCB neurotoxicity. Since the levels of these diffusible molecules did not change by GUDCA we may assume that they are not directly involved in its beneficial effects. Data indicate that astrocytes, in an indirect neuron-astrocyte co-culture model and after homeostatic setting regulation of the system, are critically influencing neurodegeneration by UCB, and support GUDCA for the prevention of BIND.
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Munch TN, Gørtz S, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M. The long-term risk of malignant astrocytic tumors after structural brain injury--a nationwide cohort study. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:718-24. [PMID: 25416827 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoplastic transformation of damaged astrocytes has been proposed as a possible pathological mechanism behind malignant astrocytic tumors. This study investigated the association between structural brain injuries causing reactive astrogliosis and long-term risk for malignant astrocytic tumors. METHODS The cohort consisted of all individuals living in Denmark between 1978 and 2011. The personal identification number assigned to all individuals allowed retrieval of diagnoses of traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischemic infarction, and intracerebral hemorrhage from the National Patient Discharge Register. Diagnoses of anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme (World Health Organization grades III and IV) were retrieved from the Danish Cancer Registry. Rate ratios (RR's) were estimated using log-linear Poisson regression. RESULTS In a cohort of 8.2 million individuals, 404 812 experienced a structural brain injury and 6152 developed a malignant astrocytic tumor. No significant association was observed 1-4 years after a structural brain injury (RR = 1.14; 95% CI: 0.87-1.46), whereas the long-term (5+ y) risk for malignant astrocytic tumors was significantly reduced (RR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.49-0.90) compared with no injury. The specific long-term risks by type of injury were: traumatic brain injury RR = 0.32 (95% CI: 0.10-0.75); cerebral ischemic infarction RR = 0.69 (95% CI: 0.47-0.96); and intracerebral hemorrhage RR = 1.39 (95% CI: 0.64-2.60). CONCLUSION We found no evidence for an association between structural brain injury and malignant astrocytic tumors within the first 5 years of follow-up. However, our study indicated a protective effect of astrogliosis-causing injuries 5 or more years after structural brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Noergaard Munch
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.N.M., S.G., J.W., M.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark (T.N.M.)
| | - Sanne Gørtz
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.N.M., S.G., J.W., M.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark (T.N.M.)
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.N.M., S.G., J.W., M.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark (T.N.M.)
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.N.M., S.G., J.W., M.M.); Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark (T.N.M.)
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