1
|
Avelino-de-Souza K, Mynssen H, Chaim K, Parks AN, Ikeda JMP, Cunha HA, Mota B, Patzke N. Anatomical and volumetric description of the guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) brain from an ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:1889-1911. [PMID: 38664257 PMCID: PMC11485192 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02789-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
The Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) is a common species along Central and South American coastal waters. Although much effort has been made to understand its behavioral ecology and evolution, very little is known about its brain. The use of ultra-high field MRI in anatomical descriptions of cetacean brains is a very promising approach that is still uncommon. In this study, we present for the first time a full anatomical description of the Guiana dolphin's brain based on high-resolution ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging, providing an exceptional level of brain anatomical details, and enriching our understanding of the species. Brain structures were labeled and volumetric measurements were delineated for many distinguishable structures, including the gray matter and white matter of the cerebral cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, superior and inferior colliculi, thalamus, corpus callosum, ventricles, brainstem and cerebellum. Additionally, we provide the surface anatomy of the Guiana dolphin brain, including the labeling of main sulci and gyri as well as the calculation of its gyrification index. These neuroanatomical data, absent from the literature to date, will help disentangle the history behind cetacean brain evolution and consequently, mammalian evolution, representing a significant new source for future comparative studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Avelino-de-Souza
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Biologia Teórica e Matemática Experimental (MetaBIO), Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil.
- Rede Brasileira de Neurobiodiversidade, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil.
| | - Heitor Mynssen
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Teórica e Matemática Experimental (MetaBIO), Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
- Rede Brasileira de Neurobiodiversidade, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Khallil Chaim
- Rede Brasileira de Neurobiodiversidade, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
- LIM44, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ashley N Parks
- Rede Brasileira de Neurobiodiversidade, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
- Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - Joana M P Ikeda
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores Professora Izabel M.G do N. Gurgel (MAQUA), Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Haydée Andrade Cunha
- Rede Brasileira de Neurobiodiversidade, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores Professora Izabel M.G do N. Gurgel (MAQUA), Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mota
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Teórica e Matemática Experimental (MetaBIO), Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
- Rede Brasileira de Neurobiodiversidade, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Nina Patzke
- Rede Brasileira de Neurobiodiversidade, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil.
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Mind, Brain and Behavior, Health and Medical University, Olympischer Weg 1, 14471, Potsdam, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schuurman T, Bruner E. An inclusive anatomical network analysis of human craniocerebral topology. J Anat 2024; 245:686-698. [PMID: 38822698 PMCID: PMC11470797 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The human brain's complex morphology is spatially constrained by numerous intrinsic and extrinsic physical interactions. Spatial constraints help to identify the source of morphological variability and can be investigated by employing anatomical network analysis. Here, a model of human craniocerebral topology is presented, based on the bony elements of the skull at birth and a previously designed model of the brain. The goal was to investigate the topological components fundamental to the craniocerebral geometric balance, to identify underlying phenotypic patterns of spatial arrangement, and to understand how these patterns might have influenced the evolution of human brain morphology. Analysis of the craniocerebral network model revealed that the combined structure of the body and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone, the parahippocampal gyrus, and the parietal and ethmoid bones are susceptible to sustain and apply major spatial constraints that are likely to limit or channel their morphological evolution. The results also showcase a high level of global integration and efficient diffusion of biomechanical forces across the craniocerebral system, a fundamental aspect of morphological variability in terms of plasticity. Finally, community detection in the craniocerebral system highlights the concurrence of a longitudinal and a vertical modular partition. The former reflects the distinct morphogenetic environments of the three endocranial fossae, while the latter corresponds to those of the basicranium and calvaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schuurman
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
| | - Emiliano Bruner
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
- Alzheimer's Centre Reina Sofía-CIEN Foundation-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chauvel M, Pascucci M, Uszynski I, Herlin B, Mangin JF, Hopkins WD, Poupon C. Comparative analysis of the chimpanzee and human brain superficial structural connectivities. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:1943-1977. [PMID: 39020215 PMCID: PMC11485151 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Diffusion MRI tractography (dMRI) has fundamentally transformed our ability to investigate white matter pathways in the human brain. While long-range connections have extensively been studied, superficial white matter bundles (SWMBs) have remained a relatively underexplored aspect of brain connectivity. This study undertakes a comprehensive examination of SWMB connectivity in both the human and chimpanzee brains, employing a novel combination of empirical and geometric methodologies to classify SWMB morphology in an objective manner. Leveraging two anatomical atlases, the Ginkgo Chauvel chimpanzee atlas and the Ginkgo Chauvel human atlas, comprising respectively 844 and 1375 superficial bundles, this research focuses on sparse representations of the morphology of SWMBs to explore the little-understood superficial connectivity of the chimpanzee brain and facilitate a deeper understanding of the variability in shape of these bundles. While similar, already well-known in human U-shape fibers were observed in both species, other shapes with more complex geometry such as 6 and J shapes were encountered. The localisation of the different bundle morphologies, putatively reflecting the brain gyrification process, was different between humans and chimpanzees using an isomap-based shape analysis approach. Ultimately, the analysis aims to uncover both commonalities and disparities in SWMBs between chimpanzees and humans, shedding light on the evolution and organization of these crucial neural structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maëlig Chauvel
- BAOBAB, NeuroSpin, Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Marco Pascucci
- BAOBAB, NeuroSpin, Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ivy Uszynski
- BAOBAB, NeuroSpin, Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bastien Herlin
- BAOBAB, NeuroSpin, Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Rehabilitation Unit, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - William D Hopkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Michale E Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Cyril Poupon
- BAOBAB, NeuroSpin, Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schuurman T, Bruner E. A comparative anatomical network analysis of the human and chimpanzee brains. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 185:e24988. [PMID: 38877829 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Spatial interactions among anatomical elements help to identify topological factors behind morphological variation and can be investigated through network analysis. Here, a whole-brain network model of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes, Blumenbach 1776) is presented, based on macroanatomical divisions, and compared with a previous equivalent model of the human brain. The goal was to contrast which regions are essential in the geometric balance of the brains of the two species, to compare underlying phenotypic patterns of spatial variation, and to understand how these patterns might have influenced the evolution of human brain morphology. The human and chimpanzee brains share morphologically complex inferior-medial regions and a topological organization that matches the spatial constraints exerted by the surrounding braincase. These shared topological features are interesting because they can be traced back to the Chimpanzee-Human Last Common Ancestor, 7-10 million years ago. Nevertheless, some key differences are found in the human and chimpanzee brains. In humans, the temporal lobe, particularly its deep and medial limbic aspect (the parahippocampal gyrus), is a crucial node for topological complexity. Meanwhile, in chimpanzees, the cerebellum is, in this sense, more embedded in an intricate spatial position. This information helps to interpret brain macroanatomical change in fossil hominids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schuurman
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
| | - Emiliano Bruner
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales - CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Alzheimer's Centre Reina Sofía-CIEN Foundation-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schuurman T, Bruner E. Modularity and community detection in human brain morphology. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:345-355. [PMID: 37615332 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Humans possess morphologically complex brains, which are spatially constrained by their many intrinsic and extrinsic physical interactions. Anatomical network analysis can be used to study these constraints and their implications. Modularity is a key issue in this framework, namely, the presence of groups of elements that undergo morphological evolution in a concerted way. An array of community detection algorithms was tested on a previously designed anatomical network model of the human brain in order to provide a detailed assessment of modularity in this context. The algorithms that provide the highest quality partitions also reveal general phenotypic patterns underlying the topology of human brain morphology. Taken together, the community detection algorithms highlight the simultaneous presence of a longitudinal and a vertical modular partition of the brain's topology, the combination of which matches the organization of the enveloping braincase. Specifically, the longitudinal organization is in line with the different morphogenetic environments of the three endocranial fossae, while the vertical arrangement corresponds to the distinct developmental processes associated with the cranial base and vault, respectively. The results are robust and have the potential to be compared with equivalent network models of other species. Furthermore, they suggest a degree of concerted topological reciprocity in the spatial organization of brain and skull elements, and posit questions about the extent to which geometrical constraints of the cranial base and the modular partition of the corresponding brain regions may channel both evolutionary and developmental trajectories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schuurman
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
| | - Emiliano Bruner
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Demirci N, Holland MA. Scaling patterns of cortical folding and thickness in early human brain development in comparison with primates. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad462. [PMID: 38271274 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Across mammalia, brain morphology follows specific scaling patterns. Bigger bodies have bigger brains, with surface area outpacing volume growth, resulting in increased foldedness. We have recently studied scaling rules of cortical thickness, both local and global, finding that the cortical thickness difference between thick gyri and thin sulci also increases with brain size and foldedness. Here, we investigate early brain development in humans, using subjects from the Developing Human Connectome Project, scanned shortly after pre-term or full-term birth, yielding magnetic resonance images of the brain from 29 to 43 postmenstrual weeks. While the global cortical thickness does not change significantly during this development period, its distribution does, with sulci thinning, while gyri thickening. By comparing our results with our recent work on humans and 11 non-human primate species, we also compare the trajectories of primate evolution with human development, noticing that the 2 trends are distinct for volume, surface area, cortical thickness, and gyrification index. Finally, we introduce the global shape index as a proxy for gyrification index; while correlating very strongly with gyrification index, it offers the advantage of being calculated only from local quantities without generating a convex hull or alpha surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagehan Demirci
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Maria A Holland
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Heuer K, Traut N, de Sousa AA, Valk SL, Clavel J, Toro R. Diversity and evolution of cerebellar folding in mammals. eLife 2023; 12:e85907. [PMID: 37737580 PMCID: PMC10617990 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of brain folding is thought to play an important role in the development and organisation of the cerebrum and the cerebellum. The study of cerebellar folding is challenging due to the small size and abundance of its folia. In consequence, little is known about its anatomical diversity and evolution. We constituted an open collection of histological data from 56 mammalian species and manually segmented the cerebrum and the cerebellum. We developed methods to measure the geometry of cerebellar folia and to estimate the thickness of the molecular layer. We used phylogenetic comparative methods to study the diversity and evolution of cerebellar folding and its relationship with the anatomy of the cerebrum. Our results show that the evolution of cerebellar and cerebral anatomy follows a stabilising selection process. We observed two groups of phenotypes changing concertedly through evolution: a group of 'diverse' phenotypes - varying over several orders of magnitude together with body size, and a group of 'stable' phenotypes varying over less than 1 order of magnitude across species. Our analyses confirmed the strong correlation between cerebral and cerebellar volumes across species, and showed in addition that large cerebella are disproportionately more folded than smaller ones. Compared with the extreme variations in cerebellar surface area, folial anatomy and molecular layer thickness varied only slightly, showing a much smaller increase in the larger cerebella. We discuss how these findings could provide new insights into the diversity and evolution of cerebellar folding, the mechanisms of cerebellar and cerebral folding, and their potential influence on the organisation of the brain across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heuer
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité de Neuroanatomie Appliquée et ThéoriqueParisFrance
| | - Nicolas Traut
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité de Neuroanatomie Appliquée et ThéoriqueParisFrance
| | | | - Sofie Louise Valk
- Otto Hahn Group Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, FZ JülichJülichGermany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Julien Clavel
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNAVilleurbanneFrance
| | - Roberto Toro
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité de Neuroanatomie Appliquée et ThéoriqueParisFrance
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Demirci N, Hoffman ME, Holland MA. Systematic cortical thickness and curvature patterns in primates. Neuroimage 2023; 278:120283. [PMID: 37516374 PMCID: PMC10443624 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are known to have significant and consistent differences in thickness throughout the cortex, with thick outer gyral folds and thin inner sulcal folds. Our previous work has suggested a mechanical basis for this thickness pattern, with the forces generated during cortical folding leading to thick gyri and thin sulci, and shown that cortical thickness varies along a gyral-sulcal spectrum in humans. While other primate species are expected to exhibit similar patterns of cortical thickness, it is currently unknown how these patterns scale across different sizes, forms, and foldedness. Among primates, brains vary enormously from roughly the size of a grape to the size of a grapefruit, and from nearly smooth to dramatically folded; of these, human brains are the largest and most folded. These variations in size and form make comparative neuroanatomy a rich resource for investigating common trends that transcend differences between species. In this study, we examine 12 primate species in order to cover a wide range of sizes and forms, and investigate the scaling of their cortical thickness relative to the surface geometry. The 12 species were selected due to the public availability of either reconstructed surfaces and/or population templates. After obtaining or reconstructing 3D surfaces from publicly available neuroimaging data, we used our surface-based computational pipeline (https://github.com/mholla/curveball) to analyze patterns of cortical thickness and folding with respect to size (total surface area), geometry (i.e. curvature, shape, and sulcal depth), and foldedness (gyrification). In all 12 species, we found consistent cortical thickness variations along a gyral-sulcal spectrum, with convex shapes thicker than concave shapes and saddle shapes in between. Furthermore, we saw an increasing thickness difference between gyri and sulci as brain size increases. Our results suggest a systematic folding mechanism relating local cortical thickness to geometry. Finally, all of our reconstructed surfaces and morphometry data are available for future research in comparative neuroanatomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagehan Demirci
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Mia E Hoffman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Maria A Holland
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen MH, Lin HM, Sue YR, Yu YC, Yeh PY. Meta-analysis reveals a reduced surface area of the amygdala in individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14308. [PMID: 37042481 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the reported lack of structural alterations in the amygdala of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in previous meta-analyses, subsequent observational studies produced conflicting results. Through incorporating the updated data from observational studies on structural features of the amygdala in ADHD, the primary goal of this study was to examine the anatomical differences in amygdala between subjects with ADHD and their neurotypical controls. Using the appropriate keyword strings, we searched the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases for English articles from inception to February 2022. Eligibility criteria included observational studies comparing the structure of the amygdala between ADHD subjects and their comparators using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Subgroup analyses were conducted focusing on the amygdala side, as well as the use of different scanners and approach to segmentation. The effects of other continuous variables, such as age, intelligence quotient, and male percentage, on amygdala size were also investigated. Of the 5703 participants in 16 eligible studies, 2928 were diagnosed with ADHD. Compared with neurotypical controls, subjects with ADHD had a smaller amygdala surface area (particularly in the left hemisphere) but without a significant difference in volume between the two groups. Subgroup analysis of MRI scanners and different approaches to segmentation showed no statistically significant difference. There was no significant correlation between continuous variables and amygdala size. Our results showed consistent surface morphological alterations of the amygdala, in particular on the left side, in subjects with ADHD. However, the preliminary findings based on the limited data available for analysis warrant future studies for verification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Man Lin
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry & Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ru Sue
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chen Yu
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yang Yeh
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Clinical Psychology Center, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kliesmete Z, Wange LE, Vieth B, Esgleas M, Radmer J, Hülsmann M, Geuder J, Richter D, Ohnuki M, Götz M, Hellmann I, Enard W. Regulatory and coding sequences of TRNP1 co-evolve with brain size and cortical folding in mammals. eLife 2023; 12:e83593. [PMID: 36947129 PMCID: PMC10032658 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain size and cortical folding have increased and decreased recurrently during mammalian evolution. Identifying genetic elements whose sequence or functional properties co-evolve with these traits can provide unique information on evolutionary and developmental mechanisms. A good candidate for such a comparative approach is TRNP1, as it controls proliferation of neural progenitors in mice and ferrets. Here, we investigate the contribution of both regulatory and coding sequences of TRNP1 to brain size and cortical folding in over 30 mammals. We find that the rate of TRNP1 protein evolution (ω) significantly correlates with brain size, slightly less with cortical folding and much less with body size. This brain correlation is stronger than for >95% of random control proteins. This co-evolution is likely affecting TRNP1 activity, as we find that TRNP1 from species with larger brains and more cortical folding induce higher proliferation rates in neural stem cells. Furthermore, we compare the activity of putative cis-regulatory elements (CREs) of TRNP1 in a massively parallel reporter assay and identify one CRE that likely co-evolves with cortical folding in Old World monkeys and apes. Our analyses indicate that coding and regulatory changes that increased TRNP1 activity were positively selected either as a cause or a consequence of increases in brain size and cortical folding. They also provide an example how phylogenetic approaches can inform biological mechanisms, especially when combined with molecular phenotypes across several species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zane Kliesmete
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMunichGermany
| | - Lucas Esteban Wange
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMunichGermany
| | - Beate Vieth
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMunichGermany
| | - Miriam Esgleas
- Physiological Genomics, BioMedical Center - BMC, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMunichGermany
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany Research Center for Environmental HealthMunichGermany
| | - Jessica Radmer
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMunichGermany
| | - Matthias Hülsmann
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMunichGermany
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, EawagDübendorfSwitzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Johanna Geuder
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMunichGermany
| | - Daniel Richter
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMunichGermany
| | - Mari Ohnuki
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMunichGermany
| | - Magdelena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, BioMedical Center - BMC, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMunichGermany
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany Research Center for Environmental HealthMunichGermany
- SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, BioMedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Ines Hellmann
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMunichGermany
| | - Wolfgang Enard
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMunichGermany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kalantar-Hormozi H, Patel R, Dai A, Ziolkowski J, Dong HM, Holmes A, Raznahan A, Devenyi GA, Chakravarty MM. A cross-sectional and longitudinal study of human brain development: The integration of cortical thickness, surface area, gyrification index, and cortical curvature into a unified analytical framework. Neuroimage 2023; 268:119885. [PMID: 36657692 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain maturation studies typically examine relationships linking a single morphometric feature with cognition, behavior, age, or other demographic characteristics. However, the coordinated spatiotemporal arrangement of morphological features across development and their associations with behavior are unclear. Here, we examine covariation across multiple cortical features (cortical thickness [CT], surface area [SA], local gyrification index [GI], and mean curvature [MC]) using magnetic resonance images from the NIMH developmental cohort (ages 5-25). Neuroanatomical covariance was examined using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), which decomposes covariance resulting in a parts-based representation. Cross-sectionally, we identified six components of covariation which demonstrate differential contributions of CT, GI, and SA in hetero- vs. unimodal areas. Using this technique to examine covariance in rates of change to identify longitudinal sources of covariance highlighted preserved SA in unimodal areas and changes in CT and GI in heteromodal areas. Using behavioral partial least squares (PLS), we identified a single latent variable (LV) that recapitulated patterns of reduced CT, GI, and SA related to older age, with limited contributions of IQ and SES. Longitudinally, PLS revealed three LVs that demonstrated a nuanced developmental pattern that highlighted a higher rate of maturational change in SA and CT in higher IQ and SES females. Finally, we situated the components in the changing architecture of cortical gradients. This novel characterization of brain maturation provides an important understanding of the interdependencies between morphological measures, their coordinated development, and their relationship to biological sex, cognitive ability, and the resources of the local environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Kalantar-Hormozi
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Computational Brain Anatomy Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, QC, Canada.
| | - Raihaan Patel
- Computational Brain Anatomy Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, QC, Canada; Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alyssa Dai
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Computational Brain Anatomy Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, QC, Canada
| | - Justine Ziolkowski
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Computational Brain Anatomy Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, QC, Canada
| | - Hao-Ming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, International Data Group/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Avram Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gabriel A Devenyi
- Computational Brain Anatomy Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Computational Brain Anatomy Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, QC, Canada; Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hopkins WD, Coulon O, Meguerditchian A, Staes N, Sherwood CC, Schapiro SJ, Mangin JF, Bradley B. Genetic determinants of individual variation in the superior temporal sulcus of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:1925-1940. [PMID: 35697647 PMCID: PMC9977371 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The superior temporal sulcus (STS) is a conserved fold that divides the middle and superior temporal gyri. In humans, there is considerable variation in the shape, folding pattern, lateralization, and depth of the STS that have been reported to be associated with social cognition and linguistic functions. We examined the role that genetic factors play on individual variation in STS morphology in chimpanzees. The surface area and depth of the STS were quantified in sample of 292 captive chimpanzees comprised of two genetically isolated population of individuals. The chimpanzees had been previously genotyped for AVPR1A and KIAA0319, two genes that play a role in social cognition and communication in humans. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the KIAA0319 and AVPR1A genes were associated with average depth as well as asymmetries in the STS. By contrast, we found no significant effects of these KIA0319 and AVPR1A polymorphism on surface area and depth measures for the central sulcus. The overall findings indicate that genetic factors account for a small to moderate amount of variation in STS morphology in chimpanzees. These findings are discussed in the context of the role of the STS in social cognition and language in humans and their potential evolutionary origins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William D Hopkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
- IMéRA – Institut d’Etudes Avancées, Aix-Marseille Universite, Marseille 13004, France
- Institute of Language, Communication and The Brain, Aix-Marseille Universite, CNRS, Aix-en-Provence 13604, France
| | - Oliver Coulon
- Institute of Language, Communication and The Brain, Aix-Marseille Universite, CNRS, Aix-en-Provence 13604, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, UMR7289, Marseille 13284, France
| | - Adrien Meguerditchian
- Institute of Language, Communication and The Brain, Aix-Marseille Universite, CNRS, Aix-en-Provence 13604, France
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, UMR 7290, LPC, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Marseille 13284, France
| | - Nicky Staes
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Steven J Schapiro
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200N, Denmark
| | | | - Brenda Bradley
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Heller C, Kimmig ACS, Kubicki MR, Derntl B, Kikinis Z. Imaging the human brain on oral contraceptives: A review of structural imaging methods and implications for future research goals. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 67:101031. [PMID: 35998859 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide over 150 million women use oral contraceptives (OCs), which are the most prescribed form of contraception in both the United States and in European countries. Sex hormones, such as estradiol and progesterone, are important endogenous hormones known for shaping the brain across the life span. Synthetic hormones, which are present in OCs, interfere with the natural hormonal balance by reducing the endogenous hormone levels. Little is known how this affects the brain, especially during the most vulnerable times of brain maturation. Here, we review studies that investigate differences in brain gray and white matter in women using OCs in comparison to naturally cycling women. We focus on two neuroimaging methods used to quantify structural gray and white matter changes, namely structural MRI and diffusion MRI. Finally, we discuss the potential of these imaging techniques to advance knowledge about the effects of OCs on the brain and wellbeing in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Heller
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany; Department of Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany.
| | - Ann-Christin S Kimmig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Innovative Neuroimaging, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marek R Kubicki
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Birgit Derntl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Innovative Neuroimaging, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Lead Graduate School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zora Kikinis
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bruner E. A network approach to the topological organization of the Brodmann map. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:3504-3515. [PMID: 35485307 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Brain morphology is the result of functional factors associated with cortical areas, but it is also influenced by structural aspects due to physical and spatial constraints. Despite the noticeable advances in brain mapping, Brodmann's map is still used in many research fields that rely on macroscopic cortical features for practical or theoretical issues. Here, the topological relationships among the Brodmann areas were modelled according to the principles of network analysis, in order to provide a synthetic view of their spatial properties following a criterion of contiguity. The model evidences the importance of the parieto-temporal region in terms of biological burden and topological complexity. The retrosplenial region is particularly influenced by spatial constraints, and the cingulate cortex occupies a position that bridges the anterior and posterior topological blocks. Such spatial framework should be taken into account when dealing with brain morphology in both ontogeny and phylogeny. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Bruner
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hopkins WD, Westerhausen R, Schapiro S, Sherwood CC. Heritability in corpus callosum morphology and its association with tool use skill in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Reproducibility in two genetically isolated populations. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 21:e12784. [PMID: 35044083 PMCID: PMC8830772 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is the major white matter tract connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It has been hypothesized that individual variation in CC morphology is negatively associated with forebrain volume (FBV) and this accounts for variation in behavioral and brain asymmetries as well as sex differences. To test this hypothesis, CC surface area and thickness as well as FBV was quantified in 221 chimpanzees with known pedigrees. CC surface area, thickness and FBV were significantly heritable and phenotypically associated with each other; however, no significant genetic association was found between FBV, CC surface area and thickness. The CC surface area and thickness measures were also found to be significantly heritable in both chimpanzee cohorts as were phenotypic associations with variation in asymmetries in tool use skill, suggesting that these findings are reproducible. Finally, significant phenotypic and genetic associations were found between hand use skill and region-specific variation in CC surface area and thickness. These findings suggest that common genes may underlie individual differences in chimpanzee tool use skill and interhemispheric connectivity as manifest by variation in surface area and thickness within the anterior region of the CC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William D. Hopkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and ResearchUniversity of Texas M D Anderson Cancer CenterBastropTexasUSA
| | | | - Steve Schapiro
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and ResearchUniversity of Texas M D Anderson Cancer CenterBastropTexasUSA
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Chet C. Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human PaleobiologyThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shen X, Jiang F, Fang X, Yan W, Xie S, Zhang R. Cognitive dysfunction and cortical structural abnormalities in first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucination. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:998807. [PMID: 36186860 PMCID: PMC9523744 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.998807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to examine the cognitive profiles and cortical structural alterations in first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia with AVH (auditory verbal hallucination). METHODS Cortical structural parameters including cortical thickness and local gyrification index (LGI) estimated using FreeSurfer as well as cognitive performance assessed on the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) were acquired from 78 schizophrenia patients with AVH, 74 schizophrenia patients without AVH (non-AVH), and 76 healthy controls (HC). Hoffman Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale (HAHRS) was applied to assess the severity of AVH. RESULTS The results revealed extensive deficits in all cognitive domains among AVH, non-AVH, and HC groups. Compared to non-AVH group, the AVH group showed poorer performance on visual learning and verbal learning domains. There were six brain regions with cortical thinning in the right hemisphere of inferior temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, lateral orbito frontal cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, supramarginal gyrus and insula, and two brain regions with increased LGI in the left hemisphere of superior parietal gyrus and the right hemisphere of caudal anterior cingulate cortex on AVH group relative to non-AVH group. Correlation analysis revealed that the cortical thickness in the right hemisphere of lateral orbito frontal cortex was negatively correlated with the severity of AVH in schizophrenia patients with AVH. CONCLUSION Visual learning, verbal learning dysfunction, and specific disruption of cortical structure may characterize schizophrenia patients with AVH during early stages of the disorder. Right lateral orbito frontal cortical deficits may be the pathological mechanisms underlying AVH in first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuran Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fuli Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiping Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ferracuti S, Del Casale A, Romano A, Gualtieri I, Lucignani M, Napolitano A, Modesti MN, Buscajoni A, Zoppi T, Kotzalidis GD, Manelfi L, de Pisa E, Girardi P, Mandarelli G, Parmigiani G, Rossi-Espagnet MC, Pompili M, Bozzao A. Correlations between cortical gyrification and schizophrenia symptoms with and without comorbid hostility symptoms. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1092784. [PMID: 36684000 PMCID: PMC9846757 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1092784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interest in identifying the clinical implications of the neuropathophysiological background of schizophrenia is rising, including changes in cortical gyrification that may be due to neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Inpatients with schizophrenia can show abnormal gyrification of cortical regions correlated with the symptom severity. METHODS Our study included 36 patients that suffered an acute episode of schizophrenia and have undergone structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to calculate the local gyrification index (LGI). RESULTS In the whole sample, the severity of symptoms significantly correlated with higher LGI in different cortical areas, including bilateral frontal, cingulate, parietal, temporal cortices, and right occipital cortex. Among these areas, patients with low hostility symptoms (LHS) compared to patients with high hostility symptoms (HHS) showed significantly lower LGI related to the severity of symptoms in bilateral frontal and temporal lobes. DISCUSSION The severity of psychopathology correlated with higher LGI in large portions of the cerebral cortex, possibly expressing abnormal neural development in schizophrenia. These findings could pave the way for further studies and future tailored diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ferracuti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Unit of Risk Management, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Del Casale
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Unit of Psychiatry, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Romano
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Unit of Neuroradiology, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Gualtieri
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Martina Nicole Modesti
- Unit of Psychiatry, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Buscajoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Teodolinda Zoppi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Georgios D Kotzalidis
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Manelfi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora de Pisa
- Unit of Psychiatry, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Girardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Unit of Psychiatry, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Mandarelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Parmigiani
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Camilla Rossi-Espagnet
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Unit of Psychiatry, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bozzao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Unit of Neuroradiology, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The human brain is characterized by the large size and intricate folding of its cerebral cortex, which are fundamental for our higher cognitive function and frequently altered in pathological dysfunction. Cortex folding is not unique to humans, nor even to primates, but is common across mammals. Cortical growth and folding are the result of complex developmental processes that involve neural stem and progenitor cells and their cellular lineages, the migration and differentiation of neurons, and the genetic programs that regulate and fine-tune these processes. All these factors combined generate mechanical stress and strain on the developing neural tissue, which ultimately drives orderly cortical deformation and folding. In this review we examine and summarize the current knowledge on the molecular, cellular, histogenic and mechanical mechanisms that are involved in and influence folding of the cerebral cortex, and how they emerged and changed during mammalian evolution. We discuss the main types of pathological malformations of human cortex folding, their specific developmental origin, and how investigating their genetic causes has illuminated our understanding of key events involved. We close our review by presenting the state-of-the-art animal and in vitro models of cortex folding that are currently used to study these devastating developmental brain disorders in children, and what are the main challenges that remain ahead of us to fully understand brain folding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Del Valle Anton
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Victor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schön M, Nosanova A, Jacob C, Kraus JM, Kestler HAK, Mayer B, Feldengut S, Amunts K, Del Tredici K, Boeckers TM, Braak H. A comparative study of pre-alpha islands in the entorhinal cortex from selected primates and in lissencephaly. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:683-704. [PMID: 34402535 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex (EC) is the main interface between the sensory association areas of the neocortex and the hippocampus. It is crucial for the evaluation and processing of sensory data for long-term memory consolidation, and shows damage in many brain diseases, e.g., neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and developmental disorders. The pre-alpha layer of the EC in humans (layer II) displays a remarkable distribution of neurons in islands. These cellular islands give rise to a portion of the perforant path - the major reciprocal data stream for neocortical information into the hippocampal formation. However, the functional relevance of the morphological appearance of the pre-alpha layer in cellular islands and the precise timing of their initial appearance during primate evolution are largely unknown. Here, we conducted a comparative study of the EC from 38 non-human primates and Homo sapiens and found a strong relationship between gyrification index (GI) and the presence of the pre-alpha cellular islands. The formation of cellular islands also correlated wih brain and body weight as well as neopallial volume. In the two human lissencephalic cases, the cellular islands in the pre-alpha layer were lacking. These findings emphasize the relationship between cortical folding and island formation in the entorhinal cortex from an evolutionary perspective, and suggest a role in the pathomechanism of developmental brain disorders. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Schön
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - A Nosanova
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - C Jacob
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - J M Kraus
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - H A K Kestler
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - B Mayer
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - S Feldengut
- Clinical Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurology, Center for Clinical Research, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - K Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - K Del Tredici
- Clinical Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurology, Center for Clinical Research, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - T M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,DZNE, Ulm site, Ulm, Germany
| | - H Braak
- Clinical Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurology, Center for Clinical Research, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Turk AZ, SheikhBahaei S. Morphometric analysis of astrocytes in vocal production circuits of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:574-589. [PMID: 34387357 PMCID: PMC8716418 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the star-shaped glial cells, are the most abundant non-neuronal cell population in the central nervous system. They play a key role in modulating activities of neural networks, including those involved in complex motor behaviors. Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), the most vocal non-human primate (NHP), have been used to study the physiology of vocalization and social vocal production. However, the neural circuitry involved in vocal production is not fully understood. In addition, even less is known about the involvement of astrocytes in this circuit. To understand the role, that astrocytes may play in the complex behavior of vocalization, the initial step may be to study their structural properties in the cortical and subcortical regions that are known to be involved in vocalization. Here, in the common marmoset, we identify all astrocytic subtypes seen in other primate's brains, including intralaminar astrocytes. In addition, we reveal detailed structural characteristics of astrocytes and perform morphometric analysis of astrocytes residing in the cortex and midbrain regions that are associated with vocal production. We found that cortical astrocytes in these regions illustrate a higher level of complexity when compared to those in the midbrain. We hypothesize that this complexity that is expressed in cortical astrocytes may reflect their functions to meet the metabolic/structural needs of these regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Z Turk
- Neuron-Glia Signaling and Circuits Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shahriar SheikhBahaei
- Neuron-Glia Signaling and Circuits Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cunha F, Gutiérrez-Ibáñez C, Racicot K, Wylie DR, Iwaniuk AN. A quantitative analysis of cerebellar anatomy in birds. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2561-2583. [PMID: 34357439 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is largely conserved in its circuitry, but varies greatly in size and shape across species. The extent to which differences in cerebellar morphology is driven by changes in neuron numbers, neuron sizes or both, remains largely unknown. To determine how species variation in cerebellum size and shape is reflective of neuron sizes and numbers requires the development of a suitable comparative data set and one that can effectively separate different neuronal populations. Here, we generated the largest comparative dataset to date on neuron numbers, sizes, and volumes of cortical layers and surface area of the cerebellum across 54 bird species. Across different cerebellar sizes, the cortical layers maintained relatively constant proportions to one another and variation in cerebellum size was largely due to neuron numbers rather than neuron sizes. However, the rate at which neuron numbers increased with cerebellum size varied across Purkinje cells, granule cells, and cerebellar nuclei neurons. We also examined the relationship among neuron numbers, cerebellar surface area and cerebellar folding. Our estimate of cerebellar folding, the midsagittal foliation index, was a poor predictor of surface area and number of Purkinje cells, but surface area was the best predictor of Purkinje cell numbers. Overall, this represents the first comprehensive, quantitative analysis of cerebellar anatomy in a comparative context of any vertebrate. The extent to which these relationships occur in other vertebrates requires a similar approach and would determine whether the same scaling principles apply throughout the evolution of the cerebellum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Cunha
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Science & Academic Building, SA8150, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 6T5, Canada.
| | | | - Kelsey Racicot
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Science & Academic Building, SA8150, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 6T5, Canada
| | - Douglas R Wylie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew N Iwaniuk
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Science & Academic Building, SA8150, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 6T5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fulong X, Karen S, Xiaosong D, Zhaolong C, Jun Z, Fang H. Morphological and Age-Related Changes in the Narcolepsy Brain. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5460-5469. [PMID: 34165139 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological changes in the cortex of narcolepsy patients were investigated by surface-based morphometry analysis in this study. Fifty-one type 1 narcolepsy patients and 60 demographically group-matched healthy controls provided resting-state functional and high-resolution 3T anatomical magnetic resonance imaging scans. Vertex-level cortical thickness (CT), gyrification, and voxel-wise functional connectivity were calculated. Adolescent narcolepsy patients showed decreased CT in bilateral frontal cortex and left precuneus. Adolescent narcolepsy demonstrated increased gyrification in left occipital lobe, left precuneus, and right fusiform but decreased gyrification in left postcentral gyrus, whereas adult narcolepsy exhibited increased gyrification in left temporal lobe and right frontal cortex. Furthermore, sleepiness severity was associated with altered CT and gyrification. Increased gyrification was associated with reduced long-range functional connectivity. In adolescent patients, those with more severe sleepiness showed increased right postcentral gyrification. Decreased frontal and occipital gyrification was found in cases with hallucination. In adult patients, a wide range of regions showed reduced gyrification in those with adolescence-onset compared adult-onset narcolepsy patients. Particularly the frontal lobes showed altered brain morphology, being a thinner cortex and more gyri. The impact of narcolepsy on age-related brain morphological changes may remain from adolescence to young adulthood, and it was especially exacerbated in adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fulong
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Spruyt Karen
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U1028-CNRS UMR 5292, School of Medicine, University Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - Dong Xiaosong
- Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Cao Zhaolong
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Jun
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Fang
- Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hickmott RA, Bosakhar A, Quezada S, Barresi M, Walker DW, Ryan AL, Quigley A, Tolcos M. The One-Stop Gyrification Station - Challenges and New Technologies. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 204:102111. [PMID: 34166774 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of the folded cortical surface is an iconic feature of the human brain shared by a subset of mammals and considered pivotal for the emergence of higher-order cognitive functions. While our understanding of the neurodevelopmental processes involved in corticogenesis has greatly advanced over the past 70 years of brain research, the fundamental mechanisms that result in gyrification, along with its originating cytoarchitectural location, remain largely unknown. This review brings together numerous approaches to this basic neurodevelopmental problem, constructing a narrative of how various models, techniques and tools have been applied to the study of gyrification thus far. After a brief discussion of core concepts and challenges within the field, we provide an analysis of the significant discoveries derived from the parallel use of model organisms such as the mouse, ferret, sheep and non-human primates, particularly with regard to how they have shaped our understanding of cortical folding. We then focus on the latest developments in the field and the complementary application of newly emerging technologies, such as cerebral organoids, advanced neuroimaging techniques, and atomic force microscopy. Particular emphasis is placed upon the use of novel computational and physical models in regard to the interplay of biological and physical forces in cortical folding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Hickmott
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia; BioFab3D@ACMD, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Abdulhameed Bosakhar
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Sebastian Quezada
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Mikaela Barresi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - David W Walker
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Amy L Ryan
- Hastings Centre for Pulmonary Research, Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, USA and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Anita Quigley
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia; BioFab3D@ACMD, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia; School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Mary Tolcos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Stepien BK, Vaid S, Huttner WB. Length of the Neurogenic Period-A Key Determinant for the Generation of Upper-Layer Neurons During Neocortex Development and Evolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:676911. [PMID: 34055808 PMCID: PMC8155536 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.676911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neocortex, a six-layer neuronal brain structure that arose during the evolution of, and is unique to, mammals, is the seat of higher order brain functions responsible for human cognitive abilities. Despite its recent evolutionary origin, it shows a striking variability in size and folding complexity even among closely related mammalian species. In most mammals, cortical neurogenesis occurs prenatally, and its length correlates with the length of gestation. The evolutionary expansion of the neocortex, notably in human, is associated with an increase in the number of neurons, particularly within its upper layers. Various mechanisms have been proposed and investigated to explain the evolutionary enlargement of the human neocortex, focussing in particular on changes pertaining to neural progenitor types and their division modes, driven in part by the emergence of human-specific genes with novel functions. These led to an amplification of the progenitor pool size, which affects the rate and timing of neuron production. In addition, in early theoretical studies, another mechanism of neocortex expansion was proposed—the lengthening of the neurogenic period. A critical role of neurogenic period length in determining neocortical neuron number was subsequently supported by mathematical modeling studies. Recently, we have provided experimental evidence in rodents directly supporting the mechanism of extending neurogenesis to specifically increase the number of upper-layer cortical neurons. Moreover, our study examined the relationship between cortical neurogenesis and gestation, linking the extension of the neurogenic period to the maternal environment. As the exact nature of factors promoting neurogenic period prolongation, as well as the generalization of this mechanism for evolutionary distinct lineages, remain elusive, the directions for future studies are outlined and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Stepien
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Max Planck Society (MPG), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Samir Vaid
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Max Planck Society (MPG), Munich, Germany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Max Planck Society (MPG), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Numerical Analysis of the Cerebral Cortex in Diprotodontids (Marsupialia; Australidelphia) and Comparison with Eutherian Brains. ZOOLOGY 2020; 143:125845. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
26
|
Vickery S, Hopkins WD, Sherwood CC, Schapiro SJ, Latzman RD, Caspers S, Gaser C, Eickhoff SB, Dahnke R, Hoffstaedter F. Chimpanzee brain morphometry utilizing standardized MRI preprocessing and macroanatomical annotations. eLife 2020; 9:e60136. [PMID: 33226338 PMCID: PMC7723405 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimpanzees are among the closest living relatives to humans and, as such, provide a crucial comparative model for investigating primate brain evolution. In recent years, human brain mapping has strongly benefited from enhanced computational models and image processing pipelines that could also improve data analyses in animals by using species-specific templates. In this study, we use structural MRI data from the National Chimpanzee Brain Resource (NCBR) to develop the chimpanzee brain reference template Juna.Chimp for spatial registration and the macro-anatomical brain parcellation Davi130 for standardized whole-brain analysis. Additionally, we introduce a ready-to-use image processing pipeline built upon the CAT12 toolbox in SPM12, implementing a standard human image preprocessing framework in chimpanzees. Applying this approach to data from 194 subjects, we find strong evidence for human-like age-related gray matter atrophy in multiple regions of the chimpanzee brain, as well as, a general rightward asymmetry in brain regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Vickery
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7) Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
| | - William D Hopkins
- Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterBastropUnited States
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington UniversityWashingtonUnited States
| | - Steven J Schapiro
- Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterBastropUnited States
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Robert D Latzman
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
- JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research AllianceJülichGermany
| | - Christian Gaser
- Structural Brain Mapping Group, Department of Neurology, Jena University HospitalJenaGermany
- Structural Brain Mapping Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7) Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
| | - Robert Dahnke
- Structural Brain Mapping Group, Department of Neurology, Jena University HospitalJenaGermany
- Structural Brain Mapping Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University HospitalJenaGermany
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Felix Hoffstaedter
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7) Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chengetanai S, Tenley JD, Bertelsen MF, Hård T, Bhagwandin A, Haagensen M, Tang CY, Wang VX, Wicinski B, Hof PR, Manger PR, Spocter MA. Brain of the African wild dog. I. Anatomy, architecture, and volumetrics. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:3245-3261. [PMID: 32720707 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The African wild dog is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and belongs to the family Canidae which includes domestic dogs and their closest relatives (i.e., wolves, coyotes, jackals, dingoes, and foxes). The African wild dog is known for its highly social behavior, co-ordinated pack predation, and striking vocal repertoire, but little is known about its brain and whether it differs in any significant way from that of other canids. We employed gross anatomical observation, magnetic resonance imaging, and classical neuroanatomical staining to provide a broad overview of the structure of the African wild dog brain. Our results reveal a mean brain mass of 154.08 g, with an encephalization quotient of 1.73, indicating that the African wild dog has a relatively large brain size. Analysis of the various structures that comprise their brains and their topological inter-relationships, as well as the areas and volumes of the corpus callosum, ventricular system, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebellum and the gyrification index, all reveal that the African wild dog brain is, in general, similar to that of other mammals, and very similar to that of other carnivorans. While at this level of analysis we do not find any striking specializations within the brain of the African wild dog, apart from a relatively large brain size, the observations made indicate that more detailed analyses of specific neural systems, particularly those involved in sensorimotor processing, sociality or cognition, may reveal features that are either unique to this species or shared among the Canidae to the exclusion of other Carnivora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samson Chengetanai
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Fredericksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Adhil Bhagwandin
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mark Haagensen
- Department of Radiology, University of Witwatersrand-Donald Gordon Medical Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cheuk Y Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, and BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victoria X Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, and BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bridget Wicinski
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Muhammad A Spocter
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cunha F, Racicot K, Nahirney J, Heuston C, Wylie D, Iwaniuk A. Allometric Scaling Rules of the Cerebellum in Galliform Birds. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2020; 95:78-92. [DOI: 10.1159/000509069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the internal circuitry of the cerebellum is highly conserved across vertebrate species, the size and shape of the cerebellum varies considerably. Recent comparative studies have examined the allometric rules between cerebellar mass and number of neurons, but data are lacking on the numbers and sizes of Purkinje and granule cells or scaling of cerebellar foliation. Here, we investigate the allometric rules that govern variation in the volumes of the layers of the cerebellum, the numbers and sizes of Purkinje cells and granule cells and the degree of the cerebellar foliation across 7 species of galliform birds. We selected Galliformes because they vary greatly in body and brain sizes. Our results show that the molecular, granule and white matter layers all increase in volume at the same rate relative to total cerebellum volume. Both numbers and sizes of Purkinje cells increased with cerebellar volume, but numbers of Purkinje cells increased at a much faster rate than size. Granule cell numbers increased with cerebellar volume, but size did not. Sizes and numbers of Purkinje cells as well as numbers of granule cells were positively correlated with the degree of cerebellar foliation, but granule cell size decreased with higher degrees of foliation. The concerted changes among the volumes of cerebellar layers likely reflects the conserved neural circuitry of the cerebellum. Also, our data indicate that the scaling of cell sizes can vary markedly across neuronal populations, suggesting that evolutionary changes in cell sizes might be more complex than what is often assumed.
Collapse
|
29
|
Grewal JS, Gloe T, Hegedus J, Bitterman K, Billings BK, Chengetanai S, Bentil S, Wang VX, Ng JC, Tang CY, Geletta S, Wicinski B, Bertelson M, Tendler BC, Mars RB, Aguirre GK, Rusbridge C, Hof PR, Sherwood CC, Manger PR, Spocter MA. Brain gyrification in wild and domestic canids: Has domestication changed the gyrification index in domestic dogs? J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:3209-3228. [PMID: 32592407 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 15 years, research on canid cognition has revealed that domestic dogs possess a surprising array of complex sociocognitive skills pointing to the possibility that the domestication process might have uniquely altered their brains; however, we know very little about how evolutionary processes (natural or artificial) might have modified underlying neural structure to support species-specific behaviors. Evaluating the degree of cortical folding (i.e., gyrification) within canids may prove useful, as this parameter is linked to functional variation of the cerebral cortex. Using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the impact of domestication on the canine cortical surface, we compared the gyrification index (GI) in 19 carnivore species, including six wild canid and 13 domestic dog individuals. We also explored correlations between global and local GI with brain mass, cortical thickness, white and gray matter volume and surface area. Our results indicated that GI values for domestic dogs are largely consistent with what would be expected for a canid of their given brain mass, although more variable than that observed in wild canids. We also found that GI in canids is positively correlated with cortical surface area, cortical thickness and total cortical gray matter volumes. While we found no evidence of global differences in GI between domestic and wild canids, certain regional differences in gyrification were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagmeet S Grewal
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Tyler Gloe
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Joseph Hegedus
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Brendon K Billings
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Samson Chengetanai
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Sarah Bentil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Victoria X Wang
- Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry,and BioMedical and Engineering Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Johnny C Ng
- Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry,and BioMedical and Engineering Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cheuk Y Tang
- Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry,and BioMedical and Engineering Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Simon Geletta
- Department of Public Health, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Bridget Wicinski
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mads Bertelson
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Fredericksberg, Denmark
| | - Benjamin C Tendler
- Wellcome Centre for Intergrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Intergrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geoffrey K Aguirre
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Orthopedics and Neurology, Fitzpatrick Referrals Ltd, Godalming, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Muhammad A Spocter
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA.,School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Heide M, Haffner C, Murayama A, Kurotaki Y, Shinohara H, Okano H, Sasaki E, Huttner WB. Human-specific ARHGAP11B increases size and folding of primate neocortex in the fetal marmoset. Science 2020; 369:546-550. [PMID: 32554627 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The neocortex has expanded during mammalian evolution. Overexpression studies in developing mouse and ferret neocortex have implicated the human-specific gene ARHGAP11B in neocortical expansion, but the relevance for primate evolution has been unclear. Here, we provide functional evidence that ARHGAP11B causes expansion of the primate neocortex. ARHGAP11B expressed in fetal neocortex of the common marmoset under control of the gene's own (human) promoter increased the numbers of basal radial glia progenitors in the marmoset outer subventricular zone, increased the numbers of upper-layer neurons, enlarged the neocortex, and induced its folding. Thus, the human-specific ARHGAP11B drives changes in development in the nonhuman primate marmoset that reflect the changes in evolution that characterize human neocortical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heide
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Christiane Haffner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ayako Murayama
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako City, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoko Kurotaki
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Haruka Shinohara
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako City, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang K, Wang M, Zhang J, Du X, Chen Z. Brain Structural Plasticity Associated with Maternal Caregiving in Mothers: A Voxel- and Surface-Based Morphometry Study. NEURODEGENER DIS 2020; 19:192-203. [PMID: 32396895 DOI: 10.1159/000506258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy constitutes a significant period in the lives of women, after which they often experience numerous crucial physiological and psychological changes. Functional neuroimaging studies have shown longitudinal changes in functional brain activity in mothers responding to infant-related stimuli. However, the structural changes that occur in the brains of mothers after delivery remain to be explored. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the structural changes in mothers during the postpartum phase. METHODS We recruited 35 primiparous mothers and 26 nonmothers to participate in this voxel- and surface-based morphometry study, and 22 mothers were scanned twice with a follow-up of approximately 2 years. RESULTS Compared to nonmothers, mothers exhibited reduced gray matter (GM) volumes and increased white matter (WM) volumes in regions associated with empathy and reward networks (supplementary motor area, precuneus, inferior parietal lobe, insula, and striatum), decreased cortical thickness in the precentral gyrus and increased gyrification index in the orbitofrontal cortex. Furthermore, mothers showed longitudinal changes in the GM and WM volumes and cortical thickness of several of these regions (including the superior and medial frontal gyrus, insula, limbic lobe, superior and middle temporal gyrus, and precentral gyrus), which have been associated with maternal networks during the postpartum period. Additionally, the changes in GM and WM volumes were related to changes in empathetic abilities in mothers. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the brains of mothers exhibit adaptive structural dynamic plasticity. These findings provide a neuroanatomical basis for understanding how mothers process emotional sensory information during the postpartum period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaihua Zhang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jilei Zhang
- Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kaneko T, Takemura H, Pestilli F, Silva AC, Ye FQ, Leopold DA. Spatial organization of occipital white matter tracts in the common marmoset. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1313-1326. [PMID: 32253509 PMCID: PMC7577349 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The primate brain contains a large number of interconnected visual areas, whose spatial organization and intracortical projections show a high level of conservation across species. One fiber pathway of recent interest is the vertical occipital fasciculus (VOF), which is thought to support communication between dorsal and ventral visual areas in the occipital lobe. A recent comparative diffusion MRI (dMRI) study reported that the VOF in the macaque brain bears a similar topology to that of the human, running superficial and roughly perpendicular to the optic radiation. The present study reports a comparative investigation of the VOF in the common marmoset, a small New World monkey whose lissencephalic brain is approximately tenfold smaller than the macaque and 150-fold smaller than the human. High-resolution ex vivo dMRI of two marmoset brains revealed an occipital white matter structure that closely resembles that of the larger primate species, with one notable difference. Namely, unlike in the macaque and the human, the VOF in the marmoset is spatially fused with other, more anterior vertical tracts, extending anteriorly between the parietal and temporal cortices. We compare several aspects of this continuous structure, which we term the VOF complex (VOF +), and neighboring fasciculi to those of macaques and humans. We hypothesize that the essential topology of the VOF+ is a conserved feature of the posterior cortex in anthropoid primates, with a clearer fragmentation into multiple named fasciculi in larger, more gyrified brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Kaneko
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science (CBS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41 Kanrin, Inuyamas-shi, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
| | - Hiromasa Takemura
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Franco Pestilli
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Afonso C Silva
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Frank Q Ye
- Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David A Leopold
- Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang T, Huang Y, Zhao L, He Z, Jiang X, Guo L, Hu X, Liu T. Identifying Cross-individual Correspondences of 3-hinge Gyri. Med Image Anal 2020; 63:101700. [PMID: 32361590 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2020.101700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Human brain alignment based on imaging data has long been an intriguing research topic. One of the challenges is the huge inter-individual variabilities, which are pronounced not only in cortical folding patterns, but also in the underlying structural and functional patterns. Also, it is still not fully understood how to link the cross-subject similarity of cortical folding patterns to the correspondences of structural brain wiring diagrams and brain functions. Recently, a specific cortical gyral folding pattern was identified, which is the conjunction of gyri from multiple directions and termed a "gyral hinge". These gyral hinges are characterized by the thickest cortices, the densest long-range fibers, and the most complex functional profiles in contrast to other gyri. In addition to their structural and functional importance, a small portion of 3-hinges found correspondences across subjects and even species by manual labeling. However, it is unclear if such cross-subject correspondences can be found for all 3-hinges, or if the correspondences are interpretable from structural and functional aspects. Given the huge variability of cortical folding patterns, we proposed a novel algorithm which jointly uses structural MRI-derived cortical folding patterns and diffusion-MRI-derived fiber shape features to estimate the correspondences. This algorithm was executed in a group-wise manner, whereby 3-hinges of all subjects were simultaneously aligned. The effectiveness of the algorithm was demonstrated by higher cross-subject 3-hinges' consistency with respect to structural and functional metrics, when compared with other methods. Our findings provide a novel approach to brain alignment and an insight to the linkage between cortical folding patterns and the underlying structural connective diagrams and brain functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Zhang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ying Huang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China; Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Zhibin He
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Guo
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Tianming Liu
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Groden M, Weigand M, Triesch J, Jedlicka P, Cuntz H. A Model of Brain Folding Based on Strong Local and Weak Long-Range Connectivity Requirements. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:2434-2451. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Throughout the animal kingdom, the structure of the central nervous system varies widely from distributed ganglia in worms to compact brains with varying degrees of folding in mammals. The differences in structure may indicate a fundamentally different circuit organization. However, the folded brain most likely is a direct result of mechanical forces when considering that a larger surface area of cortex packs into the restricted volume provided by the skull. Here, we introduce a computational model that instead of modeling mechanical forces relies on dimension reduction methods to place neurons according to specific connectivity requirements. For a simplified connectivity with strong local and weak long-range connections, our model predicts a transition from separate ganglia through smooth brain structures to heavily folded brains as the number of cortical columns increases. The model reproduces experimentally determined relationships between metrics of cortical folding and its pathological phenotypes in lissencephaly, polymicrogyria, microcephaly, autism, and schizophrenia. This suggests that mechanical forces that are known to lead to cortical folding may synergistically contribute to arrangements that reduce wiring. Our model provides a unified conceptual understanding of gyrification linking cellular connectivity and macroscopic structures in large-scale neural network models of the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Groden
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main D-60528, Germany
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Frankfurt am Main D-60438, Germany
- ICAR3R—Interdisciplinary Centre for 3Rs in Animal Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen D-35390, Germany
| | - Marvin Weigand
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main D-60528, Germany
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Frankfurt am Main D-60438, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main D-60438, Germany
| | - Jochen Triesch
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Frankfurt am Main D-60438, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main D-60438, Germany
- Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main D-60438, Germany
| | - Peter Jedlicka
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Frankfurt am Main D-60438, Germany
- ICAR3R—Interdisciplinary Centre for 3Rs in Animal Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen D-35390, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main D-60528, Germany
| | - Hermann Cuntz
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main D-60528, Germany
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Frankfurt am Main D-60438, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pahapale GJ, Gao S, Romer LH, Gracias DH. Hierarchically Curved Gelatin for 3D Biomimetic Cell Culture. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:6004-6011. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
36
|
Abstract
Throughout evolution the frontal lobes have progressively acquired a central role in most aspects of cognition and behavior. In humans, frontal lobe functions are conditional on the development of an intricate set of short- and long-range connections that guarantee direct access to sensory information and control over regions dedicated to planning and motor execution. Here the frontal cortical anatomy and the major connections that constitute the local and extended frontal connectivity are reviewed in the context of diffusion tractography studies, contemporary models of frontal lobe functions, and clinical syndromes. A particular focus of this chapter is the use of comparative anatomy and neurodevelopmental data to address the question of how frontal networks evolved and what this signified for unique human abilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Catani
- NatBrainLab, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Heuer K, Gulban OF, Bazin PL, Osoianu A, Valabregue R, Santin M, Herbin M, Toro R. Evolution of neocortical folding: A phylogenetic comparative analysis of MRI from 34 primate species. Cortex 2019; 118:275-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
38
|
Handedness in monkeys reflects hemispheric specialization within the central sulcus. An in vivo MRI study in right- and left-handed olive baboons. Cortex 2019; 118:203-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
39
|
Wartel A, Lindenfors P, Lind J. Whatever you want: Inconsistent results are the rule, not the exception, in the study of primate brain evolution. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218655. [PMID: 31329603 PMCID: PMC6645455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Primate brains differ in size and architecture. Hypotheses to explain this variation are numerous and many tests have been carried out. However, after body size has been accounted for there is little left to explain. The proposed explanatory variables for the residual variation are many and covary, both with each other and with body size. Further, the data sets used in analyses have been small, especially in light of the many proposed predictors. Here we report the complete list of models that results from exhaustively combining six commonly used predictors of brain and neocortex size. This provides an overview of how the output from standard statistical analyses changes when the inclusion of different predictors is altered. By using both the most commonly tested brain data set and the inclusion of new data we show that the choice of included variables fundamentally changes the conclusions as to what drives primate brain evolution. Our analyses thus reveal why studies have had troubles replicating earlier results and instead have come to such different conclusions. Although our results are somewhat disheartening, they highlight the importance of scientific rigor when trying to answer difficult questions. It is our position that there is currently no empirical justification to highlight any particular hypotheses, of those adaptive hypotheses we have examined here, as the main determinant of primate brain evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wartel
- Centre for Cultural Evolution and Department of Zoology Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Lindenfors
- Centre for Cultural Evolution and Department of Zoology Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute for Future Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Lind
- Centre for Cultural Evolution and Department of Zoology Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bruner E, Esteve-Altava B, Rasskin-Gutman D. A network approach to brain form, cortical topology and human evolution. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2231-2245. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01900-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
41
|
Namba T, Vaid S, Huttner WB. Primate neocortex development and evolution: Conserved versus evolved folding. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:1621-1632. [PMID: 30552689 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The neocortex, the seat of higher cognitive functions, exhibits a key feature across mammalian species-a highly variable degree of folding. Within the neocortex, two distinct subtypes of cortical areas can be distinguished, the isocortex and the proisocortex. Here, we have compared specific spatiotemporal aspects of folding between the proisocortex and the isocortex in 13 primates, including human, chimpanzee, and various Old World and New World monkeys. We find that folding at the boundaries of the dorsal isocortex and the proisocortex, which gives rise to the cingulate sulcus (CiS) and the lateral fissure (LF), is conserved across the primates studied and is therefore referred to as conserved folding. In contrast, the degree of folding within the dorsal isocortex exhibits huge variation across these primates, indicating that this folding, which gives rise to gyri and sulci, is subject to major changes during primate evolution. We therefore refer to the folding within the dorsal isocortex as evolved folding. Comparison of fetal neocortex development in long-tailed macaque and human reveals that the onset of conserved folding precedes the onset of evolved folding. Moreover, the analysis of infant human neocortex exhibiting lissencephaly, a developmental malformation thought to be mainly due to abnormal neuronal migration, shows that the evolved folding is perturbed more than the conserved folding. Taken together, our study presents a two-step model of folding that pertains to primate neocortex development and evolution. Specifically, our data imply that the conserved folding and the evolved folding constitute two distinct, sequential events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Namba
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Samir Vaid
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Raghanti MA, Wicinski B, Meierovich R, Warda T, Dickstein DL, Reidenberg JS, Tang CY, George JC, Hans Thewissen JGM, Butti C, Hof PR. A Comparison of the Cortical Structure of the Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus), a Basal Mysticete, with Other Cetaceans. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:745-760. [PMID: 30332717 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Few studies exist of the bowhead whale brain and virtually nothing is known about its cortical cytoarchitecture or how it compares to other cetaceans. Bowhead whales are one of the least encephalized cetaceans and occupy a basal phylogenetic position among mysticetes. Therefore, the bowhead whale is an important specimen for understanding the evolutionary specializations of cetacean brains. Here, we present an overview of the structure and cytoarchitecture of the bowhead whale cerebral cortex gleaned from Nissl-stained sections and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in comparison with other mysticetes and odontocetes. In general, the cytoarchitecture of cetacean cortex is consistent in displaying a thin cortex, a thick, prominent layer I, and absence of a granular layer IV. Cell density, composition, and width of layers III, V, and VI vary among cortical regions, and cetacean cortex is cell-sparse relative to that of terrestrial mammals. Notably, all regions of the bowhead cortex possess high numbers of von Economo neurons and fork neurons, with the highest numbers observed at the apex of gyri. The bowhead whale is also distinctive in having a significantly reduced hippocampus that occupies a space below the corpus callosum within the lateral ventricle. Consistent with other balaenids, bowhead whales possess what appears to be a blunted temporal lobe, which is in contrast to the expansive temporal lobes that characterize most odontocetes. The present report demonstrates that many morphological and cytoarchitectural characteristics are conserved among cetaceans, while other features, such as a reduced temporal lobe, may characterize balaenids among mysticetes. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 302:745-760, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Bridget Wicinski
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Rachel Meierovich
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Convent of the Sacred Heart School, New York, New York
| | - Tahia Warda
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Dara L Dickstein
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joy S Reidenberg
- Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Cheuk Y Tang
- Department of Radiology and Translational Medicine Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - John C George
- Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Barrow, Alaska
| | - J G M Hans Thewissen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeastern Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Camilla Butti
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lyu I, Kim SH, Girault JB, Gilmore JH, Styner MA. A cortical shape-adaptive approach to local gyrification index. Med Image Anal 2018; 48:244-258. [PMID: 29990689 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The amount of cortical folding, or gyrification, is typically measured within local cortical regions covered by an equidistant geodesic or nearest neighborhood-ring kernel. However, without careful design, such a kernel can easily cover multiple sulcal and gyral regions that may not be functionally related. Furthermore, this can result in smoothing out details of cortical folding, which consequently blurs local gyrification measurements. In this paper, we propose a novel kernel shape to locally quantify cortical gyrification within sulcal and gyral regions. We adapt wavefront propagation to generate a spatially varying kernel shape that encodes cortical folding patterns: neighboring gyral crowns, sulcal fundi, and sulcal banks. For this purpose, we perform anisotropic wavefront propagation that runs fast along gyral crowns and sulcal fundi by solving a static Hamilton-Jacobi partial differential equation. The resulting kernel adaptively elongates along gyral crowns and sulcal fundi, while keeping a uniform shape over flat regions like sulcal banks. We then measure local gyrification within the proposed spatially varying kernel. The experimental results show that the proposed kernel-based gyrification measure achieves a higher reproducibility than the conventional method in a multi-scan dataset. We further apply the proposed kernel to a brain development study in the early postnatal phase from neonate to 2 years of age. In this study we find that our kernel yields both positive and negative associations of gyrification with age, whereas the conventional method only captures positive associations. In general, our method yields sharper and more detailed statistical maps that associate cortical folding with sex and gestational age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilwoo Lyu
- Department of Computer Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Sun Hyung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jessica B Girault
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Martin A Styner
- Department of Computer Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Psychiatry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Increased gyrification in schizophrenia and non affective first episode of psychosis. Schizophr Res 2018; 193:269-275. [PMID: 28729037 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prefrontal cortex gyrification has been suggested to be altered in patients with schizophrenia and first episode psychosis. Therefore, it may represent a possible trait marker for these illnesses and an indirect evidence of a disrupted underlying connectivity. The aim of this study was to add further evidence to the existing literature on the role of prefrontal gyrification in psychosis by carrying out a study on a sizeable sample of chronic patients with schizophrenia and non-affective first-episode psychosis (FEP-NA) patients. METHODS Seventy-two patients with schizophrenia, 51 FEP-NA patients (12 who later develop schizophrenia) and 95 healthy controls (HC) underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cortical folding was quantified using the automated gyrification index (GI). GI values were compared among groups and related to clinical variables. RESULTS Both FEP-NA and patients with schizophrenia showed a higher mean prefrontal GI compared to HC (all p<0.05). Interestingly, no differences have been observed between the two patients groups as well as between FEP-NA patients who did and did not develop schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest the presence of a shared aberrant prefrontal GI in subjects with both schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis. These findings support the hypothesis that altered GI represents a neurodevelopmental trait marker for psychosis, which may be involved in the associated neurocognitive deficits.
Collapse
|
45
|
Madan CR, Kensinger EA. Predicting age from cortical structure across the lifespan. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:399-416. [PMID: 29359873 PMCID: PMC5835209 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite interindividual differences in cortical structure, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have demonstrated a large degree of population-level consistency in age-related differences in brain morphology. This study assessed how accurately an individual's age could be predicted by estimates of cortical morphology, comparing a variety of structural measures, including thickness, gyrification and fractal dimensionality. Structural measures were calculated across up to seven different parcellation approaches, ranging from one region to 1000 regions. The age prediction framework was trained using morphological measures obtained from T1-weighted MRI volumes collected from multiple sites, yielding a training dataset of 1056 healthy adults, aged 18-97. Age predictions were calculated using a machine-learning approach that incorporated nonlinear differences over the lifespan. In two independent, held-out test samples, age predictions had a median error of 6-7 years. Age predictions were best when using a combination of cortical metrics, both thickness and fractal dimensionality. Overall, the results reveal that age-related differences in brain structure are systematic enough to enable reliable age prediction based on metrics of cortical morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Madan
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Riccelli R, Toschi N, Nigro S, Terracciano A, Passamonti L. Surface-based morphometry reveals the neuroanatomical basis of the five-factor model of personality. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 12:671-684. [PMID: 28122961 PMCID: PMC5390726 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The five-factor model (FFM) is a widely used taxonomy of human personality; yet its neuro anatomical basis remains unclear. This is partly because past associations between gray-matter volume and FFM were driven by different surface-based morphometry (SBM) indices (i.e. cortical thickness, surface area, cortical folding or any combination of them). To overcome this limitation, we used Free-Surfer to study how variability in SBM measures was related to the FFM in n = 507 participants from the Human Connectome Project. Neuroticism was associated with thicker cortex and smaller area and folding in prefrontal–temporal regions. Extraversion was linked to thicker pre-cuneus and smaller superior temporal cortex area. Openness was linked to thinner cortex and greater area and folding in prefrontal–parietal regions. Agreeableness was correlated to thinner prefrontal cortex and smaller fusiform gyrus area. Conscientiousness was associated with thicker cortex and smaller area and folding in prefrontal regions. These findings demonstrate that anatomical variability in prefrontal cortices is linked to individual differences in the socio-cognitive dispositions described by the FFM. Cortical thickness and surface area/folding were inversely related each others as a function of different FFM traits (neuroticism, extraversion and consciousness vs openness), which may reflect brain maturational effects that predispose or protect against psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Riccelli
- Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Department of Biomedicine & Prevention, University "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Department of Radiology, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Salvatore Nigro
- Institute of Bioimaging & Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Terracciano
- Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Luca Passamonti
- Institute of Bioimaging & Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The cerebral cortex of the human brain has a complex morphological structure consisting of folded or smooth cortical surfaces. These morphological features are referred to as cortical gyrification and are characterized by the gyrification index (GI). A number of cortical gyrification studies have been published using the manual tracing GI, automated GI, and local GI in patients with schizophrenia. In this review, we highlighted abnormal cortical gyrification in patients with schizophrenia, first-episode schizophrenia, siblings of patients, and high-risk and at-risk individuals. Previous researches also indicated that abnormalities in cortical gyrification may underlie the severity of clinical symptoms, neurological soft signs, and executive functions. A substantial body of research has been conducted; however, some researches showed an increased GI, which is called as "hypergyria," and others showed a decreased GI, which is called as "hypogyria." We discussed that different GI methods and a wide variety of characteristics, such as age, sex, stage, and severity of illness, might be important reasons for the conflicting findings. These issues still need to be considered, and future studies should address them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukihisa Matsuda
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan, .,Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Suarez NA, Macia A, Muotri AR. LINE-1 retrotransposons in healthy and diseased human brain. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 78:434-455. [PMID: 29239145 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) is a transposable element with the ability to self-mobilize throughout the human genome. The L1 elements found in the human brain is hypothesized to date back 56 million years ago and has survived evolution, currently accounting for 17% of the human genome. L1 retrotransposition has been theorized to contribute to somatic mosaicism. This review focuses on the presence of L1 in the healthy and diseased human brain, such as in autism spectrum disorders. Throughout this exploration, we will discuss the impact L1 has on neurological disorders that can occur throughout the human lifetime. With this, we hope to better understand the complex role of L1 in the human brain development and its implications to human cognition. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 434-455, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Suarez
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - Angela Macia
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Montgomery SH, Mundy NI, Barton RA. Brain evolution and development: adaptation, allometry and constraint. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0433. [PMID: 27629025 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic traits are products of two processes: evolution and development. But how do these processes combine to produce integrated phenotypes? Comparative studies identify consistent patterns of covariation, or allometries, between brain and body size, and between brain components, indicating the presence of significant constraints limiting independent evolution of separate parts. These constraints are poorly understood, but in principle could be either developmental or functional. The developmental constraints hypothesis suggests that individual components (brain and body size, or individual brain components) tend to evolve together because natural selection operates on relatively simple developmental mechanisms that affect the growth of all parts in a concerted manner. The functional constraints hypothesis suggests that correlated change reflects the action of selection on distributed functional systems connecting the different sub-components, predicting more complex patterns of mosaic change at the level of the functional systems and more complex genetic and developmental mechanisms. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive but make different predictions. We review recent genetic and neurodevelopmental evidence, concluding that functional rather than developmental constraints are the main cause of the observed patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Montgomery
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nicholas I Mundy
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, St Andrews Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Robert A Barton
- Evolutionary Anthropology Research Group, Durham University, Dawson Building, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bhagwandin A, Haagensen M, Manger PR. The Brain of the Black ( Diceros bicornis) and White ( Ceratotherium simum) African Rhinoceroses: Morphology and Volumetrics from Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:74. [PMID: 28912691 PMCID: PMC5583206 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology and volumetrics of the understudied brains of two iconic large terrestrial African mammals: the black (Diceros bicornis) and white (Ceratotherium simum) rhinoceroses are described. The black rhinoceros is typically solitary whereas the white rhinoceros is social, and both are members of the Perissodactyl order. Here, we provide descriptions of the surface of the brain of each rhinoceros. For both species, we use magnetic resonance images (MRI) to develop a description of the internal anatomy of the rhinoceros brain and to calculate the volume of the amygdala, cerebellum, corpus callosum, hippocampus, and ventricular system as well as to determine the gyrencephalic index. The morphology of both black and white rhinoceros brains is very similar to each other, although certain minor differences, seemingly related to diet, were noted, and both brains evince the general anatomy of the mammalian brain. The rhinoceros brains display no obvious neuroanatomical specializations in comparison to other mammals previously studied. In addition, the volumetric analyses indicate that the size of the various regions of the rhinoceros brain measured, as well as the extent of gyrification, are what would be predicted for a mammal with their brain mass when compared allometrically to previously published data. We conclude that the brains of the black and white rhinoceros exhibit a typically mammalian organization at a superficial level, but histological studies may reveal specializations of interest in relation to rhinoceros behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adhil Bhagwandin
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mark Haagensen
- Department of Radiology, Wits Donald Gordon Medical Centre, University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|