Probiotic mechanisms of action

Gut-derived immune cells and the gut-lung axis in ARDS

The gut serves as a vital immunological organ orchestrating immune responses and influencing distant mucosal sites, notably the respiratory mucosa. It is increasingly recognized as a central driver of critical illnesses, with intestinal hyperpermeability facilitating bacterial translocation, systemic inflammation, and organ damage. The "gut-lung" axis emerges as a pivotal pathway, where gut-derived injurious factors trigger acute lung injury (ALI) through the systemic circulation. Direct and indirect effects of gut microbiota significantly impact immune responses. Dysbiosis, particularly intestinal dysbiosis, termed as an imbalance of microbial species and a reduction in microbial diversity within certain bodily microbiomes, influences adaptive immune responses, including differentiating T regulatory cells (Tregs) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells, which are critical in various lung inflammatory conditions. Additionally, gut and bone marrow immune cells impact pulmonary immune activity, underscoring the complex gut-lung interplay. Moreover, lung microbiota alterations are implicated in diverse gut pathologies, affecting local and systemic immune landscapes. Notably, lung dysbiosis can reciprocally influence gut microbiota composition, indicating bidirectional gut-lung communication. In this review, we investigate the pathophysiology of ALI/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), elucidating the role of immune cells in the gut-lung axis based on recent experimental and clinical research. This exploration aims to enhance understanding of ALI/ARDS pathogenesis and to underscore the significance of gut-lung interactions in respiratory diseases.

Harnessing Paraprobiotics and Postbiotics for Enhanced Immune Function in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer): Insights into Pattern Recognition Receptor Signaling

The Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer, is a key species in Asian aquaculture due to its nutritional value and adaptability. However, disease outbreaks, particularly viral and bacterial infections, pose significant challenges to its production. Immunostimulants offer promising solutions but raise safety concerns. Paraprobiotics and postbiotics (CPP) emerge as safer alternatives, exerting health benefits without live microorganisms. This study investigated the potential of probiotic paraprobiotic and postbiotic supplements derived from Bacillus subtilis to enhance the immune response and antioxidant capacity of Asian seabass and improve their resistance to Streptococcus iniae infection. Analysis of antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation revealed significant improvements in fish supplemented with CPP, indicating their effectiveness in mitigating oxidative stress. Immunological assays demonstrated enhanced growth performance and serum immunity, including increased alternative complement activity, immunoglobulin levels, and phagocytic activity, in supplemented fish. Furthermore, upregulated expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and pattern recognition receptors (NLRC3, TLR22, MDA5) in immune tissues . Fish supplemented with CPP exhibited higher resistance and survival rates against S. iniae infection challenge compared to control groups. The study elucidates the mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects of CPP, shedding light on their potential applications in aquaculture.

fBacillus toyonensis amplifies the immunogenicity of an experimental recombinant tetanus vaccine in horses

Probiotic microorganisms can stimulate an immune response and increase the efficiency of vaccines. For example, Bacillus toyonensis is a nonpathogenic, Gram-positive bacterium that has been used as a probiotic in animal supplementation. It induces immunomodulatory effects and increases the vaccine response in several species. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of B. toyonensis supplementation on the modulation of the immune response in horses vaccinated with recombinant Clostridium tetani toxin. Twenty horses were vaccinated twice, with an interval of 21 days between doses, and equally divided into two groups: the first group was supplemented orally for 42 days with feed containing viable spores of B. toyonensis (1 × 108) mixed with molasses (40 ml), starting 7 days before the first vaccination; the second (control) group received only feed mixed with molasses, starting 7 days before the first vaccination. Serum samples were collected to evaluate the humoral immune response using an in-house indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected to evaluate cytokine transcription (qPCR). For the specific IgG-anti-rTENT titer, the supplemented group had ELISA values that were four times higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). The supplemented group also showed higher ELISA values for the IgGa and IgGT sub-isotypes compared to the control group. In PBMCs stimulated with B. toyonensis, relative cytokine transcription of the supplemented group showed 15-, 8-, 7-, and 6-fold increases for IL1, TNFα, IL10 and IL4, respectively. When stimulated with a vaccine antigen, the supplemented group showed 1.6-, 1.8-, and 0.5-fold increases in IL1, TNFα, and IL4, respectively, compared to the control group. Horses supplemented with B. toyonensis had a significantly improved vaccine immune response compared to those in the control group, which suggests a promising approach for improving vaccine efficacy with probiotics.

In vitro investigations on interference of selected probiotic candidates with Campylobacter jejuni adhesion and invasion of primary chicken derived cecal and Caco-2 cells

BACKGROUND

Campylobacter (C.) jejuni is one of the most important bacterial foodborne pathogens worldwide. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus or Bacillus species are considered one option for reducing the colonization rate and magnitude in poultry, the most frequent source of human infections. Due to the lack of suitable avian in vitro models such as chicken intestinal cell lines, especially those derived from the cecum, most in vitro studies on C. jejuni host interaction have been conducted with human intestinal cell lines. In this study, we compared C. jejuni-cell interactions between primary chicken cecal cells and the human intestinal cell line Caco-2, which is derived from colorectal adenocarcinoma, and investigated possible interfering effects of selected probiotic candidates.

RESULTS

We detected differences in adhesion and invasion between the two tested gut cell types and between different C. jejuni strains. The probiotic inhibition of C. jejuni adhesion and invasion of human and avian gut cells was affected by host cell type, investigated C. jejuni strain and time points of probiotic treatment. Additionally, our results suggest a possible correlation between C. jejuni invasion and the detected increase in IL-6 mRNA expression.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate distinct differences between avian and human gut cells in their interaction with C. jejuni. Therefore, data obtained in one host species on C. jejuni-host interaction may not easily be transferrable to another one. The factors influencing the variable efficacy of probiotic intervention in chicken and human derived cells should be investigated further.

Potential of Synbiotics and Probiotics as Chemopreventive Agent

Cancer remains a global problem, with millions of new cases diagnosed yearly and countless lives lost. The financial burden of cancer therapy, along with worries about the long-term safety of existing medicines, necessitates the investigation of alternative approaches to cancer prevention. Probiotics generate chemopreventive compounds such as bacteriocins, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which have demonstrated the ability to impede cancer cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and bolster the expression of pro-apoptotic genes. On the other hand, prebiotics, classified as non-digestible food ingredients, promote the proliferation of probiotics within the colon, thereby ensuring sustained functionality of the gut microbiota. Consequently, the synergistic effect of combining prebiotics with probiotics, known as the synbiotic effect, in dietary interventions holds promise for potentially mitigating cancer risk and augmenting preventive measures. The utilization of gut microbiota in cancer treatment has shown promise in alleviating adverse health effects. This review explored the potential and the role of probiotics and synbiotics in enhancing health and contributing to cancer prevention efforts. In this review, the applications of functional probiotics and synbiotics, the mechanisms of action of probiotics in cancer, and the relationship of probiotics with various drugs were discussed, shedding light on the potential of probiotics and synbiotics to alleviate the burdens of cancer treatment.

Exploring the interaction and impact of probiotic and commensal bacteria on vitamins, minerals and short chain fatty acids metabolism

There is increasing evidence that probiotic and commensal bacteria play a role in substrate metabolism, energy harvesting and intestinal homeostasis, and may exert immunomodulatory activities on human health. In addition, recent research suggests that these microorganisms interact with vitamins and minerals, promoting intestinal and metabolic well-being while producing vital microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). In this regard, there is a flourishing field exploring the intricate dynamics between vitamins, minerals, SCFAs, and commensal/probiotic interactions. In this review, we summarize some of the major hypotheses beyond the mechanisms by which commensals/probiotics impact gut health and their additional effects on the absorption and metabolism of vitamins, minerals, and SCFAs. Our analysis includes comprehensive review of existing evidence from preclinical and clinical studies, with particular focus on the potential interaction between commensals/probiotics and micronutrients. Finally, we highlight knowledge gaps and outline directions for future research in this evolving field.

Gut microbiome and inflammation among athletes in wheelchair in a crossover randomized pilot trial of probiotic and prebiotic interventions

Disorders related to gut health are a significant cause of morbidity among athletes in wheelchair. This pilot feasibility trial aims to investigate whether probiotics compared to prebiotics can improve inflammatory status and gut microbiome composition in elite athletes in wheelchair. We conducted a 12-week, randomized, cross-over controlled trial involving 14 elite Swiss athletes in wheelchair. Participants were given a multispecies-multistrain probiotic or prebiotic (oat bran) daily for 4 weeks (Clinical trials.gov NCT04659408 09/12/2020). This was followed by a 4-week washout and then crossed over. Thirty inflammatory markers were assessed using bead-based multiplex immunoassays (LegendPlex) from serum samples. The gut microbiome was characterized via 16S rRNA sequencing of stool DNA samples. Statistical analyses were conducted using linear mixed-effect models (LMM). At baseline, most athletes (10/14) exhibited low levels of inflammation which associated with higher gut microbiome alpha diversity indices compared to those with high inflammation levels. The use of probiotic had higher decrease in 25 (83%) inflammatory markers measured compared to prebiotic use. Probiotic has the potential in lowering inflammation status and improving the gut microbiome diversity. The future trial should focus on having sufficient sample sizes, population with higher inflammation status, longer intervention exposure and use of differential abundance analysis.

A comprehensive analysis of the differential expression in the hippocampus of depression induced by gut microbiota compared to traditional stress

Depression, which is a disease of heterogeneous etiology, is characterized by high disability and mortality rates. Gut microbiota are associated with the development of depression. To further explore any differences in the mechanisms of depression induced by gut microbiota and traditional stresses, as well as facilitate the development of microbiota-based interventions, a fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) depression model was made. This was achieved by transplanting feces from major depressive disorder (MDD) patients into germ-free mice. Second, the mechanisms of the depression induced by gut microbiota were analyzed in comparison with those of the depression caused by different forms of stress. It turned out that mice exhibited depressive-like behavior after FMT. Then, PCR array analysis was performed on the hippocampus of the depressed mice to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The KEGG analysis revealed that the pathways of depression induced by gut microbes are closely associated with immuno-inflammation. To determine the pathogenic pathways of physiological stress and psychological stress-induced depression, raw data was extracted from several databases and KEGG analysis was performed. The results from the analysis revealed that the mechanisms of depression induced by physiological and psychological stress are closely related to the regulation of neurotransmitters and energy metabolism. Interestingly, the immunoinflammatory response was distinct across different etiologies that induced depression. The findings showed that gut microbiota dysbiosis-induced depression was mainly associated with adaptive immunity, while physiological stress-induced depression was more linked to innate immunity. This study compared the pathogenesis of depression caused by gut microbiota dysbiosis, and physiological and psychological stress. We explored new intervention methods for depression and laid the foundation for precise treatment.

Treatment of chickens with lactobacilli prior to challenge with Clostridium perfringens modifies innate responses and gut morphology

Necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens (CP), is a common enteric disease of poultry that has been previously controlled by in-feed antibiotics. However, due to the rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance, alternatives to antibiotics such as probiotics have received considerable attention because of their immunomodulatory and intestinal health benefits. The present study investigated the effects of probiotic lactobacilli on gut histomorphology and intestinal innate responses in chickens. Day-old male broiler chickens were treated with 1 × 107 or 1 × 108 colony-forming units (CFU) of a lactobacilli cocktail on days 1, 7, 14, and 20 post-hatch, while control groups were not treated with lactobacilli. On day 21, birds in all groups (except the negative control) were challenged with 3 × 108 CFU of CP for 3 days. Intestinal tissue samples were collected before and after the CP challenge to assess gene expression and for histomorphological analysis. Lactobacilli treatment at a dose of 1 × 108 CFU conferred partial protection against NE by lowering lesion scores, increasing villus height in the ileum and reducing crypt depth in the jejunum. In addition, 1 × 108 CFU of lactobacilli enhanced the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12, and IL-13 in both the jejunum and ileum at different timepoints and subsequently decreased the expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and IL-1β post-CP challenge. In conclusion, the results indicate that treatment with lactobacilli mitigated NE in a dose-dependent manner via improvement of intestinal morphology and modulation of innate immune response in chickens.

Probiotics-A Promising Novel Therapeutic Approach in the Management of Chronic Liver Diseases

An increased incidence of liver diseases has been observed in recent years and is associated with gut dysbiosis, which causes bacterial infection, intestinal permeability, and further leads to disease-related complications. Probiotics, active microbial strains, are gaining more clinical importance due to their beneficial effect in the management of many diseases, including liver diseases. Clinical scenarios show strong evidence that probiotics have efficacy in treating liver diseases due to their ability to improve epithelial barrier function, prevent bacterial translocation, and boost the immune system. Moreover, probiotics survive both bile and gastric acid to reach the gut and exert their health benefit. Evidence shows that probiotics are a promising approach to prevent several complications in clinical practice. Herein, we discuss the recent evidence, challenges, and appropriate use of probiotics in managing advanced liver diseases, which may have an impact on future therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, the superior effect of strain-specific probiotics and their efficacy and safety in managing liver diseases are discussed.

Immunomodulatory Activity of Probiotics in Models of Bacterial Infections

As resistance to conventional antibiotics among bacteria continues to increase, researchers are increasingly focusing on alternative strategies for preventing and treating bacterial infections, one of which is microbiota modulation. The objective of this review is to analyze the scientific literature on the immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in bacterial infections. This is an integrative review of the literature based on systematic steps, with searches performed in the databases Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and ScienceDirect. The most prevalent bacterial genera used to evaluate infectious processes were Salmonella, Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Streptococcus. Lactobacillus was the most commonly used probiotic genus, with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus is the most frequently used species. In most studies, prophylactic treatment with concentrations of probiotics equal to or greater than 8 log CFU/mL was chosen. However, there was considerable heterogeneity in terms of effective treatment duration, indicating that the results cannot be generalized across all studies. This review found that probiotics interact with the immune system through different mechanisms and have a positive effect on preventing different types of bacterial infections.

Effects of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics on anthropometric, cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers: An umbrella review of meta-analyses

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Though probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics have been shown to confer health benefits, their effects on cardiometabolic risk factors remain unclear. Therefore, we conducted an umbrella review to examine their effectiveness on anthropometric, cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers.

METHODS

We conducted an umbrella review on eligible systematic reviews with meta-analysis (SRMA) published from journals' inception till 13 January 2023 retrieved from seven electronic databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, The Cochrane Library, and Web of Science). Methodological quality was appraised using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR2) tool and certainty of evidence was graded into five classes. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed on outcome effect sizes at the SRMA and primary study levels. Extent of overlapping articles were evaluated using corrected cover area.

RESULTS

24 systematic reviews representing 265 unique studies, 1076 unique effect sizes and 25,973 subjects were included. Synbiotics were evidently more effective in improving weight (-1.91 kg, 95%CI -3.45 kg to -0.37 kg, p = 0.02), total cholesterol (-12.17 mg/dl, 95%CI -17.89 mg/dl to -6.46 mg/dl, p < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein (-12.26 mg/dl, 95%CI -18.27 mg/dl to -6.25 mg/dl, p < 0.01), waist circumference (-1.85 cm, 95%CI -2.77 cm to -0.94 cm, p < 0.01), and fasting plasma glucose (-9.68 mg/dl, 95%CI -16.18 mg/dl to -3.18 mg/dl, p < 0.01). Prebiotics were more effective in improving body mass index (-0.34 kg/m2, 95%CI -0.48 kg/m2 to -0.20 kg/m2, p < 0.01), and HOMA-IR (-0.92, 95%CI -1.91 to 0.07, p = 0.06). Probiotics were shown to be more effective in reducing diastolic blood pressure (-1.34 mmHg, 95%CI -2.14 mmHg to -0.55 mmHg, P < 0.01) improving insulin level change (-0.84 mIU/mL, 95%CI -1.27 mIU/mL to -0.41 mIU/mL, p < 0.01), and the percentage of body fat (-0.66%, 95%CI -0.70% to -0.61%, p < 0.01). For all outcomes, the credibility of evidence was classified as class IV.

CONCLUSION

Pre-, pro-, and synbiotics can significantly enhance anthropometric indices, glucose and lipid profiles, blood pressure, and inflammatory markers in individuals confronting obesity. While suggesting their supplementation holds promise for this population, the true clinical impact hinges on tailoring these interventions to specific indications and customizing treatment strategies to align with individual patient needs.

Mechanisms of medicinal, pharmaceutical, and immunomodulatory action of probiotics bacteria and their secondary metabolites against disease management: an overview

Probiotics or bacteriotherapy is today's hot issue for public entities (Food and Agriculture Organization, and World Health Organization) as well as health and food industries since Metchnikoff and his colleagues hypothesized the correlation between probiotic consumption and human's health. They contribute to the newest and highly efficient arena of promising biotherapeutics. These are usually attractive in biomedical applications such as gut-related diseases like irritable bowel disease, diarrhea, gastrointestinal disorders, fungal infections, various allergies, parasitic and bacterial infections, viral diseases, and intestinal inflammation, and are also worth immunomodulation. The useful impact of probiotics is not limited to gut-related diseases alone. Still, these have proven benefits in various acute and chronic infectious diseases, like cancer, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diseases, and high serum cholesterol. Recently, different researchers have paid special attention to investigating biomedical applications of probiotics, but consolidated data regarding bacteriotherapy with a detailed mechanistically applied approach is scarce and controversial. The present article reviews the bio-interface of probiotic strains, mainly (i) why the demand for probiotics?, (ii) the current status of probiotics, (iii) an alternative to antibiotics, (iv) the potential applications towards disease management, (v) probiotics and industrialization, and (vi) futuristic approach.

Use of probiotics in preventing and treating excess weight and obesity. A systematic review

Background

The prevalence of excess weight and obesity is increasing in an extremely concerning manner worldwide, with highly diverse therapies for current treatment. This review evaluated the scientific evidence of the past 10 years on the use of probiotics in treating excess weight and obesity in the absence of dieting.

Materials

A systematic review was conducted by searching for clinical trials on humans published in English in the PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Central databases, using the combination of keywords "Overweight", "Probiotics" and "Obesity", and published between 2012 and 2022.

Results

Six published studies met the inclusion criteria. The review showed that, although there is a lack of consensus in the literature, the use of probiotics in the absence of dieting produced a significant reduction in body weight and body mass index in 66.6% of the reviewed studies, a significant reduction in waist circumference in 80.0% of the reviewed studies, and an improvement in total body fat mass and waist circumference.

Conclusions

This review showed evidence of a trend in preventing body weight gain and reducing weight through the use of probiotics in individuals with excess weight or obesity. A combination of various strains of the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus was the most effective.

Effects of dietary supplementation with heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity, and inflammatory response of juvenile large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

A ten-week culture trial in juvenile large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) (10.80 ± 0.10 g) was conducted to assess the impact of supplementing heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus (HLA) on growth performance, intestinal digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity and inflammatory response. Five iso-nitrogenous (42 % crude protein) and iso-lipidic (12 % crude lipid) experimental feeds with different levels of HLA (0.0 %, 0.1 %, 0.2 %, 0.4 %, or 0.8 %) were prepared. They were named FO (control group), HLA0.1, HLA0.2, HLA0.4 and HLA0.8, respectively. The results indicated that HLA addition had no impact on survival (P > 0.05). In this experiment, the final body weight, weight gain rate and specific growth rate showed a quadratic regression trend, initially increasing and subsequently decreasing with the increasing in HLA levels, and attained the peak value at 0.2 % HLA supplemental level (P < 0.05). In contrast to the control group, in terms of digestive ability, amylase, lipase and trypsin exhibited a notable linear and quadratic pattern, demonstrating a substantial increase when 0.1% 0.2 % HLA was added in the diets (P < 0.05). Notably, elevated levels of catalase (CAT) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were observed in the liver when adding 0.1%-0.2 % HLA, and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly decreased and the liver exhibited a notable upregulation in the mRNA expression levels of nrf2, cat, sod2, and sod3 (P < 0.05). Additionally, the mRNA levels of genes associated with tight junctions in the intestines (zo-1, zo-2 and occludin) exhibited a significant upregulation when 0.2 % HLA was added in the feed (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of mRNA expression for proinflammatory genes in the intestines including tnf-α, il-1β, il-6 and il-8 exhibited a quadratic regression trend, characterized by an initial decline followed by subsequent growth (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the levels of mRNA expression for genes linked to anti-inflammatory responses in the intestines (including il-10, tgf-β, and arg1) exhibited a quadratic regression pattern, initially increasing and subsequently decreasing (P < 0.05). Compare with the control group, the levels of tnf-α, il-1β and il-8 expression were notably downregulated in all HLA addition groups (P < 0.05). When 0.2 % HLA was added, the expression levels of il-10, tgf-β and arg1 in the intestinal tract were markedly increased (P < 0.05). Overall, the supplementation of 0.2 % HLA in the feed has been shown to enhance the growth performance. The enhancement was attributed to HLA's capacity to improve antioxidant function, intestinal barrier integrity, and mitigate inflammatory responses. This research offers a scientific foundation for the utilization of HLA in aquaculture.

The Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 Reduces Fat Deposition and Oxidative Stress and Increases Lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans was recently shown to be a powerful model for studying and identifying probiotics with specific functions. Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285, Lacticaseibacillus casei LBC80R, and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CLR2, which are three bacteria that were marketed by Bio-K+, were evaluated using the nematode C. elegans to study fat accumulation, lifespan, and resistance to oxidative stress. Although the general effects of probiotics in terms of protection against oxidative stress were highlighted, the CL1285 strain had an interesting and specific feature, namely its ability to prevent fat accumulation in nematodes; this effect was verified by both the Oil Red and Nile Red methods. This observed phenotype requires daf-16 and is affected by glucose levels. In addition, in a daf-16- and glucose-dependent manner, CL1285 extended the lifespan of C. elegans; this effect was unique to CL1285 and not found in the other L. acidophilus subtypes in this study. Our findings indicate that L. acidophilus CL1285 impacts fat/glucose metabolism in C. elegans and provides a basis to further study this probiotic, which could have potential health benefits in humans and/or in mammals.

Probiotic Efficacy in Aquaculture: The Role of Technospore® (Bacillus coagulans) in Improving Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Performance and Disease Resistance: a Study on Gut Health, Immunological Response, and Gene Expression

This study evaluated the effects of Technospore® (Bacillus coagulans) supplementation on intestinal health, immune response, and Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) growth performance. The experiment divided fish into four groups: a control group fed an unsupplemented diet and three experimental groups receiving diets supplemented with 0.2 g/kg, 0.4 g/kg, and 0.8 g/kg of Technospore®, respectively. Results indicated that Technospore® supplementation significantly enhanced growth rates and feed efficiency in all treated groups, with the most pronounced improvements observed in the group receiving 0.4 g/kg. Furthermore, the study revealed that B. coagulans supplementation markedly boosted serum immune responses, as evidenced by increased phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, and lysozyme levels, following a challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila. Histological analysis showed improved gut morphology, while gene expression analysis indicated upregulation of immune-related genes, including liver IGF-1, GHR, HSP70, IL-1β, and TNF-α, as well as spleen TNF-α and IL-1β and intestinal C-lysozyme and TNF-α, both before and after the bacterial challenge. These findings suggest that dietary inclusion of Technospore® can significantly improve gut health and immune responses in tilapia, potentially serving as an effective prophylactic alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture.

Limosilactobacillus reuteri supernatant attenuates inflammatory responses of human gingival fibroblasts to LPS but not to elevated glucose levels

AIM

We investigated the in vitro effect of Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 supernatant on the inflammatory response of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) challenged by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or elevated glucose levels.

METHODS

HGF were exposed to LPS (1 μg/mL), glucose (5, 12 mM or 25 mM), and dilutions of supernatant prepared from L. reuteri DSM 17938 (0.5 × 107, 1.0 × 107, 2.5 × 107, and 5.0 × 107 CFU/mL). After 24 h cell viability and levels of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8) and TLR-2 were determined.

RESULTS

None of the tested L. reuteri (DSM 17938) supernatant concentrations reduced the viability of HGF. Supernatant concentrations (2.5 × 107 and 5 × 107 CFU/mL) significantly (p < .05) decreased the production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TLR-2 in the presence of LPS. In contrast, inflammatory markers were not reduced by L. reuteri supernatant in the presence of glucose. Glucose concentrations of 12 mM and 24 mM still lead to an elevated production of the investigated biochemical mediators.

CONCLUSION

While L. reuteri (DSM 17938) supernatant attenuates the inflammatory response of HGF to LPS in a dose-dependent manner, elevated glucose levels suppress this action. These in vitro results support the overall anti-inflammatory efficacy of L. reuteri supplementation in plaque-associated periodontal inflammations.

Postbiotics as Metabolites and Their Biotherapeutic Potential

This review highlights the role of postbiotics, which may provide an underappreciated avenue doe promising therapeutic alternatives. The discovery of natural compounds obtained from microorganisms needs to be investigated in the future in terms of their effects on various metabolic disorders and molecular pathways, as well as modulation of the immune system and intestinal microbiota in children and adults. However, further studies and efforts are needed to evaluate and describe new postbiotics. This review provides available knowledge that may assist future research in identifying new postbiotics and uncovering additional mechanisms to combat metabolic diseases.

Effect of Probiotic Supplements on the Oral Microbiota-A Narrative Review

Data from systematic reviews and meta-analyses show that probiotics positively impact clinical parameters of oral diseases such as gingivitis, dental caries, and periodontitis. However, the working mechanism of probiotics is not fully understood, but is hypothesized to be mediated by direct and indirect interactions with the oral microbiota and the human host. In the present narrative review, we focused on the microbiological effect of probiotic supplements based on data retrieved from randomized clinical trials (RCTs). In addition, we assessed to what extent contemporary molecular methods have been employed in clinical trials in the field of oral probiotics. Multiple RCTs have been performed studying the potential effect of probiotics on gingivitis, dental caries, and periodontitis, as evaluated by microbial endpoints. In general, results are conflicting, with some studies reporting a positive effect, whereas others are not able to record any effect. Major differences in terms of study designs and sample size, as well as delivery route, frequency, and duration of probiotic consumption, hamper comparison across studies. In addition, most RCTs have been performed with a limited sample size using relatively simple methods for microbial identification, such as culturing, qPCR, and DNA-DNA checkerboard, while high-throughput methods such as 16S sequencing have only been employed in a few studies. Currently, state-of-the-art molecular methods such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteomics have not yet been used in RCTs in the field of probiotics. The present narrative review revealed that the effect of probiotic supplements on the oral microbiota remains largely uncovered. One important reason is that most RCTs are performed without studying the microbiological effect. To facilitate future systematic reviews and meta-analyses, an internationally agreed core outcome set for the reporting of microbial endpoints in clinical trials would be desirable. Such a standardized collection of outcomes would most likely improve the quality of probiotic research in the oral context.

Probiotic Yeast from Miso Ameliorates Stress-Induced Visceral Hypersensitivity by Modulating the Gut Microbiota in a Rat Model of Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Background/Aims

Recent studies indicate that probiotics, which have attracted attention as a treatment for irritable bowel syndrome, affect intestinal homeostasis. In this study, we investigated whether Zygosaccharomyces sapae (strain I-6), a probiotic yeast isolated from miso (a traditional Japanese fermented food), could improve irritable bowel syndrome symptoms.

Methods

Male Wistar rats were exposed to water avoidance stress (WAS). The number of defecations during WAS and the visceral hypersensitivity before and after WAS were evaluated using colorectal distension. Tight junction changes were assessed by Western blotting. Some rats were fed with strain I-6 or β-glucan from strain I-6. Changes in the intestinal microbiota were analyzed. The effect of fecal microbiota transplantation after WAS was evaluated similarly. Caco-2 cells were stimulated with interleukin-1β and tight junction changes were investigated after coculture with strain I-6.

Results

The increased number of stool pellets and visceral hypersensitivity induced by WAS were suppressed by administering strain I-6. The decrease in tight junction protein occludin by WAS was reversed by the administration of strain I-6. β-Glucan from strain I-6 also suppressed those changes induced by WAS. In the rat intestinal microbiota, treatment with strain I-6 altered the β-diversity and induced changes in bacterial occupancy. Upon fecal microbiota transplantation, some symptoms caused by WAS were ameliorated.

Conclusions

These results suggest that traditional fermented foods such as miso in Japan are valuable sources of probiotic yeast candidates, which may be useful for preventing and treating stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity.

A streamlined workflow for a fast and cost-effective count of tyndallized probiotics using flow cytometry

The use of dead probiotics and their cellular metabolites seems to exhibit immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, providing protection against pathogens. These inanimate microorganisms, often referred to as tyndallized or heat-killed bacteria, are a new class of probiotics employed in clinical practice. Safety concerns regarding the extensive use of live microbial cells have increased interest in inactivated bacteria, as they could eliminate shelf-life problems and reduce the risks of microbial translocation and infection. Culture-dependent methods are not suitable for the quality assessment of these products, and alternative methods are needed for their quantification. To date, bacterial counting chambers and microscopy have been used for tyndallized bacteria enumeration, but no alternative validated methods are now available for commercial release. The aim of the present study is to design a new method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of tyndallized bacterial cells using flow cytometric technology. Using a live/dead viability assay based on two nucleic acid stains, thiazole orange (TO) and propidium iodide (PI), we optimized a workflow to evaluate bacterial viability beyond the reproduction capacity that provides information about the structural properties and metabolic activities of probiotics on FACSVerse without using beads as a reference. The data obtained in this study represent the first analytical application that works effectively both on viable and non-viable cells. The results provided consistent evidence, and different samples were analyzed using the same staining protocol and acquisition settings. No significant discrepancies were highlighted between the declared specification of commercial strain and the analytical data obtained. For the first time, flow cytometry was used for counting tyndallized bacterial cells as a quality control assessment in probiotic production. This aspect becomes important if applied to medical devices where we cannot boast metabolic but only mechanical activities.

Potential effects of probiotics (immunobacteryne; IMB) on growth performance, feed efficacy, blood biochemical, redox balance, nonspecific immunity and heat-shock protein expression of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings

The supplementation of aquafeed with probiotics is recommended for feasible aquaculture activities. Therefore, the aim of current study was to investigate the potential effects of probiotics on growth performance, feed utilization, biochemical attributes, redox status and immunity response as well as the transcription of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) genes of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus; n = 120). Fish with an initial weight of 8.17 ± 0.02 g/fish were randomly divided into four treatment groups and were fed diets containing 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg immunobacteryne (IMB)/kg diet respectively. Dietary IMB at 1.5 g/kg diet significantly improved the growth performance, feed consumption and growth hormone secretion of the experimental fish (p < 0.05). The 1 or 1.5 g IMB/kg diet boosted phagocytic activities and innate immune response. Serum total protein, total cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose were significantly increased in the groups that were fed 1 and 1.5 mg IMB/kg diet compared to the control (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the levels of uric acid, creatinine, liver enzymes (aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase) and cortisol hormone were significantly reduced in the aforementioned treated groups compared to the control (p < 0.05). All fish fed IMB-supplemented diet showed a significant increase in the expression of IGF-1 gene, while the transcription of HSP70 was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of IMB (1 g/kg diet) enhanced growth promoters, feed efficacy, blood biochemical, redox balance and nonspecific immune responses in Nile tilapia fingerlings.

The Role of Prebiotics in Modulating Gut Microbiota: Implications for Human Health

The human gut microbiota, an intricate ecosystem within the gastrointestinal tract, plays a pivotal role in health and disease. Prebiotics, non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of beneficial microorganisms, have emerged as a key modulator of this complex microbial community. This review article explores the evolution of the prebiotic concept, delineates various types of prebiotics, including fructans, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, chitooligosaccharides, lactulose, resistant starch, and polyphenols, and elucidates their impact on the gut microbiota composition. We delve into the mechanisms through which prebiotics exert their effects, particularly focusing on producing short-chain fatty acids and modulating the gut microbiota towards a health-promoting composition. The implications of prebiotics on human health are extensively reviewed, focusing on conditions such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, immune function, and mental health. The review further discusses the emerging concept of synbiotics-combinations of prebiotics and probiotics that synergistically enhance gut health-and highlights the market potential of prebiotics in response to a growing demand for functional foods. By consolidating current knowledge and identifying areas for future research, this review aims to enhance understanding of prebiotics' role in health and disease, underscoring their importance in maintaining a healthy gut microbiome and overall well-being.

Probiotic supplementation and risk of necrotizing enterocolitis and mortality among extremely preterm infants-the Probiotics in Extreme Prematurity in Scandinavia (PEPS) trial: study protocol for a multicenter, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, and registry-based randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Extremely preterm infants, defined as those born before 28 weeks' gestational age, are a very vulnerable patient group at high risk for adverse outcomes, such as necrotizing enterocolitis and death. Necrotizing enterocolitis is an inflammatory gastrointestinal disease with high incidence in this cohort and has severe implications on morbidity and mortality. Previous randomized controlled trials have shown reduced incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis among older preterm infants following probiotic supplementation. However, these trials were underpowered for extremely preterm infants, rendering evidence for probiotic supplementation in this population insufficient to date.

METHODS

The Probiotics in Extreme Prematurity in Scandinavia (PEPS) trial is a multicenter, double-blinded, placebo-controlled and registry-based randomized controlled trial conducted among extremely preterm infants (n = 1620) born at six tertiary neonatal units in Sweden and four units in Denmark. Enrolled infants will be allocated to receive either probiotic supplementation with ProPrems® (Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Streptococcus thermophilus) diluted in 3 mL breastmilk or placebo (0.5 g maltodextrin powder) diluted in 3 mL breastmilk per day until gestational week 34. The primary composite outcome is incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and/or mortality. Secondary outcomes include incidence of late-onset sepsis, length of hospitalization, use of antibiotics, feeding tolerance, growth, and body composition at age of full-term and 3 months corrected age after hospital discharge.

DISCUSSION

Current recommendations for probiotic supplementation in Sweden and Denmark do not include extremely preterm infants due to lack of evidence in this population. However, this young subgroup is notably the most at risk for experiencing adverse outcomes. This trial aims to investigate the effects of probiotic supplementation on necrotizing enterocolitis, death, and other relevant outcomes to provide sufficiently powered, high-quality evidence to inform probiotic supplementation guidelines in this population. The results could have implications for clinical practice both in Sweden and Denmark and worldwide.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

( Clinicaltrials.gov ): NCT05604846.

Lactococcus kimchii extends lifespan and alleviates motility decline in Caenorhabditis elegans through ins-20, an insulin-like peptide gene

Lactococcus kimchii is isolated from commercial kimchi, which is a traditional Korean fermented food. This study was conducted to evaluate the probiotic effects of L. kimchii. Caenorhabditis elegans was fed L. kimchii, and its longevity, motility, and gene expression were examined. When fed a 1:1 mixture of Escherichia coli OP50 and L. kimchii (OP+LK), C. elegans had a significantly longer lifespan and increased locomotion than when it was fed OP alone. There was no significant difference in brood size between the OP+LK and OP groups, suggesting that these effects occurred in a dietary restriction-independent manner. RNA sequencing and Gene Ontology analysis showed that the expression of ins-20, an insulin-like peptide and agonist of the insulin receptor, was significantly upregulated in the OP+LK group. The ins-20 mutation annulled the effects of OP+LK on lifespan extension and motility. In addition, OP+LK failed to extend the lifespan of C. elegans deficient in daf-2, a receptor for the insulin-like signaling pathway. These results suggest that L. kimchii extends the lifespan and alleviates motility decline in C. elegans through the insulin signaling pathway, highlighting the potential of using L. kimchii as a beneficial bacterium for probiotics and postbiotics.

Harnessing Vaginal Probiotics for Enhanced Management of Uterine Disease and Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cows: A Conceptual Review

Uterine disease in cattle impairs reproductive performance and profitability and increases antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance. Thus, probiotics offer a promising alternative therapy. This review presents conceptual findings on the efficacy of probiotics in managing uterine diseases and fertility in cows. Probiotics containing Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. individually or as composite formulations are known to improve fertility. Strategic intravaginal administration of these formulations would likely enhance uterine immunity, particularly during the postpartum period. While current findings on the benefits to uterine health are encouraging, there is still significant knowledge missing, including a lack of empirical information from large-scale field trials. This review underscores the need for evidence-based guidelines for probiotics, such as genomic selection of formulations, targeted delivery, or potential synergy with other interventions. Future research should address these gaps to maximize the potential of probiotics in managing uterine diseases and enhancing the reproductive health of dairy cattle.

Effects of probiotic supplementation on chronic inflammatory process modulation in colorectal carcinogenesis

The current study investigated the potential effects of probiotic supplementation on colorectal carcinogenesis chemically induced with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and treated with 5-fluorouracil (5FU)-based chemotherapy in mice. Animals were randomly allocated in five different groups: Control: which not receive any treatment throughout the experimental course; Colitis model group (DMH): treated with DMH; DMH+ 5FU: animals received I.P. (intraperitoneal) dose of chemotherapy on a weekly basis; DMH+PROB: animals received daily administrations (via gavage) of probiotics (Lactobacillus: acidophilus and paracasei, Bifidobacterium lactis and bifidum); and DMH+ PROB+ 5FU: animals received the same treatment as the previous groups. After ten-week treatment, mice's large intestine was collected and subjected to colon length, histopathological, periodic acid-schiff (PAS) staining and immunohistochemistry (TLR2, MyD88, NF-κB, IL-6, TLR4, TRIF, IRF-3, IFN-γ, Ki-67, KRAS, p53, IL-10, and TGF-β) analyzes. Variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analysis, at significance level p 0.05. Probiotics' supplementation has increased the production of Ki-67 cell-proliferation marker, reduced body weight, and colon shortening, as well as modulated the chronic inflammatory process in colorectal carcinogenesis by inhibiting NF-κB expression and mitigating mucin depletion. Thus, these findings lay a basis for guide future studies focused on probiotics' action mechanisms in tumor microenvironment which might have implications in clinical practice.

Research trends on the gut microbiota in endocrine metabolism: a thematic and bibliometric analysis

Background

Gut microbiota studies in the field of endocrinology metabolism have attracted increasing attention in recent years. To comprehensively assess the evolving landscape of this research field, we conducted a thorough bibliometric analysis of gut microbiota studies in endocrinology metabolism indexed in the Web of Science database.

Methods

We collected and analyzed 3,339 original research articles and reviews published from 1972 to 2023. Using various bibliometric indicators, we investigated publication trends, country contributions, international collaborations, prolific authors, top journals, and influential articles.

Results

Our analysis revealed a significant upsurge in publications after 2010, indicating a growing scientific interest in microbiota and endocrinology metabolism. Keyword and thematic analyses have identified gut microbiota, obesity, diabetes, and inflammation as core research themes. Additionally, the roles of probiotics and prebiotics are increasingly researched for their therapeutic effects in shaping the microbiota.

Conclusion

This study reveals that research in endocrinology metabolism is increasingly decoding the connection between gut microbiota and diseases. There's also a growing focus on microbiota manipulation, which points to a shift towards personalized medicine. Future research should focus on integrating these findings into clinical practice, moving from lab-based studies to real-world patient care.

Evaluation of probiotic properties of a Brevibacillus laterosporus strain

Brevibacillus laterosporus is a strain of probiotic bacteria that has been widely used in pest control, cash crop, and other production areas. However, few studies have been conducted on its use as a feed additive in animals. Therefore, the probiotic potential of B. laterosporus PBC01 was evaluated by characterizing hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation activity, bile salt and simulated gastrointestinal fluid tolerance, bienzymatic, and antibacterial activity. Antibiotic susceptibility, hemolysis assays, and supplemental feeding of mice were also performed to evaluate safety features. Our results showed that B. laterosporus PBC01 had moderate hydrophobicity, high auto-agglutination ability. Meanwhile, B. laterosporus PBC01 had good tolerance to bile salt and simulated gastrointestinal fluid. It had the ability to secrete protease, cellulase, and to inhibit various pathogens. In addition, B. laterosporus PBC01 was sensitive to many antibiotics, and did not produce hemolysin. In the safety assessment of mice, it did not cause any deaths, nor did it affect the cell components of blood, antioxidant capacity, and reproductive health. The study indicated the great probiotic characteristics and safety of B. laterosporus PBC01. This may provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application and development of probiotic-based feed additives.

Immunomodulatory effect of Lacticaseibacillus casei CB054 supplementation in calves vaccinated against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, confer health benefits to the host when supplemented in adequate amounts. They can promote immunomodulation by inducing phagocyte activity, leukocyte proliferation, antibody production, and cytokine expression. Lactic acid bacteria (BAL) are important probiotic specimens with properties that can improves ruminant nutrition, productivity and immunity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of the supplementation with Lacticaseibacillus casei CB054 in calve vaccinated against bovine infectious rhinotracheitis (IBR). Calve were vaccinated with a commercial IBR vaccine, on day 0 and received a booster dose on day 21. L. casei CB054 was orally administered (4 ×109 UFC) for 35 days, while a non-supplemented control group received Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS). Stimulation of bovine splenocytes with L. casei CB054 markedly enhanced mRNA transcription levels of cytokines IL2, IL4, IL10 and IL17 genes. Calves supplemented with L. casei CB054 showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) specific anti-BoHV-1 IgG levels, higher serum neutralization, as well as higher mRNA transcription for IL2, IL4, IL10 and IL17 genes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) comparing with control calves. Supplemented calve had an average weight gain of ∼14 kg more than non-supplemented during the experimental period. These results suggest that L. casei CB054 supplementation increase immunogenicity of a commercial IBR vaccine in cattle and improve weight gain.

The inhibition effects of Lentilactobacillus buchneri-derived membrane vesicles on AGS and HT-29 cancer cells by inducing cell apoptosis

In recent years, probiotics and their derivatives have been recognized as important therapeutic agents in the fight against cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anticancer effects of membrane vesicles (MVs) from Lentilactobacillus buchneri strain HBUM07105 probiotic isolated from conventional and unprocessed yogurt in Arak province, Iran, against gastric and colon cancer cell lines. The MVs were prepared from the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of L. buchneri and characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SPS-PAGE techniques. The anticancer activity of MVs was evaluated using MTT, flow cytometry, qRT-PCR techniques, and a scratch assay. The study investigated the anti-adenocarcinoma effect of MVs isolated from L. buchneri on a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (AGS) and a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29) at 24, 48, and 72-h time intervals. The results demonstrated that all prepared concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL) of MVs reduced the viability of both types of human adenocarcinoma cells after 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment. The analysis of the apoptosis results revealed that the percentage of AGS and HT-29 cancer cells in the early and late stages of apoptosis was significantly higher after 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment compared to the untreated cancer cells. After treating both AGS and HT-29 cells with the MVs, the cells were arrested in the G0/G1 phase. These microvesicles demonstrate apoptotic activity by increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic genes (BAX, CASP3, and CASP9). According to the scratch test, MVs can significantly decrease the migration of HT-29 and AGS cancer cells after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation compared to the control groups. The MVs of L. buchneri can also be considered a potential option for inhibiting cancer cell activities.

In-vitro and preclinical testing of bacillus subtilis UBBS-14 probiotic in rats shows no toxicity

Introduction

Probiotics made from Bacillus subtilis provide a wide spread of health benefits, particularly in the treatment of diarrhea and gastrointestinal problems. Herein, we employed in vitro and in vivo paradigms to assess the potential adverse effects and toxicity of B. subtilis UBBS-14.

Materials and methods

According to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 423 and 407 requirements, a preclinical investigation was conducted in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Acute toxicity was examined following a single peroral (PO) administration of 5,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) i.e. equivalent to 500 billion colony-forming units (CFU) per kg bw. Single administration of B. subtilis UBBS-14 showed no mortality or adverse effects until the 14-day observation period, indicating LD50 is >5,000 mg/kg bw.

Results

Incubation of B. subtilis UBBS-14 with Caco2, HT29, and Raw 264.7 cell lines, showed no cytotoxic effects. This probiotic strain was also found responsive to the majority of antibiotics. For a 28-day repeated dose toxicity study, rats were administered 100, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg bw daily once (10, 50, and 100 billion CFU/kg bw/day, respectively) doses of B. subtilis UBBS-14. No notable changes were seen in the morphology, weight, and histopathology of the critical internal organs. The haematological, biochemical, electrolyte (sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium), and urine analytical results were within the normal range and equivalent to the vehicle-treated group.

Conclusion

B. subtilis UBBS-14's no-observed-effect level (NOEL) was thus determined to be >1,000 mg/kg bw/day following a 28-day oral dosing.

Germination and probiotic fermentation: a way to enhance nutritional and biochemical properties of cereals and millets

Probiotics have become increasingly popular as consumers demand balanced nutrition and health benefits from their diet. However, lactose intolerance and allergies to milk proteins may make dairy-based probiotics unsuitable for some individuals. Thus, probiotics derived from cereals and millets have shown promise as an alternative to dairy probiotics. Soaking, germination, and fermentation can reduce the anti-nutritional factors present in cereal grains and improve nutrient quality and bioactive compounds. Biochemical properties of probiotics are positively influenced by fermentation and germination. Thus, the current review provides an overview of the effect of fermentation and germination on the biochemical properties of probiotics. Further, probiotics made from non-dairy sources may prevent intestinal infections, improve lactose metabolism, reduce cholesterol, enhance immunity, improve calcium absorption, protein digestion, and synthesize vitamins. Finally, health-conscious consumers seeking non-dairy probiotic options can now choose from a wider variety of low-cost, phytochemically rich probiotics derived from germinated and fermented cereal grains.

Impact of perinatal administration of probiotics on immune cell composition in neonatal mice

BACKGROUND

Newborns and especially preterm infants are much more susceptible to infections than adults. The pathogens causing infections in newborns are often detectable in the intestinal flora of affected children even before disease onset. Therefore, it seems reasonable to prevent dysbiosis in newborns and preterm infants. An approach followed in many neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) is to prevent infections in preterm infants with probiotics however their mechanisms of action of probiotics are incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the effect of perinatal probiotic exposure on immune cells in newborn mice.

METHODS

Pregnant mice were orally treated with a combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum (Infloran®) from mid-pregnancy until the offspring were harvested. Immune cell composition in organs of the offspring were analyzed by flow cytometry.

RESULTS

Perinatal probiotic exposure had profound effects on immune cell composition in the intestine, liver and lungs of newborn mice with reduction of myeloid and B cells and induction of T cells in the probiotic treated animals' organs at weaning. Furthermore, probiotic exposure had an effect on T cell development in the thymus.

CONCLUSION

Our results contribute to a better understanding of the interaction of probiotics with the developing immune system.

IMPACT

probiotics have profound effects on immune cell composition in intestines, livers and lungs of newborn mice. probiotics modulate T cell development in thymus of newborn mice. effects of probiotics on neonatal immune cells are particularly relevant in transition phases of the microbiome. our results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of probiotics in newborns.

Human Papillomavirus Infections and the Role Played by Cervical and Cervico-Vaginal Microbiota-Evidence from Next-Generation Sequencing Studies

This comprehensive review encompasses studies examining changes in the cervical and cervico-vaginal microbiota (CM and CVM) in relation to human papillomavirus (HPV) using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. HPV infection remains a prominent global health concern, with a spectrum of manifestations, from benign lesions to life-threatening cervical cancers. The CM and CVM, a unique collection of microorganisms inhabiting the cervix/vagina, has emerged as a critical player in cervical health. Recent research has indicated that disruptions in the CM and CVM, characterized by a decrease in Lactobacillus and the overgrowth of other bacteria, might increase the risk of HPV persistence and the progression of cervical abnormalities. This alteration in the CM or CVM has been linked to a higher likelihood of HPV infection and cervical dysplasia. NGS technology has revolutionized the study of the cervical microbiome, providing insights into microbial diversity, dynamics, and taxonomic classifications. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing, has proven invaluable in characterizing the cervical microbiome, shedding light on its role in HPV infections and paving the way for more tailored strategies to combat cervical diseases. NGS-based studies offer personalized insights into an individual's cervical microbiome. This knowledge holds promise for the development of novel diagnostic tools, targeted therapies, and preventive interventions for cervix-related conditions, including cervical cancer.

The Role of Probiotics in Improving Food Safety: Inactivation of Pathogens and Biological Toxins

Currently, many advances have been made in avoiding food contamination by numerous pathogenic and toxigenic microorganisms. Many studies have shown that different probiotics, in addition to having beneficial effects on the host's health, have a very good ability to eliminate and neutralize pathogens and their toxins in foods which leads to enhanced food safety. The present review purposes to comprehensively discuss the role of probiotics in improving food safety by inactivating pathogens (bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasite agents) and neutralizing their toxins in food products. Some recent examples in terms of the anti-microbial activities of probiotics in the body after consuming contaminated food have also been mentioned. This review shows that different probiotics have the potential to inactivate pathogens and neutralize and detoxify various biological agents in foods, as well as in the host body after consumption.

Probiotics and their Beneficial Health Effects

Probiotics are living microorganisms that are present in cultured milk and fermented food. Fermented foods are a rich source for the isolation of probiotics. They are known as good bacteria. They have various beneficial effects on human health including antihypertensive effects, antihypercholesterolemic effects, prevention of bowel disease, and improving the immune system. Microorganisms including bacteria, yeast, and mold are used as probiotics but the major microorganisms that are used as probiotics are bacteria from the genus Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium. Probiotics are beneficial in the prevention of harmful effects. Recently, the use of probiotics for the treatment of various oral and skin diseases has also gained significant attention. Clinical studies indicate that the usage of probiotics can alter gut microbiota composition and provoke immune modulation in a host. Due to their various health benefits, probiotics are attaining more interest as a substitute for antibiotics or anti-inflammatory drugs leading to the growth of the probiotic market.

Effects of the probiotic Bacillus cereus GM on experimental schistosomiasis mansoni

Probiotics contribute to the integrity of the intestinal mucosa and preventing dysbiosis caused by opportunistic pathogens, such as intestinal helminths. Bacillus cereus GM obtained from Biovicerin® was cultured to obtain spores for in vivo evaluation on experimental schistosomiasis. The assay was performed for 90 days, where all animals were infected with 50 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni on the 15th day. Three experimental groups were formed, as follows: G1-saline solution from the 1st until the 90th day; G2-B. cereus GM (105 spores in 300 μL of sterile saline) from the 1st until the 90th day; and G3-B. cereus GM 35th day (onset of oviposition) until the 90th day. G2 showed a significant reduction of 43.4% of total worms, 48.8% of female worms and 42.5% of eggs in the liver tissue. In G3, the reduction was 25.2%, 29.1%, and 44% of the total number of worms, female worms, and eggs in the liver tissue, respectively. G2 and G3 showed a 25% (p < 0.001) and 22% (p < 0.001) reduction in AST levels, respectively, but ALT levels did not change. ALP levels were reduced by 23% (p < 0.001) in the G2 group, but not in the G3. The average volume of granulomas reduced (p < 0.0001) 65.2% and 46.3% in the liver tissue and 83.0% and 53.2% in the intestine, respectively, in groups G2 and G3. Th1 profile cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6) and IL-17 were significantly increased (p < 0.001) stimulated with B. cereus GM in groups G2 and G3. IL-4 showed significant values when the stimulus was mediated by ConA. By modulating the immune response, B. cereus GM reduced the burden of worms, improved some markers of liver function, and reduced the granulomatous inflammatory reaction in mice infected with S. mansoni, especially when administered before infection.

Postbiotics: Functional Food Materials and Therapeutic Agents for Cancer, Diabetes, and Inflammatory Diseases

Postbiotics are (i) "soluble factors secreted by live bacteria, or released after bacterial lysis, such as enzymes, peptides, teichoic acids, peptidoglycan-derived muropeptides, polysaccharides, cell-surface proteins and organic acids"; (ii) "non-viable metabolites produced by microorganisms that exert biological effects on the hosts"; and (iii) "compounds produced by microorganisms, released from food components or microbial constituents, including non-viable cells that, when administered in adequate amounts, promote health and wellbeing". A probiotic- and prebiotic-rich diet ensures an adequate supply of these vital nutrients. During the anaerobic fermentation of organic nutrients, such as prebiotics, postbiotics act as a benevolent bioactive molecule matrix. Postbiotics can be used as functional components in the food industry by offering a number of advantages, such as being added to foods that are harmful to probiotic survival. Postbiotic supplements have grown in popularity in the food, cosmetic, and healthcare industries because of their numerous health advantages. Their classification depends on various factors, including the type of microorganism, structural composition, and physiological functions. This review offers a succinct introduction to postbiotics while discussing their salient features and classification, production, purification, characterization, biological functions, and applications in the food industry. Furthermore, their therapeutic mechanisms as antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory agents are elucidated.

Implications and Mechanisms of Antiviral Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Systematic Review

Background

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are among the most important strains of probiotics. Some are normal flora of human mucous membranes in the gastrointestinal system, skin, urinary tract, and genitalia. There is evidence suggesting that LAB has an antiviral effect on viral infections. However, these studies are still controversial; a systematic review was conducted to evaluate the antiviral effects of LAB on viral infections.

Methods

The systematic search was conducted until the end of December 17, 2022, using international databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and Medline (via PubMed). The keywords of our search were lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillus (as well as its species), probiotics, antiviral, inhibitory effect, and virus.

Results

Of 15.408 potentially relevant articles obtained, 45 eligible in-vivo human studies were selected for inclusion in the study from databases, registers, and citation searching. We conducted a systematic review of the antiviral effects of the LAB based on the included articles. The most commonly investigated lactobacillus specie were Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus casei.

Conclusion

Our study indicates that 40 of the selected 45 of the included articles support the positive effect of LAB on viral infections, although some studies showed no significant positive effect of LABs on some viral infections.

A new generation of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells differentially trained by immunoregulatory probiotics in a lupus microenvironment

BACKGROUND

Increasing evidence suggests that multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising intervention strategy in treating autoimmune inflammatory diseases. It should be stated that systemic immunoregulation is increasingly recognized among the beneficial effects of MSCs and probiotics in treating morbid autoimmune disorders such as lupus. This study aimed to determine if immunoregulatory probiotics L. rhamnosus or L. delbrueckii can change the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs in lupus-like disease.

METHODS

Pristane-induced lupus (PIL) mice model was created via intraperitoneal injection of Pristane and then confirmed. Naïve MSCs (N-MSCs) were coincubated with two Lactobacillus strains, rhamnosus (R-MSCs) or delbrueckii (D-MSCs), and/or a combination of both (DR-MSCs) for 48 h, then administrated intravenously in separate groups. Negative (PBS-treated normal mice) and positive control groups (PBS-treated lupus mice) were also investigated. At the end of the study, flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis were used to determine the percentage of Th cell subpopulations in splenocytes and the level of their master cytokines in sera, respectively. Moreover, lupus nephritis was investigated and compared. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for multiple comparisons.

RESULTS

Abnormalities in serum levels of anti-dsDNA antibodies, creatinine, and urine proteinuria were significantly suppressed by MSCs transplantation, whereas engrafted MSCs coincubation with both L. strains did a lesser effect on anti-dsDNA antibodies. L. rhamnosus significantly escalated the ability of MSCs to scale down the inflammatory cytokines (IFN-ɣ, IL-17), while L. delbrueckii significantly elevated the capacity of MSCs to scale down the percentage of Th cell subpopulations. However, incubation with both strains induced MSCs with augmented capacity in introducing inflammatory cytokines (IFN-ɣ, IL-17). Strikingly, R-MSCs directly restored the serum level of TGF-β more effectively and showed more significant improvement in disease parameters than N-MSCs. These results suggest that R-MSCs significantly attenuate lupus disease by further skew the immune phenotype of MSCs toward increased immunoregulation.

CONCLUSIONS

Results demonstrated that Lactobacillus strains showed different capabilities in training/inducing new abilities in MSCs, in such a way that pretreated MSCs with L. rhamnosus might benefit the treatment of lupus-like symptoms, given their desirable properties.

Paraprobiotics: definition, manufacturing methods, and functionality

Probiotics are living microorganisms that are beneficial to the host, enhancing the immune response by promoting antibody production, regulating cytokine secretion, and stimulating T cells. However, probiotics have limitations in that they require viability control and have a short shelf life. Recently, the use of paraprobiotics has gained attention. These include dead bacterial cells, bacterial fractions, and cell lysate that have health benefits and are stable and safe for use. Paraprobiotics comprise molecules of bacterial cell wall compounds, such as peptidoglycans, teichoic acids, polysaccharides, and cell surface proteins. Paraprobiotics are manufactured by a diverse range of techniques, including thermal treatments, high pressure, ultraviolet rays, sonication, ionizing radiation, and pH modification. Their beneficial health effects include immunomodulatory, intestinal balancing, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. Therefore, this review summarizes and discusses the manufacturing methods and bioavailability of paraprobiotics and suggests their potential health advantages.

Green tea extracts alleviate acetic acid-induced oral inflammation and reconstruct oral microbial balance in mice

Oral cavity contains the second largest microbial community in the human body. Due to the highly vascularized feature of mouth, oral microbes could directly access the bloodstream and affect the host healthy systemically. The imbalance of oral microbiota is closely related to various oral and systemic diseases. Green tea extracts (GTE) mainly contain tea polyphenols, alkaloids, amino acid, flavones, and so on, which equipped with excellent anti-inflammatory activities. Previous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of GTE on oral health. However, most researches used in vitro models or focused on limited microorganisms. In this study, the regulatory effect of GTE on oral microbiome and the alleviative effect on oral inflammation in vivo were evaluated. The results showed that GTE could efficiently alleviate the inflammations of the tongue, cheek pouch, as well as throat. GTE effectively inhibited the activation of NF-κB through the upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10, consequently leading to reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. The indexes of spleen and thymus were also elevated by GTE in stomatitis mice. Moreover, GTE promoted the growth of probiotics Lactobacillus and Bacillus, inhibited the reproduction of pathogens Achromobacter, reversing the microbiota disorders in oral cavity. This study not only presents a novel approach for enhancing oral microecology but also facilitates the wider adoption of tea consumption.

Bacillus coagulans prevents the decline in average daily feed intake in young piglets infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 by reducing intestinal injury and regulating the gut microbiota

Background

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), an important intestinal pathogen, poses a significant threat to the intestinal health of piglets. Bacillus coagulans (BC), a potential feed additive, can improve the intestinal function of piglets. However, the effects of BC on growth performance and intestinal function in ETEC-infected piglets are still unclear. In this study, 24 7-day-old piglets were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: control group (fed a basal diet), ETEC group (fed a basal diet and challenged with ETEC K88) and BC+ETEC group (fed a basal diet, orally administered BC, challenged with ETEC K88). During Days 1-6 of the trial, piglets in the BC+ETEC group were orally administered BC (1×108CFU/kg). On Day 5 of the trial, piglets in the ETEC and BC+ETEC groups were orally administered ETEC K88 (5×109CFU/piglet). Blood, intestinal tissue, and content samples were collected from the piglets on Day 7 of the trial.

Results

The average daily feed intake in the ETEC group was significantly reduced compared to that of the control group. Further research revealed that ETEC infection significantly damaged the structure of the small intestine. Compared to the control group, the villus height and surface area of the jejunum, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum, and the activities of catalase and total superoxide dismutase in the jejunum were significantly reduced. Additionally, the levels of myeloperoxidase in the jejunum, malondialdehyde in the plasma and jejunum, and intestinal epithelial apoptosis were significantly increased in the ETEC group. However, BC supplementation had significantly mitigated these negative effects in the BC+ETEC group by Day 7 of the trial. Moreover, BC supplementation improved the gut microbiota imbalance by reversing the decreased numbers of Enterococcus, Clostridium and Lactobacillus in jejunum and Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the colon, as well as the increased number of Escherichia coli in the jejunum induced by ETEC K88.

Conclusions

Overall, BC supplementation reduced the decline in average daily feed intake in ETEC K88-infected piglets by attenuating intestinal epithelial apoptosis and oxidative stress and regulating the gut microbiota. This suggests that BC may be used to prevent intestinal infections caused by ETEC in piglets.

Secondary metabolites of Bacillus subtilis L2 show antiviral activity against pseudorabies virus

Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) is a commercially important probiotic known to produce secondary metabolites with antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the potential ability of B. subtilis to combat viruses, especially DNA viruses, has not been extensively investigated. In this study, we identified two distinct B. subtilis strains and examined the efficiency of their secondary metabolites against pseudorabies virus (PRV), a swine herpesvirus resulting in economic losses worldwide. We found that treatment with the secondary metabolites of B. subtilis L2, but not the metabolites of B. subtilis V11, significantly inhibited PRV replication in multiple cells. Notably, the antiviral activity of the metabolites of B. subtilis L2 was thermal stable, resistant to protease digestion. Moreover, these metabolites effectively impeded PRV binding, entry and replication. Importantly, oral administration of the metabolites of B. subtilis L2 protected mice from lethal PRV infection, rescuing weight loss and reducing the viral load in vivo. In summary, our results reveal that the metabolites of B. subtilis L2 exhibit anti-PRV activity both in vitro and in vivo, providing a potential candidate for novel antiviral drugs.

The potential of dietary fiber in building immunity against gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders

The numerous health benefits of dietary fibers (DFs) justify their inclusion in human diets and biomedical products. Given the short- and long-term human impacts of the COVID-19 virus on human health, the potential of DFs in building immunity against gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders is currently receiving high attention. This paper reviews the physicochemical properties of DFs, together with their immune functions and effects on the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system mainly based on research in the last ten years. Possible modes of action of DFs in promoting health, especially building immunity, are explored. We seek to highlight the importance of understanding the exact physical and chemical characteristics and molecular behaviors of DFs in providing specific immune function. This review provides a perspective beyond the existing recognition of DFs' positive effects on human health, and offers a theoretical framework for the development of special DFs components and their application in functional foods and other therapeutic products against gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. DFs enhance immunity from gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases to promote host health.

Drug-microbiota interactions: an emerging priority for precision medicine

Individual variability in drug response (IVDR) can be a major cause of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and prolonged therapy, resulting in a substantial health and economic burden. Despite extensive research in pharmacogenomics regarding the impact of individual genetic background on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), genetic diversity explains only a limited proportion of IVDR. The role of gut microbiota, also known as the second genome, and its metabolites in modulating therapeutic outcomes in human diseases have been highlighted by recent studies. Consequently, the burgeoning field of pharmacomicrobiomics aims to explore the correlation between microbiota variation and IVDR or ADRs. This review presents an up-to-date overview of the intricate interactions between gut microbiota and classical therapeutic agents for human systemic diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), endocrine diseases, and others. We summarise how microbiota, directly and indirectly, modify the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs. Conversely, drugs can also modulate the composition and function of gut microbiota, leading to changes in microbial metabolism and immune response. We also discuss the practical challenges, strategies, and opportunities in this field, emphasizing the critical need to develop an innovative approach to multi-omics, integrate various data types, including human and microbiota genomic data, as well as translate lab data into clinical practice. To sum up, pharmacomicrobiomics represents a promising avenue to address IVDR and improve patient outcomes, and further research in this field is imperative to unlock its full potential for precision medicine.

The impact of probiotic cell-free metabolites in MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa: antibacterial properties and effect on antibiotic resistance genes expression

There is a significant demand for novel antibacterial agents against multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria. Recently, probiotics have been noted for their antibacterial properties against various pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotic cell-free supernatants on MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clinical isolates demonstrating the highest degree of antibiotic resistance were chosen, and the antibacterial effect of probiotic metabolites was evaluated using an agar-well diffusion assay. In addition, the effect of probiotics on the expression of resistance genes was evaluated using real-time PCR. The CFS was assessed using GC-MS to determine the antibacterial compounds. The supernatants inhibited the growth of the isolates (P < 0.0001); however, there was no noticeable difference in the effectiveness of the probiotics. In addition, the supernatants decreased the expression levels of mexD, mexB, mexF, and ampC, and an increase in oprD was observed in some groups. After the assessment of Lactobacillus acidophilus by GC-MS, antibacterial compounds, such as acetamide, nonadecane, 9-methyl, and tetradecane, were determined. Our findings showed that probiotic metabolites can effectively inhibit the growth of MDR P. aeruginosa. Gene expression analysis also revealed that the mechanism of antibacterial action was most likely related to the regulation of efflux pumps.