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Lipsky LM, Cummings JR, Haynie DL, Nansel TR. The burden of overweight/obesity and weight-related behaviors attributable to food addiction in emerging adults. Appetite 2024; 199:107399. [PMID: 38710450 PMCID: PMC11145725 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
While food addiction has been positively associated with excess weight and disordered eating behaviors, this has not been examined in representative samples of emerging adults, who are at elevated risk for these outcomes. This study investigated relationships of food addiction with weight outcomes, weight perception, and weight-control behaviors in emerging adults and estimated the population attributable fraction to food addiction. Data from an observational cohort study were collected in seven annual waves from 2010 to 2016. A nationally representative sample of 2785 10th grade students was recruited from schools within each U.S. census region (73% participation) (mean ± SD baseline age = 16.3 ± 0.5years). Wave 7 retention was 81% (n = 2323, 60% female, mean ± SD = 22.6 ± 0.5 years). Outcomes included current BMI, BMI change from baseline - wave 7, increased weight status in wave 7 (increased weight status from baseline-wave 7), perceived overweight, dieting, any weight-control behavior, and extreme weight-control behaviors. Food addiction was measured in wave 7 using the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale. Relative risk of the outcomes associated with food addiction, and population attributable fraction, were estimated using adjusted log-binomial or robust Poisson regression analyses accounting for the complex survey design. Food addiction prevalence was 4.7%. Participants with food addiction were primarily females (91%); food addiction was uncorrelated with other sociodemographics. Food addiction was associated with 48%-167% increased RR for all outcomes, but these were attenuated after adjustment for confounders (31%-64%). The population attributable fraction for food addiction ranged from 2% (high wave 7 BMI) - 5% (extreme weight-control behaviors). Although the population attributable fraction estimates indicate that the public health burden of these outcomes attributable to food addiction may be relatively minor, food addiction may signal the presence of several adverse mental health symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Lipsky
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jenna R Cummings
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Denise L Haynie
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tonja R Nansel
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Constant A, Som M, Val-Laillet D, Moirand R, Thibault R. Exploring sub-threshold food addiction in adult patients with severe obesity: a cross-sectional analysis. J Addict Dis 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38504415 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2024.2327721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies on Food Addiction (FA) used the strict classical diagnosis approach without quantifying sub-threshold symptoms (i.e. uncontrolled/excessive food intake, negative affect, craving, tolerance, withdrawal, and continued use despite harm) nor indicating where they stand on the "three-stage addiction cycle" modeling the transition from substance use to addiction. OBJECTIVES (1) to estimate the proportion of clinically significant episodes of distress/impairment in severely obese patients without FA, and (2) to assess their associations with FA symptoms at the subthreshold level. METHODS The modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0) assesses 11 symptoms (diagnostic criteria) plus clinically significant impairment and distress (clinical significance criterion). We used this tool to diagnose FA (≥ 2 criteria plus clinical significance) in adult patients with severe obesity, but included only those below the threshold in the analyses. Demographics, clinical features, and obesity complications were collected. RESULTS Only 18% of the 192 participants (women n = 148, 77.1%; mean age: 43.0 ± 13.2) reported a total absence of FA symptoms, while one in four reported recurrent episodes of clinically significant distress (24%) or impairment (25%) in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The most common recurrent symptoms were first-stage symptoms (binge/intoxication), while second- (withdrawal/negative affect) and third-stage (preoccupation/anticipation) symptoms affected nearly one patient in five for tolerance and craving, and one in ten for withdrawal. In multivariate analysis, impairment was positively related to withdrawal and tolerance, while distress was positively related to failure in role obligations. CONCLUSION Many patients with severe obesity experience recurrent episodes of FA symptoms at the subthreshold level. Prospective studies will examine whether these symptoms may play a causal role in symptoms progression toward a full-blown FA and obesity outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymery Constant
- EHESP, School of Public Health, Rennes, France
- Inrae, Inserm, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France
| | - Mickaël Som
- Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, CHU Rennes, univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - David Val-Laillet
- Inrae, Inserm, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France
| | - Romain Moirand
- Inrae, Inserm, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France
- Addictology Unit, CHU Rennes, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Thibault
- Inrae, Inserm, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France
- Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, CHU Rennes, univ Rennes, Rennes, France
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Portel CDS, da Silva WP, Tavares Filho ER, Pagani MM, Pimentel TC, Mársico ET, de Freitas MQ, Cruz AGD, Esmerino EA. Are healthiness and pleasure dimensions perceived similarly by people with food addiction in Brazil? A case study using holistic sensory methodologies. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113206. [PMID: 37803534 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the consumption of hyper-palatable ultra-processed foods and the process of addiction gains notoriety due to its relationship with obesity. Food addiction is a complex phenomenon intrinsically related to the individual's behavioral, emotional, and subjective aspects. Therefore, using classical approaches to sensory science may be insufficient to understand better the individual's sensory experience with hyper-palatable foods. In this context, sensory and consumer science techniques with holistic approaches have been aimed at accessing more subjective consumer perceptions. This study used the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS 2.0) to investigate the prevalence of food addiction and the Structured Projective Mapping (S-MP) and Sorting techniques to verify how individuals with and without food addiction perceive and understand different types of food. The prevalence of food addiction was 21.77% (n = 59 out of 271) and was associated with a higher BMI but not with sociodemographic aspects. Projective Mapping (RV = 0.937) and Sorting (RV = 0.934) indicated that perception in relation to attributes such as health and pleasure was similar for all investigated foods in individuals with or without food addiction. The presence of addictive eating behavior does not seem to be related to the way individuals perceive foods from different categories, for example, minimally or highly processed and hyper-palatable foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina de Souto Portel
- Department of Food, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), 20270-021 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wanessa Pires da Silva
- Department of Food Technology, Federal Fluminense University, Faculty of Veterinary, 24230-340 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elson Rogério Tavares Filho
- Department of Food, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), 20270-021 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mônica Marques Pagani
- Department of Food Technology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Faculty of Food Engineering, 23897-001 Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Colombo Pimentel
- Department of Food Technology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraná, 87703-536 Paranavaí, Brazil
| | - Eliane Teixeira Mársico
- Department of Food Technology, Federal Fluminense University, Faculty of Veterinary, 24230-340 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mônica Queiroz de Freitas
- Department of Food Technology, Federal Fluminense University, Faculty of Veterinary, 24230-340 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriano Gomes da Cruz
- Department of Food, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), 20270-021 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erick Almeida Esmerino
- Department of Food, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), 20270-021 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Food Technology, Federal Fluminense University, Faculty of Veterinary, 24230-340 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Borisenkov MF, Tserne TA, Popov SV, Smirnov VV, Dorogina OI, Pecherkina AA, Symaniuk EE. Association of Chrononutrition Indices with Anthropometric Parameters, Academic Performance, and Psychoemotional State of Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4521. [PMID: 37960174 PMCID: PMC10647400 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescents are an at-risk group for circadian misalignment. The contribution of sleep-wake rhythm instability to the psychoemotional, cognitive, and weight disorders of adolescents has been studied in sufficient detail. At the same time, there is insufficient information about the association between chrononutrition indices and the well-being of adolescents. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between chrononutrition indices and academic achievement, psychoemotional state, and anthropometric indicators in adolescents. The study involved 12,759 students in grades 6-11 of secondary schools, aged 14.2 ± 1.7 years old; 57.2% of whom were girls. Participants provided personal data, frequency and time of meals during the day and at night, on weekdays and weekends, and completed the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale and the Yale Food Addiction Scale. There is a U-shaped association between eating mid-phase (EPFc), eating jetlag (EJL), and eating window (EW) with GPA, ZSDSI, and FA. At the same time, the frequency of night eating (NE) is linearly associated with the studied parameters. NE is the strongest predictor of ZSDSI (β = 0.24), FA (β = 0.04), and GPA (β = -0.22). EPFc, EJL, and EW practically do not differ in the strength of their association with the studied indicators. ZSDSI is most closely associated with the chrononutrition indices. There is a weak negative association between BMI and EW (β = -0.03) and NE (β = -0.04). Thus, circadian eating disorders are more often observed in adolescents with poor academic performance, high levels of depression, and food addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail F. Borisenkov
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Biotechnology, Institute of Physiology of Federal Research Centre “Komi Science Centre of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (T.A.T.); (S.V.P.); (V.V.S.)
| | - Tatyana A. Tserne
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Biotechnology, Institute of Physiology of Federal Research Centre “Komi Science Centre of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (T.A.T.); (S.V.P.); (V.V.S.)
| | - Sergey V. Popov
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Biotechnology, Institute of Physiology of Federal Research Centre “Komi Science Centre of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (T.A.T.); (S.V.P.); (V.V.S.)
| | - Vasily V. Smirnov
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Biotechnology, Institute of Physiology of Federal Research Centre “Komi Science Centre of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (T.A.T.); (S.V.P.); (V.V.S.)
| | - Olga I. Dorogina
- Ural Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University, 620000 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.I.D.); (E.E.S.)
| | - Anna A. Pecherkina
- Ural Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University, 620000 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.I.D.); (E.E.S.)
| | - Elvira E. Symaniuk
- Ural Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University, 620000 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.I.D.); (E.E.S.)
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Kim NY, Suh S, Kim J, Son K, Woo S, Kim J, Park KH, Lim H. Validating the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Children (DEBQ-C) among Korean children and adolescents with high weight. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:177. [PMID: 37803454 PMCID: PMC10557218 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00894-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using reliable measurement tools is becoming increasingly important as the prevalence of obesity among children increases in Korea. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Children (DEBQ-C) measures three eating behaviors associated with overeating. This study aims to validate the DEBQ-C for use among Korean children and adolescents with high body weight. It examines the psychometric features of the Korean translation of the DEBQ-C and investigates the relationship between the subscale scores of the DEBQ-C and the weight status of participants (categorized into overweight, obese, and morbidly obese). METHODS A total of 233 children and adolescents (mean age: 11.4 ± 1.6 years) completed the questionnaire. The study verified the factor structure of the DEBQ-C using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and estimated its internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha. For convergent validity, it employed Pearson's correlation coefficient to assess relationships between the three eating behaviors of the DEBQ-C and the number of food addiction symptoms of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C). Lastly, it examined the relationship between DEBQ-C scores and weight status via multinomial logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The three-factor model demonstrated goodness-of-fit (χ2 = 253, df = 167, χ2/df = 1.515, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.944; TLI = 0.937; RMSEA = 0.047). The internal consistency of the three eating behaviors was also satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha = 0.707-0.890). The emotional and external eating subscales of the DEBQ-C were positively correlated with the number of symptoms of food addiction of the YFAS-C. Emotional (OR: 2.008; 95% CI 1.973-2.043) and external (OR: 2.074; 95% CI 2.029-2.119) eating were positively associated with obesity status. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the Korean version of the DEBQ-C is suitable for the examination of problematic eating behaviors in Korean children and adolescents with high body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Young Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Sooyeon Suh
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, 02844, Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Kumhee Son
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Sarah Woo
- Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-Si, 24252, Korea
| | - Jia Kim
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Mental Health Center, Seoul, 04933, Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, 14068, Korea.
| | - Hyunjung Lim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea.
- Research Institute of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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Schankweiler P, Raddatz D, Ellrott T, Hauck Cirkel C. Correlates of Food Addiction and Eating Behaviours in Patients with Morbid Obesity. Obes Facts 2023; 16:465-474. [PMID: 37544305 PMCID: PMC10601678 DOI: 10.1159/000531528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Food addiction (FA) is a promising construct regarding the multifactorial aetiology of obesity and the search for therapeutic approaches. However, there is an ongoing debate regarding the overlap/differentiation with eating disorders and the classification as a substance- or behaviour-related addiction. Energy-dense foods, especially those combining carbohydrates and fat, are associated with addictive eating and suspected of playing a role in the genesis of FA. This study aims to further understand the clinical significance of FA and to identify possible therapeutic targets. A special focus is set on potentially addictive foods (combination of carbohydrates and fat). METHODS Based on the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0, a cohort of 112 German adults with morbid obesity was divided into two sub-samples (patients with and without FA), which were examined for differences in the variables listed below. RESULTS The prevalence of FA was 25%. Patients meeting criteria for FA showed higher degrees of hunger, emotional, binge, and night eating than patients without FA. In addition, hunger and disinhibition were found to be significant predictors of FA. FA was not associated with sex, age, body mass index (BMI), cognitive restraint, rigid and flexible control, prevalence of substance use, age of onset of obesity, stress level, level of social support, reduction of BMI during a weight loss programme, or programme withdrawal rate. There was no significant difference in the consumption of foods rich in both carbohydrates and fat, nor of fat or carbohydrates alone. CONCLUSION FA can be considered as a sub-phenotype of obesity, occurring in approximately 25% of obesity cases. Dysfunctional emotional coping mechanisms associated with low distress tolerance showed to be significantly related to FA and should be targeted therapeutically. Behavioural interventions should include a bio-psycho-social model. Binge eating episodes were found to be characteristic for FA and the already stated overlap between FA and binge eating behaviour can be confirmed. The results do not support a decisive difference due to a substance-related component of FA. Despite this, the existence of FA as a distinct entity cannot be excluded, as not all patients with FA exhibit binges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Schankweiler
- Institute for Nutrition and Psychology at the Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Raddatz
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ellrott
- Institute for Nutrition and Psychology at the Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Hauck Cirkel
- Institute for Nutrition and Psychology at the Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Wittekind DA, Kratzsch J, Mergl R, Baber R, Wirkner K, Schroeter ML, Witte AV, Villringer A, Kluge M. Leptin, but not ghrelin, is associated with food addiction scores in a population-based subject sample. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1200021. [PMID: 37559914 PMCID: PMC10407557 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin and leptin are both peptide hormones and act as opposing players in the regulation of hunger, satiety and energy expenditure. Leptin reduces appetite and feelings of hunger and is secreted mainly by adipocytes, while ghrelin increases appetite and food intake and reduces metabolic rate. Both hormones have been implicated in addictive disorders. Ghrelin was shown to have pro-addictive effects while leptin's role in addiction yields more conflicting results. Their involvement in the regulation of both food intake and addictive behaviors make them interesting candidates when investigating the regulation of food addiction. However, only few human studies have been performed and large-scale studies are lacking to date. We aimed to investigate the association between total ghrelin and leptin serum levels with scores in the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). METHODS Subjects were recruited in the LIFE Adult cohort. 909 subjects were included in the analysis and we performed univariate multiple linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex (in total group analyses only), alcohol consumption, smoking status, BMI scores, cortisol concentrations, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) sum scores. The dependent variable was the YFAS score. RESULTS In men, leptin serum levels showed a significant positive association (standardized β = 0.146; p = 0.012) with the YFAS score. This finding was confirmed in an extreme-group comparison: men in the highest quartile of leptin levels had significantly higher YFAS sum scores than men in the lowest quartile (1.55 vs. 1.18; p = 0.00014). There was no association with YFAS sum score in the total group (standardized β = -0.002; p = 0.974) or in women (standardized β = -0.034; p = 0.674). Total serum ghrelin showed no association with YFAS sum score neither in the total group (standardized β = -0.043; p = 0.196) nor in men (n = 530; standardized β = -0.063; p = 0.135) or women (n = 379; standardized β = -0.035; p = 0.494). CONCLUSION Our findings are in line with previous literature and suggest that total ghrelin serum levels are not associated with food addiction scores. Leptin had been previously shown to be associated with food addiction and we confirmed this finding for men in a large, population-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Alexander Wittekind
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Mergl
- Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Ronny Baber
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wirkner
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias L. Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A. Veronica Witte
- Department of Neurology, Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf-Virchow-Klinikum Glauchau, Glauchau, Germany
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Zhang X, Bhatt RR, Todorov S, Gupta A. Brain-gut microbiome profile of neuroticism predicts food addiction in obesity: A transdiagnostic approach. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 125:110768. [PMID: 37061021 PMCID: PMC10731989 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Neuroticism is one of the most robust risk factors for addictive behaviors including food addiction (a key contributor to obesity), although the associated mechanisms are not well understood. A transdiagnostic approach was used to identify the neuroticism-related neuropsychological and gut metabolomic patterns associated with food addiction. Predictive modeling of neuroticism was implemented using multimodal features (23 clinical, 13,531 resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC), 336 gut metabolites) in 114 high body mass index (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) (cross-sectional) participants. Gradient boosting machine and logistic regression models were used to evaluate classification performance for food addiction. Neuroticism was significantly associated with food addiction (P < 0.001). Neuroticism-related features predicted food addiction with high performance (89% accuracy). Multimodal models performed better than single-modal models in predicting food addiction. Transdiagnostic alterations corresponded to rsFC involved in the emotion regulation, reward, and cognitive control and self-monitoring networks, and the metabolite 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, as well as anxiety symptoms. Neuroticism moderated the relationship between BMI and food addiction. Neuroticism drives neuropsychological and gut microbial signatures implicated in dopamine synthesis and inflammation, anxiety, and food addiction. Such transdiagnostic models are essential in identifying mechanisms underlying food addiction in obesity, as it can help develop multiprong interventions to improve symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobei Zhang
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress & Resilience, at UCLA, United States of America; UCLA Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, United States of America; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, United States of America; University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Ravi R Bhatt
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, United States of America
| | - Svetoslav Todorov
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress & Resilience, at UCLA, United States of America
| | - Arpana Gupta
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress & Resilience, at UCLA, United States of America; UCLA Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, United States of America; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, United States of America; Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center at UCLA, United States of America; University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America.
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Miranda-Olivos R, Agüera Z, Granero R, Jiménez-Murcia S, Puig-Llobet M, Lluch-Canut MT, Gearhardt AN, Fernández-Aranda F. The Role of Food Addiction and Lifetime Substance Use on Eating Disorder Treatment Outcomes. Nutrients 2023; 15:2919. [PMID: 37447246 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Food addiction (FA) and substance use (SU) in eating disorders (ED) have been associated with a more dysfunctional clinical and psychopathological profile. However, their impact on treatment outcomes has been poorly explored. Therefore, this transdiagnostic study is aimed at examining whether the presence of FA and/or SU is associated with treatment outcomes in patients with different ED types. The results were not able to reveal significant differences in treatment outcomes between patients with and without FA and/or SU; however, the effect sizes suggest higher dropout rates in the group with both FA and SU. The predictive models of treatment outcomes showed different features associated with each group. High persistence (i.e., tendency to perseverance and inflexibility) was the personality trait most associated with poor treatment outcomes in patients without addictions. High harm avoidance and younger age at ED onset were the variables most related to poor outcomes in patients with FA or SU. Finally, in the group with both addictive behaviors (FA and SU), the younger patients presented the poorest outcomes. In conclusion, our results suggest that, regardless of presenting addictive behaviors, patients with ED may similarly benefit from treatment. However, it may be important to consider the differential predictors of each group that might guide certain treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Miranda-Olivos
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Psychology Unit, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaida Agüera
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament d'Infermeria de Salut Pública, Salut Mental i Materno-Infantil, Escola d'Infermeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group in Mental Health, Psychosocial and Complex Nursing Care (NURSEARCH), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Psychology Unit, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Puig-Llobet
- Departament d'Infermeria de Salut Pública, Salut Mental i Materno-Infantil, Escola d'Infermeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group in Mental Health, Psychosocial and Complex Nursing Care (NURSEARCH), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Lluch-Canut
- Departament d'Infermeria de Salut Pública, Salut Mental i Materno-Infantil, Escola d'Infermeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group in Mental Health, Psychosocial and Complex Nursing Care (NURSEARCH), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Psychology Unit, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Escrivá-Martínez T, Galiana L, Herrero R, Rodríguez-Arias M, Fernández-Aranda F, Gearhardt AN, Baños RM. Food addiction and its relationship with other eating behaviours among Spanish university students. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:60. [PMID: 37046319 PMCID: PMC10100167 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food addiction (FA) is characterised by symptoms such as loss of control over food consumption, inability to reduce consumption despite the desire to do so, and continued consumption despite negative consequences. The modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0) is a widely used instrument to assess FA. OBJECTIVES To validate the Spanish mYFAS 2.0; to analyse the relationships between FA with other eating behaviours, sociodemographic variables, and Body Mass Index (BMI); and to test the eating-related variables that account for the variance in FA. METHODS The sample consisted of 400 university students (Mage = 24.16, SDage = 6.12; 51% female), who completed the mYFAS 2.0 and measures of eating-related constructs. RESULTS A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the one-factor structure of the mYFAS 2.0. The scale showed good internal consistency (α = .78), and good convergent validity with the mYFAS. FA was related to eating styles, binge eating, and bulimia. No differences in FA were observed between males and females, and there was no association between FA and BMI. In addition, younger participants scored higher on FA than older participants. The eating-related variables explain 54.7% of the variance in FA. CONCLUSIONS The mYFAS 2.0 is a valid and reliable scale to assess FA in the Spanish population. The positive and significant relationship of variables related to eating (eating styles, binge eating and bulimia) with FA was demonstrated. These variables were indicated by those at high risk of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Escrivá-Martínez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- Polibienestar Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
- CIBERObn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Galiana
- Department of Methodology for the Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rocío Herrero
- CIBERObn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, 44003, Teruel, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- CIBERObn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rosa M Baños
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Polibienestar Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERObn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Horsager C, LaFata EM, Faerk E, Lauritsen MB, Østergaard SD, Gearhardt AN. Psychometric validation of the full Yale food addiction scale for children 2.0 among adolescents from the general population and adolescents with a history of mental disorder. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2023. [PMID: 36888546 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food addiction is a phenotype characterised by an addiction-like attraction to highly processed foods. Adolescence is a sensitive period for developing addictive disorders. Therefore, a valid measure to assess food addiction in adolescents is needed. Accordingly, the aim of the study was to establish a categorical scoring option for the full version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children 2.0 (YFAS-C 2.0), and to psychometrically validate the full YFAS-C 2.0. METHOD The data stem from the Food Addiction Denmark (FADK) Project. Random samples of 3750 adolescents from the general population aged 13-17 years, and 3529 adolescents with a history mental disorder of the same age were invited to participate in a survey including the full version of the YFAS-C 2.0. A confirmatory factor analysis was carried out and the weighted prevalence of food addiction was estimated. RESULTS The confirmatory factor analysis of the YFAS-C 2.0 supported a one-factor model in both samples. The weighted prevalence of food addiction was 5.0% in the general population, and 11.2% in the population with a history of mental disorder. CONCLUSIONS The full version of the YFAS-C 2.0 is a psychometrically valid measure for assessing clinically significant food addiction in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica M LaFata
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emil Faerk
- Aalborg University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marlene Briciet Lauritsen
- Aalborg University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Søren Dinesen Østergaard
- Department of Affective Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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12
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Wattick RA, Olfert MD, Claydon E, Hagedorn-Hatfield RL, Barr ML, Brode C. Early life influences on the development of food addiction in college attending young adults. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:14. [PMID: 36807705 PMCID: PMC9940052 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01546-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is little investigation into the causes of food addiction. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of early life influences on the development of food addiction in college-attending young adults aged 18-29. METHODS This study utilized a sequential explanatory mixed-methods research design. College-attending young adults were invited to complete an online survey measuring Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), food addiction, depression, anxiety, stress, and demographic information. Correlations between food addiction and the other variables were analyzed and significant variables were placed into a nominal logistic regression model to predict the development of food addiction. Participants who met the criteria for food addiction were invited to participate in interviews to examine their childhood eating environment and when their symptoms emerged. Interviews were transcribed and thematically analyzed. Quantitative analysis was conducted using JMP Pro Version 16.0 and qualitative analysis was conducted using NVIVO Software Version 12.0. RESULTS Survey respondents (n = 1645) had an overall 21.9% prevalence of food addiction. Significant correlations were observed between food addiction and ACEs, depression, anxiety, stress, and sex (p < .01 for all). Depression was the only significant predictor of the development of food addiction (OR = 3.33 95% CI 2.19, 5.05). The most common eating environment described by interview participants (n = 36) was an emphasis on diet culture, ideal body image, and restrictive environments. Symptoms frequently emerged after transitioning into college and having the ability to make their own food choices. CONCLUSION These results show the impact of early life eating environments and young adulthood mental health on the development of food addiction. These findings contribute to the understanding of underlying causes of food addiction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, Opinions of authorities, based on descriptive studies, narrative reviews, clinical experience, or reports of expert committees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Wattick
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, G25 4100 Agricultural Sciences Building, 1194 Evansdale Dr., P.O. Box 6108, Morgantown, WV, 26505-6108, USA
| | - Melissa D Olfert
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, G25 4100 Agricultural Sciences Building, 1194 Evansdale Dr., P.O. Box 6108, Morgantown, WV, 26505-6108, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Claydon
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV, 26505-9190, USA
| | - Rebecca L Hagedorn-Hatfield
- Department of Nutrition, Health and Human Performance, School of Education Health and Human Sciences, Meredith College, 3800 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC, 27607-5298, USA
| | - Makenzie L Barr
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, 212 Funkhouser Building, Lexington, KY, 40514, USA
| | - Cassie Brode
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
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13
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Wattick RA, Olfert MD, Hagedorn-Hatfield RL, Barr ML, Claydon E, Brode C. Diet quality and eating behaviors of college-attending young adults with food addiction. Eat Behav 2023. [PMID: 36863205 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND College students are heavily influenced by their food environment and are an important population in which to study food addiction. This mixed-methods study aimed to examine diet quality and eating behaviors of college students with food addiction. METHODS Students attending a large university in November 2021 were invited to complete an online survey that measured food addiction, eating styles, eating disorder symptoms, diet quality, and anticipated feelings after eating. Kruskal-Wallis H determined differences between those with and without food addiction in mean scores of quantitative variables. Participants who met the symptom threshold for the presence of food addiction were invited to participate in an interview that elicited more information. Quantitative data was analyzed using JMP Pro Version 16.0 and qualitative data was thematically analyzed using NVIVO Pro Software Version 12.0. RESULTS Respondents (n = 1645) had a 21.9 % prevalence of food addiction. Individuals with mild food addiction had the highest scores in cognitive restraint. Those with severe food addiction had the highest scores in uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, and eating disorder symptoms. Individuals with food addiction showed significantly higher negative expectancies for healthy and junk food, lower intake of vegetables, higher intakes of added sugars and saturated fat. Interview participants had problems with sweets and carbohydrates most often and described eating until physically ill, eating in response to negative emotions, dissociation while eating, and strong negative feelings after eating. CONCLUSION Findings contribute to the understanding of the behaviors, emotions, and perceptions surrounding food by this population, providing potential behaviors and cognitions to target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Wattick
- West Virginia University, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences; 4100 Agricultural Sciences Building, PO Box 6108, Morgantown, WV 26505-6108, United States of America.
| | - Melissa D Olfert
- West Virginia University, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences; 4100 Agricultural Sciences Building, PO Box 6108, Morgantown, WV 26505-6108, United States of America.
| | - Rebecca L Hagedorn-Hatfield
- Meredith College, School of Education Health & Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Health and Human Performance; 3800 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27607-5298, United States of America.
| | - Makenzie L Barr
- University of Kentucky, Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, 212 Funkhouser Building, Lexington, KY 40514, United States of America.
| | - Elizabeth Claydon
- West Virginia University, School of Public Health, Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, 64 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26505-9190, United States of America.
| | - Cassie Brode
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, United States of America.
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14
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Borisenkov MF, Tserne TA, Bakutova LA, Gubin DG. Food addiction and emotional eating are associated with intradaily rest-activity rhythm variability. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:3309-3316. [PMID: 35932417 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present investigation was to study the associations among parameters characterizing eating behavior and actimetry-derived indices of circadian rhythm of motor activity. METHODS The study involved 81 healthy participants (average age: 21.5 ± 9.6 y, women: 77.8%). Each study participant provided personal data, filled out the Yale Food Addiction Scale and the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, and wore a wrist actimeter for 7 consecutive days to record motor activity. Using time series treatments, we obtained: (a) three cosinor-derived parametric indices [Medline Estimating Statistics of Rhythm (MESOR), amplitude, and acrophase], and (b) four non-parametric indices [interdaily stability, intradaily variability (I.V.), most active 10-h period (M10), and least active 5-h period] characterizing the 24-h rhythm of motor activity. A multiple regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and BMI was performed to assess the associations among the studied indicators. RESULTS It was shown that I.V. is a predictor of symptoms of food addiction (β = 0.242, P = 0.037) and emotional eating (β = 0.390, P = 0.004), MESOR is a predictor of symptoms of food addiction (β = 0.342, P = 0.003), and M10 predicts restraint (β = 0.257, P = 0.015) and emotional eating (β = 0.464, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION It was shown for the first time that an increase in symptom counts of food addiction is associated with an increase in the average level and fragmentation of 24-h rhythm of motor activity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail F Borisenkov
- Institute of Physiology of Komi Science Center of the Ural Branch of the, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia.
| | - Tatyana A Tserne
- Institute of Physiology of Komi Science Center of the Ural Branch of the, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Larisa A Bakutova
- Institute of Physiology of Komi Science Center of the Ural Branch of the, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Denis G Gubin
- Tyumen Medical University, Tyumen, Russia.,Tyumen Cardiology Research Centre, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Science, Tyumen, Russia
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15
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Sultana MS, Islam MS, Sayeed A, Koly KN, Baker K, Hossain R, Ahmed S, Ferdous MZ, Mubarak M, Potenza MN, Sikder MT. Food addiction, orthorexia nervosa and dietary diversity among Bangladeshi university students: a large online survey during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:163. [PMID: 36376901 PMCID: PMC9662779 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00680-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Maladaptive eating behaviors like food addiction (FA) are common among students, and orthorexia nervosa (ON) is being evaluated as a new condition among eating disorders (EDs). Moreover, dietary diversity (DD) is recognized as an important component of a healthy diet. Thus, the current study sought to examine the prevalence of ON and FA as well as the factors associated with ON, FA, and DD among university students in Bangladesh during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Four-thousand-and-seventy-six students were recruited and completed an online survey consisting of the Bratman Orthorexia test, the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale, and a questionnaire based on the Food and Agriculture Organizations' guidelines. Inferential statistics, bivariate and multivariable linear regression were used for analyzing data. RESULTS ON and FA were observed in 1.7% and 7.5% of participants, respectively, with 43.8% exhibiting Health Fanatic eating attitude. The mean DD score was 5.96 (SD = 1.56). Students with ON consumed more legumes, nuts, seeds, and vegetables including dark green leafy vegetables whereas students with FA consumed more organ meats and eggs. Students who were older-aged, married, formerly smoked, had fitness goals, and had guilty feelings about violating food rules were more likely to have ON, whereas those who were female, were married, actively smoked, and were overweight and obese were more likely to have FA. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that students from Bangladesh are at risk of FA, and less so for ON. These entities and low DD deserve more research attention in Bangladesh to increase awareness and ensure appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mst. Sadia Sultana
- grid.411808.40000 0001 0664 5967Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Saiful Islam
- grid.411808.40000 0001 0664 5967Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh
- Center for Advanced Research Excellence in Public Health, Savar, Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Abu Sayeed
- grid.443081.a0000 0004 0489 3643Department of Post-Harvest Technology and Marketing, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, 8602 Bangladesh
| | - Kamrun Nahar Koly
- grid.414142.60000 0004 0600 7174Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Katya Baker
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Rakib Hossain
- grid.411808.40000 0001 0664 5967Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Sanjida Ahmed
- grid.411808.40000 0001 0664 5967Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Most. Zannatul Ferdous
- grid.411808.40000 0001 0664 5967Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuza Mubarak
- grid.411808.40000 0001 0664 5967Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Psychiatry and Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
- grid.414671.10000 0000 8938 4936Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT USA
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Neuroscience and Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Md Tajuddin Sikder
- grid.411808.40000 0001 0664 5967Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh
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16
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Parnarouskis L, Leventhal AM, Ferguson SG, Gearhardt AN. Withdrawal: A key consideration in evaluating whether highly processed foods are addictive. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13507. [PMID: 36196649 PMCID: PMC9786266 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Researchers are currently debating whether theories of addiction explain compulsive overeating of highly processed (HP) foods (i.e., industrially created foods high in refined carbohydrates and/or fat), which contributes to obesity and diet-related disease. A subset of individuals consumes HP foods with behavioral phenotypes that mirror substance use disorders. Withdrawal, the emergence of aversive physical and psychological symptoms upon reduction or cessation of substance use, is a core component of addiction that was central to historical debates about other substances' addictive potential (e.g., nicotine and cocaine). However, no one has systematically considered evidence for whether HP foods cause withdrawal, which represents a key knowledge gap regarding the utility of addiction models for understanding compulsive overeating. Thus, we reviewed evidence for whether animals and humans exhibit withdrawal when reducing or eliminating HP food intake. Controlled experimental evidence indicates animals experience HP food withdrawal marked by neural reward changes and behaviors consistent with withdrawal from other addictive substances. In humans, preliminary evidence supports subjective withdrawal-like experiences. However, most current human research is limited to retrospective recall. Further experimental research is needed to evaluate this construct. We outline future research directions to investigate HP food withdrawal in humans and consider potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stuart G Ferguson
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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17
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Fernández MS, Pilatti A, Pautassi RM. Eating-to-Cope Motives and Uncontrolled Eating as Mediators Between Negative Emotional States and Food Addiction Among Argentinean Young Adults. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022:1-19. [PMID: 36275610 PMCID: PMC9579650 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative emotional states (NES; i.e., depression, anxiety and stress) are likely contributors to the development of food addiction (FA). The association between NES and FA symptoms may be mediated by altered eating behaviors or by eating-to-cope motives. This study examined, in a sample of Argentinean young adults, the association between NES and FA symptoms via eating-to-cope motives and three patterns of eating behaviors. We also examined whether the model was invariant across college status. The transition from high school to college is usually associated with increased exposure to stress, which promotes the probability of engaging in altered eating behaviors. A sample of 499 Argentinean young adults (mean age = 24.9 ± 3.51 years) completed a survey that assessed FA symptoms, eating behaviors (i.e., uncontrolled, emotional, and restrained eating), eating-to-cope motives and NES. A path analysis tested the indirect association between NES and FA symptoms via uncontrolled, emotional or restrained eating, or by eating-to-cope. Stress and depression symptoms were indirectly associated with FA symptoms via uncontrolled eating and eating-to-cope motives. The model was invariant across college status. The findings suggest that NES are associated with FA symptoms by increasing uncontrolled eating and eating-to-cope motives. Young adults exhibiting greater depressive or stress symptoms, higher eating-to-cope, or higher uncontrolled eating may be at risk for FA. Future research should examine the significance of this pattern by tailoring interventions to these characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Soledad Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, IIPsi-CONICET-UNC, Bv. de la Reforma, 1936 Córdoba (5000), Argentina
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Bv. de la Reforma 1936, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Angelina Pilatti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, IIPsi-CONICET-UNC, Bv. de la Reforma, 1936 Córdoba (5000), Argentina
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Bv. de la Reforma 1936, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Marcos Pautassi
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Bv. de la Reforma 1936, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. Y M. Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, C.P. 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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18
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The Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale May Be Simplified and Diagnostically Improved: The Same Prevalence but Different Severity and Risk Factors of Food Addiction among Female and Male Students. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194041. [PMID: 36235693 PMCID: PMC9573175 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) is the most commonly used scale for measuring food addiction (FA). The previous approach to the YFAS and its subsequent versions assumed dichotomization of items, separating addiction symptoms and clinical significance items, and factorial validity testing on a subset of items. In this paper, we discuss the drawbacks associated with these procedures. In addition, we present a different analytical approach to investigate the validity of the modified YFAS (mYFAS) along with an alternative scoring method that overcomes limitations related to the previous approach. After establishing the structure of the mYFAS, we investigated the potential antecedents and consequences of FA separately for men and women. The sample consisted of 1182 Polish undergraduate students (613 women, 559 men, 10 missing values on gender) with a mean age of 20.33 years (SD = 1.68; range: 18–36). They were asked to complete self-report questionnaires measuring FA, personality traits (Big Five), self-esteem, narcissism, self-efficacy, social anxiety, loneliness, and well-being indicators. Due to the low content, factorial, and clinical validity, the first three items were excluded from the Polish version of the mYFAS. The six-item mYFAS demonstrated measurement invariance, allowing for meaningful comparisons between genders and yielded almost identical prevalence rates for men and women. The hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that, narcissism, and social anxiety predicted FA in both genders, whereas important gender differences in antecedents were also noted. In addition, FA was associated with body mass index (BMI) and most of the well-being indicators, even after controlling for relevant variables. The findings suggest that our modified analytical approach allows researchers to measure FA using a valid, useful, and simple tool.
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Mastropietro S, Favieri F, Forte G, Locuratolo N, Mannarelli D, Pauletti C, Fattapposta F, Casagrande M. Behavioral Addictions Questionnaire (BAQ): Validation of a New Tool for the Screening of Multiple Addictive Behaviors in the Italian Population. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis study deals with the uncertainty in defining behavioral addictions (BAs). BAs are characterized by specific compulsive behaviors, regardless of potential negative consequences. However, to differentiate a behavior from a leisure activity to an addictive one is still an object of debate in the literature. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Behavioral Addictions Questionnaire (BAQ) as a possible screening tool for multiple BAs (i.e., shopping, food addiction, gambling, sex, work, exercise, Internet, videogames, and smartphone). BAQ aims to give a dimensional and quantitative assessment of addictive behaviors in a continuum, including both the adaptive and maladaptive features of the behaviors. Five hundred and seventy-six healthy adults (age range: 18–88) participated in the study, completing a survey including the BAQ questionnaire. Considering both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, statistical examination suggested good psychometric properties, with adequate validity in all its subscales (i.e., the goodness of fit). Moreover, also higher reliability was confirmed for each dimension detected (i.e., all alpha over 0.65). The BAQ represents a comprehensive screening instrument that benefits from appropriate validity and reliability for assessing BAs. Therefore, it can be used in clinical fields and research. Moreover, the feature of BAs on a continuum, and the severity index adopted by the study, can help from a preventive perspective. However, further validation of the BAQ is needed in other countries and contexts.
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O'Connor RM, Kenny PJ. Utility of 'substance use disorder' as a heuristic for understanding overeating and obesity. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 118:110580. [PMID: 35636576 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rates of obesity and obesity-associated diseases have increased dramatically in countries with developed economies. Substance use disorders (SUDs) are characterized by the persistent use of the substance despite negative consequences. It has been hypothesized that overconsumption of palatable energy dense food can elicit SUD-like maladaptive behaviors that contribute to persistent caloric intake beyond homeostatic need even in the face of negative consequences. Palatable food and drugs of abuse act on many of the same motivation-related circuits in the brain, and can induce, at least superficially, similar molecular, cellular, and physiological adaptations on these circuits. As such, applying knowledge about the neurobiological mechanisms of SUDs may serve as useful heuristic to better understand the persistent overconsumption of palatable food that contributes to obesity. However, many important differences exist between the actions of drugs of abuse and palatable food in the brain. This warrants caution when attributing weight gain and obesity to the manifestation of a putative SUD-related behavioral disorder. Here, we describe similarities and differences between compulsive drug use in SUDs and overconsumption in obesity and consider the merit of the concept of "food addiction".
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M O'Connor
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States of America
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States of America.
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Hallit S, Brytek-Matera A, Malaeb D, Obeid S. Validation of the Arabic version of the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale in the general population in Lebanon. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:112. [PMID: 35927764 PMCID: PMC9354308 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the definition of food addiction is not agreed upon, it is characterized by eating more than expected without being hungry, not being able to visit certain places associated with overeating or unsuccessfully trying to cut down on the consumption of certain foods. The modified YFAS (mYFAS 2.0) version, instrument available to evaluate food addiction, was shown to have good psychometric properties. Our objective was to assess the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the mYFAS (mYFAS-Ar-Leb) in the Lebanese population. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled 1268 persons residing in Lebanon (September-November 2020). The mean age of the participants was 26.18 years (SD = 11.17; min: 18; max: 85), with 65.1% females. The percentage of participants with food addiction was 226 (17.8%) in the total sample. A confirmatory factor analysis was run on the one-factor structure among the total sample. RESULTS The fit indices of the confirmatory factor analysis of the scale were excellent. The Cronbach's alpha value was good for the total scale. The mYFAS-Ar-Leb score was positively and strongly associated with stress, anxiety and depression. CONCLUSION Our study findings highlighted that the use of the mYFAS-Ar-Leb in Lebanese population might help estimate food addiction prevalence and stress on the need for effective treatment and preventive measures to craving for addictive foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon. .,Psychology Department, College of Humanities, Effat University, Jeddah, 21478, Saudi Arabia. .,Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
| | - Anna Brytek-Matera
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Dawida 1, 50-527, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Diana Malaeb
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- School of Arts and Sciences, Social and Education Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
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Parnarouskis L, Gearhardt AN. Preliminary Evidence that Tolerance and Withdrawal Occur in Response to Ultra-processed Foods. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Defining Risky Use in the Context of Food Addiction. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Niroumand Sarvandani M, Asadi M, Khosravi F, Gearhardt AN, Razmhosseini M, Soleimani M, Mohseni F, Garmabi B, Rafaiee R. Validation and Psychological Properties of the Persian Version of DSM 5 Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (PYFAS 2.0) in Non-clinical Population. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2022; 14:175-184. [PMID: 36544977 PMCID: PMC9743828 DOI: 10.34172/ahj.2022.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The Yale Food Addiction Scale version 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) is used for the assessment of food addiction (FA). This research intended to evaluate the validity of the Persian translation of the questionnaire and to investigate the psychological properties and the association between FA and anthropometric indices. Methods In a sample of 473 nonclinical participants, FA, binge eating, and objectively measured anthropometric indices were assessed. Internal consistency, convergent, and validity of the PYFAS 2.0 were examined. Also, the factor structure (confirmatory factor analysis following the 11 diagnostic indicators in addition to the significant distress) and the construct of the scale were evaluated. Findings The frequencies of mild, moderate, and severe FA based on PYFAS 2.0 were 0.2%, 10%, and 5.5%, respectively. The findings supported a one-factor structure. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good construct validity (RMSEA=0.043, χ2=76.38, df=41, χ2 (CMIN)/df=1.862, GFI=0.975, AGFI=0.957, IFI=0.986, RFI=0.958, ECVI=0.319, TLI=0.978). For both the diagnostic and symptom count versions, the PYFAS 2.0 presented acceptable internal consistency (IC) (Kuder-Richardson 20=0.99 and McDonald omega=0.91). Conclusion The PYFAS 2.0 was a psychometrically sound instrument in an Iranian non-clinical population. This questionnaire can be used to study FA in Persian non-clinical populations. Future research should study the psychometric characteristics of this scale in high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud Asadi
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Farideh Khosravi
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ashley N. Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | | | - Maryam Soleimani
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Mohseni
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Behzad Garmabi
- Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Raheleh Rafaiee
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran,Corresponding Author: Raheleh Rafaiee, Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Santiago VA, Cassin SE. Social and Occupational Impairment Among Individuals with Ultra-processed Food Addiction. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Clinical Considerations of Ultra-processed Food Addiction Across Weight Classes: an Eating Disorder Treatment and Care Perspective. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022; 9:255-267. [PMID: 35531579 PMCID: PMC9058754 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review To examine the prevalence rates of ultra-processed food addiction across different weight classes and offer guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Clinicians are provided with practical considerations in the assessment of ultra-processed food addiction beyond the use of validated instruments. Recent Findings The weighted mean prevalence of ultra-processed food addiction is approximately 20% worldwide and varies widely based on the sample. At first glance, there appears a linear relationship between ultra-processed food addiction and BMI class. Further investigation indicates a J-shaped curve with heightened prevalence among the underweight. These findings highlight the need to assess for additional factors that may increase objective or subjective food addiction symptoms including eating disorders, dietary restraint, and other mental health diagnoses. Summary While clinical considerations across different weight classes vary, overemphasis on weight status may detract from the clinical utility of the ultra-processed food addiction construct. Considering weight status in conjunction with other psychiatric symptoms helps to better understand the various biopsychosocial mechanisms that influence eating behavior and can inform individualized treatment strategies.
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Sanchez I, Lucas I, Munguía L, Camacho‐Barcia L, Giménez M, Sánchez‐González J, Granero R, Solé‐Morata N, Gearhard A, Diéguez C, Jiménez‐Murcia S, Fernández‐Aranda F. Food addiction in anorexia nervosa: Implications for the understanding of crossover diagnosis. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2022; 30:278-288. [PMID: 35306714 PMCID: PMC9314799 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective Food addiction (FA) construct was introduced to reflect abnormal eating patterns that resemble behavioural ones found in substance use disorders. FA has been barely explored in anorexia nervosa (AN). This study evaluated FA occurrence and associated factors in a sample of patients with AN, distinguishing between restrictive and binge–purging subtypes and focussing on the influence of FA in the crossover diagnosis between them. Method A sample of 116 patients with AN admitted for treatment seeking at an Bellvitge Hospital Eating Disorders Unit were included (72 restrictive [AN‐R]; 44 binge‐purge AN [AN‐BP]), and eating‐related, personality and psychopathological variables were assessed. Most participants were women (92.2%), mean age 27.1 years old (SD = 10.5). Results FA was more prevalent in patients with AN‐BP compared to the AN‐R group (75.0% and 54.2%, respectively). The patients with AN‐R FA+, presented more similar ED symptomatology, general psychopathology and personality traits, with the AN‐BP patients, than with the AN‐R FA‐. Conclusions Patients with AN‐R FA+, exhibit more similarities with the AN‐BP subgroup than with the AN‐R FA‐. Thus, it is possible to hypothesise that the presence of FA might be an indicator of the possible crossover from AN‐R to AN‐BP. Patients with anorexia nervosa – restrictive subtype (AN‐R) and patients with anorexia nervosa – bulimic‐purgative subtype (AN‐BP) present a prevalence of food addiction (FA) of 54% and 75%, respectively. Patients with AN‐R FA+ have more clinical and personality similarities with AN‐BP than with AN‐R FA−. The presence of FA could be associated with the possible crossover from AN‐R to AN‐BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Sanchez
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
| | - Ignacio Lucas
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
| | - Lucero Munguía
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
| | - Lucia Camacho‐Barcia
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
| | - Mónica Giménez
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
| | - Jessica Sánchez‐González
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology Autonomous University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Neus Solé‐Morata
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
| | - Ashley Gearhard
- Department of Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Department of Physiology CIMUS University of Santiago de Compostela‐Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez‐Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández‐Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group Neurosciences Programme Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Barcelona Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
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Hussenoeder FS, Pabst A, Conrad I, Löbner M, Engel C, Zeynalova S, Reyes N, Glaesmer H, Hinz A, Witte V, Schroeter ML, Wirkner K, Kirsten T, Löffler M, Villringer A, Riedel-Heller SG. Anxiety and Food Addiction in Men and Women: Results From the Longitudinal LIFE-Adult-Study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:914358. [PMID: 35774094 PMCID: PMC9239341 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.914358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety is a widespread phenomenon, and it is connected to disordered eating and obesity. We want to analyze the connection between anxiety and food addiction (FA) over two points in time to better understand the directionality of the association. Since there are gender differences with regard to anxiety and eating, we are also interested in differences between men and women. METHODS We used data from the population-based LIFE-Adult-Study (N = 1,474) at time 1 (baseline) and time 2 (first follow-up) to analyze the connections between anxiety (GAD-7) and FA (YFAS) using a multiple group latent cross-lagged panel model with female and male participants as groups. We controlled for age, marital status, socioeconomic status and social support. RESULTS Anxiety (women: β = 0.50, p ≤ 0.001; men: β = 0.59, p ≤ 0.001) as well as FA (women: β = 0.37, p ≤ 0.001; men: β = 0.58, p ≤ 0.001) exhibited stability over time for both genders. We found a significant association between anxiety at time 1 and FA at time 2 for women (β = 0.25, p ≤ 0.001) but not for men (β = 0.04, p = 0.10), and significant associations between FA at time 1 and anxiety at time 2 for women (β = 0.23, p ≤ 0.001) as well as men (β = 0.21, p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION Food addiction longitudinally affects anxiety, independent of gender and other sociodemographic variables. In addition, anxiety affects subsequent FA as well, but only in women. Interventions that address FA could reduce anxiety in men and women, while interventions that mitigate anxiety could help prevent FA in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix S Hussenoeder
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Pabst
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Conrad
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Margrit Löbner
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Samira Zeynalova
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nigar Reyes
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heide Glaesmer
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Hinz
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Veronica Witte
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias L Schroeter
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wirkner
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Toralf Kirsten
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department for Medical Data Science, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Löffler
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffi G Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Unwin J, Delon C, Giæver H, Kennedy C, Painschab M, Sandin F, Poulsen CS, Wiss DA. Low carbohydrate and psychoeducational programs show promise for the treatment of ultra-processed food addiction. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1005523. [PMID: 36245868 PMCID: PMC9554504 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1005523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Food addiction, specifically ultra-processed food addiction, has been discussed in thousands of peer-reviewed publications. Although 20% of adults meet criteria for this condition, food addiction is not a recognized clinical diagnosis, leading to a dearth of tested treatment protocols and published outcome data. Growing numbers of clinicians are offering services to individuals on the basis that the food addiction construct has clinical utility. This audit reports on clinical teams across three locations offering a common approach to programs delivered online. Each team focused on a whole food low-carbohydrate approach along with delivering educational materials and psychosocial support relating to food addiction recovery. The programs involved weekly sessions for 10-14 weeks, followed by monthly support. The data comprised pre- and post- program outcomes relating to food addiction symptoms measured by the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0, ICD-10 symptoms of food related substance use disorder (CRAVED), mental wellbeing as measured by the short version of the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale, and body weight. Sample size across programs was 103 participants. Food addiction symptoms were significantly reduced across settings; mYFAS2 score -1.52 (95% CI: -2.22, -0.81), CRAVED score -1.53 (95% CI: -1.93, -1.13) and body weight was reduced -2.34 kg (95% CI: -4.02, -0.66). Mental wellbeing showed significant improvements across all settings; short version Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale 2.37 (95% CI: 1.55, 3.19). Follow-up data will be published in due course. Further research is needed to evaluate and compare long-term interventions for this complex and increasingly burdensome biopsychosocial condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen Unwin
- Public Health Collaboration, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Heidi Giæver
- Public Health Collaboration, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clarissa Kennedy
- Sweet Sobriety, Belgrade, MT, United States.,Sweet Sobriety, Parry Sound, ON, Canada
| | - Molly Painschab
- Sweet Sobriety, Belgrade, MT, United States.,Sweet Sobriety, Parry Sound, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - David A Wiss
- Nutrition in Recovery LLC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Iceta S, Rodrigue C, Legendre M, Daoust J, Flaudias V, Michaud A, Bégin C. Cognitive function in binge eating disorder and food addiction: A systematic review and three-level meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110400. [PMID: 34256024 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An extensive body of recent research has focused on the contribution of cognitive functioning to eating behaviors. In binge eating disorder (BED) and food addiction (FA), the extent of cognitive impairment is still unclear. This study aimed to characterize, among those with BED and FA, neurocognitive functions using performances based on neuropsychological tasks in the context of neutral stimuli in adults. METHOD MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL and gray literature (ProQuest and OpenGrey) were used to identify studies that reported neurocognitive assessments in BED or FA up to December 2019. A three-level meta-analysis was conducted. RESULTS A significant overall effect was found for global cognitive impairments, suggesting that individuals with BED or FA have poorer performances when completing cognitive tasks. Analyses for specific cognitive domains revealed that individuals with BED showed poorer performances at tasks assessing cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, attention and planning. Analyses regarding FA were inconclusive due to a lack of studies. Thus, the results were described qualitatively. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis highlighted the cognitive weaknesses that seem to come with BED and the necessity to integrate them in the assessment and treatment of this condition. It also stressed the lack of quality studies surrounding the cognitive features of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Iceta
- Research Center of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada; School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Integrated Center of Obesity, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre Benite, France; CarMeN Laboratory, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | - Christopher Rodrigue
- School of Psychology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche FRQ-S Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Maxime Legendre
- School of Psychology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche FRQ-S Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Justine Daoust
- Research Center of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada; School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
| | - Valentin Flaudias
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University of Clermont Auvergne, EA 7280 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Andreanne Michaud
- Research Center of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada; School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche FRQ-S Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Catherine Bégin
- School of Psychology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche FRQ-S Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Sönmez Güngör E, Çelebi C, Akvardar Y. The Relationship of Food Addiction With Other Eating Pathologies and Impulsivity: A Case-Control Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:747474. [PMID: 34899418 PMCID: PMC8661135 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.747474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of food addiction (FA) has become central in recent years in understanding the psychological etiology of obesity. In this matched case-control study from Turkey, it was aimed to examine the prevalence of FA and related risk factors in four consecutive body mass index (BMI) categories. The case group consisted of pre-operative bariatric surgery patients with BMI over 35.0 kg/m2 (n = 40) and the control group was composed of age- and gender- matching individuals from the other categories, namely obese (n = 35), overweight (n = 40), and normal weight (n = 40). The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) and a standardized clinical interview using the DSM-5 substance use disorders criteria adopted for FA, the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDEQ) and the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) were used as assessment instruments. It was found that FA was significantly associated with more serious eating pathologies, more frequent weight-cycling and earlier onset of dieting, higher impulsivity, and higher BMI. Motor and total impulsivity scores showed a positive albeit week correlation with the severity of FA but no significant correlation with BMI, indicating a relationship between impulsivity and weight gain in some but not all individuals. The severity of FA predicted the increase in BMI. Our findings suggest that FA is associated with weight gain in a group of individuals, plausibly through impulsive overeating. Emphasis on FA and its clinical implications such as addiction-based treatments may improve outcomes in obesity and facilitate health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekin Sönmez Güngör
- Department of Psychiatry, Erenköy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Çelebi
- Department of Psychiatry, Büyükçekmece Mimar Sinan State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yildiz Akvardar
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Pape M, Herpertz S, Schroeder S, Seiferth C, Färber T, Wolstein J, Steins-Loeber S. Food Addiction and Its Relationship to Weight- and Addiction-Related Psychological Parameters in Individuals With Overweight and Obesity. Front Psychol 2021; 12:736454. [PMID: 34621227 PMCID: PMC8491654 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.736454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: It is assumed that a relevant subgroup of individuals experiences an addiction-like eating behaviour (Food Addiction), characterized by an impaired control over eating behaviour, emotional eating and food craving. Individuals experiencing Food Addiction partially share common symptomatology with Binge-Eating-Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Food Addiction, general psychopathology, and associations with weight- and addiction-related constructs in individuals with overweight and obesity, who did not suffer from Binge-Eating-Disorder or Bulimia Nervosa. Methods:N=213 (67.1% female; MBMI=33.35kg/m2, SDBMI=3.79kg/m2) participants who were included in a weight loss program (I-GENDO project) reported BMI and completed questionnaires before the start of the treatment. Food Addiction severity, depressive symptoms, alcohol use disorder, internet use disorder, psychological distress, impulsivity personality trait, impulsive and emotional eating behaviour, food related inhibitory control, weight bias internalization, and self-efficacy were assessed. Results: The prevalence of Food Addiction was 15% with higher, although not statistically significant, prevalence in female (18.2%) compared to male (8.6%) participants. Food Addiction was associated with higher BMI at baseline assessment, low self-esteem, impulsive and emotional eating behaviour, weight bias internalization, and deficits in food-related inhibitory control. In addition, correlations were found between Food Addiction and severity of depressive symptoms, internet use disorder, and psychological distress. Conclusion: A relevant subgroup of participants experiences Food Addiction even when controlling for Binge-Eating-Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa. Future studies are warranted that investigate whether Food Addiction affects treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pape
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herpertz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schroeder
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.,Department of Pathopsychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Caroline Seiferth
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Färber
- Department of Pathopsychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Wolstein
- Department of Pathopsychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Steins-Loeber
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
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Food preferences and YFAS/YFAS-C scores in schoolchildren and university students. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:2333-2343. [PMID: 33389716 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-01064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Food addiction (FA) is one of the causes of widespread obesity in modern society. It was shown that there is an age-associated increase in incidence rate of FA in adolescents/young adults. The purpose of this study was to analyze food preferences in schoolchildren and university students with FA. METHODS High school and university students (N = 1607; age: 17.8 ± 2.7 years; girls: 77.0%) located in four settlements of Russia anonymously took part in the study. Study participants provided personal data (age, sex, height, and weight) and completed the Yale Food Addiction Scale, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale and the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire. In addition, they indicated food products with which they had problems. RESULTS The frequency of detection of FA among university students was twice as high as among schoolchildren. University students with FA were 20.2% more likely than schoolchildren to report the symptom 'use continues despite knowledge of adverse consequences,' and 13.7% more likely to report the symptom 'tolerance.' Schoolchildren and university students with FA most often noted that foods high in sugar and fat were problematic. University students with FA also reported that foods with a high carbohydrate content were problematic. CONCLUSION In university students with FA, in comparison with schoolchildren with FA, there is an increase in list of problematic food products, mainly due to products with a high carbohydrate content. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Atroszko PA, Atroszko B, Charzyńska E. Subpopulations of Addictive Behaviors in Different Sample Types and Their Relationships with Gender, Personality, and Well-Being: Latent Profile vs. Latent Class Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8590. [PMID: 34444338 PMCID: PMC8394473 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relatively strong theoretical assumptions and previous studies concerning co-occurring addictive behaviors suggest a subpopulation representing general proclivity to behavioral addictions (BAs), and there are gender-specific subpopulations. This study aimed to compare latent profile analysis (LPA) and latent class analysis (LCA) as the methods of investigating different clusters of BAs in the general student population and among students positively screened for at least one BA. Participants and procedure: Analyses of six BAs (study, shopping, gaming, Facebook, pornography, and food) and their potential antecedents (personality) and consequences (well-being) were conducted on a full sample of Polish undergraduate students (N = 1182) and a subsample (n = 327) of students including individuals fulfilling cutoff for at least one BA. RESULTS LPA on the subsample mostly replicated the previous four profiles found in the full sample. However, LCA on a full sample did not replicate previous findings using LPA and showed only two classes: those with relatively high probabilities on all BAs and low probabilities. LCA on the subsample conflated profiles identified with LPA and classes found with LCA in the full sample. CONCLUSIONS LCA on dichotomized scores (screened positively vs. negatively) were less effective in identifying clear patterns of interrelationships between BAs based on relatively strong theoretical assumptions and found in previous research. BAs can be investigated on the whole spectrum of behavior, and person-centered analyses might be more useful when they are based on continuous scores. This paper provides more detailed analyses of the four basic clusters of BAs, prevalence, and co-occurrence of particular BAs within and between them, their gender and personality risk factors, relationships to well-being, and their interrelationships as emerging from the results of this and previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł A. Atroszko
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.A.A.); (B.A.)
| | - Bartosz Atroszko
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.A.A.); (B.A.)
| | - Edyta Charzyńska
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
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Camacho-Barcia L, Munguía L, Lucas I, de la Torre R, Salas-Salvadó J, Pintó X, Corella D, Granero R, Jiménez-Murcia S, González-Monje I, Esteve-Luque V, Cuenca-Royo A, Gómez-Martínez C, Paz-Graniel I, Forcano L, Fernández-Aranda F. Metabolic, Affective and Neurocognitive Characterization of Metabolic Syndrome Patients with and without Food Addiction. Implications for Weight Progression. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082779. [PMID: 34444940 PMCID: PMC8398101 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the food addiction (FA) model, the consumption of certain types of food could be potentially addictive and can lead to changes in intake regulation. We aimed to describe metabolic parameters, dietary characteristics, and affective and neurocognitive vulnerabilities of individuals with and without FA, and to explore its influences on weight loss progression. The sample included 448 adults (55-75 years) with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome from the PREDIMED-Plus cognition sub-study. Cognitive and psychopathological assessments, as well as dietary, biochemical, and metabolic measurements, were assessed at baseline. Weight progression was evaluated after a 3-year follow up. The presence of FA was associated with higher depressive symptomatology, neurocognitive decline, low quality of life, high body mass index (BMI), and high waist circumference, but not with metabolic comorbidities. No differences were observed in the dietary characteristics except for the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids consumption. After three years, the presence of FA at baseline resulted in a significantly higher weight regain. FA is associated with worse psychological and neurocognitive state and higher weight regain in adults with metabolic syndrome. This condition could be an indicator of bad prognosis in the search for a successful weight loss process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Camacho-Barcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain or (L.C.-B.); (L.M.); or (I.L.); (S.J.-M.)
| | - Lucero Munguía
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain or (L.C.-B.); (L.M.); or (I.L.); (S.J.-M.)
| | - Ignacio Lucas
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain or (L.C.-B.); (L.M.); or (I.L.); (S.J.-M.)
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Integrative Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (CEXS-UPF), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Human Nutrition Unit, Reus, 43201 Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, 43204 Tarragona, Spain
- The Sant Joan University Hospital, Human Nutrition Unit, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain or (L.C.-B.); (L.M.); or (I.L.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada González-Monje
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Virginia Esteve-Luque
- Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Aida Cuenca-Royo
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Integrative Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Gómez-Martínez
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Human Nutrition Unit, Reus, 43201 Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, 43204 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Indira Paz-Graniel
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Human Nutrition Unit, Reus, 43201 Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, 43204 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Laura Forcano
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Integrative Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain or (L.C.-B.); (L.M.); or (I.L.); (S.J.-M.)
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (R.d.l.T.); (J.S.-S.); (X.P.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (I.G.-M.); (A.C.-R.); (C.G.-M.); (I.P.-G.); (L.F.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +349-3260-7227
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Food Addiction, Saturated Fat Intake, and Body Mass Index in Peruvian Adults: A Cross-Sectional Survey. J Nutr Metab 2021; 2021:9964143. [PMID: 34336278 PMCID: PMC8318733 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9964143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) constitute one of the main public health problems and represent a greater risk of mortality and morbidity for the world population. The objective of the study was to determine food addiction, saturated fat intake, and body mass index (BMI) in Peruvian adults. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional online survey was applied to 394 Peruvian adults over 18 years old residing in the three regions of the country. Participant data was collected through a prestructured online electronic survey. Food addiction was assessed using the Yale Food Addiction Scale self-administered questionnaire. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to measure saturated fat intake. Finally, the sociodemographic and anthropometric variables were collected through a registration form. Results There were no significant differences in food addiction between men and women (p < 0.05). More than half of the participants who presented food addiction are overweight (54.1%, p < 0.001). The highest proportion of those who had a high intake of saturated fat had a food addiction (62.6%, p < 0.001). The highest percentage of men who were overweight was higher compared to women (49.7% vs. 38.4%, p < 0.05). Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that addictive eating behaviors and high saturated fat intake should be considered as part of efforts to prevent problems related to eating, obesity, and CVD.
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Som M, Constant A, Zayani T, Pabic EL, Moirand R, Val-Laillet D, Thibault R. Food addiction among morbidly obese patients: prevalence and links with obesity complications. J Addict Dis 2021; 40:103-110. [PMID: 34130613 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2021.1939630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of obesity, little is known about the prevalence of food addiction nor about the phenotype of obese patients with food addiction. Objectives: To assess: (i) the prevalence of food addiction among obese patients eligible for obesity surgery; (ii) the relationship between clinical features and the complications of obesity. Methods: Consecutive patients consulting for the first time were included. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) 2.0 questionnaire was used to diagnose food addiction and its severity. Demographics, clinical features, and obesity complications were systematically collected. Statistics: Student's test was used for numerical variables and Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Results: A total of 292 patients were included: 79% female, age (mean ± SD) 42.6 ± 13.0 yrs., body mass index (BMI) 43.2 ± 6.8 kg/m2. One hundred and eight patients (37%) had food addiction: 58% severe, 33% moderate, 9% mild. Food addiction prevalence was 39% (n = 61/156) among patients eligible for obesity surgery. Food addiction was more frequent among the unemployed, compared to professionally active patients (41.0% vs. 33.5%, p = 0.046). Clinical and metabolic phenotypes and obesity complications were similar between patients with and without food addiction. Conclusion: Food addiction was present in 37% of obese patients, but was not associated with clinical features or obesity complications. Therefore, it should be systemically assessed for appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Som
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France.,Unité de Nutrition, service Endocrinologie-Diabétologie-Nutrition, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Aymery Constant
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France.,EHESP, School of Public Health, Rennes, France
| | - Teycir Zayani
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France
| | | | - Romain Moirand
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France.,Unitéd' Addictologie, service des maladies du foie, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - David Val-Laillet
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Thibault
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France.,Unité de Nutrition, service Endocrinologie-Diabétologie-Nutrition, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
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Food Addiction Disorder 2 Years After Sleeve Gastrectomy; Association with Physical Activity, Body Composition, and Weight Loss Outcomes. Obes Surg 2021; 31:3444-3452. [PMID: 33934295 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Food addiction (FA) following bariatric surgery (BS) has received a burst of attention in recent years due to its important contribution to obesity. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the prevalence of FA disorder and its predictors 2 years after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and assess its relationship with physical activity (PA), body composition, and weight outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four hundred fifty individuals who had undergone LSG 2 years prior to the study were enrolled. FA was diagnosed using the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). The collected data included body composition (fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM)), PA, and nutritional intakes. RESULTS Eighty-nine subjects (about 20%) met the criteria for FA disorder. FA patients had significantly lower PA (p = 0.04) and higher weight (p < 0.001), BMI (p < 0.001), FM, and FFM (p = 0.01) compared to those without FA. Regarding weight and body composition changes, the finding reveals that FA patients (vs. non-FA) had a significantly less excess weight loss (EWL%) (p < 0.001) and total weight loss (TWL%) (p = 0.05) as well as a higher FFM loss (kg) (p = 0.04) (linear regression analysis). A younger age (p trend = 0.01), higher BMI (p trend = 0.04), and more excess weight (p trend = 0.03) were related to higher odds of FA disorder at second year after LSG (logistic regression analysis). CONCLUSION The results showed that FA was highly prevalent 2 years after LSG. In addition, FA disorder was associated with negative long-term outcomes following LSG. Younger individuals with more excess weight and higher BMI at baseline are more vulnerable to FA.
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Converging vulnerability factors for compulsive food and drug use. Neuropharmacology 2021; 196:108556. [PMID: 33862029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Highly palatable foods and substance of abuse have intersecting neurobiological, metabolic and behavioral effects relevant for understanding vulnerability to conditions related to food (e.g., obesity, binge eating disorder) and drug (e.g., substance use disorder) misuse. Here, we review data from animal models, clinical populations and epidemiological evidence in behavioral, genetic, pathophysiologic and therapeutic domains. Results suggest that consumption of highly palatable food and drugs of abuse both impact and conversely are regulated by metabolic hormones and metabolic status. Palatable foods high in fat and/or sugar can elicit adaptation in brain reward and withdrawal circuitry akin to substances of abuse. Intake of or withdrawal from palatable food can impact behavioral sensitivity to drugs of abuse and vice versa. A robust literature suggests common substrates and roles for negative reinforcement, negative affect, negative urgency, and impulse control deficits, with both highly palatable foods and substances of abuse. Candidate genetic risk loci shared by obesity and alcohol use disorders have been identified in molecules classically associated with both metabolic and motivational functions. Finally, certain drugs may have overlapping therapeutic potential to treat obesity, diabetes, binge-related eating disorders and substance use disorders. Taken together, data are consistent with the hypotheses that compulsive food and substance use share overlapping, interacting substrates at neurobiological and metabolic levels and that motivated behavior associated with feeding or substance use might constitute vulnerability factors for one another. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse'.
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Romero-Blanco C, Hernández-Martínez A, Parra-Fernández ML, Onieva-Zafra MD, Prado-Laguna MDC, Rodríguez-Almagro J. Food Addiction and Lifestyle Habits among University Students. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041352. [PMID: 33919610 PMCID: PMC8073513 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing in our society, with a complex, multifactorial origin, and associated with greater morbidity and mortality in the population. Food addiction (FA) is a common disorder in overweight/obese people, which appears to be increasingly common in young people. This study analyzed food addiction in a group of young university students and to examine its association with body composition, quality of sleep, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, physical activity/sedentary habits, tobacco or alcohol consumption, and health status. A total of 536 undergraduate nursing students participated in a questionnaire that included the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS 2.0). Up to 6.4% of the students presented FA. Statistically significant associations were observed in the variables for sleep quality odds ratio (OR) 4.8 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.66-13.87), anxiety/depression OR 8.71 (95% CI: 3.93-19.27), body mass index (BMI) OR 8.32 (95% CI: 3.81-18.15) and sedentary lifestyle OR 2.33 (95% CI: 1.09-5.01). A predictive model was developed after binary logistic regression (area under the ROC curve 0.84 (95% CI: 0.77-0.91). Students with FA presented higher BMI values, worse sleep quality, anxiety or depression problems, and more time spent in sedentary behaviors.
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Prevalence and correlates of food addiction: Systematic review of studies with the YFAS 2.0. Obes Res Clin Pract 2021; 15:191-204. [PMID: 33846067 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on food addiction (FA) has been growing and increasing interest has been seen in comprehending its mechanisms and clinical and psychological correlates of this phenomena. This field of study is specially apply to understand obesity and eating behavior issues related to eating disorders (ED). OBJECTIVES We performed a literature review that describe recent research using the updated version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS 2.0) or modified-YFAS (mYFAS 2.0), from the date of its publication. METHODS Search were performed in Web of Science, Pubmed and PsycNET databases for studies that used the YFAS 2.0 and mYFAS 2.0. RESULTS The studies (n = 53) investigated adaptation and validation of the scale in different cultures (n = 13), prevalence on nonclinical populations and representative samples (n = 5), food addiction in obesity samples (n = 11), in samples with ED and disordered eating (n = 10) and studies that investigated FA in association with other clinical and psychological variables (n = 14). DISCUSSION Studies with the YFAS 2.0 reveal higher prevalence of FA in different samples, and a great association between FA and BED, BN and obesity. Implications for diagnostic of this phenomena and the overlap between FA and other disorders are discussed. CONCLUSIONS The field of FA remains an open subject and effort must be implied to understand the subjective experience of addiction related to eating and food.
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Ghosh T, Sarkar S, Tilak A, Kochhar KP. An exploratory study of food addiction in Indian youth. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:32. [PMID: 33676565 PMCID: PMC7937298 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS As the understanding of food addiction increases, there is a need to explore the occurrence of this condition in different population groups. This exploratory study aimed to assess the occurrence of food addiction in a sample of respondents from India using a Hindi version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). METHODS The Hindi language version of the scale was developed using the back-translation methodology. Subsequently, an online questionnaire-based study was conducted using convenience sampling which presented the Hindi version of YFAS. RESULTS From 376 respondents (median age 19 years, 42.8% males), the rate of occurrence of food addiction was 13.3%. Persistent desire or repeated unsuccessful attempts to quit was the most common symptom domain endorsed. The weight (median 67 kg versus 60 kg) and BMI (median 25.89 kg/ m2versus 23.04 kg/ m2) were higher in the food addiction group as compared to the non-food addiction group. CONCLUSIONS Despite the limitations of potential selection bias, this exploratory study suggests that food addiction may be present in a proportion of young aged Indians. The association of food addiction with higher weight and BMI suggests propensity to develop metabolic syndrome, and the need to evaluate interventions that could modify phenomenological expression of food addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamoghna Ghosh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Siddharth Sarkar
- Department of Psychiatry and National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Aman Tilak
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kanwal Preet Kochhar
- Department of Physiology, Cognitive Neuro Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
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YEŞILKAYA B, ATES OZCAN B. Factors affecting food addiction in adult women: the effect of depression, body mass index, and body image. REV NUTR 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-9865202134e200317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective Food addiction, an increasingly prevalent disorder, involves multiple physiological and psychological factors. It is often associated with obesity and psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to determine the main factors affecting food addiction in women. Methods In total, 383 adult women were evaluated using an anamnesis form to record participant demographic information and anthropometric measurements, along with the Yale Food Addiction Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and body perception scale. We created a model according to Beck Depression Inventory, body mass index, age, body perception scale, and marital status, which were thought to influence Yale Food Addiction Scale. Results Mean participant age was 30.13±10.84 years. Food addiction scores of the participants showed significant positive correlations with body weight, body mass index, and depression scores, and significant negative correlations with the body perception scale scores (p<0.05). The results revealed that the Yale Food Addiction Scale score is affected by the Beck Depression Inventory and body mass index. Increase in Beck Depression Inventory and body mass index increased the Yale Food Addiction Scale score by 0.054 and 0.076 units, respectively. Conclusion The main factors affecting emotional eating in women are coexistence of high scores of depression and high body mass index. It is determined that people can have depression, food addiction and obesity at the same time.
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Verhaltenssüchte. PSYCHOTHERAPEUT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00278-020-00477-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Minhas M, Murphy CM, Balodis IM, Acuff SF, Buscemi J, Murphy JG, MacKillop J. Multidimensional elements of impulsivity as shared and unique risk factors for food addiction and alcohol misuse. Appetite 2020; 159:105052. [PMID: 33309712 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.105052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Food addiction (FA) and alcohol misuse tend to co-occur, which suggests shared factors in the etiology and persistence of these health behaviors. One shared factor that has been linked to both is impulsivity, a multidimensional construct reflecting multiple facets of self-regulatory capacity. However, co-occurrence also raises issues of possible confounding if both domains are not considered concurrently, and the intersection between FA, alcohol misuse, and impulsivity has not been well characterized empirically. Therefore, the current study examined the intersection of FA, alcohol consequences, and multiple indicators of impulsivity. Participants were emerging adults reporting regular heavy episodic drinking recruited from Hamilton, Ontario (N = 730; ages 19.5-23). Participants completed measures of FA, alcohol problems, impulsive personality traits (i.e., Barratt Impulsiveness Scales, UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scales), impulsive choice (i.e., delay discounting), impulsive action (i.e., Go/NoGo task). Findings revealed a significant association between FA and alcohol-related consequences and both shared similar associations with specific impulsive personality traits (Positive and Negative Urgency, Lack of Premeditation, Motor and Attentional Impulsivity). However, alcohol-related consequences were uniquely associated with other impulsive personality traits (Lack of Perseverance, Sensation Seeking, Non-planning impulsivity) and impulsive choice, and FA was uniquely associated with impulsive action. Beyond alcohol-related consequences, FA was associated with additional variance in measures of impulsive personality traits (Positive and Negative Urgency, Lack of Premeditation, Motor Impulsivity, and Attentional Impulsivity) and impulsive action, but not impulsive choice. Overall, the current study reveals several common self-regulatory processes associated with both adverse drinking consequences and FA, and that the risk of inadvertent confounding appears to be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Minhas
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Cara M Murphy
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Iris M Balodis
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel F Acuff
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joanna Buscemi
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James G Murphy
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Peng-Li D, Sørensen TA, Li Y, He Q. Systematically lower structural brain connectivity in individuals with elevated food addiction symptoms. Appetite 2020; 155:104850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hauck C, Schipfer M, Ellrott T, Cook B. The relationship between food addiction and patterns of disordered eating with exercise dependence: in amateur endurance athletes. Eat Weight Disord 2020; 25:1573-1582. [PMID: 31654288 PMCID: PMC7581610 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Examine the prevalence and potential relationships among food addiction (FA)-as measured by Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0), eating disorders (ED)-as measured by Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS)-and exercise dependence (EXD)-as measured by Questionnaire to Diagnose Exercise Dependence in Endurance Sports (FESA), for the first time worldwide, in amateur endurance athletes. METHODS A total of 1022 German-speaking endurance athletes (44% male, Ø 36 years, Ø BMI 23 kg/m2) replied to an online questionnaire consisting of demographics, related parameters, and the German versions of YFAS 2.0, EDDS, and FESA. RESULTS Prevalence of FA, ED, and EXD was 6.2, 6.5, and 30.5%. The probability for FA increases with BMI, thoughts about food and EXD score, and decreases with age and when an ED is present. People with FA and people with ED vs. people with both, FA&ED, differed significantly in this cohort. Strong significant relationships were found between FA and EXD (X2 (1) = 15.117, p < 0.001, n = 1022). CONCLUSIONS A considerable number of amateur endurance athletes may suffer from FA. The association between FA and EXD is stronger than between ED and EXD, indicating FA as a potentially more relevant subject-than ED-for prevention or therapy in people with EXD. Further studies are needed to investigate parameters and relationships between the possibly involved types of ED, FA, and EXD. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, well-designed cohort analytic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hauck
- Institute for Nutrition and Psychology at the University of Goettingen, Humboldtallee 32, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Melanie Schipfer
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Universitaetsplatz 10, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Profusa Inc., 345 Allerton Avenue, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Thomas Ellrott
- Institute for Nutrition and Psychology at the University of Goettingen, Humboldtallee 32, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Brian Cook
- Alsana: An Eating Disorder Recovery Community, 2545 W Hillcrest Dr, Suite 205, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
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Food Addiction and Cognitive Functioning: What Happens in Adolescents? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123633. [PMID: 33255973 PMCID: PMC7760275 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine cognitive factors associated to food addiction (FA) symptoms in a non-clinical sample of adolescents. A group of 25 adolescents (12–18 years; Mean age = 15.2 years) with a high level of FA symptoms (two and more) were compared to a control group without FA symptoms (n = 25), matched on sex and age, on four Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) neuropsychological tasks (MT: Multitasking Test; OTS: One Touch Stockings of Cambridge; SST: Stop Signal Task; RVP: Rapid Visual Information Processing). They were also compared on self-reported questionnaires assessing binge eating, depressive and anxiety symptoms, impulsivity levels, as well as executive functioning difficulties. Group comparisons did not show significant differences on neuropsychological tasks’ performances. However, effect sizes’ estimates showed small to medium effect sizes on three scores: adolescents with a high level of FA symptoms showed a higher probability of an error following an incorrect answer (OTS), a higher probability of false alarm, and a poorer target sensitivity (RVP). When referring to self-reported measurements, they reported significantly more executive functioning difficulties, more binge eating, depressive symptoms and higher impulsivity levels. Overall, results suggested that cognitive difficulties related to FA symptoms seem to manifest themselves more clearly when assessing daily activities with a self-reported questionnaire, which in turn are strongly related to overeating behaviors and psychological symptoms. Future longitudinal research is needed to examine the evolution of those variables, their relationships, and contribution in obesity onset. More precisely, the present findings highlighted the importance of affective difficulties related to this condition, as well as the need to take them into account in its assessment.
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Constant A, Moirand R, Thibault R, Val-Laillet D. Meeting of Minds around Food Addiction: Insights from Addiction Medicine, Nutrition, Psychology, and Neurosciences. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113564. [PMID: 33233694 PMCID: PMC7699750 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review, focused on food addiction (FA), considers opinions from specialists with different expertise in addiction medicine, nutrition, health psychology, and behavioral neurosciences. The concept of FA is a recurring issue in the clinical description of abnormal eating. Even though some tools have been developed to diagnose FA, such as the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) questionnaire, the FA concept is not recognized as an eating disorder (ED) so far and is even not mentioned in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders version 5 (DSM-5) or the International Classification of Disease (ICD-11). Its triggering mechanisms and relationships with other substance use disorders (SUD) need to be further explored. Food addiction (FA) is frequent in the overweight or obese population, but it remains unclear whether it could articulate with obesity-related comorbidities. As there is currently no validated therapy against FA in obese patients, FA is often underdiagnosed and untreated, so that FA may partly explain failure of obesity treatment, addiction transfer, and weight regain after obesity surgery. Future studies should assess whether a dedicated management of FA is associated with better outcomes, especially after obesity surgery. For prevention and treatment purposes, it is necessary to promote a comprehensive psychological approach to FA. Understanding the developmental process of FA and identifying precociously some high-risk profiles can be achieved via the exploration of the environmental, emotional, and cognitive components of eating, as well as their relationships with emotion management, some personality traits, and internalized weight stigma. Under the light of behavioral neurosciences and neuroimaging, FA reveals a specific brain phenotype that is characterized by anomalies in the reward and inhibitory control processes. These anomalies are likely to disrupt the emotional, cognitive, and attentional spheres, but further research is needed to disentangle their complex relationship and overlap with obesity and other forms of SUD. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment must rely on a multidisciplinary coherence to adapt existing strategies to FA management and to provide social and emotional support to these patients suffering from highly stigmatized medical conditions, namely overweight and addiction. Multi-level interventions could combine motivational interviews, cognitive behavioral therapies, and self-help groups, while benefiting from modern exploratory and interventional tools to target specific neurocognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymery Constant
- INRAE, INSERM, University Rennes, NuMeCan, Nutrition Metabolisms Cancer, 35590 St Gilles, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.C.); (R.M.); (R.T.)
- EHESP, School of Public Health, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Romain Moirand
- INRAE, INSERM, University Rennes, NuMeCan, Nutrition Metabolisms Cancer, 35590 St Gilles, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.C.); (R.M.); (R.T.)
- Unité d’Addictologie, CHU Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Thibault
- INRAE, INSERM, University Rennes, NuMeCan, Nutrition Metabolisms Cancer, 35590 St Gilles, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.C.); (R.M.); (R.T.)
- Unité de Nutrition, CHU Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - David Val-Laillet
- INRAE, INSERM, University Rennes, NuMeCan, Nutrition Metabolisms Cancer, 35590 St Gilles, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.C.); (R.M.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Estévez A, Jáuregui P, Lopez-Gonzalez H, Macia L, Granero R, Mestre-Bach G, Fernández-Aranda F, Gómez-Peña M, Moragas L, Mena-Moreno T, Lozano-Madrid M, Del Pino-Gutierrez A, Codina E, Testa G, Vintró-Alcaraz C, Agüera Z, Munguía L, Baenas I, Valenciano-Mendoza E, Mora-Maltas B, Menchón JM, Jiménez-Murcia S. Comorbid behavioral and substance-related addictions in young population with and without gambling disorder. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2020.1836250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Estévez
- Psychology Department, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Paula Jáuregui
- Psychology Department, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Hibai Lopez-Gonzalez
- Psychology Department, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Macia
- Psychology Department, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical SciencesSchool of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Mena-Moreno
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Lozano-Madrid
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Del Pino-Gutierrez
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament d’Infermeria de Salut Pública, Salut Mental i Maternoinfantil, Escola Universitària d’Infermeria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Codina
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giulia Testa
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Vintró-Alcaraz
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaida Agüera
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament d’Infermeria de Salut Pública, Salut Mental i Maternoinfantil, Escola Universitària d’Infermeria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucero Munguía
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Baenas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Bernat Mora-Maltas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M. Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical SciencesSchool of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical SciencesSchool of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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