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Mercado G, Kaeufer C, Richter F, Peelaerts W. Infections in the Etiology of Parkinson's Disease and Synucleinopathies: A Renewed Perspective, Mechanistic Insights, and Therapeutic Implications. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024:JPD240195. [PMID: 39331109 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-240195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests a potential role for infectious pathogens in the etiology of synucleinopathies, a group of age-related neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy and dementia with Lewy bodies. In this review, we discuss the link between infections and synucleinopathies from a historical perspective, present emerging evidence that supports this link, and address current research challenges with a focus on neuroinflammation. Infectious pathogens can elicit a neuroinflammatory response and modulate genetic risk in PD and related synucleinopathies. The mechanisms of how infections might be linked with synucleinopathies as well as the overlap between the immune cellular pathways affected by virulent pathogens and disease-related genetic risk factors are discussed. Here, an important role for α-synuclein in the immune response against infections is emerging. Critical methodological and knowledge gaps are addressed, and we provide new future perspectives on how to address these gaps. Understanding how infections and neuroinflammation influence synucleinopathies will be essential for the development of early diagnostic tools and novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Mercado
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Kaeufer
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wouter Peelaerts
- Laboratory for Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Gupta A, Bohara VS, Siddegowda YB, Chaudhary N, Kumar S. Alpha-synuclein and RNA viruses: Exploring the neuronal nexus. Virology 2024; 597:110141. [PMID: 38917691 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn), known for its pivotal role in Parkinson's disease, has recently emerged as a significant player in neurotropic RNA virus infections. Upregulation of α-syn in various viral infections has been found to impact neuroprotective functions by regulating neurotransmitter synthesis, vesicle trafficking, and synaptic vesicle recycling. This review focuses on the multifaceted role of α-syn in controlling viral replication by modulating chemoattractant properties towards microglial cells, virus-induced ER stress signaling, anti-oxidative proteins expression. Furthermore, the text underlines the α-syn-mediated regulation of interferon-stimulated genes. The review may help suggest potential therapeutic avenues for mitigating the impact of RNA viruses on the central nervous system by exploiting α-syn neuroprotective biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Gupta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Vijay Singh Bohara
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | | | - Nitin Chaudhary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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3
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Mula A, Yuan X, Lu J. Dendritic cells in Parkinson's disease: Regulatory role and therapeutic potential. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 976:176690. [PMID: 38815784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and the presence of Lewy bodies. While the traditional focus has been on neuronal and glial cell dysfunction, recent research has shifted towards understanding the role of the immune system, particularly dendritic cells (DCs), in PD pathogenesis. As pivotal antigen-presenting cells, DCs are traditionally recognized for initiating and regulating immune responses. In PD, DCs contribute to disease progression through the presentation of α-synuclein to T cells, leading to an adaptive immune response against neuronal elements. This review explores the emerging role of DCs in PD, highlighting their potential involvement in antigen presentation and T cell immune response modulation. Understanding the multifaceted functions of DCs could reveal novel insights into PD pathogenesis and open new avenues for therapeutic strategies, potentially altering the course of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mula
- Department of Encephalopathy, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, PR China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150006, PR China; Department of First Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China
| | - Jinrong Lu
- School of International Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, PR China.
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4
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Monteiro Neto JR, Lima VDA, Follmer C. Fibrillation of α-synuclein triggered by bacterial endotoxin and lipid vesicles is modulated by N-terminal acetylation and familial Parkinson's disease mutations. FEBS J 2024; 291:1151-1167. [PMID: 38069536 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that --Parkinson's disease (PD) may be initiated in the gastrointestinal tract, before manifesting in the central nervous system. In this respect, it was demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin from gram-negative bacteria, accelerates the in vitro formation of α-synuclein (aSyn) fibrils, whose intracellular deposits is a histological hallmark of the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in PD. Herein, N-terminal acetylation and missense mutations of aSyn (A30P, A53T, E46K, H50Q and G51D) linked to rare, early-onset forms of familial PD were investigated regarding their effect on aSyn aggregation stimulated by either LPS or small unilamellar lipid vesicles (SUVs). Our findings indicated that LPS as well as SUVs induce the fibrillation of N-terminally acetylated wild-type aSyn (Ac-aSyn-WT) more remarkably than the non-acetylated protein, while the LPS-free protein alone did not undergo fibrillation under our assay conditions. In addition, with the exception of A30P, PD mutations increased the fibrillation of Ac-aSyn in the presence of LPS compared with Ac-aSyn-WT. The most pronounced effect of LPS was noticed for A53T, as observed when either Thioflavin-T or JC-1 were used as fluorescent probes for fibrils. Overall, our results suggest for the first time the existence of a synergy between LPS and PD mutations/N-terminal acetylation toward aSyn fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Raphael Monteiro Neto
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei de Araújo Lima
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristian Follmer
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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Chaklai A, O’Neil A, Goel S, Margolies N, Krenik D, Perez R, Kessler K, Staltontall E, Yoon HK(E, Pantoja M, Stagaman K, Kasschau K, Unni V, Duvoisin R, Sharpton T, Raber J. Effects of Paraquat, Dextran Sulfate Sodium, and Irradiation on Behavioral and Cognitive Performance and the Gut Microbiome in A53T and A53T-L444P Mice. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:282. [PMID: 38540341 PMCID: PMC11154584 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous carriers of the glucocerebrosidase 1 (GBA) L444P Gaucher mutation have an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). The GBA mutations result in elevated alpha synuclein (aSyn) levels. Heterozygous mice carrying one allele with the L444P mutation knocked-into the mouse gene show increased aSyn levels and are more sensitive to motor deficits following exposure to the neurotoxin (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) MPTP than wild-type mice. Paraquat (PQ), a herbicide, increases PD risk in most studies. Its effects on the brain involve alterations in the gut microbiome. Exposure to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), a mouse model of colitis, can be used to determine whether gut microbiome alterations are sufficient to induce PD-relevant phenotypes. We rederived the A53T-L444P and A53T mouse lines to assess whether PQ, PQ in combination with radiation exposure (IR), and DSS have differential effects in A53T and A53T-L444P mice and whether these effects are associated with alterations in the gut microbiome. PQ and PQ + IR have differential effects in A53T and A53T-L444P mice. In contrast, effects of DSS are only seen in A53T-L444P mice. Exposure and genotype modulate the relationship between the gut microbiome and behavioral performance. The gut microbiome may be an important mediator of how environmental exposures or genetic mutations yield behavioral and cognitive impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Chaklai
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (A.C.); (A.O.); (S.G.); (N.M.); (D.K.); (R.P.); (K.K.); (E.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Abigail O’Neil
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (A.C.); (A.O.); (S.G.); (N.M.); (D.K.); (R.P.); (K.K.); (E.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Shrey Goel
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (A.C.); (A.O.); (S.G.); (N.M.); (D.K.); (R.P.); (K.K.); (E.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Nick Margolies
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (A.C.); (A.O.); (S.G.); (N.M.); (D.K.); (R.P.); (K.K.); (E.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Destine Krenik
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (A.C.); (A.O.); (S.G.); (N.M.); (D.K.); (R.P.); (K.K.); (E.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Ruby Perez
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (A.C.); (A.O.); (S.G.); (N.M.); (D.K.); (R.P.); (K.K.); (E.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Kat Kessler
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (A.C.); (A.O.); (S.G.); (N.M.); (D.K.); (R.P.); (K.K.); (E.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Elizabeth Staltontall
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (A.C.); (A.O.); (S.G.); (N.M.); (D.K.); (R.P.); (K.K.); (E.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Hong Ki (Eric) Yoon
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (A.C.); (A.O.); (S.G.); (N.M.); (D.K.); (R.P.); (K.K.); (E.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Montzerrat Pantoja
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (A.C.); (A.O.); (S.G.); (N.M.); (D.K.); (R.P.); (K.K.); (E.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Keaton Stagaman
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (K.S.); (K.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Kristin Kasschau
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (K.S.); (K.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Vivek Unni
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
- Jungers Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Robert Duvoisin
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Thomas Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (K.S.); (K.K.); (T.S.)
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (A.C.); (A.O.); (S.G.); (N.M.); (D.K.); (R.P.); (K.K.); (E.S.); (M.P.)
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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6
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Iravanpour F, Farrokhi MR, Jafarinia M, Oliaee RT. The effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the development of Parkinson's disease: the role of α-synuclein. Hum Cell 2024; 37:1-8. [PMID: 37735344 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can lead to various neurological complications in infected people. These neurological effects include problems in both central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Hyposmia, a PNS symptom of COVID-19, frequently manifests in the early stages of Parkinson's disease (PD) and serves as an early warning sign of the condition. In addition, the olfactory system is recognized as an early site for the onset of α-synuclein pathology, the pathological hallmark of PD. PD is characterized by accumulation and aggregation of misfolded α-synuclein (α-Syn) into Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, resulting in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Previous research has also shown the involvement of α-Syn in the innate immune response following viral infections. Consequently, the potential link between viral infections and development of PD has gained attention in recent years. However, it's still too early to definitively conclude whether COVID-19 can cause Parkinsonism. Nevertheless, we can explore the likelihood of this connection by examining past studies and possible mechanisms to better understand how COVID-19 might potentially lead to PD following the infection. Based on the various pieces of evidence discussed in this review, we can infer that SARS-CoV-2 promotes the aggregation of α-Syn and, ultimately, leads to PD through at least two mechanisms: the stable binding of the S1 protein to proteins prone to aggregation like α-Syn, and the upregulation of α-Syn as part of the immune response to the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Iravanpour
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Majid Reza Farrokhi
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Morteza Jafarinia
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Razieh Tavakoli Oliaee
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Rasmi Y, Shokati A, Hatamkhani S, Farnamian Y, Naderi R, Jalali L. Assessment of the relationship between the dopaminergic pathway and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, with related neuropathological features, and potential therapeutic approaches in COVID-19 infection. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2506. [PMID: 38282395 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Dopamine is a known catecholamine neurotransmitter involved in several physiological processes, including motor control, motivation, reward, cognition, and immune function. Dopamine receptors are widely distributed throughout the nervous system and in immune cells. Several viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus and Japanese encephalitis virus, can use dopaminergic receptors to replicate in the nervous system and are involved in viral neuropathogenesis. In addition, studies suggest that dopaminergic receptors may play a role in the progression and pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. When SARS-CoV-2 binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors on the surface of neuronal cells, the spike protein of the virus can bind to dopaminergic receptors on neighbouring cells to accelerate its life cycle and exacerbate neurological symptoms. In addition, recent research has shown that dopamine is an important regulator of the immune-neuroendocrine system. Most immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopamine-related proteins, indicating the importance of dopaminergic immune regulation. The increase in dopamine concentration during SARS-CoV2 infection may reduce immunity (innate and adaptive) that promotes viral spread, which could lead to neuronal damage. In addition, dopaminergic signalling in the nervous system may be affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. COVID -19 can cause various neurological symptoms as it interacts with the immune system. One possible treatment strategy for COVID -19 patients could be the use of dopamine antagonists. To fully understand how to protect the neurological system and immune cells from the virus, we need to study the pathophysiology of the dopamine system in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Rasmi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ameneh Shokati
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Hatamkhani
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Yeganeh Farnamian
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Roya Naderi
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ladan Jalali
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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8
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Raber J, Sharpton TJ. Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Semin Neurol 2023; 43:634-644. [PMID: 37607587 PMCID: PMC10953489 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Increasing research links the gut microbiome to neurodegenerative disorders. The gut microbiome communicates with the central nervous system via the gut-brain axis and affects behavioral and cognitive phenotypes. Dysbiosis (a dysfunctional microbiome) drives increased intestinal permeability and inflammation that can negatively affect the brain via the gut-brain axis. Healthier metabolic and lipid profiles and cognitive phenotypes are observed in individuals with more distinct microbiomes. In this review, we discuss the role of the gut microbiome and gut-brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease and related animal models, in cancer and cancer treatments, and in metabolic syndrome. We also discuss strategies to improve the gut microbiome and ultimately brain function. Because healthier cognitive phenotypes are observed in individuals with more distinct microbiomes, increased efforts are warranted to develop therapeutic strategies for those at increased risk of developing neurological disorders and patients diagnosed with those disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, Oregon
| | - Thomas J. Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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Peelaerts W, Mercado G, George S, Villumsen M, Kasen A, Aguileta M, Linstow C, Sutter AB, Kuhn E, Stetzik L, Sheridan R, Bergkvist L, Meyerdirk L, Lindqvist A, Gavis MLE, Van den Haute C, Hultgren SJ, Baekelandt V, Pospisilik JA, Brudek T, Aznar S, Steiner JA, Henderson MX, Brundin L, Ivanova MI, Hannan TJ, Brundin P. Urinary tract infections trigger synucleinopathy via the innate immune response. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 145:541-559. [PMID: 36991261 PMCID: PMC10119259 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Symptoms in the urogenital organs are common in multiple system atrophy (MSA), also in the years preceding the MSA diagnosis. It is unknown how MSA is triggered and these observations in prodromal MSA led us to hypothesize that synucleinopathy could be triggered by infection of the genitourinary tract causing ɑ-synuclein (ɑSyn) to aggregate in peripheral nerves innervating these organs. As a first proof that peripheral infections could act as a trigger in MSA, this study focused on lower urinary tract infections (UTIs), given the relevance and high frequency of UTIs in prodromal MSA, although other types of infection might also be important triggers of MSA. We performed an epidemiological nested-case control study in the Danish population showing that UTIs are associated with future diagnosis of MSA several years after infection and that it impacts risk in both men and women. Bacterial infection of the urinary bladder triggers synucleinopathy in mice and we propose a novel role of ɑSyn in the innate immune system response to bacteria. Urinary tract infection with uropathogenic E. coli results in the de novo aggregation of ɑSyn during neutrophil infiltration. During the infection, ɑSyn is released extracellularly from neutrophils as part of their extracellular traps. Injection of MSA aggregates into the urinary bladder leads to motor deficits and propagation of ɑSyn pathology to the central nervous system in mice overexpressing oligodendroglial ɑSyn. Repeated UTIs lead to progressive development of synucleinopathy with oligodendroglial involvement in vivo. Our results link bacterial infections with synucleinopathy and show that a host response to environmental triggers can result in ɑSyn pathology that bears semblance to MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Peelaerts
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- Laboratory for Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Gabriela Mercado
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Sonia George
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Marie Villumsen
- Center for Clinical Research and Disease Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alysa Kasen
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Miguel Aguileta
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Christian Linstow
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Alexandra B Sutter
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily Kuhn
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Lucas Stetzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Rachel Sheridan
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Liza Bergkvist
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Lindsay Meyerdirk
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Allison Lindqvist
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Martha L Escobar Gavis
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Chris Van den Haute
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- Leuven Viral Vector Core, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Scott J Hultgren
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- Leuven Viral Vector Core, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | | | - Tomasz Brudek
- Centre for Neuroscience and Stereology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana Aznar
- Centre for Neuroscience and Stereology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jennifer A Steiner
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Michael X Henderson
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Lena Brundin
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Magdalena I Ivanova
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tom J Hannan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland.
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10
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Surguchov A, Emamzadeh FN, Titova M, Surguchev AA. Controversial Properties of Amyloidogenic Proteins and Peptides: New Data in the COVID Era. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1215. [PMID: 37189833 PMCID: PMC10136278 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
For a long time, studies of amyloidogenic proteins and peptides (amyloidogenic PPs) have been focused basically on their harmful properties and association with diseases. A vast amount of research has investigated the structure of pathogenic amyloids forming fibrous deposits within or around cells and the mechanisms of their detrimental actions. Much less has been known about the physiologic functions and beneficial properties of amyloidogenic PPs. At the same time, amyloidogenic PPs have various useful properties. For example, they may render neurons resistant to viral infection and propagation and stimulate autophagy. We discuss here some of amyloidogenic PPs' detrimental and beneficial properties using as examples beta-amyloid (β-amyloid), implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and α-synuclein-one of the hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently amyloidogenic PPs' antiviral and antimicrobial properties have attracted attention because of the COVID-19 pandemic and the growing threat of other viral and bacterial-induced diseases. Importantly, several COVID-19 viral proteins, e.g., spike, nucleocapsid, and envelope proteins, may become amyloidogenic after infection and combine their harmful action with the effect of endogenous APPs. A central area of current investigations is the study of the structural properties of amyloidogenic PPs, defining their beneficial and harmful properties, and identifying triggers that transform physiologically important amyloidogenic PPs into vicious substances. These directions are of paramount importance during the current SARS-CoV-2 global health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Surguchov
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Fatemeh N. Emamzadeh
- Analytical Development Department, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Mariya Titova
- The College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, Kansas University, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Alexei A. Surguchev
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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11
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Mancini M, Natoli S, Gardoni F, Di Luca M, Pisani A. Dopamine Transmission Imbalance in Neuroinflammation: Perspectives on Long-Term COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065618. [PMID: 36982693 PMCID: PMC10056044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a key neurotransmitter in the basal ganglia, implicated in the control of movement and motivation. Alteration of DA levels is central in Parkinson’s disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor manifestations and deposition of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates. Previous studies have hypothesized a link between PD and viral infections. Indeed, different cases of parkinsonism have been reported following COVID-19. However, whether SARS-CoV-2 may trigger a neurodegenerative process is still a matter of debate. Interestingly, evidence of brain inflammation has been described in postmortem samples of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2, which suggests immune-mediated mechanisms triggering the neurological sequelae. In this review, we discuss the role of proinflammatory molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, and oxygen reactive species in modulating DA homeostasis. Moreover, we review the existing literature on the possible mechanistic interplay between SARS-CoV-2-mediated neuroinflammation and nigrostriatal DAergic impairment, and the cross-talk with aberrant α-syn metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mancini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Natoli
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- IRCCS Maugeri Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Monica Di Luca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-380-247
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12
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Kaushik A, Kujawska M, Ahmed EA, Batiha GES. SARS-COV-2 infection and Parkinson's disease: Possible links and perspectives. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:952-975. [PMID: 36717481 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The hallmarks are the presence of Lewy bodies composed mainly of aggregated α-synuclein and immune activation and inflammation in the brain. The neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 with induction of cytokine storm and neuroinflammation can contribute to the development of PD. Interestingly, overexpression of α-synuclein in PD patients may limit SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons; however, on the other hand, this virus can speed up the α-synuclein aggregation. The review aims to discuss the potential link between COVID-19 and the risk of PD, highlighting the need for further studies to authenticate the potential association. We have also overviewed the influence of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the PD course and management. In this context, we presented the prospects for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic and related PD cases that, beyond global vaccination and novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents, may include the development of graphene-based nanoscale platforms offering antiviral and anti-amyloid strategies against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, Florida, USA
| | - Małgorzata Kujawska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Eman A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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13
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Neshige S, Aoki S, Nezu T, Nakamori M, Yamazaki Y, Ohshita T, Maruyama H. Are patients with Parkinson's disease at a lower risk of catching the common cold? Propensity score matching. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 106:105227. [PMID: 36442364 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulating evidence indicating that inflammatory responses play crucial roles in Parkinson's disease (PD) development provided a hypothesis that physiological alpha-synuclein may contribute to inflammatory responses against infections during non-advanced stages of PD. Thus, we examined the risk of catching a common cold in patients with PD as compared to other common brain diseases. METHODS We extracted PD (non-advanced; without dementia) and control (AD: Alzheimer's disease, migraine, epilepsy, and ischemic stroke) patient data from insurance claim data available between 2010 and 2021. After confirming the clinical PD diagnosis, we investigated factors associated with cold diagnoses and used propensity score matching to identify differences in the incidence of colds between PD and control patients. RESULTS Diagnosis of colds in PD patients (n = 726) and controls (AD = 377, migraine = 1019, epilepsy = 3414, ischemic stroke = 6943) was found in 1186 (9.5%) patients, which was independently associated with being female (odds ratio: OR 1.59; 95%CI 1.41-1.79; P < 0.0001), follow-up by neurologists (OR 1.30; 95%CI 1.15-1.48; P < 0.0001), diagnosis of PD (OR 0.30; 95%CI 0.20-0.45; P < 0.0001) and COVID-19 pandemic period (OR 0.58; 95%CI 0.47-0.72; P < 0.0001). After propensity score matching, the incidence of colds was significantly lower in PD (3.4%) versus in controls; AD (9.8%; P < 0.0001), migraine (13.3%; P < 0.0001), epilepsy (11.0%; P < 0.0001), ischemic stroke (8.8%; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Patients with PD were less likely to be diagnosed with colds. However, several confounding factors will need to be examined. Moreover, alpha-synuclein may provide protective resistance to viral infections by activating the immune system due to chronic inflammation in non-advanced PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichiro Neshige
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Japan; Epilepsy Center, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan.
| | - Shiro Aoki
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Nezu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakamori
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Japan
| | - Yu Yamazaki
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ohshita
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Maruyama
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Japan; Epilepsy Center, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan
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14
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Peelaerts W, Baekelandt V. ⍺-Synuclein Structural Diversity and the Cellular Environment in ⍺-Synuclein Transmission Models and Humans. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:67-82. [PMID: 37052776 PMCID: PMC10119367 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA) are termed synucleinopathies, disorders that are characterized by the intracellular aggregation of the protein ɑ-synuclein. The cellular tropism of synuclein pathology in these syndromes is notably distinct since in the Lewy disorders, PD and DLB, ɑSyn forms aggregates in neurons whereas in MSA ɑSyn forms aggregates in oligodendrocytes. Studies examining ɑSyn pathology in experimental models and in human brain have now identified fibrillar ɑSyn with unique but distinct molecular signatures, suggesting that the structure of these ɑSyn fibrils might be closely tied to their cellular ontogeny. In contrast to the native structural heterogeneity of ɑSyn in vitro, the conformational landscape of fibrillar ɑSyn in human brain and in vivo transmission models appears to be remarkably uniform. Here, we review the studies by which we propose a hypothesis that the cellular host environment might be in part responsible for how ɑSyn filaments assemble into phenotype-specific strains. We postulate that the maturation of ɑSyn strains develops as a function of their in vivo transmission routes and cell-specific risk factors. The impact of the cellular environment on the structural diversity of ɑSyn might have important implications for the design of preclinical studies and their use for the development of ɑSyn-based biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. By combining phenotype-specific fibrils and relevant synucleinopathy transmission models, preclinical models might more closely reflect unique disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Peelaerts
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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15
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Chu W, Hall J, Gurrala A, Becsey A, Raman S, Okun MS, Flores CT, Giasson BI, Vaillancourt DE, Vedam-Mai V. Evaluation of an Adoptive Cellular Therapy-Based Vaccine in a Transgenic Mouse Model of α-synucleinopathy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 14:235-245. [PMID: 36571847 PMCID: PMC9853504 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregated α-synuclein, a major constituent of Lewy bodies plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies (SPs) such as Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is affected by the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, and recently both active and passive immunotherapies targeted against α-synuclein are being trialed as potential novel treatment strategies. Specifically, dendritic cell-based vaccines have shown to be an effective treatment for SPs in animal models. Here, we report on the development of adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) for SP and demonstrate that adoptive transfer of pre-activated T-cells generated from immunized mice can improve survival and behavior, reduce brain microstructural impairment via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and decrease α-synuclein pathology burden in a peripherally induced preclinical SP model (M83) when administered prior to disease onset. This study provides preclinical evidence for ACT as a potential immunotherapy for LBD, PD and other related SPs, and future work will provide necessary understanding of the mechanisms of its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston
T. Chu
- J.
Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States,Department
of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Jesse Hall
- Department
of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Anjela Gurrala
- Department
of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Alexander Becsey
- Department
of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Shreya Raman
- Department
of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Michael S. Okun
- Department
of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States,Department
of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States,Norman
Fixel
Institute for Neurological Diseases, Gainesville, Florida32608, United States
| | - Catherine T. Flores
- Department
of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Benoit I. Giasson
- Department
of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - David E. Vaillancourt
- Department
of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Vinata Vedam-Mai
- Department
of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States,Norman
Fixel
Institute for Neurological Diseases, Gainesville, Florida32608, United States,. Phone: (352) 273-5557. Fax:(352) 273-5575
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16
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Zalyalova ZA, Munasipova SE, Khasanova DM, Ilyina GR, Khayatova ZG, Bagdanova NI. A “new” role of amantadines in COVID-19 in patients with Parkinson’s disease: results of own comparative study. NEUROLOGY, NEUROPSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOSOMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2022-6-40-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. A. Zalyalova
- Kazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia; Republican Clinical Diagnostic Center for Extrapyramidal Pathology and Botulinum Therapy, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan; Hospital for War Veterans; Clinical Hospital “Railway Medicine“
| | - S. E. Munasipova
- Kazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia; Republican Clinical Diagnostic Center for Extrapyramidal Pathology and Botulinum Therapy, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan; Hospital for War Veterans
| | - D. M. Khasanova
- Republican Clinical Diagnostic Center for Extrapyramidal Pathology and Botulinum Therapy, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan; Hospital for War Veterans
| | - G. R. Ilyina
- Republican Clinical Diagnostic Center for Extrapyramidal Pathology and Botulinum Therapy, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan; Hospital for War Veterans
| | | | - N. I. Bagdanova
- Republican Clinical Diagnostic Center for Extrapyramidal Pathology and Botulinum Therapy, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan; Hospital for War Veterans
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17
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Xi X, Han L. Exploring the relationship between novel Coronavirus pneumonia and Parkinson's disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31813. [PMID: 36401405 PMCID: PMC9678520 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis is that there is 0a relationship between Parkinson's disease and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). By summarizing the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and COVID-19 and the impact of COVID-19 on the central nervous system, the relationship between Parkinson's disease and COVID-19 was analyzed, including whether Parkinson's disease is a predisposition factor for COVID-19 and whether COVID-19 causes the occurrence of Parkinson's disease. Discuss the impact of COVID-19 on patients with Parkinson's disease, including symptoms and life impact. To summarize the principles, goals and methods of home rehabilitation for Parkinson's disease patients during COVID-19. Through the analysis of this paper, it is believed that COVID-19 may cause Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease has the condition of susceptibility to COVID-19, but this conclusion is still controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Xi
- Rehabilitation Center,Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing
- * Correspondence: Xiaoming Xi, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No.15, Badachu Xixizhuang, Shijingshan District, Beijing (e-mail: )
| | - Liang Han
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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18
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Antibiotic Consumption Patterns in European Countries Are Associated with the Prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease; the Possible Augmenting Role of the Narrow-Spectrum Penicillin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091145. [PMID: 36139924 PMCID: PMC9494973 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease, affecting at least 0.3% of the worldwide population and over 3% of those over 80 years old. According to recent research (2018), in 2016, 6.1 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 5.0–7.3) individuals had Parkinson’s disease globally, compared with 2.5 million (2.0–3.0) in 1990. The pandemic-like spreading of PD is considered a slow-moving disaster. Most recent studies indicated the possible role of an altered microbiome, dysbiosis, in the development of PD, which occurs long before the clinical diagnosis of PD. Antibiotics are considered as major disruptors of the intestinal flora and we have hypothesized that, as different classes of antibiotics might induce different dysbiosis, certain classes of antibiotics could trigger the PD-related dysbiosis as well. Comparative analyses were performed between the average yearly antibiotic consumption of 30 European countries (1997–2016) and the PD prevalence database (estimated for 2016). We divided the time frame of antibiotic consumption of 1997–2016 into four subsections to estimate the possible time lapse between antibiotic exposure and the prevalence, prevalence change, and PD-related death rates estimated for 2016. Our results indicated that countries with high consumption of narrow-spectrum penicillin experienced a higher increase in PD prevalence than the others. Countries reporting a decline in PD from 1990 to 2016 demonstrated a reduction in the consumption of narrow-spectrum penicillin in this period.
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19
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Movement disorders in coronavirus disease 2019 times: impact on care in movement disorders and Parkinson disease. Curr Opin Neurol 2022; 35:494-501. [PMID: 35787539 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to outline the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on movement disorder holistic care, particularly in the care of people with Parkinson disease (PWP). RECENT FINDINGS As the pandemic unfolds, a flurry of literature was published regarding the impact of COVID-19 on people with Parkinson disease including the direct impact of infection, availability of ambulatory care, loss of community-based team care, and acceptability of telemedicine. SUMMARY COVID-19 has impacted the care of PWP in numerous ways. Recognizing infection in PWP poses challenges. Specific long-term complications, including emerging reports of long COVID syndrome is a growing concern. Caregivers and PWP have also been impacted by COVID-19 social isolation restrictions, with radical changes to the structure of social networks and support systems globally. In a matter of weeks, the global community saw an incredible uptake in telemedicine, which brought with benefits and pitfalls. As PWP adapted to virtual platforms and the changing architecture of care delivery, the pandemic amplified many preexisting inequities amongst populations and countries, exposing a new 'digital divide'.
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20
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Aloul KM, Nielsen JE, Defensor EB, Lin JS, Fortkort JA, Shamloo M, Cirillo JD, Gombart AF, Barron AE. Upregulating Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Expression May Prevent Severe COVID-19 Inflammatory Responses and Reduce Microthrombosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:880961. [PMID: 35634307 PMCID: PMC9134243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is characterized by hyperactivation by inflammatory cytokines and recruitment of macrophages, neutrophils, and other immune cells, all hallmarks of a strong inflammatory response that can lead to severe complications and multi-organ damage. Mortality in COVID-19 patients is associated with a high prevalence of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and microthrombosis that are exacerbated by hyperglycemia, diabetes, and old age. SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and non-human primates have revealed long-term neurological consequences of COVID-19, possibly concomitant with the formation of Lewy bodies in the brain and invasion of the nervous system via the olfactory bulb. In this paper, we review the relevance of the human cathelicidin LL-37 in SARS-CoV-2 infections. LL-37 is an immunomodulatory, host defense peptide with direct anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, and pleiotropic effects on the inflammatory response, neovascularization, Lewy body formation, and pancreatic islet cell function. The bioactive form of vitamin D and a number of other compounds induce LL-37 expression and one might predict its upregulation, could reduce the prevalence of severe COVID-19. We hypothesize upregulation of LL-37 will act therapeutically, facilitating efficient NET clearance by macrophages, speeding endothelial repair after inflammatory tissue damage, preventing α-synuclein aggregation, and supporting blood-glucose level stabilization by facilitating insulin release and islet β-cell neogenesis. In addition, it has been postulated that LL-37 can directly bind the S1 domain of SARS-CoV-2, mask angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, and limit SARS-CoV-2 infection. Purposeful upregulation of LL-37 could also serve as a preventative and therapeutic strategy for SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim M. Aloul
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Josefine Eilsø Nielsen
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Erwin B. Defensor
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - John A. Fortkort
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Cirillo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Adrian F. Gombart
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Annelise E. Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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21
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Kasen A, Houck C, Burmeister AR, Sha Q, Brundin L, Brundin P. Upregulation of α-synuclein following immune activation: Possible trigger of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 166:105654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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22
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Litvinenko IV, Lobzin VY. On a New Paradigm of the Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases by the Example of Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2022; 12. [PMCID: PMC9774074 DOI: 10.1134/s2079057022040117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The role of neuronal inflammation developing during the formation of amyloid plaques and Lewy bodies is investigated. The influence of various exogenous and endogenous factors on the development of neuroinflammation is established, but the role of various infectious agents in the development of this process is much less studied. Today, the existence of a universal trigger mechanism of the neurodegenerative process is obvious: a specific pathogen of a bacterial or viral nature (including long-term persistent in nervous tissue in a latent state), reactivating, penetrates into certain cerebral structures, where it is influenced by either Aβ or resident macrophages of the central nervous system, which, in turn, are activated and induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to the development of neuronal inflammation, autophagy and neurodegeneration. The reactivation of latent infection, such as herpes, in APOE4 carriers significantly increases the risk of development of Alzheimer’s disease. Class-II genes of the HLA locus (HLA II) may be related to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. An increase in iron levels in the glia is induced by inflammation, which leads to neurodegeneration. Disruption of the homeostasis of redox-active metals, iron and copper, is an integral part of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. The developing neuroinflammation leads to intensification of the processes of peroxidation, oxidation of metals and the development of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V. Yu. Lobzin
- Kirov Military Medical Academy, 194044 St. Petersburg, Russia ,Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, 191015 St. Petersburg, Russia ,Children’s Research and Clinical Center of Infectious Diseases, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
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23
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Cavallieri F, Sellner J, Zedde M, Moro E. Neurologic complications of coronavirus and other respiratory viral infections. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 189:331-358. [PMID: 36031313 PMCID: PMC9418023 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91532-8.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In humans, several respiratory viruses can have neurologic implications affecting both central and peripheral nervous system. Neurologic manifestations can be linked to viral neurotropism and/or indirect effects of the infection due to endothelitis with vascular damage and ischemia, hypercoagulation state with thrombosis and hemorrhages, systemic inflammatory response, autoimmune reactions, and other damages. Among these respiratory viruses, recent and huge attention has been given to the coronaviruses, especially the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic started in 2020. Besides the common respiratory symptoms and the lung tropism of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), neurologic manifestations are not rare and often present in the severe forms of the infection. The most common acute and subacute symptoms and signs include headache, fatigue, myalgia, anosmia, ageusia, sleep disturbances, whereas clinical syndromes include mainly encephalopathy, ischemic stroke, seizures, and autoimmune peripheral neuropathies. Although the pathogenetic mechanisms of COVID-19 in the various acute neurologic manifestations are partially understood, little is known about long-term consequences of the infection. These consequences concern both the so-called long-COVID (characterized by the persistence of neurological manifestations after the resolution of the acute viral phase), and the onset of new neurological symptoms that may be linked to the previous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cavallieri
- Neurology Unit, Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy,Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Mistelbach, Austria,Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marialuisa Zedde
- Neurology Unit, Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Elena Moro
- Division of Neurology, CHU of Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Grenoble, France,Correspondence to: Elena Moro, Service de neurologie, CHU de Grenoble (Hôpital Nord), Boulevard de la Chantourne, 38043 La Tronche, France. Tel: + 33-4-76-76-94-52, Fax: +33-4-76-76-56-31
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24
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Fearon C, Fasano A. Prevalence and outcomes of Covid-19 in Parkinson's disease: Acute settings and hospital. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 165:35-62. [PMID: 36208906 PMCID: PMC9020798 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The global explosion of COVID-19 necessitated the rapid dissemination of information regarding SARS-CoV-2. Hence, COVID-19 prevalence and outcome data in Parkinson's disease patients were disseminated at a time when we only had part of the picture. In this chapter we firstly discuss the current literature on the prevalence of COVID-19 in people with PD. We then discuss outcomes from COVID-19 in people with PD, specifically risk of hospitalization and mortality. Finally, we discuss specific contributing and confounding factors which may put PD patients at higher or lower risk from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Fearon
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, ON, Canada.
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25
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Zalyalova ZA, Khasanova DM. [Risk and course of COVID-19 in patients with Parkinson's disease]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:152-156. [PMID: 34693704 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2021121091152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The article provides an overview of the data on the impact of Parkinson's disease on the risk of infection and the course of COVID-19, and also assesses the possible pathogenetic relationship between the SARS-CoV-2 virus, COVID-19 and PD. By penetrating the central nervous system, SARS-CoV-2 can cause not only neurological symptoms, but also exacerbate the course of an existing neurological disease. The impact of Parkinson's disease on the risk of infection and the course of COVID-19 is controversial. However, a number of authors support the opinion that PD is an anti-risk factor for the development of COVID-19, which is associated both with the pathogenesis of the disease and with the used antiparkinsonian drugs, in particular amantadines. There are no clear data indicating higher risk of infection and higher severity of COVID-19 in patients with PD. On the contrary, experimental and clinical data suggest a possible modifying role of α-synuclein and antiparkinsonian drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z A Zalyalova
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia.,Rebublican Center for Movement Disorders, Kazan, Russia.,Hospital for War Veterans, Kazan, Russia
| | - D M Khasanova
- Rebublican Center for Movement Disorders, Kazan, Russia.,Hospital for War Veterans, Kazan, Russia
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26
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Booms A, Coetzee GA. Functions of Intracellular Alpha-Synuclein in Microglia: Implications for Parkinson's Disease Risk. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:759571. [PMID: 34671245 PMCID: PMC8521067 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.759571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein accumulation in dopaminergic neurons is one of the primary features of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Despite its toxic properties during PD, alpha-synuclein has some important physiological functions. Although the activity of the protein has been extensively studied in neurons, the protein is also expressed in other cell types including immune cells and glia. Genetic studies show that mutations in synuclein alpha (SNCA), the gene that encodes alpha-synuclein, and alterations in its expression levels are a significant risk factor for PD, which likely impact the functions of a broad range of cell types. The consequences of altered SNCA expression in other cell types is beginning to be explored. Microglia, the primary macrophage population in the Central Nervous System (CNS), for example, are affected by variations in alpha-synuclein levels and functions. Studies suggest that deviations of alpha-synuclein’s normal activity influence hematopoiesis, the process that gives rise to microglia, and microglia’s immune functions. Alpha-synuclein levels also dictate the efficiency of SNARE-mediated vesicle formation, which could influence autophagy and cytokine release in microglia. Starting from the time of conception, these effects could impact one’s risk for developing PD. Further studies are needed to determine the physiological role of alpha-synuclein and how the protein is affected during PD in non-neuronal cells such as microglia. In this review we will discuss the known roles of alpha-synuclein in differentiation, immune responses, and vesicle formation, with insights into how abnormal alpha-synuclein expression and activity are linked to altered functions of microglia during PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Booms
- Coetzee Laboratory, Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Gerhard A Coetzee
- Coetzee Laboratory, Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
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27
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Conte C. Possible Link between SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Parkinson's Disease: The Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7135. [PMID: 34281186 PMCID: PMC8269350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative motor disorder characterized by selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of the midbrain, depletion of dopamine (DA), and impaired nigrostriatal pathway. The pathological hallmark of PD includes the aggregation and accumulation α-synuclein (α-SYN). Although the precise mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PD are still unknown, the activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs), mainly TLR4 and subsequent neuroinflammatory immune response, seem to play a significant role. Mounting evidence suggests that viral infection can concur with the precipitation of PD or parkinsonism. The recently identified coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of ongoing pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), responsible for 160 million cases that led to the death of more than three million individuals worldwide. Studies have reported that many patients with COVID-19 display several neurological manifestations, including acute cerebrovascular diseases, conscious disturbance, and typical motor and non-motor symptoms accompanying PD. In this review, the neurotropic potential of SARS-CoV-2 and its possible involvement in the pathogenesis of PD are discussed. Specifically, the involvement of the TLR4 signaling pathway in mediating the virus entry, as well as the massive immune and inflammatory response in COVID-19 patients is explored. The binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein to TLR4 and the possible interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and α-SYN as contributing factors to neuronal death are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Conte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via Fabretti, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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28
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He X, Wang R, Wang T. The role of immune cells in the course of Parkinson's disease. IBRAIN 2021; 7:146-151. [PMID: 37786903 PMCID: PMC10529156 DOI: 10.1002/j.2769-2795.2021.tb00077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease in the central nervous system. The pathological manifestations mainly consist of α-synuclein accumulation, degeneration and death of dopaminergic neurons, and insufficient dopamine secretion. There are many pathophysiological mechanisms leading to these pathological changes. The role of autoimmunity in Parkinson's disease is one of the academic hotspots in recent years. Many types of immune cells actively participate in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, such as dendritic cells, microglia, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, which lead to abnormal immune response in Parkinson's disease patients. Therefore, this paper focuses on reviewing the research progress of immune cells in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu‐Ying He
- Institute of Neurological DiseaseDepartment of AnesthesiologyTranslational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ru‐Rong Wang
- Institute of Neurological DiseaseDepartment of AnesthesiologyTranslational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ting‐Hua Wang
- Institute of Neurological DiseaseDepartment of AnesthesiologyTranslational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
- Institute of NeuroscienceLaboratory Zoology DepartmentKunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
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29
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The Intersection of Parkinson's Disease, Viral Infections, and COVID-19. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4477-4486. [PMID: 34033061 PMCID: PMC8143990 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of human COVID-19, not only causes flu-like symptoms and gut microbiome complications but a large number of infected individuals also experience a host of neurological symptoms including loss of smell and taste, seizures, difficulty concentrating, decreased alertness, and brain inflammation. Although SARS-CoV-2 infections are not more prevalent in Parkinson’s disease patients, a higher mortality rate has been reported not only associated with older age and longer disease duration, but also through several mechanisms, such as interactions with the brain dopaminergic system and through systemic inflammatory responses. Indeed, a number of the neurological symptoms seen in COVID-19 patients, as well as the alterations in the gut microbiome, are also prevalent in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Furthermore, biochemical pathways such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and protein aggregation have shared commonalities between Parkinson’s disease and COVID-19 disease progression. In this review, we describe and compare the numerous similarities and intersections between neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease and RNA viral infections, emphasizing the current SARS-CoV-2 global health crisis.
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30
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Lerner A. The intestinal luminal sources of α-synuclein: a gastroenterologist perspective. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:282-293. [PMID: 33942062 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by nonmotor/motor dysfunction, midbrain dopaminergic neuronal death, and α-synuclein (aSN) deposits. The current hypothesis is that aSN accumulates in the enteric nervous system to reach the brain. However, invertebrate, vertebrate, and nutritional sources of aSN reach the luminal compartment. Submitted to local amyloidogenic forces, the oligomerized proteins' cargo can be sensed and sampled by a specialized mucosal cell to be transmitted to the adjacent enteric nervous system, starting their upward journey to the brain. The present narrative review extends the current mucosal origin of Parkinson's disease, presenting the possibility that the disease starts in the intestinal lumen. If substantiated, eliminating the nutritional sources of aSN (eg, applying a vegetarian diet) might revolutionize the currently used dopaminergic pharmacologic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- A. Lerner is with the Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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31
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Fearon C, Fasano A. Parkinson's Disease and the COVID-19 Pandemic. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:431-444. [PMID: 33492244 PMCID: PMC8150477 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies focusing on the relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and Parkinson’s disease (PD) have provided conflicting results. We review the literature to investigate: 1) Are PD patients at higher risk for contracting COVID-19 and are there specific contributing factors to that risk? 2) How does COVID-19 affect PD symptoms? 3) How does COVID-19 present in PD patients? 4) What are the outcomes in PD patients who contract COVID-19? 5) What is the impact of COVID-19 on PD care? 6) Does COVID-19 increase the risk of developing PD? A literature search was performed from 1979 to 2020 using the terms: ‘Parkinson’s disease’ and ‘parkinsonism’ combined with: ‘COVID-19’; ‘SARS-CoV-2’ and ‘coronavirus’. It does not appear that PD is a specific risk factor for COVID-19. There is evidence for direct/indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2 on motor/non-motor symptoms of PD. Although many PD patients present with typical COVID-19 symptoms, some present atypically with isolated worsening of parkinsonian symptoms, requiring increased anti-PD therapy and having worse outcomes. Mortality data on PD patients with COVID-19 is inconclusive (ranging from 5.2%to 100%). Patients with advanced PD appear to be particularly vulnerable. Single cases of acute hypokinetic-rigid syndrome have been described but no other convincing data has been reported. The rapidity with which COVID-19 has swept across the globe has favored the proliferation of studies which lack scientific rigor and the PD literature has not been immune. A coordinated effort is required to assimilate data and answer these questions in larger PD cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Fearon
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital - UHN, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital - UHN, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, ON, Canada
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32
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Bilge N, Simsek F, Yevgi R, Ceylan M, Askın S. Low serum Α-SYNUCLEIN and oligomer Α-SYNUCLEIN levels in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 350:577432. [PMID: 33220655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, inflammatory, demyelinating neurodegenerative disease progressing with attacks. Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn), a neuronal protein, has been previously associated with the inflammation and development of neurodegenerative diseases. Although the cause of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis is mainly associated with inflammation, α-Syn may play a role in the pathogenesis of MS, as in other classical neurodegenerative diseases such as synucleinopathies. In multiple sclerosis, α-Syn has been directly studied in central nervous system lesions and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, there are few studies approaching variations in peripheral α-Syn in MS. The aim of our study was to investigate the correlation between disease progression and other clinical parameters by measuring serum α-Syn and oligomer α-Syn levels in MS patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD The study included 60 MS patients aged 18 years or older who were admitted to the Department of Neurology between 01.02.2020-01.04.2020 and diagnosed with MS according to the 2010 MC Donald criteria, and 60 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Those who were in the MS attack period and received cortisone treatment in the past three months were excluded from the study. The serum α-Syn and oligomer α-Syn levels of the individuals in both groups were measured. The correlation between the serum α-Syn, oligomer α-Syn, oligomer α-Syn/α-Syn ratio levels of the MS patients and their age, disease duration, number of attacks, annualized relapse rate (ARR), disease type, EDSS scores and immunomodulatory drug type used was investigated. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 22.0 software. RESULTS In our study, 73.3% of the MS patients were female and the mean age of the patients was 36.18 ± 9.5 years. The most common MS disease type was RRMS with 83.3%. Serum α-Syn (79.52 ± 34.81) and oligomer α-Syn (18.79 ± 10.48) levels were significantly lower in the MS patients compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Serum oligomer α-Syn/α-Syn ratio was higher in the MS patients compared to the control group and in SPMS compared to RRMS, but was not statistically significant. There was no significant correlation between the serum α-Syn, oligomer α-Syn and oligomer α-Syn/α-Syn ratio ratio of the MS patients and their age, disease duration, disease type, EDDS, ARR and immunomodulatory treatments. There was a significant positive correlation between α-Syn and oligomer α-Syn in MS patients (r: 0.29, p: 0.02). CONCLUSION In our study, serum α-Syn and oligomer α-Syn levels were lower in the MS patients compared to the control group. Low levels of α-Syn in MS may play a role in the development of neuroinflammation and may be a result of the diffuse neuronal and synaptic loss. There is a need for further studies on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Bilge
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatma Simsek
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Recep Yevgi
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Ceylan
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Seda Askın
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Erzurum, Turkey
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Chaná-Cuevas P, Salles-Gándara P, Rojas-Fernandez A, Salinas-Rebolledo C, Milán-Solé A. The Potential Role of SARS-COV-2 in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:1044. [PMID: 33041985 PMCID: PMC7527541 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering their current burden and epidemiological projections, nowadays Parkinson's disease and the COVID-19 pandemic are two key health problems. There is evidence of the pathogenic role of neurotropic viruses in neurodegenerative diseases and coronaviruses are neurotropic, with some of them selectively targeting the basal ganglia. Moreover, some authors demonstrated the longevity of these viruses in the affected cells of the nervous system for long periods. Coronavirus was detected in brain autopsies and SARS-CoV-2 has been isolated from the CSF of affected patients. The marked inflammatory response in some particular patients with COVID-19 with a consequent increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines is considered a prognostic factor. Immunologic changes are observed in patients with Parkinson's disease, possibly having a role in its pathogenesis. A dynamic pro-inflammatory state accompanies α-synuclein accumulation and the development and progression of neurodegeneration. Also, some viral infectious diseases might have a role as triggers, generating a cross autoimmune reaction against α-synuclein. In the past Coronaviruses have been related to Parkinson's disease, however, until now the causal role of these viruses is unknown. In this paper, our focus is to assess the potential relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Chaná-Cuevas
- Movement Disorders Center, CETRAM, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medical Science, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alejandro Rojas-Fernandez
- Institute of Medicine & Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Constanza Salinas-Rebolledo
- Institute of Medicine & Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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34
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Cervellati C, Trentini A, Pecorelli A, Valacchi G. Inflammation in Neurological Disorders: The Thin Boundary Between Brain and Periphery. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:191-210. [PMID: 32143546 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation is a major contributor in the pathogenesis of several highly prevalent, but also rare, neurological diseases. In particular, the neurodegenerative processes of Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VAD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS) are fueled by neuroinflammation, which, in turn, is accompanied by a parallel systemic immune dysregulation. This cross-talk between periphery and the brain becomes substantial when the blood-brain barrier loses its integrity, as often occurs in the course of these diseases. It has been hypothesized that the perpetual bidirectional flux of inflammatory mediators is not a mere "static" collateral effect of the neurodegeneration, but represents a proactive phenomenon sparking and driving the neuropathological processes. However, the upstream/downstream relationship between inflammatory events and neurological pathology is still unclear. Recent Advances: Solid recent evidence clearly suggests that metabolic factors, systemic infections, Microbiota dysbiosis, and oxidative stress are implicated, although to a different extent, in the development in brain diseases. Critical Issues: Here, we reviewed the most solid published evidence supporting the implication of the axis systemic inflammation-neuroinflammation-neurodegeneration in the pathogenesis of AD, VAD, PD, and MS, highlighting the possible cause of the putative downstream component of the axis. Future Directions: Reaching a definitive clinical/epidemiological appreciation of the etiopathogenic significance of the connection between peripheral and brain inflammation in neurologic disorders is pivotal since it could open novel therapeutic avenues for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Trentini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Animal Science Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Animal Science Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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35
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Ait Wahmane S, Achbani A, Ouhaz Z, Elatiqi M, Belmouden A, Nejmeddine M. The Possible Protective Role of α-Synuclein Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections in Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1293-1294. [PMID: 32519352 PMCID: PMC7300655 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sofiane Ait Wahmane
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Abderrahmane Achbani
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Zakaria Ouhaz
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Elatiqi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Belmouden
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Nejmeddine
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
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36
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Söderbom G. Status and future directions of clinical trials in Parkinson's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 154:153-188. [PMID: 32739003 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Novel therapies are needed to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) in which the clinical unmet need is pressing. Currently, no clinically available therapeutic strategy can either retard or reverse PD or repair its pathological consequences. l-DOPA (levodopa) is still the gold standard therapy for motor symptoms yet symptomatic therapies for both motor and non-motor symptoms are improving. Many on-going, intervention trials cover a broad range of targets, including cell replacement and gene therapy approaches, quality of life improving technologies, and disease-modifying strategies (e.g., controlling aberrant α-synuclein accumulation and regulating cellular/neuronal bioenergetics). Notably, the repurposing of glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues with potential disease-modifying effects based on metabolic pathology associated with PD has been promising. Nevertheless, there is a clear need for improved therapeutic and diagnostic options, disease progression tracking and patient stratification capabilities to deliver personalized treatment and optimize trial design. This review discusses some of the risk factors and consequent pathology associated with PD and particularly the metabolic aspects of PD, novel therapies targeting these pathologies (e.g., mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation/neuroinflammation), including the repurposing of metabolic therapies, and unmet needs as potential drivers for future clinical trials and research in PD.
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37
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Foltynie T, Langston JW. Therapies to Slow, Stop, or Reverse Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 8:S115-S121. [PMID: 30584162 PMCID: PMC6311371 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-181481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of PD pathophysiology is vastly improved compared to the situation 20 years ago. We have identified the major genetic risks for PD, we now have far more representative animal models of the disease, and we can be inspired by the early successes of others using Antisense Oligonucleotide and vaccination approaches in other neurodegenerative diseases. We also have a broad range of repurposed drugs showing the first signals of potential efficacy in the translational pipeline which are being driven forward through the various clinical trial stages. We believe we can be optimistic that the next 20 years will be a time for major breakthroughs towards the discovery of therapies that may slow, stop, or reverse PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Foltynie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - J William Langston
- Department of Pathology, Associate Director, Stanford Udall Center, Stanford, CA, USA
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Triptolide Inhibits Preformed Fibril-Induced Microglial Activation by Targeting the MicroRNA155-5p/SHIP1 Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6527638. [PMID: 31182996 PMCID: PMC6512043 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6527638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that various forms of α-synuclein- (αSyn-) mediated microglial activation are associated with the progression of Parkinson's disease. MicroRNA-155-5p (miR155-5p) is one of the most important microRNAs and enables a robust inflammatory response. Triptolide (T10) is a natural anti-inflammatory component, isolated from a traditional Chinese herb. The objective of the current study was to identify the role and potential regulatory mechanism of T10 in αSyn-induced microglial activation via the miR155-5p mediated SHIP1 signaling pathway. Mouse primary microglia were exposed to monomers, oligomers, and preformed fibrils (PFFs) of human wild-type αSyn, respectively. The expressions of TNFα and IL-1β, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and qPCR, demonstrated that PFFs initiated the strongest immunogenicity in microglia. Application of inhibitors of toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2, TLR4, and TLR9 indicated that PFFs activated microglia mainly via the NF-κB pathway by binding TLR1/2 and TLR4. Treatment with T10 significantly suppressed PFF-induced microglial activation and attenuated the release of proinflammatory cytokines including TNFα and IL-1β. Levels of IRAK1, TRAF6, IKKα/β, p-IKKα/β, NF-κB, p-NF-κB, PI3K, p-PI3K, t-Akt, p-Akt and SHIP1 were measured via Western blot. Levels of miR155-5p were measured by qPCR. The results demonstrated that SHIP1 acted as a downstream target molecule of miR155-5p. Treatment with T10 did not alter the expression of IRAK1 and TRAF6, but significantly decreased the expression of miR155-5p, resulting in upregulation of SHIP1 and repression of NF-κB activity, suggesting inhibition of inflammation and microglial activation. The protective effects of T10 were abolished by the use of SHIP1 siRNA and its inhibitor, 3AC, and miR155-5p mimics. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that treatment with T10 suppressed microglial activation and attenuated the release of proinflammatory cytokines by suppressing NF-κB activity via targeting the miR155-5p/SHIP1 pathway in PFFs-induced microglial activation.
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Herwald H, Egesten A. Another Brick in the Wall. J Innate Immun 2019; 11:109-110. [PMID: 30808848 DOI: 10.1159/000498950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Mejía M, Rodríguez-Leyva I, Cortés-Enríquez F, Chi-Ahumada E, Portales-Pérez DP, Macías-Islas MA, Jiménez-Capdeville ME. Low levels of alpha-synuclein in peripheral tissues are related to clinical relapse in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a pilot cross-sectional study. J Neurol Sci 2019; 396:87-93. [PMID: 30445232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The protein alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) has been linked to neuroinflammatory conditions. We investigated whether the presence of α-Syn in peripheral tissues is a surrogate of brain inflammatory status in a small group of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients in a pilot cross-sectional study. Skin biopsies and peripheral blood were sampled from 34 healthy controls and 23 MS patients for measurement of α-Syn levels. Within the RRMS group 15 patients were in remission, and 8 patients were in the relapsing phase. The protein α-Syn was evaluated by means of immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry in skin and nucleated blood cells, respectively. In the skin, α-Syn levels were lower in relapsing MS than in the other groups, both in positive area (p = .021) and staining intensity (p = .004). In blood, the percentage of α-Syn-positive lymphocytes and monocytes were not statistically different between study groups. Moreover, the use of systemic steroids did not affect α-Syn positivity in MS-relapse patients. Finally, epidermic Langerhans cells did not stain positively for α-Syn. Overall, the levels of α-Syn positivity were lower in inflammatory relapse of RRMS patients when measured in peripheral tissues. We discuss the role of α-Syn levels in inflammation according to the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Mejía
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Erika Chi-Ahumada
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | - Diana Patricia Portales-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Angel Macías-Islas
- Departamento de Neurología, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Hospital de Especialidades (HE), Centro Médico de Nacional de Occidente (CMNO), IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - María E Jiménez-Capdeville
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
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Brudek T. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2019; 9:S331-S344. [PMID: 31609699 PMCID: PMC6839501 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is multifactorial, with genetics, aging, and environmental agents all a part of the PD pathogenesis. Widespread aggregation of the α-synuclein protein in the form of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, and degeneration of substantia nigra dopamine neurons are the pathological hallmarks of PD. Inflammatory responses manifested by glial reactions, T cell infiltration, and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, as well as other toxic mediators derived from activated glial cells, are currently recognized as prominent features of PD. Experimental, clinical and epidemiological data suggest that intestinal inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of PD, and the increasing number of studies suggests that the condition may start in the gastrointestinal system years before any motor symptoms develop. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a higher risk of developing PD compared with non-IBD individuals. Gene association study has found a genetic link between IBD and PD, and an evidence from animal studies suggests that gut inflammation, similar to that observed in IBD, may induce loss of dopaminergic neurons. Based on preclinical models of PD, it is suggested that the enteric microbiome changes early in PD, and gut infections trigger α-synuclein release and aggregation. In this paper, the possible link between IBD and PD is reviewed based on the available literature. Given the potentially critical role of gastrointestinal pathology in PD pathogenesis, there is reason to suspect that IBD or its treatments may impact PD risk. Thus, clinicians should be aware of PD symptoms in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Brudek
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Thirtamara-Rajamani K, Li P, Escobar Galvis ML, Labrie V, Brundin P, Brundin L. Is the Enzyme ACMSD a Novel Therapeutic Target in Parkinson's Disease? JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2017; 7:577-587. [PMID: 29103054 PMCID: PMC5676848 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-171240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several large genome wide association studies have identified a locus in close proximity to the gene encoding the enzyme aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde-decarboxylase (ACMSD) to be associated with the risk for Parkinson's disease (PD), tentatively suggesting that this enzyme might influence PD pathogenesis. Further support for this comes from the recent identification of a disease-segregating stop codon mutation in ACMSD in a family with Parkinsonism, and a missense mutation in the ACMSD gene predicted to disrupt enzyme function in an individual with typical PD. ACMSD is part of the kynurenine pathway, responsible for the catalytic breakdown of tryptophan into NAD+, generating several neuroactive metabolites in the process. The enzyme is located at a key branch-point of the pathway, limiting the production of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid, which has excitotoxic and inflammatory properties. In this review, we discuss the genetic findings in light of the functions of ACMSD and its potential involvement in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peipei Li
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | - Viviane Labrie
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Lena Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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