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Patterson MT, Xu Y, Hillman H, Osinski V, Schrank PR, Kennedy AE, Barrow F, Zhu A, Tollison S, Shekhar S, Stromnes IM, Tassi I, Wu D, Revelo XS, Binstadt BA, Williams JW. Trem2 Agonist Reprograms Foamy Macrophages to Promote Atherosclerotic Plaque Stability-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:1646-1657. [PMID: 38695172 PMCID: PMC11208052 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.124.320797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trem2 (triggering receptor on myeloid cells 2), a surface lipid receptor, is expressed on foamy macrophages within atherosclerotic lesions and regulates cell survival, proliferation, and anti-inflammatory responses. Studies examining the role of Trem2 in atherosclerosis have shown that deletion of Trem2 leads to impaired foamy macrophage lipid uptake, proliferation, survival, and cholesterol efflux. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that administration of a Trem2 agonist antibody (AL002a) to atherogenic mice would enhance macrophage survival and decrease necrotic core formation to improve plaque stability. METHODS To model a therapeutic intervention approach, atherosclerosis-prone mice (Ldlr [low-density lipoprotein receptor]-/-) were fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks, then transitioned to treatment with AL002a or isotype control for an additional 8 weeks while continuing on a high-fat diet. RESULTS AL002a-treated mice had increased lesion size in both the aortic root and whole mount aorta, which correlated with an expansion of plaque macrophage area. This expansion was due to increased macrophage survival and proliferation in plaques. Importantly, plaques from AL002a-treated mice showed improved features of plaque stability, including smaller necrotic cores, increased fibrous caps, and greater collagen deposition. Single-cell RNA sequencing of whole aorta suspensions from isotype- and AL002a-treated atherosclerotic mice revealed that Trem2 agonism dramatically altered foamy macrophage transcriptome. This included upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation and increased expression of collagen genes. In vitro studies validated that Trem2 agonism with AL002a promoted foamy macrophage oxidized low-density lipoprotein uptake, survival, and cholesterol efflux. CONCLUSIONS Trem2 agonism expands atherosclerotic plaque macrophages by promoting cell survival and proliferation but improves features of plaque stability by rewiring foamy macrophage function to enhance cholesterol efflux and collagen deposition.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Receptors, Immunologic/agonists
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/agonists
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Mice
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Foam Cells/metabolism
- Foam Cells/pathology
- Foam Cells/drug effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Male
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/metabolism
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Diet, High-Fat
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Necrosis
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Aortic Diseases/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Patterson
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Yingzheng Xu
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Hannah Hillman
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Victoria Osinski
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Pediatrics (V.O., B.A.B.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Patricia R. Schrank
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Ainsley E. Kennedy
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Fanta Barrow
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Alisha Zhu
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Samuel Tollison
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Sia Shekhar
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Ingunn M. Stromnes
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology (I.M.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Ilaria Tassi
- Alector, Inc, South San Francisco, CA (I.T., D.W.)
- Now with Deep Apple Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA (I.T.)
| | - Dick Wu
- Alector, Inc, South San Francisco, CA (I.T., D.W.)
| | - Xavier S. Revelo
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Bryce A. Binstadt
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Pediatrics (V.O., B.A.B.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Jesse W. Williams
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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Lee WE, Besnier M, Genetzakis E, Tang O, Kott KA, Vernon ST, Gray MP, Grieve SM, Kassiou M, Figtree GA. High-Throughput Measure of Mitochondrial Superoxide Levels as a Marker of Coronary Artery Disease to Accelerate Drug Translation in Patient-Derived Endothelial Cells Using Opera Phenix ® Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:22. [PMID: 38203193 PMCID: PMC10779289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Improved human-relevant preclinical models of coronary artery disease (CAD) are needed to improve translational research and drug discovery. Mitochondrial dysfunction and associated oxidative stress contribute to endothelial dysfunction and are a significant factor in the development and progression of CAD. Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) can be derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and offer a unique potentially personalised means for investigating new potential therapies targeting important components of vascular function. We describe the application of the high-throughput and confocal Opera Phenix® High-Content Screening System to examine mitochondrial superoxide (mROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial area in both established cell lines and patient-derived ECFCs simultaneously. Unlike traditional plate readers, the Opera Phenix® is an imaging system that integrates automated confocal microscopy, precise fluorescent detection, and multi-parameter algorithms to visualize and precisely quantify targeted biological processes at a cellular level. In this study, we measured mROS production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and patient-derived ECFCs using the mROS production probe, MitoSOXTM Red. HUVECs exposed to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) increased mROS levels by 47.7% (p < 0.0001). A pooled group of patient-derived ECFCs from participants with CAD (n = 14) exhibited 30.9% higher mROS levels compared to patients with no CAD when stimulated with oxLDL (n = 14; p < 0.05). When tested against a small group of candidate compounds, this signal was attenuated by PKT-100 (36.22% reduction, p = 0.03), a novel P2X7 receptor antagonist. This suggests the P2X7 receptor as a valid target against excess mROS levels. As such, these findings highlight the potential of the MitoSOX-Opera Phenix technique to be used for drug discovery efforts in CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gemma A. Figtree
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (M.K.)
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Hsu JC, Yang YY, Chuang SL, Lee JK, Lin LY. Prediabetes increases the risk of major limb and cardiovascular events. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:348. [PMID: 38115080 PMCID: PMC10731780 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-02085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prediabetes, an intermediate stage between normal blood sugar levels and a diabetes mellitus diagnosis, is increasing in prevalence. Severe prediabetes is associated with a similar risk of complications as diabetes, but its relationship with peripheral arterial disease remains underexplored. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving 36,950 adult patients, utilizing electronic medical records from the National Taiwan University Hospital between 2014 and 2019. We employed multivariable Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log-rank test to analyze major adverse limb events (MALE) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in relation to normal glucose regulation (NGR) and prediabetes. RESULTS During the 131,783 person-years follow-up, 17,754 cases of prediabetes and 19,196 individuals with normal glucose regulation (NGR) were identified. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed an increased incidence of both MALE and MACE in individuals with prediabetes. (log-rank p = 0.024 and < 0.001). Prediabetes exhibited a significant association with an elevated risk of MALE (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.26 [95% CI 1.10-1.46], p = 0.001) and MACE (aHR 1.46 [1.27-1.67], p < 0.001). Furthermore, in individuals with prediabetes, the elevation in the risk of MALE commenced before HbA1c levels surpassed 5.0% (for HbA1c 5.0-5.5%: aHR 1.78 (1.04-3.04), p = 0.036; HbA1c 5.5-6.0%: aHR 1.29 [1.06-1.58], p = 0.012; aHbA1c 6.0-6.5%: aHR 1.39 [1.14-1.70], p < 0.001). Similarly, the onset of increased MACE risk was observed when HbA1c levels exceeded 5.5% (for HbA1c 5.5-6.0%: aHR 1.67 [1.39-2.01], p < 0.001; HbA1c 6.0-6.5%: HR 2.10 [1.76-2.51], p < 0.001). Factors associated with both MALE and MACE in prediabetes include advanced age, male gender, higher body mass index, and a history of heart failure or atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSION We demonstrated higher susceptibility to MALE and MACE in prediabetes compared to normoglycemic counterparts, notwithstanding lower HbA1c levels. Complications may manifest at an earlier prediabetes trajectory. Intensive lifestyle modification may improve the prognosis of severe prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Chi Hsu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Jinshan Branch, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yun Yang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Lin Chuang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Kuang Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Telehealth Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Lian-Yu Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Master's Program in Smart Medicine and Health Informatics, NTU, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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Lee WE, Genetzakis E, Figtree GA. Novel Strategies in the Early Detection and Treatment of Endothelial Cell-Specific Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Coronary Artery Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1359. [PMID: 37507899 PMCID: PMC10376062 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although elevated cholesterol and other recognised cardiovascular risk factors are important in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart attack, the susceptibility of humans to this fatal process is distinct from other animals. Mitochondrial dysfunction of cells in the arterial wall, particularly the endothelium, has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of CAD. In this manuscript, we review the established evidence and mechanisms in detail and explore the potential opportunities arising from analysing mitochondrial function in patient-derived cells such as endothelial colony-forming cells easily cultured from venous blood. We discuss how emerging technology and knowledge may allow us to measure mitochondrial dysfunction as a potential biomarker for diagnosis and risk management. We also discuss the "pros and cons" of animal models of atherosclerosis, and how patient-derived cell models may provide opportunities to develop novel therapies relevant for humans. Finally, we review several targets that potentially alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction working both via direct and indirect mechanisms and evaluate the effect of several classes of compounds in the cardiovascular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqian E. Lee
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.E.L.); (E.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Elijah Genetzakis
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.E.L.); (E.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Gemma A. Figtree
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.E.L.); (E.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
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Regulatory mechanism of icariin in cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114156. [PMID: 36584431 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and neurological diseases are widespread diseases with substantial rates of morbidity and mortality around the world. For the past few years, the preventive effects of Chinese herbal medicine on CVDs and neurological diseases have attracted a great deal of attention. Icariin (ICA), the main constituent of Epimedii Herba, is a flavonoid. It has been shown to provide neuroprotection, anti-tumor, anti-osteoporosis, and cardiovascular protection. The endothelial protection, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, antioxidative stress, and anti-apoptosis properties of ICA can help stop the progression of CVDs and neurological diseases. Therefore, our review summarized the known mechanisms and related studies of ICA in the prevention and treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs), to better understand its therapeutic potential.
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Tonelli A, Lumngwena EN, Ntusi NAB. The oral microbiome in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:386-403. [PMID: 36624275 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00825-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and expansion of available therapies, the global burden of CVD-associated morbidity and mortality remains unacceptably high. Important gaps remain in our understanding of the mechanisms of CVD and determinants of disease progression. In the past decade, much research has been conducted on the human microbiome and its potential role in modulating CVD. With the advent of high-throughput technologies and multiomics analyses, the complex and dynamic relationship between the microbiota, their 'theatre of activity' and the host is gradually being elucidated. The relationship between the gut microbiome and CVD is well established. Much less is known about the role of disruption (dysbiosis) of the oral microbiome; however, interest in the field is growing, as is the body of literature from basic science and animal and human investigations. In this Review, we examine the link between the oral microbiome and CVD, specifically coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, heart failure, infective endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease. We discuss the various mechanisms by which oral dysbiosis contributes to CVD pathogenesis and potential strategies for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tonelli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cardiovascular Research Unit, Christiaan Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Extramural Research Unit on the Intersection of Noncommunicable Diseases and Infectious Disease, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Evelyn N Lumngwena
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Institute for Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ntobeko A B Ntusi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Extramural Research Unit on the Intersection of Noncommunicable Diseases and Infectious Disease, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Cape Universities Body Imaging Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Geng YJ, Smolensky M, Sum-Ping O, Hermida R, Castriotta RJ. Circadian rhythms of risk factors and management in atherosclerotic and hypertensive vascular disease: Modern chronobiological perspectives of an ancient disease. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:33-62. [PMID: 35758140 PMCID: PMC10355310 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2080557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the arteries that appears to have been as prevalent in ancient as in modern civilizations, is predisposing to life-threatening and life-ending cardiac and vascular complications, such as myocardial and cerebral infarctions. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves intima plaque buildup caused by vascular endothelial dysfunction, cholesterol deposition, smooth muscle proliferation, inflammatory cell infiltration and connective tissue accumulation. Hypertension is an independent and controllable risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Conversely, atherosclerosis hardens the arterial wall and raises arterial blood pressure. Many CVD patients experience both atherosclerosis and hypertension and are prescribed medications to concurrently mitigate the two disease conditions. A substantial number of publications document that many pathophysiological changes caused by atherosclerosis and hypertension occur in a manner dependent upon circadian clocks or clock gene products. This article reviews progress in the research of circadian regulation of vascular cell function, inflammation, hemostasis and atherothrombosis. In particular, it delineates the relationship of circadian organization with signal transduction and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as well as disturbance of the sleep/wake circadian rhythm, as exemplified by shift work, metabolic syndromes and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), as promoters and mechanisms of atherogenesis and risk for non-fatal and fatal CVD outcomes. This article additionally updates advances in the clinical management of key biological processes of atherosclerosis to optimally achieve suppression of atherogenesis through chronotherapeutic control of atherogenic/hypertensive pathological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jian Geng
- The Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Smolensky
- The Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Oliver Sum-Ping
- The Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ramon Hermida
- Bioengineering & Chronobiology Laboratories, Atlantic Research Center for Telecommunication Technologies (atlanTTic), University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Richard J. Castriotta
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck Medical School, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Manubolu VS, Budoff MJ. Achieving coronary plaque regression: a decades-long battle against coronary artery disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 20:291-305. [PMID: 35466832 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2022.2069559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traditionally atherosclerosis was thought to be progressive and medical treatment solely focused on delaying the progression of atherosclerosis rather than treating the disease itself. Multiple recent studies, however, have demonstrated a significant decrease in cardiovascular mortality with the use of additional anti-atherosclerotic therapies beyond statins. Consistent with these observations, mechanistic studies indicate that these additional anti-atherosclerotic therapies have a positive effect on both halting and reversing the course of atherosclerosis. AREAS COVERED We examine the progression of atherosclerosis and the efficacy of various anti-atherosclerotic treatment classes in this review utilizing multimodality imaging techniques. Searches were conducted in electronic databases: PubMed and EMBASE for all peer reviewed publications that examined coronary plaque progression, regression and stabilization using different imaging modalities and antiatherosclerosis therapies. The keywords coronary plaque, coronary angiography, IVUS, intravascular OCT, CCTA in conjunction with the various therapies included in this review were searched in different combinations. All relevant published articles on this topic were identified and their reference lists were screened for relevance. EXPERT COMMENTARY Though lipoprotein levels have traditionally been the target for antiatherosclerosis medication, several newer strategies have emerged creating novel targets in the treatment of coronary atherosclerosis. Using a combination of antiatherosclerosis therapies in conjunction with noninvasive imaging modalities like CCTA to directly visualize the plaque, is currently the focus of the future, with the aim of preventing and reversing atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Department of Cardiology, Lundquist Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
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Maida CD, Daidone M, Pacinella G, Norrito RL, Pinto A, Tuttolomondo A. Diabetes and Ischemic Stroke: An Old and New Relationship an Overview of the Close Interaction between These Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042397. [PMID: 35216512 PMCID: PMC8877605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a comprehensive expression to identify a condition of chronic hyperglycemia whose causes derive from different metabolic disorders characterized by altered insulin secretion or faulty insulin effect on its targets or often both mechanisms. Diabetes and atherosclerosis are, from the point of view of cardio- and cerebrovascular risk, two complementary diseases. Beyond shared aspects such as inflammation and oxidative stress, there are multiple molecular mechanisms by which they feed off each other: chronic hyperglycemia and advanced glycosylation end-products (AGE) promote ‘accelerated atherosclerosis’ through the induction of endothelial damage and cellular dysfunction. These diseases impact the vascular system and, therefore, the risk of developing cardio- and cerebrovascular events is now evident, but the observation of this significant correlation has its roots in past decades. Cerebrovascular complications make diabetic patients 2–6 times more susceptible to a stroke event and this risk is magnified in younger individuals and in patients with hypertension and complications in other vascular beds. In addition, when patients with diabetes and hyperglycemia experience an acute ischemic stroke, they are more likely to die or be severely disabled and less likely to benefit from the one FDA-approved therapy, intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. Experimental stroke models have revealed that chronic hyperglycemia leads to deficits in cerebrovascular structure and function that may explain some of the clinical observations. Increased edema, neovascularization, and protease expression as well as altered vascular reactivity and tone may be involved and point to potential therapeutic targets. Further study is needed to fully understand this complex disease state and the breadth of its manifestation in the cerebrovasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Domenico Maida
- Molecular and Clinical Medicine PhD Programme, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (C.D.M.); (A.T.)
- U.O.C di Medicina Interna con Stroke Care, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro” (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.N.); (A.P.)
| | - Mario Daidone
- U.O.C di Medicina Interna con Stroke Care, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro” (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.N.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gaetano Pacinella
- U.O.C di Medicina Interna con Stroke Care, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro” (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.N.); (A.P.)
| | - Rosario Luca Norrito
- U.O.C di Medicina Interna con Stroke Care, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro” (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.N.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio Pinto
- U.O.C di Medicina Interna con Stroke Care, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro” (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.N.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Molecular and Clinical Medicine PhD Programme, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (C.D.M.); (A.T.)
- U.O.C di Medicina Interna con Stroke Care, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro” (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.N.); (A.P.)
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10
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Geng YJ, Madonna R, Hermida RC, Smolensky MH. Pharmacogenomics and circadian rhythms as mediators of cardiovascular drug-drug interactions. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100025. [PMID: 34909660 PMCID: PMC8663962 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This article summarizes the current literature and documents new evidence concerning drug-drug interactions (DDI) stemming from pharmacogenomic and circadian rhythm determinants of therapies used to treat common cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. Patients with CVD often have more than one pathophysiologic condition, namely metabolic syndromes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia, among others, which necessitate polytherapeutic or polypharmaceutic management. Interactions between drugs, drugs and food/food supplements, or drugs and genetic/epigenetic factors may have adverse impacts on the cardiovascular and other systems of the body. The mechanisms underlying cardiovascular DDI may involve the formation of a complex pharmacointeractome, including the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs, which affect their respective bioavailability, efficacy, and/or harmful metabolites. The pharmacointeractome of cardiovascular drugs is likely operated with endogenous rhythms controlled by circadian clock genes. Basic and clinical investigations have improved the knowledge and understanding of cardiovascular pharmacogenomics and pharmacointeractomes, and additionally they have presented new evidence that the staging of deterministic circadian rhythms, according to the dosing time of drugs, e.g., upon awakening vs. at bedtime, cannot only differentially impact their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics but also mediate agonistic/synergetic or antagonistic DDI. To properly manage CVD patients and avoid DDI, it is important that clinicians have sufficient knowledge of their multiple risk factors, i.e., age, gender, and life style elements (like diet, smoking, psychological stress, and alcohol consumption), and comorbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and depression, and the potential interactions between genetic or epigenetic background of their prescribed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jian Geng
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Chair of Cardiology, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ramon C Hermida
- Bioengineering & Chronobiology Laboratories, Atlantic Research Center for Information and Communication Technologies (atlanTTic), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael H Smolensky
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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11
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Geng YJ. Atherosclerotic Plaque Progression to Clinical Events: A Clue From 14C "Bomb Pulse" Dating. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2021; 6:746-748. [PMID: 34754988 PMCID: PMC8559322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jian Geng
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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12
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Soyoye DO, Abiodun OO, Ikem RT, Kolawole BA, Akintomide AO. Diabetes and peripheral artery disease: A review. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:827-838. [PMID: 34168731 PMCID: PMC8192257 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) refers to partial or complete occlusion of the peripheral vessels of the upper and lower limbs. It usually occurs as part of systemic atherosclerosis in the coronary and cerebral arteries. The prevalence of PAD is expected to continue to increase in the foreseeable future owing to the rise in the occurrence of its major risk factors. Nonhealing ulcers, limb amputation and physical disability are some of its major complications. Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains a major risk for PAD, with DM patients having more than two-fold increased prevalence of PAD compared with the general population. The clinical presentation in people with DM also differs slightly from that in the general population. In addition, PAD in DM may lead to diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), which precipitate hyperglycaemic emergencies and result in increased hospital admissions, reduced quality of life, and mortality. Despite the epidemiological and clinical importance of PAD, it remains largely under diagnosed and hence undertreated, possibly because it is largely asymptomatic. Emphasis has been placed on neuropathy as a cause of DFUs, however PAD is equally important. This review examines the epidemiology, pathophysiology and diagnosis of lower limb PAD in people with diabetes and relates these to the general population. It also highlights recent innovations in the management of PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Olubukunmi Soyoye
- Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220282, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife 220282, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Rosemary Temidayo Ikem
- Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220282, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife 220282, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Babatope Ayodeji Kolawole
- Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220282, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife 220282, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Olubunmi Akintomide
- Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220282, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife 220282, Osun State, Nigeria
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13
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Osborn EA, Albaghdadi M, Libby P, Jaffer FA. Molecular Imaging of Atherosclerosis. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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14
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Poznyak AV, Ivanova EA, Sobenin IA, Yet SF, Orekhov AN. The Role of Mitochondria in Cardiovascular Diseases. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9060137. [PMID: 32630516 PMCID: PMC7344641 DOI: 10.3390/biology9060137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of mitochondria in cardiovascular diseases is receiving ever growing attention. As a central player in the regulation of cellular metabolism and a powerful controller of cellular fate, mitochondria appear to comprise an interesting potential therapeutic target. With the development of DNA sequencing methods, mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) became a subject of intensive study, since many directly lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, deficient energy production and, as a result, cell dysfunction and death. Many mtDNA mutations were found to be associated with chronic human diseases, including cardiovascular disorders. In particular, 17 mtDNA mutations were reported to be associated with ischemic heart disease in humans. In this review, we discuss the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and describe the mtDNA mutations identified so far that are associated with atherosclerosis and its risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Poznyak
- Department of Basic Research, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.P.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Ivanova
- Department of Basic Research, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.P.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Igor A. Sobenin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15A 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Street, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System & Central Laboratory of Pathology, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Shaw-Fang Yet
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya st., 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +7-(495)-415-9594
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15
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Caparosa EM, Sedgewick AJ, Zenonos G, Zhao Y, Carlisle DL, Stefaneanu L, Jankowitz BT, Gardner P, Chang YF, Lariviere WR, LaFramboise WA, Benos PV, Friedlander RM. Regional Molecular Signature of the Symptomatic Atherosclerotic Carotid Plaque. Neurosurgery 2020; 85:E284-E293. [PMID: 30335165 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have explored molecular markers of carotid plaque development and vulnerability to rupture, usually having examined whole carotid plaques. However, there are regional differences in plaque morphology and known shear-related mechanisms in areas surrounding the lipid core. OBJECTIVE To determine whether there are regional differences in protein expression along the long axis of the carotid plaque and how that might produce gaps in our understanding of the carotid plaque molecular signature. METHODS Levels of 7 inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 p70, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) and caspase-3 were analyzed in prebifurcation, bifurcation, and postbifurcation segments of internal carotid plaques surgically removed from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Expression profiles of miRNAs and mRNAs were determined with microarrays for the rupture-prone postbifurcation segment for comparison with published whole plaque results. RESULTS Expression levels of all proteins examined, except IL-10, were lowest in the prebifurcation segment and significantly higher in the postbifurcation segment. Patient group differences in protein expression were observed for the prebifurcation segment; however, no significant differences were observed in the postbifurcation segment between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Expression profiles from postbifurcation carotid plaques identified 4 novel high priority miRNAs differentially expressed between patient groups (miR-214, miR-484, miR-942, and miR-1287) and 3 high-confidence miRNA:mRNA targets, including miR-214:APOD, miR-484:DACH1, and miR-942:GPR56. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate regional differences in protein expression for the first time and show that focus on the rupture-prone postbifurcation region leads to prioritization for further study of novel miRNA gene regulation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Caparosa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew J Sedgewick
- Joint Carnegie-Mellon -University of Pittsburgh PhD Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Georgios Zenonos
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Diane L Carlisle
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lucia Stefaneanu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian T Jankowitz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul Gardner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yue-Fang Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William R Lariviere
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Panayiotis V Benos
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Joint Carnegie-Mellon -University of Pittsburgh PhD Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert M Friedlander
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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16
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Tajbakhsh A, Kovanen PT, Rezaee M, Banach M, Sahebkar A. Ca 2+ Flux: Searching for a Role in Efferocytosis of Apoptotic Cells in Atherosclerosis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122047. [PMID: 31766552 PMCID: PMC6947386 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In atherosclerosis, macrophages in the arterial wall ingest plasma lipoprotein-derived lipids and become lipid-filled foam cells with a limited lifespan. Thus, efficient removal of apoptotic foam cells by efferocytic macrophages is vital to preventing the dying foam cells from forming a large necrotic lipid core, which, otherwise, would render the atherosclerotic plaque vulnerable to rupture and would cause clinical complications. Ca2+ plays a role in macrophage migration, survival, and foam cell generation. Importantly, in efferocytic macrophages, Ca2+ induces actin polymerization, thereby promoting the formation of a phagocytic cup necessary for efferocytosis. Moreover, in the efferocytic macrophages, Ca2+ enhances the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Various Ca2+ antagonists have been seminal for the demonstration of the role of Ca2+ in the multiple steps of efferocytosis by macrophages. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo experiments and clinical investigations have revealed the capability of Ca2+ antagonists in attenuating the development of atherosclerotic plaques by interfering with the deposition of lipids in macrophages and by reducing plaque calcification. However, the regulation of cellular Ca2+ fluxes in the processes of efferocytic clearance of apoptotic foam cells and in the extracellular calcification in atherosclerosis remains unknown. Here, we attempted to unravel the molecular links between Ca2+ and efferocytosis in atherosclerosis and to evaluate cellular Ca2+ fluxes as potential treatment targets in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Rezaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948, Iran
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +98-51-1800-2288; Fax: +98-51-1800-2287
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17
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An J, Naruse TK, Hinohara K, Soejima Y, Sawabe M, Nakagawa Y, Kuwahara K, Kimura A. MRTF-A regulates proliferation and survival properties of pro-atherogenic macrophages. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 133:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Perez-Ternero C, Werner CM, Nickel AG, Herrera MD, Motilva MJ, Böhm M, Alvarez de Sotomayor M, Laufs U. Ferulic acid, a bioactive component of rice bran, improves oxidative stress and mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in mice and in human mononuclear cells. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 48:51-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Wang X, Khalil RA. Matrix Metalloproteinases, Vascular Remodeling, and Vascular Disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 81:241-330. [PMID: 29310800 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that degrade various proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Typically, MMPs have a propeptide sequence, a catalytic metalloproteinase domain with catalytic zinc, a hinge region or linker peptide, and a hemopexin domain. MMPs are commonly classified on the basis of their substrates and the organization of their structural domains into collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type (MT)-MMPs, and other MMPs. MMPs are secreted by many cells including fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle (VSM), and leukocytes. MMPs are regulated at the level of mRNA expression and by activation through removal of the propeptide domain from their latent zymogen form. MMPs are often secreted in an inactive proMMP form, which is cleaved to the active form by various proteinases including other MMPs. MMPs degrade various protein substrates in ECM including collagen and elastin. MMPs could also influence endothelial cell function as well as VSM cell migration, proliferation, Ca2+ signaling, and contraction. MMPs play a role in vascular tissue remodeling during various biological processes such as angiogenesis, embryogenesis, morphogenesis, and wound repair. Alterations in specific MMPs could influence arterial remodeling and lead to various pathological disorders such as hypertension, preeclampsia, atherosclerosis, aneurysm formation, as well as excessive venous dilation and lower extremity venous disease. MMPs are often regulated by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and the MMP/TIMP ratio often determines the extent of ECM protein degradation and tissue remodeling. MMPs may serve as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for certain vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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20
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Abstract
Inflammation furnishes a series of pathogenic pathways that couple the risk factors for atherosclerosis with altered behavior of the intrinsic cells of the arterial wall, endothelium, and smooth muscle and promote the disease and its complications. Myeloid cells participate critically in all phases of atherosclerosis from initiation through progression, and ultimately the thrombotic consequences of this disease. Foam cells, lipid-laden macrophages, constitute the hallmark of atheromata. Much of the recent expansion in knowledge of the roles of myeloid cells in atherosclerosis revolves around the functional contributions of subsets of monocytes, precursors of macrophages, the most abundant myeloid cells in the atheroma. Proinflammatory monocytes preferentially accumulate in nascent atherosclerotic plaques. The most dramatic manifestations of atherosclerosis result from blood clot formation. Myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and abrupt limb ischemia all arise primarily from thrombi that complicate atherosclerotic plaques. Myeloid cells contribute pivotally to triggering thrombosis, for example, by elaborating enzymes that degrade the plaque's protective extracellular matrix, rendering it fragile, and by producing the potent procoagulant tissue factor. While most attention has focused on mononuclear phagocytes, the participation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes may aggravate local thrombus formation. Existing therapies such as statins may exert some of their protective effects by altering the functions of myeloid cells. The pathways of innate immunity that involve myeloid cells provide a myriad of potential targets for modifying atherosclerosis and its complications, and provide a fertile field for future attempts to address the residual burden of this disease, whose global prevalence is on the rise.
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21
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Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors as Investigational and Therapeutic Tools in Unrestrained Tissue Remodeling and Pathological Disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 148:355-420. [PMID: 28662828 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes that degrade various proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMPs may also regulate the activity of membrane receptors and postreceptor signaling mechanisms and thereby affect cell function. The MMP family includes collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type MMPs, and other MMPs. Inactive proMMPs are cleaved by other MMPs or proteases into active MMPs, which interact with various protein substrates in ECM and cell surface. MMPs regulate important biological processes such as vascular remodeling and angiogenesis and may be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and aneurysm. The role of MMPs is often assessed by measuring their mRNA expression, protein levels, and proteolytic activity using gel zymography. MMP inhibitors are also used to assess the role of MMPs in different biological processes and pathological conditions. MMP activity is regulated by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and the MMP/TIMP balance could determine the net MMP activity, ECM turnover, and tissue remodeling. Also, several synthetic MMP inhibitors have been developed. Synthetic MMP inhibitors include a large number of zinc-binding globulins (ZBGs), in addition to non-ZBGs and mechanism-based inhibitors. MMP inhibitors have been proposed as potential tools in the management of osteoarthritis, cancer, and cardiovascular disorders. However, most MMP inhibitors have broad-spectrum actions on multiple MMPs and could cause undesirable musculoskeletal side effects. Currently, doxycycline is the only MMP inhibitor approved by the Food and Drug Administration. New generation biological and synthetic MMP inhibitors may show greater MMP specificity and fewer side effects and could be useful in targeting specific MMPs, reducing unrestrained tissue remodeling, and the management of MMP-related pathological disorders.
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22
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Chi Q, Shan J, Ding X, Yin T, Wang Y, Jia D, Wang G. Smart mechanosensing machineries enable migration of vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis-relevant 3D matrices. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:586-598. [PMID: 28328100 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
At the early stage of atherosclerosis, neointima is formed due to the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the media to the intima. VSMCs are surrounded by highly adhesive 3D matrices. They take specific strategies to cross various 3D matrices in the media, including heterogeneous collagen and mechanically strong basement membrane. Migration of VSMCs is potentially caused by biomechanical mechanism. Most in vitro studies focus on cell migration on 2D substrates in response to biochemical factors. How the cells move through 3D matrices under the action of mechanosensing machineries remains unexplored. In this review, we propose that several interesting tension-dependent machineries act as "tractor"-posterior myosin II accumulation, and "wrecker"-anterior podosome maintaining, to power VSMCs ahead. VSMCs embedded in 3D matrices may accumulate a minor myosin II isoform, myosin IIB, at the cell rear. Anisotropic myosin IIB distribution creates cell rear, polarizes cell body, pushes the nucleus and reshapes the cell body, and cooperates with a uniformly distributed myosin IIA to propel the cell forward. On the other hand, matrix digestion by podosome further promote the migration when the matrix becomes denser. Actomyosin tension activates Src to induce podosome in soft 3D matrices and retain the podosome integrity to steadily digest the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjia Chi
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jieling Shan
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaorong Ding
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Tieying Yin
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education (Chongqing University), State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants (Chongqing), Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education (Chongqing University), State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants (Chongqing), Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongyu Jia
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education (Chongqing University), State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants (Chongqing), Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education (Chongqing University), State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants (Chongqing), Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Gabunia K, Herman AB, Ray M, Kelemen SE, England RN, DeLa Cadena R, Foster WJ, Elliott KJ, Eguchi S, Autieri MV. Induction of MiR133a expression by IL-19 targets LDLRAP1 and reduces oxLDL uptake in VSMC. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 105:38-48. [PMID: 28257760 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells [VSMC] into foam cells leading to increased plaque size and decreased stability is a key, yet understudied step in atherogenesis. We reported that Interleukin-19 (IL-19), a novel, anti-inflammatory cytokine, attenuates atherosclerosis by anti-inflammatory effects on VSMC. In this work we report that IL-19 induces expression of miR133a, a muscle-specific miRNA, in VSMC. Although previously unreported, we report that miR133a can target and reduce mRNA abundance, mRNA stability, and protein expression of Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Adaptor Protein 1, (LDLRAP1), an adaptor protein which functions to internalize the LDL receptor. Mutations in this gene lead to LDL receptor malfunction and cause the Autosomal Recessive Hypercholesterolemia (ARH) disorder in humans. Herein we show that IL-19 reduces lipid accumulation in VSMC, and LDLRAP1 expression and oxLDL uptake in a miR133a-dependent mechanism. We show that LDLRAP1 is expressed in plaque and neointimal VSMC of mouse and human injured arteries. Transfection of miR133a and LDLRAP1 siRNA into VSMC reduces their proliferation and uptake of oxLDL. miR133a is significantly increased in plasma from hyperlipidemic compared with normolipidemic patients. Expression of miR133a in IL-19 stimulated VSMC represents a previously unrecognized link between vascular lipid metabolism and inflammation, and may represent a therapeutic opportunity to combat vascular inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatuna Gabunia
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Allison B Herman
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Mitali Ray
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Sheri E Kelemen
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Ross N England
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Raul DeLa Cadena
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - William J Foster
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Bioengineering, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Katherine J Elliott
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Michael V Autieri
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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Pan Q, Liu H, Zheng C, Zhao Y, Liao X, Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhao B, Lazartigues E, Yang Y, Ma X. Microvesicles Derived from Inflammation-Challenged Endothelial Cells Modulate Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Functions. Front Physiol 2017; 7:692. [PMID: 28127288 PMCID: PMC5226944 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Microvesicles (MV) can modulate the function of recipient cells by transferring their contents. Our previous study highlighted that MV released from tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) plus serum deprivation (SD)-stimulated endothelial progenitor cells, induce detrimental effects on endothelial cells. In this study, we investigated the potential effects of endothelial MV (EMV) on proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of human brain vascular smooth cells (HBVSMC). Methods: EMV were prepared from human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) cultured in a TNF-α plus SD medium. RNase-EMV were made by treating EMV with RNase A for RNA depletion. The proliferation, apoptosis and migration abilities of HBVSMC were determined after co-culture with EMV or RNase-EMV. The Mek1/2 inhibitor, PD0325901, was used for pathway analysis. Western blot was used for analyzing the proteins of Mek1/2, Erk1/2, phosphorylation Erk1/2, activated caspase-3 and Bcl-2. The level of miR-146a-5p was measured by qRT-PCR. Results: (1) EMV significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of HBVSMC. The effects were accompanied by an increase in Mek1/2 and p-Erk1/2, which could be abolished by PD0325901; (2) EMV decreased the apoptotic rate of HBVSMC by approximately 35%, which was accompanied by cleaved caspase-3 down-regulation and Bcl-2 up-regulation; (3) EMV increased miR-146a-5p level in HBVSMC by about 2-folds; (4) RNase-treated EMV were less effective than EMV on HBVSMC activities and miR-146a-5p expression. Conclusion: EMV generated under inflammation challenge can modulate HBVSMC function and fate via their carried RNA. This is associated with activation of theMek1/2/Erk1/2 pathway and caspase-3/Bcl-2 regulation, during which miR-146a-5p may play an important role. The data suggest that EMV derived from inflammation-challenged endothelial cells are detrimental to HBVSMC homeostatic functions, highlighting potential novel therapeutic targets for vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunwen Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hua Liu
- College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University Wuhan, China
| | - Chunyan Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiang, China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State UniversityDayton, OH, USA
| | - Bin Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang, China
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaotang Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang, China
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Caspase-3 Deletion Promotes Necrosis in Atherosclerotic Plaques of ApoE Knockout Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3087469. [PMID: 27847551 PMCID: PMC5101396 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3087469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in advanced atherosclerotic plaques contributes to plaque progression and instability. Caspase-3, a key executioner protease in the apoptotic pathway, has been identified in human and mouse atherosclerotic plaques but its role in atherogenesis is not fully explored. We therefore investigated the impact of caspase-3 deletion on atherosclerosis by crossbreeding caspase-3 knockout (Casp3−/−) mice with apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE−/−) mice. Bone marrow-derived macrophages and VSMCs isolated from Casp3−/−ApoE−/− mice were resistant to apoptosis but showed increased susceptibility to necrosis. However, caspase-3 deficiency did not sensitize cells to undergo RIP1-dependent necroptosis. To study the effect on atherosclerotic plaque development, Casp3+/+ApoE−/− and Casp3−/−ApoE−/− mice were fed a western-type diet for 16 weeks. Though total plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol levels were not altered, both the plaque size and percentage necrosis were significantly increased in the aortic root of Casp3−/−ApoE−/− mice as compared to Casp3+/+ApoE−/− mice. Macrophage content was significantly decreased in plaques of Casp3−/−ApoE−/− mice as compared to controls, while collagen content and VSMC content were not changed. To conclude, deletion of caspase-3 promotes plaque growth and plaque necrosis in ApoE−/− mice, indicating that this antiapoptotic strategy is unfavorable to improve atherosclerotic plaque stability.
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Gupta A, Bhatnagar S. Vasoregression: A Shared Vascular Pathology Underlying Macrovascular And Microvascular Pathologies? OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 19:733-53. [PMID: 26669709 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vasoregression is a common phenomenon underlying physiological vessel development as well as pathological microvascular diseases leading to peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, and vascular oculopathies. In this review, we describe the hallmarks and pathways of vasoregression. We argue here that there is a parallel between characteristic features of vasoregression in the ocular microvessels and atherosclerosis in the larger vessels. Shared molecular pathways and molecular effectors in the two conditions are outlined, thus highlighting the possible systemic causes of local vascular diseases. Our review gives us a system-wide insight into factors leading to multiple synchronous vascular diseases. Because shared molecular pathways might usefully address the diagnostic and therapeutic needs of multiple common complex diseases, the literature analysis presented here is of broad interest to readership in integrative biology, rational drug development and systems medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Gupta
- 1 Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , Dwarka, New Delhi, India .,2 Department of Biotechnology, IMS Engineering College , Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- 1 Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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Dubland JA, Francis GA. So Much Cholesterol: the unrecognized importance of smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic foam cell formation. Curr Opin Lipidol 2016; 27:155-61. [PMID: 26836481 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) form the thickened intimal layer in atherosclerosis-prone arteries in early life, and provide the initial site for retention and uptake of atherogenic lipoproteins. Here we review current knowledge regarding the importance of SMCs in the deposition of cholesterol in atherosclerotic plaque. RECENT FINDINGS SMCs were found to comprise at least 50% of total foam cells in human coronary artery atherosclerosis, and exhibit a selective loss of expression of the cholesterol efflux promoter ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. Cholesterol loading induced a loss of SMC gene expression and an increase in macrophage and proinflammatory marker expression by cultured mouse and human arterial SMCs, with reversal of these effects upon removal of the excess cholesterol. Mice engineered to track all cells of SMC lineage indicated that, at most, SMCs make up about one-third of total cells in atherosclerotic plaque in these animals. SUMMARY SMCs appear to be the origin of the majority of foam cells in human atherosclerotic plaque. Recent studies suggest a renaissance of research on the role of SMCs in atherosclerosis is needed to make the next leap forward in the prevention and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Dubland
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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28
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Tran-Lundmark K, Tannenberg P, Rauch BH, Ekstrand J, Tran PK, Hedin U, Kinsella MG. Perlecan Heparan Sulfate Is Required for the Inhibition of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by All-trans-Retinoic Acid. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:482-7. [PMID: 25078760 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation is a key process in stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, and during restenosis after interventions. A clearer understanding of SMC growth regulation is therefore needed to design specific anti-proliferative therapies. Retinoic acid has been shown to inhibit proliferation of SMCs both in vitro and in vivo and to affect the expression of extracellular matrix molecules. To explore the mechanisms behind the growth inhibitory activity of retinoic acid, we hypothesized that retinoids may induce the expression of perlecan, a large heparan sulfate proteoglycan with anti-proliferative properties. Perlecan expression and accumulation was induced in murine SMC cultures by all-trans-retinoic acid (AtRA). Moreover, the growth inhibitory effect of AtRA on wild-type cells was greatly diminished in SMCs from transgenic mice expressing heparan sulfate-deficient perlecan, indicating that the inhibition is perlecan heparan sulfate-dependent. In addition, AtRA influenced activation and phosphorylation of PTEN and Akt differently in wild-type and mutant SMCs, consistent with previous studies of perlecan-dependent SMC growth inhibition. We demonstrate that AtRA regulates perlecan expression in SMCs and that the inhibition of SMC proliferation by AtRA is, at least in part, secondary to an increased expression of perlecan and dependent upon its heparan sulfate-chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Tran-Lundmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip Tannenberg
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernhard H Rauch
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Johan Ekstrand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Phan-Kiet Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Feng L, Zhang C, Nian S, Hao Y, Xu W, Zhang X, Zhang J, Li L. Screening for suspected coronary heart disease in patients, using integrated serum biochemical indices. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 70:195-201. [PMID: 26408658 PMCID: PMC4752617 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-206357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Many serum biochemical indices have been found to be associated with coronary heart disease (CHD); however, few studies have evaluated the value on screening CHD of the integrated serum biochemical indices. Methods In this study, 627 healthy controls and 1049 patients with CHD were recruited to develop CHD screening models for males and females using unconditional logistic regression. The performance of the screening models was evaluated by areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUCs), and externally validated in another population comprised of 190 healthy controls and 246 patients with CHD. Results Backward stepwise variable selection showed that increasing age, total cholesterol (TC), logarithm-transformed homocysteine (lnHCY), logarithm-transformed γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (lnGGT), and decreasing uric acid, logarithm-transformed triglyceride, apolipoprotein A (apoA) and apolipoprotein B (apoB), increased the detection of CHD in males. In comparison, increasing age, TC, lnHCY, lnGGT and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol versus low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and decreasing apoA, apoB, logarithm transformed lipoprotein (A) and logarithm transformed total bilirubin, increased the detection of CHD in females. The AUCs for the screening models for males and females were 0.958 (95% CI 0.946 to 0.969) and 0.986 (95% CI 0.977 to 0.994), respectively. The performance of the screening models was further evaluated in external validation samples, the AUCs for males and females were 0.907 and 0.992, respectively. Conclusions Our study suggests that integrated serum biochemical indices may be used to screen for suspected CHD in participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- Department of Laboratory, People's Hospital of Yuxi City, Yuxi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyan Nian
- Intensive Care Unit, People's Hospital of Yuxi City, Yuxi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yinglu Hao
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Yuxi City, Yuxi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- Department of Laboratory, People's Hospital of Yuxi City, Yuxi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xingfeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, People's Hospital of Yuxi City, Yuxi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of the First General Surgery, People's Hospital of Yuxi City, Yuxi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of the Second General Surgery, People's Hospital of Yuxi City, Yuxi, Yunnan Province, China
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Thiruvoipati T, Kielhorn CE, Armstrong EJ. Peripheral artery disease in patients with diabetes: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and outcomes. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:961-969. [PMID: 26185603 PMCID: PMC4499529 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i7.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the atherosclerosis of lower extremity arteries and is also associated with atherothrombosis of other vascular beds, including the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. The presence of diabetes mellitus greatly increases the risk of PAD, as well as accelerates its course, making these patients more susceptible to ischemic events and impaired functional status compared to patients without diabetes. To minimize these cardiovascular risks it is critical to understand the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis in diabetic patients. This, in turn, can offer insights into the therapeutic avenues available for these patients. This article provides an overview of the epidemiology of PAD in diabetic patients, followed by an analysis of the mechanisms by which altered metabolism in diabetes promotes atherosclerosis and plaque instability. Outcomes of PAD in diabetic patients are also discussed, with a focus on diabetic ulcers and critical limb ischemia.
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Hasturk H, Abdallah R, Kantarci A, Nguyen D, Giordano N, Hamilton J, Van Dyke TE. Resolvin E1 (RvE1) Attenuates Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation in Diet and Inflammation-Induced Atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1123-33. [PMID: 25792445 PMCID: PMC4415167 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological and recent clinical studies implicate periodontitis as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Previously, we demonstrated that rabbits with experimental periodontitis and cholesterol diet exhibit more aortic plaque compared with diet alone. We also showed that a proresolution mediator, Resolvin E1 (RvE1), reverses the experimental periodontitis. Here, we determined whether oral/topical application of RvE1 attenuates aortic atherosclerosis induced by both diet and periodontal inflammation. APPROACH AND RESULTS Thirty-nine rabbits on a 13-week regimen of 0.5% cholesterol diet were included. Periodontitis was induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis in 24 rabbits and 15 rabbits were placed in no-periodontitis groups. Interventions were no-treatment, vehicle, and RvE1 treatment (4 μg/site or 0.4 μg/site) topically applied 3× per week. At 13 weeks, both periodontitis and atherosclerosis were quantified. Atherosclerotic plaques were assessed by Sudan IV staining, histology, and ex vivo MRI. Serum levels of C-reactive protein were evaluated as a measure of systemic inflammation. RvE1, used as an oral/topical agent, significantly diminished atherogenesis and prevented periodontitis (P<0.05). In the absence of periodontal inflammation, oral/topical application of RvE1 resulted in significantly less arterial plaque, a lower intima/media ratio, and decreased inflammatory cell infiltration compared with no-treatment (P<0.001). Local oral RvE1 application significantly reduced systemic levels of C-reactive protein (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that oral/topical RvE1 attenuates enhanced atherogenesis induced by periodontitis and prevents vascular inflammation and atherogenesis in the absence of periodontitis. The inhibition of vascular inflammation with endogenous mediators of resolution of inflammation provides a novel approach in the prevention of atherogenic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Hasturk
- From the Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA (H.H., A.K., D.N., T.E.V.D.); Department of Biological and Diagnostic Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon (R.A.); Department of Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.H.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, MA (N.G.).
| | - Rima Abdallah
- From the Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA (H.H., A.K., D.N., T.E.V.D.); Department of Biological and Diagnostic Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon (R.A.); Department of Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.H.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, MA (N.G.)
| | - Alpdogan Kantarci
- From the Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA (H.H., A.K., D.N., T.E.V.D.); Department of Biological and Diagnostic Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon (R.A.); Department of Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.H.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, MA (N.G.)
| | - Daniel Nguyen
- From the Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA (H.H., A.K., D.N., T.E.V.D.); Department of Biological and Diagnostic Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon (R.A.); Department of Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.H.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, MA (N.G.)
| | - Nicholas Giordano
- From the Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA (H.H., A.K., D.N., T.E.V.D.); Department of Biological and Diagnostic Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon (R.A.); Department of Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.H.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, MA (N.G.)
| | - James Hamilton
- From the Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA (H.H., A.K., D.N., T.E.V.D.); Department of Biological and Diagnostic Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon (R.A.); Department of Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.H.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, MA (N.G.)
| | - Thomas E Van Dyke
- From the Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA (H.H., A.K., D.N., T.E.V.D.); Department of Biological and Diagnostic Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon (R.A.); Department of Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.H.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, MA (N.G.).
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Kubo N, McCurdy S, Boisvert WA. Defective Fas Expression on Bone Marrow Derived Cells Alters Atherosclerotic Plaque Morphology in Hyperlipidemic Mice. Discoveries (Craiova) 2015; 3. [PMID: 26322329 PMCID: PMC4548988 DOI: 10.15190/d.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fas (CD95) is a member of the TNF-receptor family expressed on a wide range of cells. Interaction of Fas with its receptor, Fas ligand (Fas-L), stimulates an intracellular cascade of events that leads to apoptosis. Because apoptosis of inflammatory cells plays a key role in atherosclerosis we sought to determine the role of Fas in the development of atherosclerosis by repopulating the bone marrow cells of atherosclerosis-prone low density lipoprotein receptor null (LDL-R-/-) mice with either cells from lpr mice (lpr-BMT) that have defective Fas expression or from control mice (WT-BMT). The lpr-BMT mice exhibited no peripheral blood Fas expression 4 weeks after BMT. After consuming an atherogenic diet for 16 weeks, lpr-BMT mice developed atherosclerotic lesions characterized by smaller fibrous area with thinner fibrous cap and less TUNEL-positive staining compared to WT-BMT mice, although overall lesion size in lpr-BMT mice was similar to that of WT-BMT mice. Examination of a series of human atherosclerotic lesions revealed that many Fas-positive cells were colocalized with CD68-positive macrophages. Although apoptotic cells were rarely observed in the foam cell-rich fatty streak lesions, apoptotic CD68-positive macrophages in advanced lesions were detected in areas rich with inflammatory cells near the necrotic core. These observations suggest that Fas expression by the macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions can influence the plaque morphology towards a more fibrous type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Kubo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Omiya Medical Center, Jichi Medical School, Japan
| | - Sara McCurdy
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - William A Boisvert
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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de Oliveira DC, Correia A, Nascimento Neto J, Gurgel M, Sarinho FW, Victor EG. Association Between Ankle-Brachial Index and Coronary Lesions Assessed by Coronary Angiography. Cardiol Res 2015; 6:216-220. [PMID: 28197228 PMCID: PMC5295556 DOI: 10.14740/cr376w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a simple, non-invasive, and inexpensive method used in the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and can identify individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease in other arteries of the body, especially the coronary and carotid arteries. The primary objective of this study was to assess whether patients with an ABI < 0.9 have more severe coronary artery disease detected on coronary angiography compared to patients with a normal ABI. Methods This is a prospective, analytical, cross-sectional study that was performed from July 1, 2013 to June 31, 2014 that recruited 163 patients (101 men (62%) and 62 women (38%)) according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All patients underwent coronary angiography, and then ABI measurements were performed. Pearson’s Chi-square and Student’s t-tests were used to compare variables between groups. The Poisson regression model was used to evaluate whether ABI was an independent predictor of stenoses > 50%. Results The prevalence of ABI < 0.9 was 9.8%. Patients with an ABI < 0.9 had a higher prevalence of stenoses ≥ 50% in the left anterior descendant (LAD) (68.7% vs. 36%, P = 0.02) and left main (8.7% vs. 0.6%, P < 0.001) than those with a normal ABI. On multivariate Poisson regression, an ABI < 0.9 was an independent predictor of stenosis ≥ 50% in the LAD (odds ratio (OR): 2.05 (1.39 - 3.04), P < 0.001). Conclusions Patients with an ABI < 0.9 had a higher prevalence of stenoses ≥ 50% in the LAD and left main than those with a normal ABI. An abnormal ABI was an independent predictor of lesions ≥ 50% in LAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Augusto Correia
- Hospital of Clinics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Myrtson Gurgel
- Hospital of Clinics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Fadini GP, Ciciliot S. Vascular smooth muscle cells and monocyte–macrophages accomplice in the accelerated atherosclerosis of insulin resistance states. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:194-5. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Natsuaki C, Inoguchi T, Maeda Y, Yamada T, Sasaki S, Sonoda N, Shimabukuro M, Nawata H, Takayanagi R. Association of borderline ankle-brachial index with mortality and the incidence of peripheral artery disease in diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis 2014; 234:360-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu FY, Liu XY, Zhang LJ, Cheng YP, Jiang YN. Binding of prorenin to (pro)renin receptor induces the proliferation of human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells via ROS generation and ERK1/2 activation. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2014; 15:99-108. [PMID: 24591529 DOI: 10.1177/1470320314525215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the discovery of the (pro)renin receptor (PRR), it has been considered as a novel bioactive molecule of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The activation of PRR can elicit a series of angiotensin II (AngII)-independent effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we investigated the effects of prorenin and PRR on the proliferation of human umbilical artery smooth muscle (HUASM) cells and explored the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. RESULTS The binding of prorenin to PRR can promote proliferation and upregulate the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and downregulate the pro-apoptotic protein Bax independently of AngII in HUASM cells. In addition, the binding of prorenin to PRR can also increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) independently of AngII. The pretreatment of HUASM cells with an NADPH oxidase inhibitor DPI decreased the production of ROS and also decreased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Furthermore, pretreatment of HUASM cells with DPI and the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 significantly attenuated the prorenin-induced proliferation and regulation of apoptosis factors. CONCLUSION Binding of prorenin to PRR can induce HUASM cell proliferation via the ROS generation and ERK1/2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Y Liu
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Xiao Y Liu
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Li J Zhang
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Yun P Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Yi N Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
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Martín-Ventura JL, Blanco-Colio LM, Tunon J, Gomez-Guerrero C, Michel JB, Meilhac O, Egido J. Proteomics in atherothrombosis: a future perspective. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 4:249-60. [PMID: 17425460 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.4.2.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Atherothrombosis is the primary cause of death in Western countries. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis remain widely unknown. The complex nature of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases demands the development of novel technologies that enable discovery of new biomarkers for early disease detection and risk stratification, which may predict clinical outcome. In this review, we outline potential sources and recent proteomic approaches that could be applied in the search of novel biomarkers of cardiovascular risk. In addition, we describe some issues raised in relation to the application of proteomics to blood samples, as well as two novel emerging concepts, such as peptidomics and population proteomics. In the future, the use of high-throughput techniques (proteomic, genomics and metabolomics) will potentially identify novel patterns of biomarkers, which, along with traditional risk factors and imaging techniques, could help to target vulnerable patients and monitor the beneficial effects of pharmacological agents.
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Frostegård AG, Hua X, Su J, Carrero JJ, Heimbürger O, Bárány P, Stenvinkel P, Frostegård J. Immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibodies against oxidized cardiolipin but not native cardiolipin are novel biomarkers in haemodialysis patients, associated negatively with mortality. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 174:441-8. [PMID: 23879320 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of premature death is high in haemodialysis (HD) patients. Antibodies against cardiolipin (anti-CL) are thrombogenic in diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). CL is easily oxidized (Ox) and plays a role in apoptosis. In this work we studied immunoglobulin (Ig)M anti-CL and anti-OxCL in HD-patients. We conducted an observational study with a prospective follow-up examining the relationship between anti-CL, anti-OxCL and mortality risk in a well-characterized cohort of 221 prevalent HD patients [56% men, median age 66 (interquartile range 51-74) years, vintage time 29 (15-58) months] with a mean follow-up period of 41 (20-48 months). According to the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis, anti-OxCL [area under the curve (AUC) 0·62, P < 0·01], but not anti-CL (AUC 0·52, P = 0·2), is associated with mortality. In crude and adjusted Cox analysis, every log increase in anti-OxCL inversely predicted all-cause [adjusted hazard ratios (HR) 0·62 (0·43-0·89)] and CVD-related [adjusted HR 0·56 (0·32-0·98)] mortality. Patients with anti-OxCL levels below median also had increased all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality. Although anti-OxCL and anti-phosphorylcholine (PC) were related positively to each other (ρ = 0·57, P < 0·01), patients with one or two of these autoantibody levels below the median were associated with an incrementally increased death risk. Anti-OxCL were co-factor β2-GPI-independent; anti-CL from patients with anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome were β2-GPI-dependent, while sera from HD-patients less so. Sera from healthy donors was not β2-GPI-dependent. Anti-OxCL IgM is β2-glycoprotein 1 (GPI)-independent and a novel biomarker; low levels are associated with death among HD patients (and high levels with decreased risk). Combination with anti-PC increases this association. Putative therapeutic implications warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Frostegård
- Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Division of Physiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Karki R, Kim SB, Kim DW. Magnolol inhibits migration of vascular smooth muscle cells via cytoskeletal remodeling pathway to attenuate neointima formation. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:3238-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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MicroRNA-133a regulates insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor expression and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in murine atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2013; 232:171-9. [PMID: 24401233 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MicroRNA-133a (miR-133a) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are two different molecules known to regulate cardiovascular cell proliferation. This study tested whether miR-133a affects expression of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and proliferation of IGF-1-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in a murine model of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Expression of IGF-1R was analyzed by immuno-fluorescence and immuno-blotting, and miR-133a by qRT-PCR in the aortas of wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and apolipoprotein-E deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice. Compared to those in WT aortas, the IGF-1R and miR-133a levels were lower in ApoE(-/-) aortas. ApoE(-/-) VSMC grew slower than WT cells in the cultures with IGF-1-containing medium. MiR-133a-specific inhibitor decreased miR-133a, IGF-1R expression, IGF-1-stimulated VSMC growth in lipoprotein deficient media. By contrast, miR-133a precursor increased IGF-1R levels and promoted IGF-1-induced VSMC proliferation. In the luciferase-IGF-1R 3'UTR reporter system, the reporter luciferase activity was not inhibited in VSMC with miR-133a overexpression. IGF-1R mRNA half-life in ApoE(-/-) VSMC was shorter than that in WT VSMC. MiR-133a inhibitor reduced but precursor increased the mRNA half-life, although the effects appeared less striking in ApoE(-/-) VSMC than in WT cells. CONCLUSION MiR-133a serves as a stimulatory factor for IGF-1R expression through prolonging IGF-1R mRNA half-life. In atherosclerosis induced by ApoE deficiency, reduced miR-133a expression is associated with lower IGF-1R levels and suppressive VSMC growth. Administration of miR-133a precursor may potentiate IGF-1-stimulated VSMC survival and growth.
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Dol-Gleizes F, Delesque-Touchard N, Marès AM, Nestor AL, Schaeffer P, Bono F. A new synthetic FGF receptor antagonist inhibits arteriosclerosis in a mouse vein graft model and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80027. [PMID: 24224032 PMCID: PMC3817113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The role of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in the development of vascular diseases remains incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a new small-molecule multi-FGF receptor blocker with allosteric properties, SSR128129E, on neointimal proliferation after a vein graft procedure in mice and on the development of atherosclerosis in atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient mice. Methods and Results Vein grafts were performed in 3 month-old male C57BL6 mice. Segments of the vena cava were interposed at the level of the carotid artery. In SSR128129E (50 mg/kg/d)-treated animals, a dramatic decrease in neointimal proliferation was observed 2 and 8 weeks after the graft (72.5 %, p<0.01, and 47.8 %, p<0.05, respectively). Four-week old male apoE-deficient mice were treated with SSR128129E (50 mg/kg/d) for 3 and 5 months in comparison with a control group. SSR128129E treatment resulted in a reduction of lesion size in the aortic sinus (16.4 % (ns) at 3 months and 42.9 % (p<0.01) at 5 months, without any change in serum lipids. SSR128129 significantly reduced FGFR2 mRNA levels in the aortic sinus (p<0.05, n=5-6), but did not affect the mRNA expression levels of other FGF receptors or ligands. Conclusion These studies indicate that FGFs have an important role in the development of vascular diseases like atherosclerosis and graft arteriosclerosis. These data suggest that inhibition of FGF receptors by compounds like SSR128129E might be useful as a new therapeutic approach for these vascular pathologies.
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Gao S, Geng YJ. LOX-1: A male hormone-regulated scavenger receptor for atherosclerosis. Vascul Pharmacol 2013; 59:138-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Tumor necrosis factor-α modulates cerebral aneurysm formation and rupture. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 5:269-77. [PMID: 24323710 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a critical process behind cerebral aneurysm formation and rupture. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a key immune modulator that has been implicated in cerebral aneurysm pathophysiology. This may occur through TNF-α-mediated endothelial injury, smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation, recruitment of macrophages, activation of chemotactic cytokines, upregulation of matrix remodeling genes, production of free radicals leading to oxidative stress, and ultimately cellular apoptosis. Recent studies have indicated that TNF-α may be a potential target for the development of novel medical therapies, but additional experimental data is needed to clarify the intricacies of TNF-α activation and its critical downstream targets in cerebral aneurysms. This review provides an update on the mechanisms underlying TNF-α-induced molecular modulation in cerebral aneurysms.
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Perisic L, Hedin E, Razuvaev A, Lengquist M, Osterholm C, Folkersen L, Gillgren P, Paulsson-Berne G, Ponten F, Odeberg J, Hedin U. Profiling of atherosclerotic lesions by gene and tissue microarrays reveals PCSK6 as a novel protease in unstable carotid atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2432-43. [PMID: 23908247 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Carotid plaque instability is a major cause of ischemic stroke, but detailed knowledge about underlying molecular pathways is still lacking. Here, we evaluated large-scale transcriptomic and protein expression profiling in a biobank of carotid endarterectomies followed by characterization of identified candidates, as a platform for discovery of novel proteins differentially regulated in unstable carotid lesions. APPROACH AND RESULTS Genes highly upregulated in symptomatic versus asymptomatic plaques were selected from Affymetrix microarray analyses (n=127 plaques), and tissue microarrays constructed from 34 lesions were assayed for 21 corresponding proteins by immunohistochemistry. Quantification of stainings demonstrated differential expression of CD36, CD137, and DOCK7 (P<0.05) in unstable versus stable lesions and the most significant upregulation of a proprotein convertase, PCSK6 (P<0.0001). Increased expression of PCSK6 in symptomatic lesions was verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (n=233), and the protein was localized to smooth muscle α-actin positive cells and extracellular matrix of the fibrous cap by immunohistochemistry. PCSK6 expression positively correlated to genes associated with inflammation, matrix degradation, and mitogens in microarrays. Stimulation of human carotid smooth muscle cells in vitro with cytokines caused rapid induction of PCSK6 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS Using a combination of transcriptomic and tissue microarray profiling, we demonstrate a novel approach to identify proteins differentially expressed in unstable carotid atherosclerosis. The proprotein convertase PCSK6 was detected at increased levels in the fibrous cap of symptomatic carotid plaques, possibly associated with key processes in plaque rupture such as inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of PCSK6 in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubica Perisic
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P., E.H., A.R., M.L., C.O., U.H.), and Department of Medicine (G.P.-B., J.O.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Genetics, Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.F.); Department of Surgery, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden (P.G.); Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (F.P.); and Department of Proteomics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (J.O.)
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Li LX, Zhang XF, Bai X, Tong Q. SDF-1 promotes ox-LDL induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:988-94. [PMID: 23658061 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the regulatory roles of stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/C-X-C motif receptor 4 (CXCR4) on cell proliferation and apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) via the protein kinase C (PKC) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signalling pathways have been investigated. Rat aortic VSMCs were treated with control or an oxidised low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) atherosclerosis (AS) model. Cells exposed to the AS model were treated with SDF-1 plus inhibitors specific for PKC (Ro31-8220), CXCR4 (12G5) or NF-κB (pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, PDTC). Cell proliferation was measured with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and apoptosis by flow cytometry. NF-κB protein expression was analysed using Western blotting. The proliferation rate in the AS model group was significantly higher than the control group, but lower than the SDF-1 group (P < 0.05). Apoptosis in the AS model group (ox-LDL) was significantly higher than the normal control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the apoptosis rate in the SDF-1 group was significantly lower than the normal control group (P < 0.05); however, there was no difference from the Ro31-8220 group. NF-κB protein expression in the SDF-1 group was significantly higher than the AS model (ox-LDL) group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, SDF-1 can promote the proliferation of VSMCs induced by ox-LDL and inhibit cell apoptosis, via the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Xing Li
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Narverud I, Halvorsen B, Nenseter MS, Retterstøl K, Yndestad A, Dahl TB, Ulven SM, Olstad OK, Ose L, Holven KB, Aukrust P. Oxidized LDL level is related to gene expression of tumour necrosis factor super family members in children and young adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia. J Intern Med 2013; 273:69-78. [PMID: 22891927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is associated with increased risk of premature atherosclerosis. Inflammation is a key event in atherogenesis, and we have previously reported an inflammatory imbalance between tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α and interleukin-10 in children with FH. Based on the potential role of TNF-related molecules in inflammation, we investigated the regulation of other members of the TNF superfamily (TNFSF)/TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) in children and young adults with FH and matched healthy controls. METHODS Expression of TNFSF/TNFRSF genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was quantified in children and young adults with FH prior to (n = 42) and after statin treatment (n = 10) and in controls (n = 25) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS First we found that, compared with controls, the mRNA levels of OX40L, BAFFR and TRAILR1 were significantly higher, whereas TRAIL and TRAILR3 were significantly lower in children and young adults with FH. Secondly, levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) were significantly raised in the FH group, and correlated with the expression of OX40L, BAFFR and TRAILR1. Thirdly, oxLDL increased mRNA levels of BAFFR, TRAILR1 and TRAILR4 in PBMCs ex vivo from individuals with FH. Fourthly, OX40, acting through OX40L, enhanced the oxLDL-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in THP-1 monocytes in vitro. Finally, after statin treatment in children with FH (n = 10), mRNA levels of OX40L and TRAILR1 decreased, whereas levels BAFF, TRAIL and TRAILR3 increased. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the involvement of some TNFSF/TNFRSF members and oxLDL in the early stages of atherogenesis; this may potentially contribute to the accelerated rate of atherosclerosis observed in individuals with FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Narverud
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Otten JJT, de Jager SCA, Kavelaars A, Seijkens T, Bot I, Wijnands E, Beckers L, Westra MM, Bot M, Busch M, Bermudez B, van Berkel TJC, Heijnen CJ, Biessen EAL. Hematopoietic G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 deficiency decreases atherosclerotic lesion formation in LDL receptor-knockout mice. FASEB J 2012; 27:265-76. [PMID: 23047899 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-205351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte chemotaxis is deemed instrumental in initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. It is mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors (e.g., CCR2 and CCR5), the activity of which is controlled by G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). In this study, we analyzed the effect of hematopoietic deficiency of a potent regulator kinase of chemotaxis (GRK2) on atherogenesis. LDL receptor-deficient (LDLr(-/-)) mice with heterozygous hematopoietic GRK2 deficiency, generated by bone marrow transplantation (n=15), displayed a dramatic attenuation of plaque development, with 79% reduction in necrotic core and increased macrophage content. Circulating monocytes decreased and granulocytes increased in GRK2(+/-) chimeras, which could be attributed to diminished granulocyte colony-forming units in bone marrow. Collectively, these data pointed to myeloid cells as major mediators of the impaired atherogenic response in GRK2(+/-) chimeras. LDLr(-/-) mice with macrophage/granulocyte-specific GRK2 deficiency (LysM-Cre GRK2(flox/flox); n=8) failed to mimic the aforementioned phenotype, acquitting these cells as major responsible subsets for GRK2 deficiency-associated atheroprotection. To conclude, even partial hematopoietic GRK2 deficiency prevents atherosclerotic lesion progression beyond the fatty streak stage, identifying hematopoietic GRK2 as a potential target for intervention in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen J T Otten
- Experimental Vascular Pathology Group, Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Smedbakken LM, Halvorsen B, Daissormont I, Ranheim T, Michelsen AE, Skjelland M, Sagen EL, Folkersen L, Krohg-Sørensen K, Russell D, Holm S, Ueland T, Fevang B, Hedin U, Yndestad A, Gullestad L, Hansson GK, Biessen EA, Aukrust P. Increased levels of the homeostatic chemokine CXCL13 in human atherosclerosis – Potential role in plaque stabilization. Atherosclerosis 2012; 224:266-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Castagna A, Polati R, Bossi AM, Girelli D. Monocyte/macrophage proteomics: recent findings and biomedical applications. Expert Rev Proteomics 2012; 9:201-15. [PMID: 22462790 DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages, originating from the migration and differentiation of circulating monocytes into virtually all tissues, are extremely flexible and plastic cells that play vital homeostatic roles, but also contribute to the pathophysiology of many human diseases. For these reasons, they are intensively studied by different approaches, recently including proteomics. Macrophage cells can be taken from a range of different sources, including blood monocytes and macrophages from tissues. Macrophages can also be generated by in vitro culture from blood monocytes, and cell lines derived from this lineage can be used. Similarly, many different proteomic techniques can be used, ranging from classic approaches based on 2D gel electrophoresis to more recent high-throughput gel-free techniques essentially based on mass spectrometry. Here, we review the application of such techniques to the study of monocytes/macrophages, and summarize some results potentially relevant to two paradigmatic conditions - atherosclerosis and disorders of iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Castagna
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, Verona, Italy
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Malekpour-Dehkordi Z, Javadi E, Doosti M, Paknejad M, Nourbakhsh M, Yassa N, Gerayesh-Nejad S, Heshmat R. S-Allylcysteine, a Garlic Compound, Increases ABCA1 Expression in Human THP-1 Macrophages. Phytother Res 2012; 27:357-61. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Malekpour-Dehkordi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Ebrahim Javadi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mahmood Doosti
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Maliheh Paknejad
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mitra Nourbakhsh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Narguess Yassa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Siavash Gerayesh-Nejad
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Ramin Heshmat
- Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Shariati Hospital; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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