1
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Traughber CA, Timinski K, Prince A, Bhandari N, Neupane K, Khan MR, Opoku E, Opoku E, Brubaker G, Shin J, Hong J, Kanuri B, Ertugral EG, Nagareddy PR, Kothapalli CR, Cherepanova O, Smith JD, Gulshan K. Disulfiram Reduces Atherosclerosis and Enhances Efferocytosis, Autophagy, and Atheroprotective Gut Microbiota in Hyperlipidemic Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e033881. [PMID: 38563369 PMCID: PMC11262521 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.033881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyroptosis executor GsdmD (gasdermin D) promotes atherosclerosis in mice and humans. Disulfiram was recently shown to potently inhibit GsdmD, but the in vivo efficacy and mechanism of disulfiram's antiatherosclerotic activity is yet to be explored. METHODS AND RESULTS We used human/mouse macrophages, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells and a hyperlipidemic mouse model of atherosclerosis to determine disulfiram antiatherosclerotic efficacy and mechanism. The effects of disulfiram on several atheroprotective pathways such as autophagy, efferocytosis, phagocytosis, and gut microbiota were determined. Atomic force microscopy was used to determine the effects of disulfiram on the biophysical properties of the plasma membrane of macrophages. Disulfiram-fed hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E-/- mice showed significantly reduced interleukin-1β release upon in vivo Nlrp3 (NLR family pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome activation. Disulfiram-fed mice showed smaller atherosclerotic lesions (~27% and 29% reduction in males and females, respectively) and necrotic core areas (~50% and 46% reduction in males and females, respectively). Disulfiram induced autophagy in macrophages, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, hepatocytes/liver, and atherosclerotic plaques. Disulfiram modulated other atheroprotective pathways (eg, efferocytosis, phagocytosis) and gut microbiota. Disulfiram-treated macrophages showed enhanced phagocytosis/efferocytosis, with the mechanism being a marked increase in cell-surface expression of efferocytic receptor MerTK. Atomic force microscopy analysis revealed altered biophysical properties of disulfiram-treated macrophages, showing increased order-state of plasma membrane and increased adhesion strength. Furthermore, 16sRNA sequencing of disulfiram-fed hyperlipidemic mice showed highly significant enrichment in atheroprotective gut microbiota Akkermansia and a reduction in atherogenic Romboutsia species. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data show that disulfiram can simultaneously modulate several atheroprotective pathways in a GsdmD-dependent as well as GsdmD-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Alicia Traughber
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and DiseaseCleveland State UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | - Kara Timinski
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and DiseaseCleveland State UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Ashutosh Prince
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and DiseaseCleveland State UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Nilam Bhandari
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and DiseaseCleveland State UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Kalash Neupane
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and DiseaseCleveland State UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Mariam R. Khan
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and DiseaseCleveland State UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Esther Opoku
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Emmanuel Opoku
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | - Gregory Brubaker
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | - Junchul Shin
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | - Junyoung Hong
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | - Babunageswararao Kanuri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular SectionUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Elif G. Ertugral
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical EngineeringCleveland State UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Prabhakara R. Nagareddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular SectionUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOKUSA
| | | | - Olga Cherepanova
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | - Jonathan D. Smith
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | - Kailash Gulshan
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and DiseaseCleveland State UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic SciencesLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
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2
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Traughber CA, Timinski K, Prince A, Bhandari N, Neupane K, Khan MR, Opoku E, Opoku E, Brubaker G, Nageshwar K, Ertugral EG, Naggareddy P, Kothapalli CR, Smith JD, Gulshan K. Disulfiram reduces atherosclerosis and enhances efferocytosis, autophagy, and atheroprotective gut microbiota in hyperlipidemic mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.17.562757. [PMID: 37905037 PMCID: PMC10614849 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.17.562757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis executor Gasdermin (GsdmD) promotes atherosclerosis in mice and humans. Disulfiram (DSF) was recently shown to potently inhibit GsdmD, but the in-vivo efficacy and mechanism of DSF's anti-atherosclerotic activity is yet to be explored. We used human/mouse macrophages and a hyperlipidemic mouse model of atherosclerosis to determine DSF anti-atherosclerotic efficacy and mechanism. DSF-fed hyperlipidemic apoE -/- mice showed significantly reduced IL-1β release upon in-vivo Nlrp3 inflammasome assembly and showed smaller atherosclerotic lesions (∼27% and 29% reduction in males and females, respectively). The necrotic core area was also smaller (∼50% and 46% reduction in DSF-fed males and females, respectively). DSF induced autophagy in macrophages, hepatocytes/liver, and in atherosclerotic plaques. DSF modulated other atheroprotective pathways such as efferocytosis, phagocytosis, and gut microbiota. DSF-treated macrophages showed enhanced phagocytosis/efferocytosis, with a mechanism being a marked increase in cell-surface expression of efferocytic receptor MerTK. Atomic-force microscopy analysis revealed altered biophysical membrane properties of DSF treated macrophages, showing increased ordered-state of the plasma membrane and increased adhesion strength. Furthermore, the 16sRNA sequencing of DSF-fed hyperlipidemic mice showed highly significant enrichment in atheroprotective gut microbiota Akkermansia and a reduction in atherogenic Romboutsia species. Taken together, our data shows that DSF can simultaneously modulate multiple atheroprotective pathways, and thus may serve as novel adjuvant therapeutic to treat atherosclerosis.
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3
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Quarta S, Scoditti E, Zonno V, Siculella L, Damiano F, Carluccio MA, Pagliara P. In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Vasculoprotective Effects of Red Cell Extract from the Black Sea Urchin Arbacia lixula. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071672. [PMID: 37049512 PMCID: PMC10096920 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea urchins have emerged as an important source of bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties relevant to human health. Since inflammation is a crucial pathogenic process in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, we here assessed the potential anti-inflammatory and vasculoprotective effects of coelomic red-cell methanolic extract of the black sea urchin Arbacia lixula in an in vitro model of endothelial cell dysfunction. Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) were pretreated with A. lixula red-cell extract (10 and 100 μg/mL) before exposure to the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The extract was non-toxic after 24 h cell treatment and was characterized by antioxidant power and phenol content. The TNF-α-stimulated expression of adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1) and cytokines/chemokines (MCP-1, CCL-5, IL-6, IL-8, M-CSF) was significantly attenuated by A. lixula red-cell extract. This was functionally accompanied by a reduction in monocyte adhesion and chemotaxis towards activated endothelial cells. At the molecular level, the tested extract significantly counteracted the TNF-α-stimulated activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB. These results provide evidence of potential anti-atherosclerotic properties of A. lixula red-cell extract, and open avenues in the discovery and development of dietary supplements and/or drugs for the prevention or treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Quarta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Egeria Scoditti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), National Research Council (CNR), 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Zonno
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luisa Siculella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Damiano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Pagliara
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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4
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Sudhahar V, Shi Y, Kaplan JH, Ushio-Fukai M, Fukai T. Whole-Transcriptome Sequencing Analyses of Nuclear Antixoxidant-1 in Endothelial Cells: Role in Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:2919. [PMID: 36139494 PMCID: PMC9496719 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, oxidative stress, and copper (Cu) play an important role in cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis. We previously reported that cytosolic Cu chaperone antioxidant-1 (Atox1) translocates to the nucleus in response to inflammatory cytokines or exogenous Cu and that Atox1 is localized at the nucleus in the endothelium of inflamed atherosclerotic aorta. However, the roles of nuclear Atox1 and their function are poorly understood. Here we showed that Atox1 deficiency in ApoE-/- mice with a Western diet exhibited a significant reduction of atherosclerotic lesion formation. In vitro, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of nuclear-targeted Atox1 (Ad-Atox1-NLS) in cultured human endothelial cells (ECs) increased monocyte adhesion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production compared to control cells (Ad-null). To address the underlying mechanisms, we performed genome-wide mapping of Atox1-regulated targets in ECs, using an unbiased systemic approach integrating sequencing data. Combination of ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq analyses in ECs transfected with Ad-Atox1-NLS or Ad-null identified 1387 differentially expressed genes (DEG). Motif enrichment assay and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that 248 differentially expressed genes, including inflammatory and angiogenic genes, were regulated by Atox1-NLS, which was then confirmed by real-time qPCR. Among these genes, functional analysis of inflammatory responses identified CD137, CSF1, and IL5RA as new nuclear Atox1-targeted inflammatory genes, while CD137 is also a key regulator of Atox1-NLS-induced ROS production. These findings uncover new nuclear Atox1 downstream targets involved in inflammation and ROS production and provide insights into the nuclear Atox1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varadarajan Sudhahar
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30901, USA
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Population Health Science, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jack H. Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Tohru Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30901, USA
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5
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Pig and Mouse Models of Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2419:379-411. [PMID: 35237978 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1924-7_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that is the underlying cause of most cardiovascular disease. Resident cells of the artery wall and cells of the immune system participate in atherogenesis. This process is influenced by plasma lipoproteins, genetics, and the hemodynamics of the blood flow in the artery. A variety of animal models have been used to study the pathophysiology and mechanisms that contribute to atherosclerotic lesion formation. No model is ideal as each has its own advantages and limitations with respect to manipulation of the atherogenic process and modeling human atherosclerosis and lipoprotein profile. In this chapter we will discuss pig and mouse models of experimental atherosclerosis. The similarity of pig lipoprotein metabolism and the pathophysiology of the lesions in these animals with that of humans is a major advantage. While a few genetically engineered pig models have been generated, the ease of genetic manipulation in mice and the relatively short time frame for the development of atherosclerosis has made them the most extensively used model. Newer approaches to induce hypercholesterolemia in mice have been developed that do not require germline modifications. These approaches will facilitate studies on atherogenic mechanisms.
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Ma X, Han K, Yang L, Shao Q, Li Q, Wang Z, Li Y, Gao F, Yang Z, Shi D, Zhou Y. Adjustment of the GRACE Risk Score by Monocyte to High-Density Lipoprotein Ratio Improves Prediction of Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:755806. [PMID: 35155594 PMCID: PMC8826569 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.755806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR), a novel marker for inflammation and lipid metabolism, has been demonstrated to be associated with poor prognosis in many patient populations. However, the prognostic influence of MHR in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is poorly understood. Here, we sought to investigate the relationship between MHR and adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in such patients and determine whether MHR could improve the GRACE risk score based prognostic models. Methods and Results MHR was applied to 1,720 patients with ACS undergoing PCI who were admitted to our CV center from June 2016 to November 2017. These patients were stratified into three groups according to MHR tertiles. The relationship between MHR and the primary endpoint (overall death, non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or unplanned repeat revascularization) was examined by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. During a median follow-up of 31 months, 353 patients had at least one primary endpoint event. Compared with those in the lowest MHR tertile, patients in the middle and highest tertiles [adjusted HR: 1.541 (95% CI: 1.152–2.060) and 1.800 (95%CI: 1.333–2.432), respectively], had a higher risk of the primary endpoint. The addition of MHR has an incremental effect on the predictive ability of the GRACE risk score for the primary endpoint (cNRI: 0.136, P < 0.001; IDI: 0.006, P < 0.001). Conclusion MHR was independently and significantly associated with adverse CV outcomes in ACS patients who underwent PCI and improved the predictive ability of the GRACE risk score based prognostic models. Registration Number http://www.chictr.org.cn/hvshowproject.aspx?id=21397; ChiCTR1800017417.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoteng Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kangning Han
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoyu Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuxuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueping Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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7
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall, characterized by the formation of plaques containing lipid, connective tissue and immune cells in the intima of large and medium-sized arteries. Over the past three decades, a substantial reduction in cardiovascular mortality has been achieved largely through LDL-cholesterol-lowering regimes and therapies targeting other traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus and obesity. However, the overall benefits of targeting these risk factors have stagnated, and a huge global burden of cardiovascular disease remains. The indispensable role of immunological components in the establishment and chronicity of atherosclerosis has come to the forefront as a clinical target, with proof-of-principle studies demonstrating the benefit and challenges of targeting inflammation and the immune system in cardiovascular disease. In this Review, we provide an overview of the role of the immune system in atherosclerosis by discussing findings from preclinical research and clinical trials. We also identify important challenges that need to be addressed to advance the field and for successful clinical translation, including patient selection, identification of responders and non-responders to immunotherapies, implementation of patient immunophenotyping and potential surrogate end points for vascular inflammation. Finally, we provide strategic guidance for the translation of novel targets of immunotherapy into improvements in patient outcomes. In this Review, the authors provide an overview of the immune cells involved in atherosclerosis, discuss preclinical research and published and ongoing clinical trials assessing the therapeutic potential of targeting the immune system in atherosclerosis, highlight emerging therapeutic targets from preclinical studies and identify challenges for successful clinical translation. Inflammation is an important component of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease; an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes drives chronic inflammation and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the vessel wall. Clinical trials assessing canakinumab and colchicine therapies in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease have provided proof-of-principle of the benefits associated with therapeutic targeting of the immune system in atherosclerosis. The immunosuppressive adverse effects associated with the systemic use of anti-inflammatory drugs can be minimized through targeted delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs to the atherosclerotic plaque, defining the window of opportunity for treatment and identifying more specific targets for cardiovascular inflammation. Implementing immunophenotyping in clinical trials in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease will allow the identification of immune signatures and the selection of patients with the highest probability of deriving benefit from a specific therapy. Clinical stratification via novel risk factors and discovery of new surrogate markers of vascular inflammation are crucial for identifying new immunotherapeutic targets and their successful translation into the clinic.
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8
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Tomas L, Prica F, Schulz C. Trafficking of Mononuclear Phagocytes in Healthy Arteries and Atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:718432. [PMID: 34759917 PMCID: PMC8573388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.718432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages play essential roles in all stages of atherosclerosis – from early precursor lesions to advanced stages of the disease. Intima-resident macrophages are among the first cells to be confronted with the influx and retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins at the onset of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis development. In this review, we outline the trafficking of monocytes and macrophages in and out of the healthy aorta, as well as the adaptation of their migratory behaviour during hypercholesterolemia. Furthermore, we discuss the functional and ontogenetic composition of the aortic pool of mononuclear phagocytes and its link to the atherosclerotic disease process. The development of mouse models of atherosclerosis regression in recent years, has enabled scientists to investigate the behaviour of monocytes and macrophages during the resolution of atherosclerosis. Herein, we describe the dynamics of these mononuclear phagocytes upon cessation of hypercholesterolemia and how they contribute to the restoration of tissue homeostasis. The aim of this review is to provide an insight into the trafficking, fate and disease-relevant dynamics of monocytes and macrophages during atherosclerosis, and to highlight remaining questions. We focus on the results of rodent studies, as analysis of cellular fates requires experimental manipulations that cannot be performed in humans but point out findings that could be replicated in human tissues. Understanding of the biology of macrophages in atherosclerosis provides an important basis for the development of therapeutic strategies to limit lesion formation and promote plaque regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Tomas
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Filip Prica
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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9
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Sinha SK, Miikeda A, Fouladian Z, Mehrabian M, Edillor C, Shih D, Zhou Z, Paul MK, Charugundla S, Davis RC, Rajavashisth TB, Lusis AJ. Local M-CSF (Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor) Expression Regulates Macrophage Proliferation and Apoptosis in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:220-233. [PMID: 33086870 PMCID: PMC7769919 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown that deficiency of M-CSF (macrophage colony-stimulating factor; or CSF1 [colony stimulating factor 1]) dramatically reduces atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. We characterize the underlying mechanism and investigate the relevant sources of CSF1 in lesions. Approach and Results: We quantitatively assessed the effects of CSF1 deficiency on macrophage proliferation and apoptosis in atherosclerotic lesions. Staining of aortic lesions with markers of proliferation, Ki-67 and bromodeoxyuridine, revealed around 40% reduction in CSF1 heterozygous (Csf1+/-) as compared with WT (wild type; Csf1+/+) mice. Similarly, staining with a marker of apoptosis, activated caspase-3, revealed a 3-fold increase in apoptotic cells in Csf1+/- mice. Next, we determined the cellular sources of CSF1 contributing to lesion development. Cell-specific deletions of Csf1 in smooth muscle cells using SM22α-Cre (smooth muscle protein 22-alpha-Cre) reduced lesions by about 40%, and in endothelial cells, deletions with Cdh5-Cre (VE-cadherin-Cre) reduced lesions by about 30%. Macrophage-specific deletion with LysM-Cre (lysozyme M-Cre), on the other hand, did not significantly reduce lesions size. Transplantation of Csf1 null (Csf1-/-) mice bone marrow into Csf1+/+ mice reduced lesions by about 35%, suggesting that CSF1 from hematopoietic cells other than macrophages contributes to atherosclerosis. None of the cell-specific knockouts affected circulating CSF1 levels, and only the smooth muscle cell deletions had any effect on the percentage monocytes in the circulation. Also, Csf1+/- mice did not exhibit significant differences in Ly6Chigh/Ly6Clow monocytes as compared with Csf1+/+. CONCLUSIONS CSF1 contributes to both macrophage proliferation and survival in lesions. Local CSF1 production by smooth muscle cell and endothelial cell rather than circulating CSF1 is the primary driver of macrophage expansion in atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Apoptosis
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/deficiency
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microfilament Proteins/genetics
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyesh K. Sinha
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059
| | - Aika Miikeda
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Zachary Fouladian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Margarete Mehrabian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Chantle Edillor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Diana Shih
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Manash K Paul
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Sarada Charugundla
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Richard C. Davis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Tripathi B. Rajavashisth
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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10
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Mindur JE, Swirski FK. Growth Factors as Immunotherapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1275-1287. [PMID: 31092009 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.311994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors, such as CSFs (colony-stimulating factors), EGFs (epidermal growth factors), and FGFs (fibroblast growth factors), are signaling proteins that control a wide range of cellular functions. Although growth factor networks are critical for intercellular communication and tissue homeostasis, their abnormal production or regulation occurs in various pathologies. Clinical strategies that target growth factors or their receptors are used to treat a variety of conditions but have yet to be adopted for cardiovascular disease. In this review, we focus on M-CSF (macrophage-CSF), GM-CSF (granulocyte-M-CSF), IL (interleukin)-3, EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), and FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor 21). We first discuss the efficacy of targeting these growth factors in other disease contexts (ie, inflammatory/autoimmune diseases, cancer, or metabolic disorders) and then consider arguments for or against targeting them to treat cardiovascular disease. Visual Overview- An online visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Mindur
- From the Graduate Program in Immunology (J.E.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Center for Systems Biology (J.E.M., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology (J.E.M., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Radiology (F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss the manner through which the immune system regulates the cardiovascular system in health and disease. We define the cardiovascular system and elements of atherosclerotic disease, the main focus in this chapter. Herein we elaborate on the disease process that can result in myocardial infarction (heart attack), ischaemic stroke and peripheral arterial disease. We have discussed broadly the homeostatic mechanisms in place that help autoregulate the cardiovascular system including the vital role of cholesterol and lipid clearance as well as the role lipid homeostasis plays in cardiovascular disease in the context of atherosclerosis. We then elaborate on the role played by the immune system in this setting, namely, major players from the innate and adaptive immune system, as well as discussing in greater detail specifically the role played by monocytes and macrophages.This chapter should represent an overview of the role played by the immune system in cardiovascular homeostasis; however further reading of the references cited can expand the reader's knowledge of the detail, and we point readers to many excellent reviews which summarise individual immune systems and their role in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Shamim Rahman
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin Woollard
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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12
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Montanari E, Stojkovic S, Kaun C, Lemberger CE, de Martin R, Rauscher S, Gröger M, Maurer G, Neumayer C, Huk I, Huber K, Demyanets S, Wojta J. Interleukin-33 stimulates GM-CSF and M-CSF production by human endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 2016; 116:317-27. [PMID: 27173404 DOI: 10.1160/th15-12-0917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33, a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines, is involved in various inflammatory conditions targeting amongst other cells the endothelium. Besides regulating the maturation and functions of myeloid cells, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage-CSF (M-CSF) have been shown to play a role in such pathologies too. It was the aim of our study to investigate a possible influence of IL-33 on GM-CSF and M-CSF production by human endothelial cells. IL-33, but not IL-18 or IL-37, stimulated GM-CSF and M-CSF mRNA expression and protein production by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human coronary artery ECs (HCAECs) through the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway in an IL-1-independent way. This effect was inhibited by the soluble form of ST2 (sST2), which is known to act as a decoy receptor for IL-33. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor fluvastatin could also be shown to moderately reduce the IL-33-mediated effect on M-CSF, but not on GM-CSF expression. In addition, IL-33, IL-1β, GM-CSF and M-CSF were detected in endothelial cells of human carotid atherosclerotic plaques using immunofluorescence. Upregulation of GM-CSF and M-CSF production by human endothelial cells, an effect that appears to be mediated by NF-κB and to be independent of IL-1, may be an additional mechanism through which IL-33 contributes to inflammatory activation of the vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Svitlana Demyanets
- Svitlana Demyanets, MD, PhD, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Tel.: +43 1 40400 73516, Fax: +43 1 40400 73587, E-mail:
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13
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Chistiakov DA, Bobryshev YV, Orekhov AN. Changes in transcriptome of macrophages in atherosclerosis. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1163-73. [PMID: 25973901 PMCID: PMC4459832 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages display significant phenotypic heterogeneity. Two growth factors, macrophage colony-stimulating factor and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4, drive terminal differentiation of monocytes to M0 and M4 macrophages respectively. Compared to M0 macrophages, M4 cells have a unique transcriptome, with expression of surface markers such as S100A8, mannose receptor CD206 and matrix metalloproteinase 7. M4 macrophages did not express CD163, a scavenger receptor for haemoglobin/haptoglobin complex. Depending on the stimuli, M0 macrophages could polarize towards the proinflammatory M1 subset by treatment with lipopolysaccharide or interferon-γ. These macrophages produce a range of proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species and exhibit high chemotactic and phagocytic activity. The alternative M2 type could be induced from M0 macrophage by stimulation with interleukin (IL)-4. M2 macrophages express high levels of CD206 and produce anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β. M1, M2 and M4 macrophages could be found in atherosclerotic plaques. In the plaque, macrophages are subjected to the intensive influence not only by cytokines and chemokines but also with bioactive lipids such as cholesterol and oxidized phospholipids. Oxidized phospholipids induce a distinct Mox phenotype in murine macrophages that express a unique panel of antioxidant enzymes under control of the redox-regulated transcription factor Klf2, resistant to lipid accumulation. In unstable human lesions, atheroprotective M(Hb) and HA-mac macrophage subsets could be found. These two subsets are induced by the haemoglobin/haptoglobin complex, highly express haeme oxygenase 1 and CD163, and are implicated in clearance of haemoglobin and erythrocyte remnants. In atherogenesis, the macrophage phenotype is plastic and could therefore be switched to proinflammatory (i.e. proatherogenic) and anti-inflammatory (i.e. atheroprotective). The aim of this review was to characterize changes in macrophage transcriptome in atherosclerosis and discuss key markers that characterize different phenotypes of macrophages present in atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Faculty of Medicine and St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.,Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Cytokines in atherosclerosis: Key players in all stages of disease and promising therapeutic targets. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:673-85. [PMID: 26005197 PMCID: PMC4671520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the arteries, is responsible for most deaths in westernized societies with numbers increasing at a marked rate in developing countries. The disease is initiated by the activation of the endothelium by various risk factors leading to chemokine-mediated recruitment of immune cells. The uptake of modified lipoproteins by macrophages along with defective cholesterol efflux gives rise to foam cells associated with the fatty streak in the early phase of the disease. As the disease progresses, complex fibrotic plaques are produced as a result of lysis of foam cells, migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and continued inflammatory response. Such plaques are stabilized by the extracellular matrix produced by smooth muscle cells and destabilized by matrix metalloproteinase from macrophages. Rupture of unstable plaques and subsequent thrombosis leads to clinical complications such as myocardial infarction. Cytokines are involved in all stages of atherosclerosis and have a profound influence on the pathogenesis of this disease. This review will describe our current understanding of the roles of different cytokines in atherosclerosis together with therapeutic approaches aimed at manipulating their actions.
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Ilhan F, Kalkanli ST. Atherosclerosis and the role of immune cells. World J Clin Cases 2015; 3:345-352. [PMID: 25879006 PMCID: PMC4391004 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i4.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease arising from lipids, specifically low-density lipoproteins, and leukocytes. Following the activation of endothelium with the expression of adhesion molecules and monocytes, inflammatory cytokines from macrophages, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, high levels of interferon (IFN)-α and β are generated upon the activation of toll-like receptor-9, and T-cells, especially the ones with Th1 profile, produce pro-inflammatory mediators such as IFN-γ and upregulate macrophages to adhere to the endothelium and migrate into the intima. This review presents an exhaustive account for the role of immune cells in the atherosclerosis.
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Riek AE, Oh J, Darwech I, Moynihan CE, Bruchas RR, Bernal-Mizrachi C. 25(OH) vitamin D suppresses macrophage adhesion and migration by downregulation of ER stress and scavenger receptor A1 in type 2 diabetes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt A:172-9. [PMID: 24184871 PMCID: PMC4026336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Vitamin D deficiency is not only more prevalent in diabetics but also doubles the risk of developing CVD. However, it is unknown whether 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D3] replacement slows monocyte adhesion and migration, critical mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis progression. In this study, monocytes from vitamin D-deficient diabetic patients were cultured either in the patient's serum or in vitamin D-deficient media with or without 25(OH)D3 treatment. Adding 25(OH)D3 to monocytes cultured in vitamin D-deficient serum or media decreased monocyte adhesion to fibronectin and migration stimulated by monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1). Accordingly, 25(OH)D3 decreased adhesion marker β1- and β2-integrin expression and migration receptor chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) expression. 25(OH)D3 treatment downregulated monocyte endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and scavenger receptor class A, type 1 (SR-A1) expression. The absence of SR-A1 prevented the increased macrophage adhesion and migration induced by vitamin D deficiency. Moreover, the absence of SR-A1 prevented the induction of adhesion and migration and expression of their associated membrane receptors by Thapsigargin, an ER stress inducer. These results identify cellular activation of monocyte/macrophage vitamin D signaling through 25(OH)D3 as a potential mechanism that could modulate adhesion and migration in diabetic subjects. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled '16th Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Riek
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8127, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Jisu Oh
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8127, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Isra Darwech
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8127, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Clare E Moynihan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8127, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robin R Bruchas
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8127, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carlos Bernal-Mizrachi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8127, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading global cause of mortality, morbidity, and disability. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a highly conserved family of proteins with diverse functions expressed by all cells exposed to environmental stress. Studies have reported that several HSPs may be potential risk markers of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases, or may be directly involved in the atherogenic process itself. HSPs are expressed by cells in atherosclerotic plaque and anti-HSP has been reported to be increased in patients with vascular disease. Autoimmune responses may be generated against antigens present within the atherosclerotic plaque, including HSP and may lead to a cycle of ongoing vascular injury. It has been suggested that by inducing a state of tolerance to these antigens, the atherogenic process may be limited and thus provide a potential therapeutic approach. It has been suggested that anti-HSPs are independent predictors of risk of vascular disease. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of HSP in cardiovascular disease and highlight their potential role as diagnostic agents and therapeutic targets.
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18
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Valanti E, Tsompanidis A, Sanoudou D. Pharmacogenomics in the development and characterization of atheroprotective drugs. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1175:259-300. [PMID: 25150873 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0956-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and can lead to stroke, myocardial infarction, and death. The clinically available atheroprotective drugs aim mainly at reducing the levels of circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL), increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and attenuating inflammation. However, the cardiovascular risk remains high, along with morbidity, mortality, and incidence of adverse drug events. Pharmacogenomics is increasingly contributing towards the characterization of existing atheroprotective drugs, the evaluation of novel ones, and the identification of promising, unexplored therapeutic targets, at the global molecular pathway level. This chapter presents highlights of pharmacogenomics investigations and discoveries that have contributed towards the elucidation of pharmacological atheroprotection, while opening the way to new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efi Valanti
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, Athens, 115 27, Greece
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Fenyo IM, Gafencu AV. The involvement of the monocytes/macrophages in chronic inflammation associated with atherosclerosis. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1376-84. [PMID: 23886694 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive chronic disease of large and medium arteries, characterized by the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Monocytes and macrophages are key factors in lesion development, participating to the processes that mediate the progression of the atherosclerotic plaque (lipid accumulation, secretion of pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic factors, extracellular matrix remodeling). The recruitment of the monocytes in the vascular wall represents a hallmark in the pathology of the atherosclerotic lesion. Monocyte adhesion and transmigration are dependent on the complementary adhesion molecules expressed on the endothelial surface, whose expression is modulated by chemical mediators. The atherosclerotic plaque is characterized by a heterogeneous population of macrophages reflecting the complexity and diversity of the micro-environment to which cells are exposed after entering the arterial wall. Within the atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages differentiate, proliferate and undergo apoptosis. Taking into account that their behavior has a direct and critical influence on all lesional stages, the development of therapeutic approaches to target monocytes/macrophages in the atherosclerotic plaque became a focal interest point for researchers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Madalina Fenyo
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
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21
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The effects of endothelial lipase gene (LIPG) variants on inflammation marker levels and atherosclerosis development. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:5143-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Barthwal MK, Anzinger JJ, Xu Q, Bohnacker T, Wymann MP, Kruth HS. Fluid-phase pinocytosis of native low density lipoprotein promotes murine M-CSF differentiated macrophage foam cell formation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58054. [PMID: 23536783 PMCID: PMC3594233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During atherosclerosis, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol accumulates in macrophages to form foam cells. Macrophage uptake of LDL promotes foam cell formation but the mechanism mediating this process is not clear. The present study investigates the mechanism of LDL uptake for macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-differentiated murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. LDL receptor-null (LDLR−/−) macrophages incubated with LDL showed non-saturable accumulation of cholesterol that did not down-regulate for the 24 h examined. Incubation of LDLR−/− macrophages with increasing concentrations of 125I-LDL showed non-saturable macrophage LDL uptake. A 20-fold excess of unlabeled LDL had no effect on 125I-LDL uptake by wild-type macrophages and genetic deletion of the macrophage scavenger receptors CD36 and SRA did not affect 125I-LDL uptake, showing that LDL uptake occurred by fluid-phase pinocytosis independently of receptors. Cholesterol accumulation was inhibited approximately 50% in wild-type and LDLR−/− mice treated with LY294002 or wortmannin, inhibitors of all classes of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K). Time-lapse, phase-contrast microscopy showed that macropinocytosis, an important fluid-phase uptake pathway in macrophages, was blocked almost completely by PI3K inhibition with wortmannin. Pharmacological inhibition of the class I PI3K isoforms alpha, beta, gamma or delta did not affect macrophage LDL-derived cholesterol accumulation or macropinocytosis. Furthermore, macrophages from mice expressing kinase-dead class I PI3K beta, gamma or delta isoforms showed no decrease in cholesterol accumulation or macropinocytosis when compared with wild-type macrophages. Thus, non-class I PI3K isoforms mediated macropinocytosis in these macrophages. Further characterization of the components necessary for LDL uptake, cholesterol accumulation, and macropinocytosis identified dynamin, microtubules, actin, and vacuolar type H(+)-ATPase as contributing to uptake. However, Pak1, Rac1, and Src-family kinases, which mediate fluid-phase pinocytosis in certain other cell types, were unnecessary. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence that targeting those components mediating macrophage macropinocytosis with inhibitors may be an effective strategy to limit macrophage accumulation of LDL-derived cholesterol in arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K. Barthwal
- Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua J. Anzinger
- Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Qing Xu
- Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Bohnacker
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Howard S. Kruth
- Section of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Profumo E, Buttari B, Saso L, Capoano R, Salvati B, Riganò R. T lymphocyte autoreactivity in inflammatory mechanisms regulating atherosclerosis. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:157534. [PMID: 23304078 PMCID: PMC3529860 DOI: 10.1100/2012/157534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has been clearly demonstrated to be a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Both cells of the innate and the acquired immune system, particularly monocytes and T lymphocytes, are implicated in the atherogenic process, producing different cytokines with pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. The majority of pathogenic T cells involved in atherosclerosis are of the Th1 profile, that has been correlated positively with coronary artery disease. Many studies conducted to evaluate the molecular factors responsible for the activation of T cells have demonstrated that the main antigenic targets in atherosclerosis are modified endogenous structures. These self-molecules activate autoimmune reactions mainly characterized by the production of Th1 cytokines, thus sustaining the inflammatory mechanisms involved in endothelial dysfunction and plaque development. In this paper we will summarize the different T-cell subsets involved in atherosclerosis and the best characterized autoantigens involved in cardiovascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Profumo
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The varied effects of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) on monocytes and macrophages during inflammation and atherosclerosis and its clinical presentation prompt the question whether the differing effects of CSFs dictate macrophage function and disease progression. RECENT FINDINGS CSFs can give rise to heterogeneous populations of monocyte-derived macrophages that are characterized by disparate expression of distinct molecules which dictate their ability to process lipid and regulate inflammatory and immune responses. The CSFs have been found within atherosclerotic plaques and in the circulation where their levels may act as predictive biomarkers of disease progression. Accordingly, differing exposure to these factors imparts divergent genomic signatures and functional properties on macrophages and may impact the multifactorial steps involved in atherogenesis, plaque progression and instability. SUMMARY Great interest in macrophage heterogeneity in the genesis and progression of atherosclerosis has led to the search for consistent markers of specific subsets in both animal models and humans. A better understanding of the overlap and competition between CSF regulation of macrophage phenotypes is therefore warranted, to allow their characterization in plaques. Subsequent targeted genetic and pharmacological intervention will facilitate the generation of therapeutic approaches to halt the progression and rupture of advanced atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Di Gregoli
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK
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Gleissner CA. Macrophage Phenotype Modulation by CXCL4 in Atherosclerosis. Front Physiol 2012; 3:1. [PMID: 22275902 PMCID: PMC3257836 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During atherogenesis, blood monocytes transmigrate into the subendothelial space and differentiate toward macrophages and foam cells. The major driver of monocyte-macrophage differentiation is macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). M-CSF-induced macrophages are important promoters of atherogenesis as demonstrated in M-CSF and M-CSF receptor knock out mice. However, M-CSF is not the only relevant promoter of macrophage differentiation. The platelet chemokine CXCL4 also prevents monocyte apoptosis and promotes macrophage differentiation in vitro. It is secreted from activated platelets and has effects on various cell types relevant in atherogenesis. Knocking out the Pf4 gene coding for CXCL4 in Apoe(-/-) mice leads to reduced atherogenesis. Thus, it seems likely that CXC4-induced macrophages may have specific pro-atherogenic capacities. We have studied CXC4-induced differentiation of human macrophages using gene chips, systems biology, and functional in vitro and ex vivo experiments. Our data indicate that CXCL4-induced macrophages are distinct from both their M-CSF-induced counterparts and other known macrophage polarizations like M1 macrophages (induced by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma) or M2 macrophages (induced by interleukin-4). CXCL4-induced macrophages have distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics, e.g., the complete loss of the hemoglobin-haptoglobin (Hb-Hp) scavenger receptor CD163 which is necessary for effective hemoglobin clearance after plaque hemorrhage. Lack of CD163 is accompanied by the inability to upregulate the atheroprotective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 in response to Hb-Hp complexes. This review covers the current knowledge about CXCL4-induced macrophages. Based on their unique properties, we have suggested to call these macrophages "M4." CXCL4 may represent an important orchestrator of macrophage heterogeneity within atherosclerotic lesions. Further dissecting its effects on macrophage differentiation may help to identify novel therapeutic targets in atherogenesis.
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Brochériou I, Maouche S, Durand H, Braunersreuther V, Le Naour G, Gratchev A, Koskas F, Mach F, Kzhyshkowska J, Ninio E. Antagonistic regulation of macrophage phenotype by M-CSF and GM-CSF: implication in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2010; 214:316-24. [PMID: 21159337 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We characterized the transcriptional profiles of GM-CSF- (GM-MØ) and M-CSF-induced macrophages (M-MØ) and investigated in situ a subset of differentially expressed genes in human and mouse atherosclerotic lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS Using microarrays we identified a number of genes and biological processes differentially regulated in M-MØ vs GM-MØ. By varying in culture the M-CSF/GM-CSF ratio (0-10), a spectrum of macrophage phenotypes was explored by RT-QPCR. M-CSF (10 ng/ml) stimulated expression of several genes, including selenoprotein-1 (SEPP1), stabilin-1 (STAB1) and CD163 molecule-like-1 (CD163L1) which was inhibited by a low dose of GM-CSF (1 ng/ml); M-CSF inhibited the expression of pro-platelet basic protein (PPBP) induced by GM-CSF. Combining tissue microarrays/quantitative immunohistochemistry of human aortic lesions with RT-QPCR expression data either from human carotids vs mammary non-atherosclerotic arteries or from the apoE null mice normal and atherosclerotic aortas showed that, STAB1, SEPP1 and CD163L1 (M-CSF-sensitive genes) and PPBP (GM-CSF-sensitive gene) were expressed in both human arterial and apoE null mice atherosclerotic tissues. CONCLUSION A balance between M-CSF vs GM-CSF defines macrophage functional polarisation and may contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Brochériou
- INSERM UMRS937, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UPMC-Paris 6, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, 91 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75634 Paris, France
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27
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Zhang T, Chen Y, Liu H, Zhou Z, Zhai Y, Yang J. Chronic unpredictable stress accelerates atherosclerosis through promoting inflammation in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Thromb Res 2010; 126:386-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Stephen SL, Freestone K, Dunn S, Twigg MW, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Walker JH, Wheatcroft SB, Ponnambalam S. Scavenger receptors and their potential as therapeutic targets in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Int J Hypertens 2010; 2010:646929. [PMID: 20981357 PMCID: PMC2958427 DOI: 10.4061/2010/646929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors act as membrane-bound and soluble proteins that bind to macromolecular complexes and pathogens. This diverse supergroup of proteins mediates binding to modified lipoprotein particles which regulate the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. In vascular tissues, scavenger receptors are implicated in regulating intracellular signaling, lipid accumulation, foam cell development, and cellular apoptosis or necrosis linked to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. One approach is using gene therapy to modulate scavenger receptor function in atherosclerosis. Ectopic expression of membrane-bound scavenger receptors using viral vectors can modify lipid profiles and reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis. Alternatively, expression of soluble scavenger receptors can also block plaque initiation and progression. Inhibition of scavenger receptor expression using a combined gene therapy and RNA interference strategy also holds promise for long-term therapy. Here we review our current understanding of the gene delivery by viral vectors to cells and tissues in gene therapy strategies and its application to the modulation of scavenger receptor function in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam L Stephen
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biology, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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29
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Gleissner CA, Shaked I, Little KM, Ley K. CXC chemokine ligand 4 induces a unique transcriptome in monocyte-derived macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4810-8. [PMID: 20335529 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In atherosclerotic arteries, blood monocytes differentiate to macrophages in the presence of growth factors, such as macrophage colony-stimulation factor (M-CSF), and chemokines, such as platelet factor 4 (CXCL4). To compare the gene expression signature of CXCL4-induced macrophages with M-CSF-induced macrophages or macrophages polarized with IFN-gamma/LPS (M1) or IL-4 (M2), we cultured primary human peripheral blood monocytes for 6 d. mRNA expression was measured by Affymetrix gene chips, and differences were analyzed by local pooled error test, profile of complex functionality, and gene set enrichment analysis. Three hundred seventy-five genes were differentially expressed between M-CSF- and CXCL4-induced macrophages; 206 of them overexpressed in CXCL4 macrophages coding for genes implicated in the inflammatory/immune response, Ag processing and presentation, and lipid metabolism. CXCL4-induced macrophages overexpressed some M1 and M2 genes and the corresponding cytokines at the protein level; however, their transcriptome clustered with neither M1 nor M2 transcriptomes. They almost completely lost the ability to phagocytose zymosan beads. Genes linked to atherosclerosis were not consistently upregulated or downregulated. Scavenger receptors showed lower and cholesterol efflux transporters showed higher expression in CXCL4- than M-CSF-induced macrophages, resulting in lower low-density lipoprotein content. We conclude that CXCL4 induces a unique macrophage transcriptome distinct from known macrophage types, defining a new macrophage differentiation that we propose to call M4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Gleissner
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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30
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Hunter M, Wang Y, Eubank T, Baran C, Nana-Sinkam P, Marsh C. Survival of monocytes and macrophages and their role in health and disease. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2009; 14:4079-102. [PMID: 19273336 DOI: 10.2741/3514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are versatile cells involved in health and disease. These cells act as scavengers to rid the body of apoptotic and senescent cells and debris through their phagocytic function. Although this is a primary function of these cells, macrophages play vital roles in inflammation and repair of damaged tissue. Macrophages secrete a large number of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors that recruit and activate a variety of cell types to inflamed tissue compartments. These cells are also critical in cell-mediated immunity and in the resolution of inflammation. Since macrophages, and their precursors, blood monocytes, are important in regulating and resolving inflammation, prolonged cellular survival in tissue compartments could be detrimental. Thus, factors that regulate the fate of monocyte and macrophage survival are important in cellular homeostasis. In this article, we will explore stimuli and the intracellular pathways important in regulating macrophage survival and implication in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hunter
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and the Center for Critical Care Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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31
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Kleemann R, Zadelaar S, Kooistra T. Cytokines and atherosclerosis: a comprehensive review of studies in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79:360-76. [PMID: 18487233 PMCID: PMC2492729 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, inflammation has emerged as a major driving force of atherosclerotic lesion development. It is now well-established that from early lesion to vulnerable plaque formation, numerous cellular and molecular inflammatory components participate in the disease process. The most prominent cells that invade in evolving lesions are monocyte-derived macrophages and T-lymphocytes. Both cell types produce a wide array of soluble inflammatory mediators (cytokines, chemokines) which are critically important in the initiation and perpetuation of the disease. This review summarizes the currently available information from mouse studies on the contribution of a specified group of cytokines expressed in atherosclerotic lesions, viz. interleukins (IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IL-20) and macrophage-associated cytokines [tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α); macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF); interferon-γ (IFN-γ); colony stimulating factors G-CSF,-M-CSF,-GM-CSF) to atherogenesis. Emphasis is put on the consistency of the effects of these cytokines, i.e. inasmuch an effect depends on the experimental approach applied (overexpression/deletion, strain, gender, dietary conditions, and disease stage). An important outcome of this survey is (i) that only for a few cytokines there is sufficient consistent data allowing classifying them as typically proatherogenic (IL-1, IL-12, IL-18, MIF, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and M-CSF) or antiatherogenic (IL-10) and (ii) that some cytokines (IL-4, IL-6 and GM-CSF) can exert pro- or anti-atherogenic effects depending on the experimental conditions. This knowledge can be used for improved early detection, prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kleemann
- TNO-BioSciences, Gaubius-Laboratory, Department of Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, PO Box 2215, 2301 CE Leiden, The Netherlands.
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32
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Popovic ZV, Sandhoff R, Sijmonsma TP, Kaden S, Jennemann R, Kiss E, Tone E, Autschbach F, Platt N, Malle E, Gröne HJ. Sulfated glycosphingolipid as mediator of phagocytosis: SM4s enhances apoptotic cell clearance and modulates macrophage activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:6770-82. [PMID: 17982067 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sulfoglycolipids are present on the surface of a variety of cells. The sulfatide SM4s is increased in lung, renal, and colon cancer and is associated with an adverse prognosis, possibly due to a low immunoreactivity of the tumor. As macrophages significantly contribute to the inflammatory infiltrate in malignancies, we postulated that SM4s may modulate macrophage function. We have investigated the effect of SM4s on the uptake of apoptotic tumor cells, macrophage cytokine profile, and receptor expression. Using flow cytometry and microscopic analyses, we found that coating apoptotic murine carcinoma cells from the colon and kidney with SM4s promoted their phagocytosis by murine macrophages up to 3-fold ex vivo and in vivo. This increased capacity was specifically inhibited by preincubation of macrophages with oxidized or acetylated low density lipoprotein and maleylated albumin, indicating involvement of scavenger receptors in this interaction. The uptake of SM4s-coated apoptotic cells significantly enhanced macrophage production of TGF-beta1, expression of P-selectin, and secretion of IL-6. These data suggest that SM4s within tumors may promote apoptotic cell removal and alter the phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran V Popovic
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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33
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Szanto A, Rőszer T. Nuclear receptors in macrophages: A link between metabolism and inflammation. FEBS Lett 2007; 582:106-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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34
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Whitman SC, Ramsamy TA. Participatory role of natural killer and natural killer T cells in atherosclerosis: lessons learned from in vivo mouse studies. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 84:67-75. [PMID: 16845892 DOI: 10.1139/y05-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactor, highly complex disease with numerous aetiologies that work synergistically to promote lesion development. One of the emerging components that drive the development of both early- and late-stage atherosclerotic lesions is the participation of both the innate and acquired immune systems. In both humans and animal models of atherosclerosis, the most prominent cells that infiltrate evolving lesions are macrophages and T lymphocytes. The functional loss of either of these cell types reduces the extent of atherosclerosis in mice that were rendered susceptible to the disease by deficiency of either apolipoprotein E or the LDL (low density lipoprotein) receptor. In addition to these major immune cell participants, a number of less prominent leukocyte populations that can modulate the atherogenic process are also involved. This review will focus on the participatory role of two "less prominent" immune components, namely natural killer (NK) cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells. Although this review will highlight the fact that both NK and NKT cells are not sufficient for causing the disease, the roles played by both these cells types are becoming increasingly important in understanding the complexity of this disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart C Whitman
- Department of Pathology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada.
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35
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Al Haj Zen A, Caligiuri G, Sainz J, Lemitre M, Demerens C, Lafont A. Decorin overexpression reduces atherosclerosis development in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2006; 187:31-9. [PMID: 16183063 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis results from accumulation of macrophages and extracellular matrix in the arterial wall. Decorin, a small matrix proteoglycan, is able to regulate cell proliferation, migration and growth factors' activity. We investigated the effect of decorin overexpression on atherosclerosis progression in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice. Female ApoE(-/-) mice, 10 weeks old (early treatment, n = 20) and 20 weeks old (delayed treatment, n = 20) were administered intravenously with either an adenovirus (2.5 x 10(9) plaque-forming units/mouse) containing human decorin gene (Ad-Dcn) or beta-galactosidase (LacZ), or PBS. Transgenic decorin was mainly expressed in the liver, and was secreted in the plasma up to 4 weeks. Six weeks after treatment, no significant difference in aortic root lesion size was observed between LacZ- and PBS-control groups. In contrast, Ad-Dcn-treated mice showed significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions as compared to controls in both early and delayed treatment groups (2.9 +/- 1.1% versus 5.5 +/- 0.4%; p = 0.004 and 13.4 +/- 1.3% versus 19.9 +/- 1.41%; p = 0.009, respectively). In parallel, macrophage, gelatinase activity and collagen plaque content were also reduced. Interestingly, plasma triglycerides were reduced and decorin formed complexes with transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) that resulted in reduced circulating free-TGF-beta1. In conclusion, systemic overexpression of decorin reduces inflammation, triglycerides and fibrosis in atherosclerotic plaques of ApoE(-/-) mice resulting in slowing down of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Al Haj Zen
- Inserm EMI-0016, Rene Descartes Medical School (Necker), University Paris 5, 156, rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France.
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36
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Sorensen GL, Madsen J, Kejling K, Tornoe I, Nielsen O, Townsend P, Poulain F, Nielsen CH, Reid KBM, Hawgood S, Falk E, Holmskov U. Surfactant protein D is proatherogenic in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 290:H2286-94. [PMID: 16387789 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01105.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is an important innate immune defense molecule that mediates clearance of pathogens and modulates the inflammatory response. Moreover, SP-D is involved in lipid homeostasis, and pulmonary accumulation of phospholipids has previously been observed in SP-D-deficient ( Spd−/−) mice. Atherogenesis involves both inflammation and lipid deposition, and we investigated the role of SP-D in the development of atherosclerosis. SP-D synthesis was localized to vascular endothelial cells. Atherosclerotic lesion areas were 5.6-fold smaller in the aortic roots in Spd−/− mice compared with wild-type C57BL/6N mice on an atherogenic diet. HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly elevated in Spd−/− mice. Treatment of Spd−/− mice with a recombinant fragment of human SP-D resulted in decreases of HDL-C (21%) as well as total cholesterol (26%), and LDL cholesterol (28%). Plasma TNF-α was reduced in Spd−/− mice (45% difference). SP-D was proatherogenic in the mouse model used. The effect is likely to be due to the observed disturbances of plasma lipid metabolism and alteration of the inflammatory process, which underlie the reduced susceptibility to atherosclerosis in Spd−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grith L Sorensen
- Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Southern Denmark, Winsloewparken 25,3, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
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37
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Murphy JE, Tedbury PR, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Walker JH, Ponnambalam S. Biochemistry and cell biology of mammalian scavenger receptors. Atherosclerosis 2006; 182:1-15. [PMID: 15904923 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2004] [Revised: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors are integral membrane proteins that bind a wide variety of ligands including modified or oxidised low-density lipoproteins, apoptotic cells and pathogens. Modified low-density lipoprotein accumulation is thought to be an early event in vascular disease and thus scavenger receptor function is critical in this context. The scavenger receptor family has at least eight different subclasses (A-H) which bear little sequence homology to each other but recognize common ligands. Here we review our current understanding of the scavenger receptor subclasses with emphasis on their genetics, protein structure, biochemical properties, membrane trafficking, intracellular signalling and links to disease states. We also highlight emerging areas where scavenger receptors play roles in cell and animal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Murphy
- School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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38
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Chitu V, Stanley ER. Colony-stimulating factor-1 in immunity and inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 18:39-48. [PMID: 16337366 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1, also known as macrophage-CSF) is the primary regulator of the survival, proliferation, differentiation and function of mononuclear phagocytes. Studies that involve CSF-1-deficient mice demonstrate that there is a variable requirement for CSF-1 in the development of individual mononuclear phagocyte populations. However, these cells uniformly express the CSF-1 receptor, and their morphology, phagocytosis and responsiveness to infectious and non-infectious stimuli is regulated by CSF-1. CSF-1 plays important roles in innate immunity, cancer and inflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, arthritis, atherosclerosis and obesity. In several conditions, activation of macrophages involves a CSF-1 autocrine loop. In addition, secreted and cell-surface isoforms of CSF-1 can have differential effects in inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
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39
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Babamusta F, Rateri DL, Moorleghen JJ, Howatt DA, Li XA, Daugherty A. Angiotensin II infusion induces site-specific intra-laminar hemorrhage in macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2005; 186:282-90. [PMID: 16153649 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) infusion promotes macrophage infiltration into the aortic wall resulting in several forms of vascular pathology. To determine the causal role of macrophages in these vascular diseases, we used osteopetrotic (op) male mice in which a natural mutation ablates production of M-CSF and results in severe depletion of monocytes. AngII infusion into apoE-/- mice resulted in increased atherosclerosis that was attenuated in op mice. AngII infusion in op mice unexpectedly produced grossly discernable thickening of the proximal thoracic aorta characterized by intra-mural hematoma. This pathology was also observed in apoE+/+ x op male mice, and therefore, independent of hyper-lipidemia. No perceptible structural properties of aortas from op mice could be discerned prior to AngII infusion. Regional effects in the contractile response to phenylephrine were noted in aortic rings with enhanced responsivity in the upper thoracic aortas of op mice compared to those from +/+ mice. No differences in contractile response were noted in aortic rings from the lower thorax. In conclusion, deficiency of M-CSF attenuated AngII-induced atherosclerosis but led to an unanticipated pathology of intra-laminar hemorrhage in the upper aortic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fjoralba Babamusta
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Wethington Building, Room 521, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
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40
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Enose Y, Destache CJ, Mack AL, Anderson JR, Ullrich F, Ciborowski PS, Gendelman HE. Proteomic fingerprints distinguish microglia, bone marrow, and spleen macrophage populations. Glia 2005; 51:161-72. [PMID: 15795904 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes (MP; dendritic cells, monocytes, tissue macrophages, and microglia) maintain tissue homeostasis and provide a first line of defense against invading pathogens. In specific circumstances, MPs also induce inflammatory responses and as such affect disease onset and progression. Despite intensive research into MP biology, little is known of the functional and molecular properties of individual MP subtypes. Using a novel proteomics platform, unique protein patterns and protein identities were observed among populations of spleen and bone marrow macrophages and microglia. Cells were obtained from C57BL/6 mice and were cultivated in macrophage colony-stimulating factor. MP subtypes were indistinguishable by morphological or antigenic criteria. Protein profiling by Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight (SELDI-TOF) ProteinChip assays with weak cationic exchange chips showed unique MP spectral profiles. Corresponding protein fractions were recovered by high performance liquid chromatography and identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The results provide a unique means to distinguish microglia from other MP subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Enose
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5880, USA
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41
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Llaverias G, Noé V, Peñuelas S, Vázquez-Carrera M, Sánchez RM, Laguna JC, Ciudad CJ, Alegret M. Atorvastatin reduces CD68, FABP4, and HBP expression in oxLDL-treated human macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 318:265-74. [PMID: 15110783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2004] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of identifying new target genes that could contribute to limit foam cell formation, we analyzed changes in the pattern of gene expression in human THP-1 macrophages treated with atorvastatin and oxidized-LDL (oxLDL). To this end, we used a human cDNA array containing 588 cardiovascular-related cDNAs. Exposure to oxLDL resulted in differential expression of 26 genes, while coincubation with atorvastatin modified the expression of 29 genes, compared to treatment with oxLDL alone. Changes in the expression of candidate genes, potentially connected to the atherosclerotic process, were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot. We show that atorvastatin prevents the increase in the expression of scavenger receptor CD68 and that of fatty acid binding protein 4 caused by oxLDL. In addition, atorvastatin reduces the expression of HDL-binding protein, apolipoprotein E, and matrix metalloproteinase 9. These findings are relevant to understand the direct antiatherogenic effects of statins on macrophages.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Apolipoproteins E/biosynthesis
- Atorvastatin
- Autoradiography
- Blotting, Western
- Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Cell Line
- Databases, Protein
- Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 7
- Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Heptanoic Acids/pharmacology
- Humans
- LDL-Receptor Related Protein-Associated Protein/biosynthesis
- LDL-Receptor Related Protein-Associated Protein/genetics
- Lipoproteins, LDL/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lipoproteins, LDL/pharmacology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Metalloendopeptidases/biosynthesis
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Llaverias
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Spain
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42
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43
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de Beer MC, Zhao Z, Webb NR, van der Westhuyzen DR, de Villiers WJS. Lack of a direct role for macrosialin in oxidized LDL metabolism. J Lipid Res 2003; 44:674-85. [PMID: 12562841 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m200444-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine macrosialin (MS), a scavenger receptor family member, is a heavily glycosylated transmembrane protein expressed predominantly in macrophage late endosomes. MS is also found on the cell surface where it is suggested, on the basis of ligand blotting, to bind oxidized LDL (oxLDL). Here we report on the regulation of MS by an atherogenic high-fat diet and oxLDL, and on the inability of MS in transfected cells to bind oxLDL. MS expression was markedly increased in the livers of atherosclerosis-susceptible C57BL/6 and atherosclerosis-resistant C3H/HeJ mice fed an atherogenic high-fat diet. In resident-mouse peritoneal macrophages, treatment with oxLDL upregulated MS mRNA and protein expression 1.5- to 3-fold. MS, overexpressed in COS-7 cells through adenovirus mediated gene transfer, bound oxLDL by ligand blotting. However, no binding of oxLDL to MS was observed in intact transfected COS-7 and Chinese hamster ovary cells, despite significant cell surface expression of MS. Furthermore, inhibition of MS through gene silencing did not affect the binding of oxLDL to macrophages. We conclude that although MS expression in macrophages and Kupffer cells is responsive to a proatherogenic inflammatory diet and to oxLDL, MS does not function as an oxLDL receptor on the cell surface.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/physiology
- Cell Line
- Diet, Atherogenic
- Gene Silencing
- Humans
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Liver/chemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, LDL
- Receptors, Oxidized LDL
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C de Beer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington 40536, USA
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44
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van Eck M, Bos IST, Kaminski WE, Orsó E, Rothe G, Twisk J, Böttcher A, Van Amersfoort ES, Christiansen-Weber TA, Fung-Leung WP, Van Berkel TJC, Schmitz G. Leukocyte ABCA1 controls susceptibility to atherosclerosis and macrophage recruitment into tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:6298-303. [PMID: 11972062 PMCID: PMC122943 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.092327399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1) has recently been identified as a key regulator of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism, which is defective in familial HDL-deficiency syndromes such as Tangier disease. ABCA1 functions as a facilitator of cellular cholesterol and phospholipid efflux, and its expression is induced during cholesterol uptake in macrophages. To assess the role of macrophage ABCA1 in atherosclerosis, we generated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor knockout (LDLr(-/-)) mice that are selectively deficient in leukocyte ABCA1 (ABCA1(-/-)) by using bone marrow transfer (ABCA1(-/-) --> LDLr(-/-)). Here we demonstrate that ABCA1(-/-) --> LDLr(-/-) chimeras develop significantly larger and more advanced atherosclerotic lesions compared with chimeric LDLr(-/-) mice with functional ABCA1 in hematopoietic cells. Targeted disruption of leukocyte ABCA1 function did not affect plasma HDL cholesterol levels. The amount of macrophages in liver and spleen and peripheral blood leukocyte counts is increased in the ABCA1(-/-) --> LDLr(-/-) chimeras. Our results provide evidence that leukocyte ABCA1 plays a critical role in the protection against atherosclerosis, and we identify ABCA1 as a leukocyte factor that controls the recruitment of inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda van Eck
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Sylvius Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9503, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Lopes N, Vasudevan SS, Alvarez RJ, Binkley PF, Goldschmidt PJ. Pathophysiology of plaque instability: insights at the genomic level. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2002; 44:323-38. [PMID: 12024331 DOI: 10.1053/pcad.2002.125097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and plaque rupture represent complex "traits" of unknown cause that involve multiple genes and their variants. Novel genomic technologies provide us with the tools that will allow for the identification of groupings of genes that determine either susceptibility or resistance relative to the development of atherosclerosis and its thromboembolic complications. This information may, in turn, lead to a clearer understanding of the cause and risk for atherosclerosis. Diagnostic tools, as well as preventive and therapeutic strategies, will be derived from such heightened understanding of the disease process. With this chapter, we have presented the current state of knowledge of atherosclerosis genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neuza Lopes
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center For Genomic Science, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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46
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Cytokines and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-3124(02)11027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
Common atherosclerosis has a genetic component, but it is difficult to determine the specific genes that play a role in atherosclerosis susceptibility in humans. We have used the apoE-deficient mouse as a model system to examine the effects of candidate genes on atherosclerosis as well as to perform genomic experiments to map and isolate other genes giving rise to atherosclerosis susceptibility. We have tested the effects of mutations in the MCSF and VCAM-1 genes on atherosclerosis, and in both of these cases mutations led to gene dosage-dependent decreases in atherosclerosis. By successive back breeding, we have established apoE-deficiency on the C57BL/6 and FVB/N inbred mouse strains. Lesions in C57BL/6 mice are about eightfold larger than those in FVB/ N mice, and lesions in F1 hybrids are intermediate in size. We have performed quantitative trait locus mapping on two F2 cohorts and discovered atherosclerosis susceptibility loci on chromosomes 10, 14, and 19.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Smith
- The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Diederich W, Orsó E, Drobnik W, Schmitz G. Apolipoprotein AI and HDL(3) inhibit spreading of primary human monocytes through a mechanism that involves cholesterol depletion and regulation of CDC42. Atherosclerosis 2001; 159:313-24. [PMID: 11730811 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to characterize the influence of high density lipoproteins (HDL) on processes related to the vascular recruitment of human monocytes, which may contribute to the anti-atherogenic properties of these lipoproteins. We show that HDL(3) and apo AI inhibit the following processes in primary human monocytes: (1) M-CSF induced cell spreading; (2) M-CSF stimulated expression of surface molecules involved in adhesion, migration, and scavenging; (3) fMLP induced chemotaxis. These processes are obviously modulated by the regulation of cellular cholesterol pools as indicated by the following findings. In Tangier monocytes with defective apo AI induced cholesterol efflux, apo AI had no influence on the spreading response. In control cells, stimulation of cholesterol efflux by p-cyclodextrin mimicked the effect of apo AI and HDL(3) on spreading and chemotaxis, whereas cholesterol loading with enzymatically modified LDL (E-LDL) showed the opposite effect. Finally, a similar inverse regulation by E-LDL and apo AI/HDL(3) was also observed in regard to the surface expression of beta(1)- and beta(2)-integrins as well as the hemoglobin/haptoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 and the Fcgamma-IIIaR CD16. CDC42 was identified as a potential downstream target linking changes in cellular cholesterol content to monocyte spreading and chemotaxis. Thus, CDC42 antisense markedly reduced spreading and, in parallel with their influence on monocyte spreading, HDL(3), apo AI and p-cyclodextrin down-regulated CDC42 expression while E-LDL had the inverse effect. The apo AI induced decrease of CDC42 protein expression was paralleled by the reduction of active GTP-bound CDC42. In summary, we provide evidence that HDL(3) and apo AI are able to inhibit processes in primary human monocytes, which are related to the recruitment of monocytes into the vessel wall and probably involve regulation of cellular cholesterol pools and CDC42 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Diederich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, D-93042, Regensburg, Germany
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Abstract
Recruitment of mononuclear leukocytes and the migration, growth, and activation of the multiple cell types within atherosclerotic lesions are critical features of the chronic inflammatory and fibroproliferative response central to atherosclerosis. Attraction of leukocyte to tissues is controlled by chemokines, whose presence is well documented in atherosclerotic lesions. Studies using knockout and transgenic murine models have demonstrated that chemokine receptor/ligand interactions are of crucial importance in the development of atherosclerosis. Beyond their chemotactic effect on mononuclear leukocytes, chemokines may also interfere with smooth muscle cell migration and growth, as well as platelet activation and other well-defined features of the atherosclerotic process. There is no doubt that the identification of chemokines as important vascular signals has provided insights into our understanding of basic cellular and molecular mechanism of atherosclerosis. Thus, there is evidence that chemokine receptor/ligands could be identified as potential new targets for therapeutic intervention to prevent or control atherosclerosis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mach
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva Medical School, Foundation for Medicale Researches, 64 Avenue Roseraie, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland.
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Whitman SC, Daugherty A, Post SR. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor rapidly enhances beta-migrating very low density lipoprotein metabolism in macrophages through activation of a Gi/o protein signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:35807-13. [PMID: 10964909 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001797200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have examined lipoprotein metabolism by macrophages following prolonged exposure (>24 h) to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Because M-CSF activates several signaling pathways that could rapidly affect lipoprotein metabolism, we examined whether acute exposure of macrophages to M-CSF alters the metabolism of either native or modified lipoproteins. Acute incubation of cultured J774 macrophages and resident mouse peritoneal macrophages with M-CSF markedly enhanced low density lipoproteins (LDL) and beta-migrating very low density lipoproteins (beta-VLDL) stimulated cholesteryl [(3)H]oleate deposition. In parallel, M-CSF treatment increased the association and degradation of (125)I-labeled LDL or beta-VLDL without altering the amount of lipoprotein bound to the cell surface. The increase in LDL and beta-VLDL metabolism did not reflect a generalized effect on lipoprotein endocytosis and metabolism because M-CSF did not alter cholesterol deposition during incubation with acetylated LDL. Moreover, M-CSF did not augment beta-VLDL cholesterol deposition in macrophages from LDL receptor (-/-) mice, indicating that the effect of M-CSF was mediated by the LDL receptor. Incubation of macrophages with pertussis toxin, a specific inhibitor of G(i/o) protein signaling, had no effect on cholesterol deposition during incubation with beta-VLDL alone, but completely blocked the augmented response promoted by M-CSF. In addition, incubation of macrophages with the direct G(i/o) protein activator, mastoparan, mimicked the effect of M-CSF by enhancing cholesterol deposition in cells incubated with beta-VLDL, but not acetylated LDL. In summary, M-CSF rapidly enhances LDL receptor-mediated metabolism of native lipoproteins by macrophages through activation of a G(i/o) protein signaling pathway. Together, these findings describe a novel pathway for regulating lipoprotein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Whitman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Atherosclerosis Research Group, Linda and Jack Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0284, USA
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