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Liu Y, Qi L, Ye B, Wang A, Lu J, Qu L, Luo P, Wang L, Jiang A. MOICS, a novel classier deciphering immune heterogeneity and aid precise management of clear cell renal cell carcinoma at multiomics level. Cancer Biol Ther 2024; 25:2345977. [PMID: 38659199 PMCID: PMC11057626 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2024.2345977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that the tumor immune microenvironment plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, the characteristics and heterogeneity of tumor immunity in ccRCC, particularly at the multiomics level, remain poorly understood. We analyzed immune multiomics datasets to perform a consensus cluster analysis and validate the clustering results across multiple internal and external ccRCC datasets; and identified two distinctive immune phenotypes of ccRCC, which we named multiomics immune-based cancer subtype 1 (MOICS1) and subtype 2 (MOICS2). The former, MOICS1, is characterized by an immune-hot phenotype with poor clinical outcomes, marked by significant proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, fibroblasts, and high levels of immune inhibitory signatures; the latter, MOICS2, exhibits an immune-cold phenotype with favorable clinical characteristics, characterized by robust immune activity and high infiltration of endothelial cells and immune stimulatory signatures. Besides, a significant negative correlation between immune infiltration and angiogenesis were identified. We further explored the mechanisms underlying these differences, revealing that negatively regulated endopeptidase activity, activated cornification, and neutrophil degranulation may promote an immune-deficient phenotype, whereas enhanced monocyte recruitment could ameliorate this deficiency. Additionally, significant differences were observed in the genomic landscapes between the subtypes: MOICS1 exhibited mutations in TTN, BAP1, SETD2, MTOR, MUC16, CSMD3, and AKAP9, while MOICS2 was characterized by notable alterations in the TGF-β pathway. Overall, our work demonstrates that multi-immune omics remodeling analysis enhances the understanding of the immune heterogeneity in ccRCC and supports precise patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bicheng Ye
- School of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yangzhou Polytechnic College, Yangzhou, China
| | - Anbang Wang
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Vocational Education Center, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Le Qu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linhui Wang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Aimin Jiang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
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Noels H, Jankowski V, Schunk SJ, Vanholder R, Kalim S, Jankowski J. Post-translational modifications in kidney diseases and associated cardiovascular risk. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:495-512. [PMID: 38664592 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at an increased cardiovascular risk compared with the general population, which is driven, at least in part, by mechanisms that are uniquely associated with kidney disease. In CKD, increased levels of oxidative stress and uraemic retention solutes, including urea and advanced glycation end products, enhance non-enzymatic post-translational modification events, such as protein oxidation, glycation, carbamylation and guanidinylation. Alterations in enzymatic post-translational modifications such as glycosylation, ubiquitination, acetylation and methylation are also detected in CKD. Post-translational modifications can alter the structure and function of proteins and lipoprotein particles, thereby affecting cellular processes. In CKD, evidence suggests that post-translationally modified proteins can contribute to inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis, and induce vascular damage or prothrombotic effects, which might contribute to CKD progression and/or increase cardiovascular risk in patients with CKD. Consequently, post-translational protein modifications prevalent in CKD might be useful as diagnostic biomarkers and indicators of disease activity that could be used to guide and evaluate therapeutic interventions, in addition to providing potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Cardiorenal Disease (AMICARE), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - Vera Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Cardiorenal Disease (AMICARE), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan J Schunk
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Raymond Vanholder
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- European Kidney Health Alliance (EKHA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sahir Kalim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Cardiorenal Disease (AMICARE), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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de Azúa-López ZR, Pezzotti MR, González-Díaz Á, Meilhac O, Ureña J, Amaya-Villar R, Castellano A, Varela LM. HDL anti-inflammatory function is impaired and associated with high SAA1 and low APOA4 levels in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1919-1930. [PMID: 37357772 PMCID: PMC10676137 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231184806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. Within 24 hours after aSAH, monocytes are recruited and enter the subarachnoid space, where they mature into macrophages, increasing the inflammatory response and contributing, along with other factors, to delayed neurological dysfunction and poor outcomes. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are lipid-protein complexes that exert anti-inflammatory effects but under pathological conditions undergo structural alterations that have been associated with loss of functionality. Plasma HDL were isolated from patients with aSAH and analyzed for their anti-inflammatory activity and protein composition. HDL isolated from patients lost the ability to prevent VCAM-1 expression in endothelial cells (HUVEC) and subsequent adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to the endothelium. Proteomic analysis showed that HDL particles from patients had an altered composition compared to those of healthy subjects. We confirmed by western blot that low levels of apolipoprotein A4 (APOA4) and high of serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) in HDL were associated with the lack of anti-inflammatory function observed in aSAH. Our results indicate that the study of HDL in the pathophysiology of aSAH is needed, and functional HDL supplementation could be considered a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of the inflammatory response after aSAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Ruiz de Azúa-López
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Rosa Pezzotti
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ángela González-Díaz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothombose Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Pierre de La Réunion, France
- CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Pierre de la Réunion, France
| | - Juan Ureña
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rosario Amaya-Villar
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Castellano
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Lourdes M Varela
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Chen L, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Bo X, Jiang X, Hao C, Ju C, Qu Y, Dong H. Very high HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in patients with NSTEMI (non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) undergoing PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention). BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:357. [PMID: 37461001 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in populations with or without cardiovascular disease have shown that very high HDL-C levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, the exact relationship between HDL-C levels and long-term prognosis remains unknown in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS This was a post hoc secondary analysis of long-term follow-up results in patients undergoing PCI open-label, observational cohort study. Patients with MI who had undergone PCI were enrolled. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis and logistic regression analysis were performed to assess the relationship between HDL-C levels and the risk of cardiovascular events. RESULTS A total of 1934 patients with MI undergoing PCI were enrolled in our analysis and our population was divided in 3 groups according to the HDL-C plasma levels: HDL-C < 40 mg/dL (low HDL-C); HDL-C between 40 and 80 mg/ dL (medium HDL-C); and HDL-C > 80 mg/dL (high HDL-C). RCS analysis showed a nonlinear U-shaped association between HDL-C levels and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in patients with NSTEMI with adjusted variables. After adjusting for potential confounders, the follow-up analysis indicated that high risk group had elevated occurrence of MACCE than low risk group (HDL-C 35 and 55 mg/dL) (OR:1.645, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Our analysis demonstrated that there is a U-shaped association between HDL-C and MACCE in patients with NSTEMI undergoing PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, 211200, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangwei Bo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxi Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, 211200, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunshu Hao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengwei Ju
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, 211200, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangyang Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongjian Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
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Ronca A, Pellegrini N, Pagliai G, Dinu M, Manfredini M, Incerti M, Favari E, Sofi F. Effects of a dietary intervention with Mediterranean vs lacto-ovo vegetarian diets on HDL function: Results from the CARDIVEG study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:651-658. [PMID: 36642608 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM HDL-cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) has been shown to be a better cardiovascular (CVD) risk marker than serum HDL concentration. Several foods and nutrients have been shown to improve HDL functions, however no effective dietetic nor pharmacological strategy is available to increase CEC. This study aims to evaluate the possible effect of Mediterranean diet (MD) and lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet (VD) on HDL function in a group of clinically healthy subjects at low-to-moderate CVD risk. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty apparently healthy subjects with a low-to-moderate cardiovascular risk profile (21 F; mean age: 51.3 ± 9.7 years) were randomly assigned to a 3-month MD or VD diet and then crossed. Participants on VD showed a reduction in total HDL CEC by 8.99% (p < 0.001) as well as a reduction in ABCA1 mediated-CEC by 18.62% (p < 0.001) compared to participants on MD. Regarding CEC mediated by aqueous diffusion, no significant changes were observed after treatment with either diet. Finally, a significant positive association between CEC mediated by the ABCA1 transporter and adiponectin was found (r = 0.462; p = 0.010). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that HDL activity in promoting cholesterol efflux and thereby reducing the concentration of pro-atherogenic lipoproteins was more effective in participants undergoing MD than VD. Based on these findings, the MD could be considered a better therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular prevention than VD. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL http://www. CLINICALTRIALS gov. Unique identifier: NCT02641834.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Ronca
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Pellegrini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giuditta Pagliai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica Dinu
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Manfredini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science, And Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Incerti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Elda Favari
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Francesco Sofi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Avdeeva AS. Inflammatory markers in rheumatic diseases. RHEUMATOLOGY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.47360/1995-4484-2022-561-569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated rheumatic diseases (IMRDs) are a broad group of pathological conditions based on impaired immunological tolerance to one’s own tissues leading to inflammation and irreversible organ damage. Laboratory diagnosis of IMRDs includes a wide range of biomarkers (autoantibodies, acute phase proteins, cytokines, markers of endothelial damage, components of the complement system, immunoglobulins, cryoglobulins, lymphocyte subpopulations, indicators of bone metabolism, apoptosis markers, genetic markers, etc). One of the leading aspects of laboratory diagnosis of IMRDs is the study of the level of inflammation markers in the blood (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid protein (CAA), ferritin, procalcitonin, apolipoprotein AI, calprotectin, etc). The analysis of inflammation markers makes it possible to assess the disease activity, the nature of the progression and the prognosis of the outcomes of a chronic inflammatory process, as well as the effectiveness of the therapy. The review presents the latest data on the role of the most frequently studied inflammatory markers such as CRP, CAA and ferritin.
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McEneny J, Henry SL, Woodside J, Moir S, Rudd A, Vaughan N, Thies F. Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. Front Nutr 2022; 9:954593. [PMID: 35978954 PMCID: PMC9377013 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The consumption of lycopene-rich foods may lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Lycopene circulates in the blood bound to lipoproteins, including high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). Preliminary data from our group showed that increased consumption of tomato-based food or lycopene supplement in middle-aged subjects led to functional changes to HDL's sub-fractions, HDL2 and HDL3. These changes were also associated with a decrease in serum amyloid A (SAA), potentially enhancing their anti-atherogenic properties. Objective We carried out a comprehensive randomized controlled intervention trial with healthy middle-aged volunteers to assess whether the consumption of tomato-based foods or lycopene supplements affects HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers, and lipoprotein subfractions size and distribution. Design Volunteers (225, aged 40–65 years) were randomly assigned to one of three dietary intervention groups and asked to consume a control diet (low in tomato-based foods, <10 mg lycopene/week), a lycopene-rich diet (224–350 mg lycopene/week), or the control diet with a lycopene supplement (70 mg lycopene/week). HDL2 and HDL3 were isolated by ultracentrifugation. Compliance was monitored by assessing lycopene concentration in serum. Systemic and HDL-associated inflammation was assessed by measuring SAA concentrations. HDL functionality was determined by monitoring paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activities. The lipoprotein subfractions profile was assessed by NMR. Results Lycopene in serum and HDL significantly increased following consumption of both the high tomato diet and lycopene supplement (p ≤ 0.001 for both). Lycopene, either as a tomato-rich food or a supplement, enhanced both serum- and HDL3-PON-1 activities (p ≤ 0.001 and p = 0.036, respectively), while significantly reducing HDL3-SAA-related inflammation (p = 0.001). Lycopene supplement also significantly increased HDL3-LCAT activity (p = 0.05), and reduced the activity of both HDL2- and HDL3-CETP (p = 0.005 and p = 0.002, respectively). These changes were not associated with changes in the subclasses distribution for all lipoprotein fractions or the size of lipoprotein subclasses. Conclusion Our results showed that dietary lycopene can significantly enhance HDL functionality, without associated changes in particle size and distribution, by modulating the activity of HDL-associated enzymes. Concomitantly, dietary lycopene significantly decreased serum- and HDL3-associated SAA, confirming that SAA may represent a sensitive inflammatory biomarker to dietary change. Clinical Trial Register (https://www.isrctn.com), ISRCTN34203810.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane McEneny
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Public Health, Queen University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah-Louise Henry
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Public Health, Queen University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne Woodside
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Public Health, Queen University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Moir
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia Rudd
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Vaughan
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Thies
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Human Serum Amyloid a Impaired Structural Stability of High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) and Apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I and Exacerbated Glycation Susceptibility of ApoA-I and HDL. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134255. [PMID: 35807498 PMCID: PMC9268363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human serum amyloid A (SAA) is an exchangeable apolipoprotein (apo) in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) that influences HDL quality and functionality, particularly in the acute phase of inflammation. On the other hand, the structural and functional correlations of HDL containing SAA and apoA-I have not been reported. The current study was designed to compare the change in HDL quality with increasing SAA content in the lipid-free and lipid-bound states in reconstituted HDL (rHDL). The expressed recombinant human SAA1 (13 kDa) was purified to at least 98% and characterized in the lipid-free and lipid-bound states with apoA-I. The dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) binding ability of apoA-I was impaired severely by the addition of SAA, while SAA alone could not bind with DMPC. The recombinant human SAA1 was incorporated into the rHDL (molar ratio 95:5:1, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC): cholesterol: apoA-I) with various apoA-I:SAA molar ratios from 1:0 to 1:0.5, 1:1 and 1:2. With increasing SAA1 content, the rHDL particle size was reduced from 98 Å to 93 Å, and the α-helicity of apoA-I:SAA was decreased from 73% to 40% for (1:0) and (1:2), respectively. The wavelength maximum fluorescence (WMF) of tryptophan in rHDL was red-shifted from 339 nm to 345 nm for (1:0) and (1:2) of apoA-I:SAA, respectively, indicating that the addition of SAA to rHDL destabilized the secondary structure of apoA-I. Upon denaturation by urea treatment from 0 M to 8 M, SAA showed only a 3 nm red-shift in WMF, while apoA-I showed a 16 nm red-shift in WMF, indicating that SAA is resistant to denaturation and apoA-I had higher conformational flexibility than SAA. The glycation reaction of apoA-I in the presence of fructose was accelerated up to 1.8-fold by adding SAA in a dose-dependent manner than that of apoA-I alone. In conclusion, the incorporation of SAA in rHDL impaired the structural stability of apoA-I and exacerbated glycation of HDL and apoA-I.
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10,12-conjugated linoleic acid supplementation improves HDL composition and function in mice. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100241. [PMID: 35714730 PMCID: PMC9283942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with inflammation, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, which are major risk factors for CVD. One dietary component of ruminant animal foods, 10,12-conjugated linoleic acid (10,12 CLA), has been shown to promote weight loss in humans. Previous work has shown that 10,12 CLA is atheroprotective in mice by a mechanism that may be distinct from its weight loss effects, but this exact mechanism is unclear. To investigate this, we evaluated HDL composition and function in obese LDL receptor (Ldlr−/−) mice that were losing weight because of 10,12 CLA supplementation or caloric restriction (CR; weight-matched control group) and in an obese control group consuming a high-fat high-sucrose diet. We show that 10,12 CLA-HDL exerted a stronger anti-inflammatory effect than CR- or high-fat high-sucrose-HDL in cultured adipocytes. Furthermore, the 10,12 CLA-HDL particle (HDL-P) concentration was higher, attributed to more medium- and large-sized HDL-Ps. Passive cholesterol efflux capacity of 10,12 CLA-HDL was elevated, as was expression of HDL receptor scavenger receptor class B type 1 in the aortic arch. Murine macrophages treated with 10,12 CLA in vitro exhibited increased expression of cholesterol transporters Abca1 and Abcg1, suggesting increased cholesterol efflux potential of these cells. Finally, proteomics analysis revealed elevated Apoa1 content in 10,12 CLA-HDL-Ps, consistent with a higher particle concentration, and particles were also enriched with alpha-1-antitrypsin, an emerging anti-inflammatory and antiatherosclerotic HDL-associated protein. We conclude that 10,12 CLA may therefore exert its atheroprotective effects by increasing HDL-P concentration, HDL anti-inflammatory potential, and promoting beneficial effects on cholesterol efflux.
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Cheng W, Rosolowski M, Boettner J, Desch S, Jobs A, Thiele H, Buettner P. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol efflux capacity and incidence of coronary artery disease and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:47. [PMID: 35643463 PMCID: PMC9148501 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01657-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The preventive effect of cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) on the progression of atherosclerotic lesions has been confirmed in animal models, but findings in the population are inconsistent. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to systematically investigate the relationship of CEC with coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiovascular mortality in a general population. Methods Four electronic databases (PubMed, Embase database, Cochrane Library, Web of Science) were searched from inception to February 1st, 2022 for relevant studies, without any language restriction. For continuous variables, the mean and standard deviation (SD), maximum adjusted odds ratios (ORs), relative risks (RRs), or hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted. The random-effects model was adopted to calculate the pooled results, and dose-response analyses were conducted. All pooled results were expressed by standardized mean difference (SMD) and ORs. Results Finally, 18 observational studies were included. Compared with the non-CAD group, the CAD group (SMD -0.48, 95% CI − 0.66 to − 0.30; I2 88.9%) had significantly lower CEC. In the high-CEC population, the risks of CAD (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.71; I2 81%) significantly decreased, and a linear negative dose-response was detected. However, an association between CEC and the risk of cardiovascular mortality was not found (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.06; I2 83.2%). Conclusions This meta-analysis suggests that decreased CEC is strongly associated with the risk of CAD, independent of HDL-C level. However, a decreased CEC seems not to be related to cardiovascular mortality. Meanwhile, CEC is linearly negatively correlated with the risk of CAD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-022-01657-3.
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Strahlhofer-Augsten M, Schliefsteiner C, Cvitic S, George M, Lang-Olip I, Hirschmugl B, Marsche G, Lang U, Novakovic B, Saffery R, Desoye G, Wadsack C. The Distinct Role of the HDL Receptor SR-BI in Cholesterol Homeostasis of Human Placental Arterial and Venous Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105364. [PMID: 35628180 PMCID: PMC9141204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As opposed to adults, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is the main cholesterol carrying lipoprotein in fetal circulation. The major HDL receptor, scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), contributes to local cholesterol homeostasis. Arterial endothelial cells (ECA) from human placenta are enriched with cholesterol compared to venous endothelial cells (ECV). Moreover, umbilical venous and arterial plasma cholesterol levels differ markedly. We tested the hypothesis that the uptake of HDL-cholesteryl esters differs between ECA and ECV because of the differential expression of SR-BI. We aimed to identify the key regulators underlying these differences and the functional consequences. Immunohistochemistry was used for visualization of SR-BI in situ. ECA and ECV were isolated from the chorionic plate of human placenta and used for RT-qPCR, Western Blot, and HDL uptake assays with 3H- and 125I-labeled HDL. DNA was extracted for the methylation profiling of the SR-BI promoter. SR-BI regulation was studied by exposing ECA and ECV to differential oxygen concentrations or shear stress. Our results show elevated SR-BI expression and protein abundance in ECA compared to ECV in situ and in vitro. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that SR-BI is mainly expressed on the apical side of placental endothelial cells in situ, allowing interaction with mature HDL circulating in the fetal blood. This was functionally linked to a higher increase of selective cholesterol ester uptake from fetal HDL in ECA than in ECV, and resulted in increased cholesterol availability in ECA. SR-BI expression on ECV tended to decrease with shear stress, which, together with heterogeneous immunostaining, suggests that SR-BI expression is locally regulated in the placental vasculature. In addition, hypomethylation of several CpG sites within the SR-BI promoter region might contribute to differential expression of SR-BI between chorionic arteries and veins. Therefore, SR-BI contributes to a local cholesterol homeostasis in ECA and ECV of the human feto-placental vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Strahlhofer-Augsten
- Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (M.S.-A.); (C.S.); (S.C.); (B.H.); (G.D.)
- BioBank Graz, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Carolin Schliefsteiner
- Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (M.S.-A.); (C.S.); (S.C.); (B.H.); (G.D.)
| | - Silvija Cvitic
- Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (M.S.-A.); (C.S.); (S.C.); (B.H.); (G.D.)
- Research Unit of Analytical Mass Spectrometry, Cell Biology and Biochemistry of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Meekha George
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Ingrid Lang-Olip
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Divison of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Birgit Hirschmugl
- Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (M.S.-A.); (C.S.); (S.C.); (B.H.); (G.D.)
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Uwe Lang
- Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (M.S.-A.); (C.S.); (S.C.); (B.H.); (G.D.)
| | - Boris Novakovic
- Molecular Immunity, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (B.N.); (R.S.)
| | - Richard Saffery
- Molecular Immunity, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (B.N.); (R.S.)
| | - Gernot Desoye
- Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (M.S.-A.); (C.S.); (S.C.); (B.H.); (G.D.)
| | - Christian Wadsack
- Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (M.S.-A.); (C.S.); (S.C.); (B.H.); (G.D.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Raza SHA, Liang C, Alshammari AM, Aloufi BH, Gui L, Khan R, Zan L. Genetic variants in the serum amyloid A2 (SAA2) gene as a potential marker for milk production traits in Chinese Holstein cows. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1835-1840. [PMID: 35470977 PMCID: PMC9297766 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was conducted to detect potential polymorphisms of the serum amyloid A2 (SAA2) gene and explore their relationships with milk production traits in Chinese Holstein cows. Objectives: This study used sequencing technology conducted in 532 Chinese Holstein cows. Methods Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified within intron 1, named g.14061A>G, g.14072G>C and g.14819C>T. Eight estimated haplotypes were identified, of which three major haplotypes had a frequency of Hap3 (‐ACC‐), Hap5 (‐GCC‐) and Hap2 (‐AGT‐), with 17.9%, 12.30% and 8.10%, respectively. Results The association analysis of single markers (g.14061A>G and g.14819C>T) and combined genotypes (Hap1/5) revealed prominent effects on milk production traits in Chinese Holstein cows (p < 0.05). Conclusions Our results suggest that the SAA2 gene is associated with economic traits in Chinese Holstein cows and may be used as candidate gene for marker‐assisted selection and management in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding & Reproduction, College of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingP. R. China
- National Beef Cattle Improvement CenterNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingP. R. China
| | - Chengcheng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding & Reproduction, College of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingP. R. China
- National Beef Cattle Improvement CenterNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingP. R. China
| | | | - Bandar H. Aloufi
- Faculty of Science, Biology DepartmentUniversity of HailHailSaudi Arabia
| | - Linsheng Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and AgricultureQinghai UniversityXiningP. R. China
| | - Rajwali Khan
- Department of Livestock Management, Breeding and GeneticsThe University of AgriculturePeshawarPakistan
| | - Linsen Zan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding & Reproduction, College of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingP. R. China
- National Beef Cattle Improvement CenterNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingP. R. China
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Chidambaram V, Shanmugavel Geetha H, Kumar A, Majella MG, Sivakumar RK, Voruganti D, Mehta JL, Karakousis PC. Association of Lipid Levels With COVID-19 Infection, Disease Severity and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:862999. [PMID: 35402531 PMCID: PMC8988060 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.862999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe illness. Cholesterol in the host cell plasma membrane plays an important role in the SARS-CoV-2 virus entry into cells. Serum lipids, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), are in constant interaction with the lipid rafts in the host cell membranes and can modify the interaction of virus with host cells and the resultant disease severity. Recent studies on serum lipid levels and COVID-19 disease severity lack consistency. Objectives Our systematic review and meta-analysis compared the serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides (TG) between (1) COVID-19 patients vs. healthy controls; (2) severe vs. non-severe COVID-19 disease; (3) deceased vs. surviving COVID-19 patients. Methods PRISMA guidelines were followed. We included peer-reviewed articles on observational (case-control and cohort) studies from PubMed and Embase published from the database inception until September 1, 2021. We used random-effects meta-analysis for pooled mean-differences (pMD) in lipid levels (mg/dL) for the above groups. Results Among 441 articles identified, 29 articles (26 retrospective and 3 prospective cohorts), with an aggregate of 256,721 participants, were included. COVID-19 patients had lower TC (pMD-14.9, 95%CI-21.6 to −8.3) and HDL-C (pMD-6.9, 95%CI −10.2 to −3.7) levels (mg/dL). Severe COVID-19 patients had lower TC (pMD-10.4, 95%CI −18.7 to −2.2), LDL-C (pMD-4.4, 95%CI −8.4 to −0.42), and HDL-C (pMD-4.4, 95%CI −6.9 to −1.8) at admission compared to patients with non-severe disease. Deceased patients had lower TC (pMD-14.9, 95%CI −21.6 to −8.3), LDL-C (pMD-10.6, 95%CI −16.5 to −4.6) and HDL-C (pMD-2.5, 95%CI −3.9 to −1.0) at admission. TG levels did not differ based on COVID-19 severity or mortality. No publication bias was noted. Conclusion We demonstrated lower lipid levels in patients with COVID-19 infection and an association with disease severity and mortality. Their potential role in COVID-19 pathogenesis and their utility as prognostic factors require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Chidambaram
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Vignesh Chidambaram,
| | | | - Amudha Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Marie Gilbert Majella
- Department of Community Medicine, Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Pondicherry, India
| | - Ranjith Kumar Sivakumar
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dinesh Voruganti
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Jawahar L. Mehta
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Petros C. Karakousis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Petros C. Karakousis,
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14
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First Recombinant High-Density Lipoprotein Particles Administration in a Severe ICU COVID-19 Patient, a Multi-Omics Exploratory Investigation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040754. [PMID: 35453504 PMCID: PMC9029957 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) have multiple endothelioprotective properties. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration is markedly reduced, and studies have described severe impairment of the functionality of HDL particles. Here, we report a multi-omic investigation of the first administration of recombinant HDL (rHDL) particles in a severe COVID-19 patient in an intensive care unit. Plasma ApoA1 increased and HDL-C decreased after each recombinant HDL injection, suggesting that these particles were functional in terms of reverse cholesterol transport. The proportion of large HDL particles also increased after injection of recombinant HDL. Shotgun proteomics performed on HDLs isolated by ultracentrifugation indicated that ApoA1 was more abundant after injections whereas most of the pro-inflammatory proteins identified were less abundant. Assessment of Serum amyloid A-1, inflammatory markers, and cytokines showed a significant decrease for most of them during recombinant HDL infusion. Our results suggest that recombinant HDL infusion is feasible and a potential therapeutic strategy to be explored in COVID-19 patients.
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15
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Reisinger AC, Schuller M, Sourij H, Stadler JT, Hackl G, Eller P, Marsche G. Impact of Sepsis on High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:795460. [PMID: 35071235 PMCID: PMC8766710 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.795460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are thought to play a protective role in sepsis through several mechanisms, such as promotion of steroid synthesis, clearing bacterial toxins, protection of the endothelial barrier, and antioxidant/inflammatory activities. However, HDL levels decline rapidly during sepsis, but the contributing mechanisms are poorly understood. Methods/Aim: In the present study, we investigated enzymes involved in lipoprotein metabolism in sepsis and non-sepsis patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Results: In 53 ICU sepsis and 25 ICU non-sepsis patients, we observed significant differences in several enzymes involved in lipoprotein metabolism. Lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) activity, LCAT concentration, and cholesteryl transfer protein (CETP) activity were significantly lower, whereas phospholipid transfer activity protein (PLTP) and endothelial lipase (EL) were significantly higher in sepsis patients compared to non-sepsis patients. In addition, serum amyloid A (SAA) levels were increased 10-fold in sepsis patients compared with non-sepsis patients. Furthermore, we found that LCAT activity was significantly associated with ICU and 28-day mortality whereas SAA levels, representing a strong inflammatory marker, did not associate with mortality outcomes. Conclusion: We provide novel data on the rapid and robust changes in HDL metabolism during sepsis. Our results clearly highlight the critical role of specific metabolic pathways and enzymes in sepsis pathophysiology that may lead to novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Reisinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Max Schuller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Sourij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia T Stadler
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Hackl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Eller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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16
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Peng X, Ma Y, Wang Q, Gao Y, Li G, Jiang C, Gao Y, Feng Y. Serum Amyloid A Correlates With the Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head by Affecting Bone Metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:767243. [PMID: 34733165 PMCID: PMC8559508 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.767243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH) is a progressive hip joint disease without disease-modifying treatment. Lacking understanding of the pathophysiological process of ONFH has become the humper to develop therapeutic approach. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase lipophilic protein during inflammation and we found that SAA is increased for the first time in the serum of ONFH patients through proteomic studies and quantitatively verified by ELISA. Treating rBMSCs with SAA inhibited the osteogenic differentiation via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway deactivation and enhanced the adipogenic differentiation via MAPK/PPARγ signaling pathway activation. Finally, bilateral critical-sized calvarial-defect rat model which received SAA treated rBMSCs demonstrated reduction of bone formation when compared to untreated rBMSCs implantation control. Hence, SAA is a vital protein in the physiological process of ONFH and can act as a potential therapeutic target to treat ONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Peng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyang Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyang Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanchun Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyi Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyi Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Feng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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17
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Zvintzou E, Karampela DS, Vakka A, Xepapadaki E, Karavia EA, Hatziri A, Giannopoulou PC, Kypreos KE. High density lipoprotein in atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease: Where do we stand today? Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 141:106928. [PMID: 34695591 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies during the last five years suggest that a relation between high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) does exist but follows rather a "U-shaped" curve with an optimal range of HDL-C concentration between 40 and 70 mg/dl for men and 50-70 mg/dl for women. Moreover, as research in the field of lipoproteins progresses it becomes increasingly apparent that HDL particles possess different attributes and depending on their structural and functional characteristics, they may be "antiatherogenic" or "proatherogenic". In light of this information, it is highly doubtful that the choice of experimental drugs and the design of respective clinical trials that put the HDL-C raising hypothesis at test, were the most suitable. Here, we compile the existing literature on HDL, providing a critical up-to-date view that focuses on key data from the biochemistry, epidemiology and pharmacology of HDL, including data from clinical trials. We also discuss the most up-to-date information on the contribution of HDL structure and function to the prevention of atherosclerosis. We conclude by summarizing important differences between mouse models and humans, that may explain why pharmacological successes in mice turn out to be failures in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Zvintzou
- University of Patras, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | | | - Aggeliki Vakka
- University of Patras, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - Eva Xepapadaki
- University of Patras, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - Eleni A Karavia
- University of Patras, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Hatziri
- University of Patras, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - Panagiota C Giannopoulou
- University of Patras, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece
| | - Kyriakos E Kypreos
- University of Patras, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Rio Achaias, TK 26500, Greece; European University Cyprus, Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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18
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Oikonomidis IL, Boye P, Salavati Schmitz S, Aresu L, Milne E, Piccinelli C. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:485-488. [PMID: 34388009 DOI: 10.2460/javma.259.5.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Noels H, Lehrke M, Vanholder R, Jankowski J. Lipoproteins and fatty acids in chronic kidney disease: molecular and metabolic alterations. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:528-542. [PMID: 33972752 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) induces modifications in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and homeostasis. These modifications can promote, modulate and/or accelerate CKD and secondary cardiovascular disease (CVD). Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities - involving triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, LDL and/or HDL - not only involve changes in concentration but also changes in molecular structure, including protein composition, incorporation of small molecules and post-translational modifications. These alterations modify the function of lipoproteins and can trigger pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic processes, as well as oxidative stress. Serum fatty acid levels are also often altered in patients with CKD and lead to changes in fatty acid metabolism - a key process in intracellular energy production - that induce mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular damage. These fatty acid changes might not only have a negative impact on the heart, but also contribute to the progression of kidney damage. The presence of these lipoprotein alterations within a biological environment characterized by increased inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as the competing risk of non-atherosclerotic cardiovascular death as kidney function declines, has important therapeutic implications. Additional research is needed to clarify the pathophysiological link between lipid and lipoprotein modifications, and kidney dysfunction, as well as the genesis and/or progression of CVD in patients with kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Michael Lehrke
- Department of Internal Medicine I, RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Raymond Vanholder
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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Chidambaram V, Zhou L, Ruelas Castillo J, Kumar A, Ayeh SK, Gupte A, Wang JY, Karakousis PC. Higher Serum Cholesterol Levels Are Associated With Reduced Systemic Inflammation and Mortality During Tuberculosis Treatment Independent of Body Mass Index. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:696517. [PMID: 34239907 PMCID: PMC8257940 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.696517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Lipids play a central role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB). The effect of serum lipid levels on TB treatment (ATT) outcomes and their association with serum inflammatory markers have not yet been characterized. Methods: Our retrospective cohort study on drug-susceptible TB patients, at the National Taiwan University Hospital, assessed the association of baseline serum lipid levels such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) with all-cause and infection-related mortality during first 9 months of ATT and baseline inflammatory markers namely C-reactive protein (CRP), total leukocyte count (WBC), and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NL ratio). Results: Among 514 patients, 129 (26.6%) died due to any-cause and 72 (14.0%) died of infection. Multivariable Cox-regression showed a lower adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of all-cause mortality in the 3rd tertiles of HDL (aHR 0.17, 95% CI 0.07-0.44) and TC (aHR 0.30, 95% CI 0.14-0.65), and lower infection-related mortality in the 3rd tertile of HDL (aHR 0.30, 95% CI 0.14-0.65) and TC (aHR 0.30, 95% CI 0.14-0.65) compared to the 1st tertile. The 3rd tertiles of LDL and TG showed no association in multivariable analysis. Similarly, 3rd tertiles of HDL and TC had lower levels of baseline inflammatory markers such as CRP, WBC, and NL ratio using linear regression analysis. Body mass index (BMI) did not show evidence of confounding or effect modification. Conclusions: Higher baseline serum cholesterol levels were associated with lower hazards of all-cause and infection-related mortality and lower levels of inflammatory markers in TB patients. BMI did not modify or confound this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Chidambaram
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lucas Zhou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jennie Ruelas Castillo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amudha Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Samuel K. Ayeh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Akshay Gupte
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jann-Yuan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Petros C. Karakousis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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21
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Plasma Proteomic Analysis in Morquio A Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116165. [PMID: 34200496 PMCID: PMC8201332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (MPS IVA) is a lysosomal disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding the enzymeN-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS), and is characterized by systemic skeletal dysplasia due to excessive storage of keratan sulfate (KS) and chondroitin-6-sulfate in chondrocytes. Although improvements in the activity of daily living and endurance tests have been achieved with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human GALNS, recovery of bone lesions and bone growth in MPS IVA has not been demonstrated to date. Moreover, no correlation has been described between therapeutic efficacy and urine levels of KS, which accumulates in MPS IVA patients. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of potential biomarkers proposed by other authors and to identify new biomarkers. To identify candidate biomarkers of this disease, we analyzed plasma samples from healthy controls (n=6) and from untreated (n=8) and ERT-treated (n=5, sampled before and after treatment) MPS IVA patients using both qualitative and quantitative proteomics analyses. The qualitative proteomics approach analyzed the proteomic profile of the different study groups. In the quantitative analysis, we identified/quantified 215 proteins after comparing healthy control untreated, ERT-treated MPSIVA patients. We selected a group of proteins that were dysregulated in MPS IVA patients. We identified four potential protein biomarkers, all of which may influence bone and cartilage metabolism: fetuin-A, vitronectin, alpha-1antitrypsin, and clusterin. Further studies of cartilage and bone samples from MPS IVA patients will be required to verify the validity of these proteins as potential biomarkers of MPS IVA.
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Abouelasrar Salama S, Gouwy M, Van Damme J, Struyf S. The turning away of serum amyloid A biological activities and receptor usage. Immunology 2021; 163:115-127. [PMID: 33315264 PMCID: PMC8114209 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute-phase protein (APP) to which multiple immunological functions have been attributed. Regardless, the true biological role of SAA remains poorly understood. SAA is remarkably conserved in mammalian evolution, thereby suggesting an important biological function. Since its discovery in the 1970s, the majority of researchers have investigated SAA using recombinant forms made available through bacterial expression. Nevertheless, recent studies indicate that these recombinant forms of SAA are unreliable. Indeed, commercial SAA variants have been shown to be contaminated with bacterial products including lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. As such, biological activities and receptor usage (TLR2, TLR4) revealed through the use of commercial SAA variants may not reflect the inherent nature of this APP. Within this review, we discuss the biological effects of SAA that have been demonstrated through more solid experimental approaches. SAA takes part in the innate immune response via the recruitment of leucocytes and executes, through pathogen recognition, antimicrobial activity. Knockout animal models implicate SAA in a range of functions, such as regulation of T-cell-mediated responses and monopoiesis. Moreover, through its structural motifs, not only does SAA function as an extracellular matrix protein, but it also binds extracellular matrix proteins. Finally, we here also provide an overview of definite SAA receptor-mediated functions and highlight those that are yet to be validated. The role of FPR2 in SAA-mediated leucocyte recruitment has been confirmed; nevertheless, SAA has been linked to a range of other receptors including CD36, SR-BI/II, RAGE and P2RX7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abouelasrar Salama
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Proatherogenic Sialidases and Desialylated Lipoproteins: 35 Years of Research and Current State from Bench to Bedside. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060600. [PMID: 34070542 PMCID: PMC8228531 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the main achievements in basic and clinical research of atherosclerosis. Focusing on desialylation as the first and the most important reaction of proatherogenic pathological cascade, we speak of how desialylation increases the atherogenic properties of low density lipoproteins and decreases the anti-atherogenic properties of high density lipoproteins. The separate sections of this paper are devoted to immunogenicity of lipoproteins, the enzymes contributing to their desialylation and animal models of atherosclerosis. In addition, we evaluate the available experimental and diagnostic protocols that can be used to develop new therapeutic approaches for atherosclerosis.
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High-Density Lipoproteins and the Kidney. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040764. [PMID: 33807271 PMCID: PMC8065870 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a typical trait of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and it is typically characterized by reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol(c) levels. The low HDL-c concentration is the only lipid alteration associated with the progression of renal disease in mild-to-moderate CKD patients. Plasma HDL levels are not only reduced but also characterized by alterations in composition and structure, which are responsible for the loss of atheroprotective functions, like the ability to promote cholesterol efflux from peripheral cells and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory proprieties. The interconnection between HDL and renal function is confirmed by the fact that genetic HDL defects can lead to kidney disease; in fact, mutations in apoA-I, apoE, apoL, and lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) are associated with the development of renal damage. Genetic LCAT deficiency is the most emblematic case and represents a unique tool to evaluate the impact of alterations in the HDL system on the progression of renal disease. Lipid abnormalities detected in LCAT-deficient carriers mirror the ones observed in CKD patients, which indeed present an acquired LCAT deficiency. In this context, circulating LCAT levels predict CKD progression in individuals at early stages of renal dysfunction and in the general population. This review summarizes the main alterations of HDL in CKD, focusing on the latest update of acquired and genetic LCAT defects associated with the progression of renal disease.
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25
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Sorić Hosman I, Kos I, Lamot L. Serum Amyloid A in Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases: A Compendious Review of a Renowned Biomarker. Front Immunol 2021; 11:631299. [PMID: 33679725 PMCID: PMC7933664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.631299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein with a significant importance for patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD). The central role of SAA in pathogenesis of IRD has been confirmed by recent discoveries, including its involvement in the activation of the inflammasome cascade and recruitment of interleukin 17 producing T helper cells. Clinical utility of SAA in IRD was originally evaluated nearly half a century ago. From the first findings, it was clear that SAA could be used for evaluating disease severity and monitoring disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and secondary amyloidosis. However, cost-effective and more easily applicable markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), overwhelmed its use in clinical practice. In the light of emerging evidences, SAA has been discerned as a more sensitive biomarker in a wide spectrum of IRD, especially in case of subclinical inflammation. Furthermore, a growing number of studies are confirming the advantages of SAA over many other biomarkers in predicting and monitoring response to biological immunotherapy in IRD patients. Arising scientific discoveries regarding the role of SAA, as well as delineating SAA and its isoforms as the most sensitive biomarkers in various IRD by recently developing proteomic techniques are encouraging the revival of its clinical use. Finally, the most recent findings have shown that SAA is a biomarker of severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of this review is to discuss the SAA-involving immune system network with emphasis on mechanisms relevant for IRD, as well as usefulness of SAA as a biomarker in various IRD. Therefore, over a hundred original papers were collected through an extensive PubMed and Scopus databases search. These recently arising insights will hopefully lead to a better management of IRD patients and might even inspire the development of new therapeutic strategies with SAA as a target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Sorić Hosman
- Department of Pediatrics, Zadar General Hospital, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Ivanka Kos
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lovro Lamot
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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Connection between the Altered HDL Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties and the Risk to Develop Alzheimer's Disease: A Narrative Review. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6695796. [PMID: 33505588 PMCID: PMC7811424 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6695796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protein composition of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is extremely fluid. The quantity and quality of protein constituents drive the multiple biological functions of these lipoproteins, which include the ability to contrast atherogenesis, sustained inflammation, and toxic effects of reactive species. Several diseases where inflammation and oxidative stress participate in the pathogenetic process are characterized by perturbation in the HDL proteome. This change inevitably affects the functionality of the lipoprotein. An enlightening example in this frame comes from the literature on Alzheimer's disease (AD). Growing lines of epidemiological evidence suggest that loss of HDL-associated proteins, such as lipoprotein phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), glutathione peroxidase-3 (GPx-3), and paraoxonase-1 and paraoxonase-3 (PON1, PON3), may be a feature of AD, even at the early stage. Moreover, the decrease in these enzymes with antioxidant/defensive action appears to be accompanied by a parallel increase of prooxidant and proinflammatory mediators, in particular myeloperoxidase (MPO) and serum amyloid A (SAA). This type of derangement of balance between two opposite forces makes HDL dysfunctional, i.e., unable to exert its “natural” vasculoprotective property. In this review, we summarized and critically analyzed the most significant findings linking HDL accessory proteins and AD. We also discuss the most convincing hypothesis explaining the mechanism by which an observed systemic occurrence may have repercussions in the brain.
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27
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Márquez AB, Nazir S, van der Vorst EP. High-Density Lipoprotein Modifications: A Pathological Consequence or Cause of Disease Progression? Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120549. [PMID: 33260660 PMCID: PMC7759904 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is well-known for its cardioprotective effects, as it possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-thrombotic, and cytoprotective properties. Traditionally, studies and therapeutic approaches have focused on raising HDL cholesterol levels. Recently, it became evident that, not HDL cholesterol, but HDL composition and functionality, is probably a more fruitful target. In disorders, such as chronic kidney disease or cardiovascular diseases, it has been observed that HDL is modified and becomes dysfunctional. There are different modification that can occur, such as serum amyloid, an enrichment and oxidation, carbamylation, and glycation of key proteins. Additionally, the composition of HDL can be affected by changes to enzymes such as cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) or by modification to other important components. This review will highlight some main modifications to HDL and discuss whether these modifications are purely a consequential result of pathology or are actually involved in the pathology itself and have a causal role. Therefore, HDL composition may present a molecular target for the amelioration of certain diseases, but more information is needed to determine to what extent HDL modifications play a causal role in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bonnin Márquez
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.B.M.); (S.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sumra Nazir
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.B.M.); (S.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Emiel P.C. van der Vorst
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.B.M.); (S.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-241-80-36914
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28
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Nazir S, Jankowski V, Bender G, Zewinger S, Rye KA, van der Vorst EP. Interaction between high-density lipoproteins and inflammation: Function matters more than concentration! Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:94-119. [PMID: 33080259 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an important role in lipid metabolism and especially contributes to the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. Over recent years it has become clear that the effect of HDL on immune-modulation is not only dependent on HDL concentration but also and perhaps even more so on HDL function. This review will provide a concise general introduction to HDL followed by an overview of post-translational modifications of HDL and a detailed overview of the role of HDL in inflammatory diseases. The clinical potential of HDL and its main apolipoprotein constituent, apoA-I, is also addressed in this context. Finally, some conclusions and remarks that are important for future HDL-based research and further development of HDL-focused therapies are discussed.
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Current Understanding of the Relationship of HDL Composition, Structure and Function to Their Cardioprotective Properties in Chronic Kidney Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091348. [PMID: 32967334 PMCID: PMC7564231 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the general population, the ability of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) to promote cholesterol efflux is a predictor of cardiovascular events, independently of HDL cholesterol levels. Although patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a high burden of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, neither serum levels of HDL cholesterol, nor cholesterol efflux capacity associate with cardiovascular events. Important for the following discussion on the role of HDL in CKD is the notion that traditional atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk factors only partially account for this increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in CKD. As a potential explanation, across the spectrum of cardiovascular disease, the relative contribution of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease becomes less important with advanced CKD. Impaired renal function directly affects the metabolism, composition and functionality of HDL particles. HDLs themselves are a heterogeneous population of particles with distinct sizes and protein composition, all of them affecting the functionality of HDL. Therefore, a more specific approach investigating the functional and compositional features of HDL subclasses might be a valuable strategy to decipher the potential link between HDL, cardiovascular disease and CKD. This review summarizes the current understanding of the relationship of HDL composition, metabolism and function to their cardio-protective properties in CKD, with a focus on CKD-induced changes in the HDL proteome and reverse cholesterol transport capacity. We also will highlight the gaps in the current knowledge regarding important aspects of HDL biology.
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30
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Soppert J, Lehrke M, Marx N, Jankowski J, Noels H. Lipoproteins and lipids in cardiovascular disease: from mechanistic insights to therapeutic targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:4-33. [PMID: 32730849 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, effective and cost-efficient therapies to reduce cardiovascular risk are highly needed. Lipids and lipoprotein particles crucially contribute to atherosclerosis as underlying pathology of cardiovascular disease and influence inflammatory processes as well as function of leukocytes, vascular and cardiac cells, thereby impacting on vessels and heart. Statins form the first-line therapy with the aim to block cholesterol synthesis, but additional lipid-lowering drugs are sometimes needed to achieve low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol target values. Furthermore, beyond LDL cholesterol, also other lipid mediators contribute to cardiovascular risk. This review comprehensively discusses low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), triglycerides as well as fatty acids and derivatives in the context of cardiovascular disease, providing mechanistic insights into their role in pathological processes impacting on cardiovascular disease. Also, an overview of applied as well as emerging therapeutic strategies to reduce lipid-induced cardiovascular burden is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Soppert
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Lehrke
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
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31
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Halappanavar S, van den Brule S, Nymark P, Gaté L, Seidel C, Valentino S, Zhernovkov V, Høgh Danielsen P, De Vizcaya A, Wolff H, Stöger T, Boyadziev A, Poulsen SS, Sørli JB, Vogel U. Adverse outcome pathways as a tool for the design of testing strategies to support the safety assessment of emerging advanced materials at the nanoscale. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:16. [PMID: 32450889 PMCID: PMC7249325 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicity testing and regulation of advanced materials at the nanoscale, i.e. nanosafety, is challenged by the growing number of nanomaterials and their property variants requiring assessment for potential human health impacts. The existing animal-reliant toxicity testing tools are onerous in terms of time and resources and are less and less in line with the international effort to reduce animal experiments. Thus, there is a need for faster, cheaper, sensitive and effective animal alternatives that are supported by mechanistic evidence. More importantly, there is an urgency for developing alternative testing strategies that help justify the strategic prioritization of testing or targeting the most apparent adverse outcomes, selection of specific endpoints and assays and identifying nanomaterials of high concern. The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework is a systematic process that uses the available mechanistic information concerning a toxicological response and describes causal or mechanistic linkages between a molecular initiating event, a series of intermediate key events and the adverse outcome. The AOP framework provides pragmatic insights to promote the development of alternative testing strategies. This review will detail a brief overview of the AOP framework and its application to nanotoxicology, tools for developing AOPs and the role of toxicogenomics, and summarize various AOPs of relevance to inhalation toxicity of nanomaterials that are currently under various stages of development. The review also presents a network of AOPs derived from connecting all AOPs, which shows that several adverse outcomes induced by nanomaterials originate from a molecular initiating event that describes the interaction of nanomaterials with lung cells and involve similar intermediate key events. Finally, using the example of an established AOP for lung fibrosis, the review will discuss various in vitro tests available for assessing lung fibrosis and how the information can be used to support a tiered testing strategy for lung fibrosis. The AOPs and AOP network enable deeper understanding of mechanisms involved in inhalation toxicity of nanomaterials and provide a strategy for the development of alternative test methods for hazard and risk assessment of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sybille van den Brule
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Penny Nymark
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Toxicology, Misvik Biology, Turku, Finland
| | - Laurent Gaté
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Carole Seidel
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sarah Valentino
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Vadim Zhernovkov
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Andrea De Vizcaya
- Departamento de Toxicologia, CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Sabbatical leave at Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Henrik Wolff
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tobias Stöger
- Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Andrey Boyadziev
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Søs Poulsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
- DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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32
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Association between serum amyloid A levels and coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 26 studies. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:331-345. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Zhang T, Chen J, Tang X, Luo Q, Xu D, Yu B. Interaction between adipocytes and high-density lipoprotein:new insights into the mechanism of obesity-induced dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:223. [PMID: 31842884 PMCID: PMC6913018 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the most common nutritional disorder worldwide and is associated with dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The hallmark of dyslipidemia in obesity is low high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Moreover, the quality of HDL is also changed in the obese setting. However, there are still some disputes on the explanations for this phenomenon. There is increasing evidence that adipose tissue, as an energy storage tissue, participates in several metabolism activities, such as hormone secretion and cholesterol efflux. It can influence overall reverse cholesterol transport and plasma HDL-C level. In obesity individuals, the changes in morphology and function of adipose tissue affect plasma HDL-C levels and HDL function, thus, adipose tissue should be the main target for the treatment of HDL metabolism in obesity. In this review, we will summarize the cross-talk between adipocytes and HDL related to cardiovascular disease and focus on the new insights of the potential mechanism underlying obesity and HDL dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Bilian Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute phase serum amyloid A (SAA) is persistently elevated in chronic inflammatory conditions, and elevated levels predict cardiovascular risk in humans. More recently, murine studies have demonstrated that over-expression of SAA increases and deficiency/suppression of SAA attenuates atherosclerosis. Thus, beyond being a biomarker, SAA appears to play a causal role in atherogenesis. The purpose of this review is to summarize the data supporting SAA as a key player in atherosclerosis development. RECENT FINDINGS A number of pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic activities have been ascribed to SAA. However, the literature is conflicted, as recombinant SAA, and/or lipid-free SAA, used in many of the earlier studies, do not reflect the activity of native human or murine SAA, which exists largely lipid-associated. Recent literatures demonstrate that SAA activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, alters vascular function, affects HDL function, and increases thrombosis. Importantly, SAA activity appears to be regulated by its lipid association, and HDL may serve to sequester and limit SAA activity. SUMMARY SAA has many pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic activities, is clearly demonstrated to affect atherosclerosis development, and may be a candidate target for clinical trials in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Shridas
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center and University of Kentucky
| | - Lisa R Tannock
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center and University of Kentucky
- Veterans Affairs Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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35
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Kälsch AI, Scharnagl H, Kleber ME, Windpassinger C, Sattler W, Leipe J, Krämer BK, März W, Malle E. Long- and short-term association of low-grade systemic inflammation with cardiovascular mortality in the LURIC study. Clin Res Cardiol 2019; 109:358-373. [PMID: 31263995 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-019-01516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to evaluate biomarkers representing low-grade systemic inflammation and their association with cardiovascular mortality in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study. METHODS The included 3134 consecutive patients underwent coronary angiography between June 1997 and May 2001 with a median follow-up of 9.9 years. Plasma levels of IL-6, and acute-phase reactants serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. SAA and IL-6 polymorphisms were genotyped. RESULTS During a median observation time of 9.9 years, 949 deaths (30.3%) occurred, of these 597 (19.2%) died from cardiovascular causes. High plasma levels of IL-6, CRP and SAA were associated with unstable CAD, as well as established risk factors including type 2 diabetes mellitus, smoking, low glomerular filtration rate, low TGs and low HDL-C. After adjusting for established cardiovascular risk markers and the other two inflammatory markers, SAA was found to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality after a short-term follow-up (6 months-1 year) with a HR per SD of 1.41. IL-6 was identified as an independent risk factor for long-term follow-up (3, 5, and 9.9 years) with HRs per SD of 1.21, 1.22 and 1.18. CRP lost significance after adjustment. Although 6 out of 27 SAA SNPs were significantly associated with SAA plasma concentrations, the genetic risk score was not associated with cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSIONS The present findings from the large, prospective LURIC cohort underline the importance of inflammation in CAD and the prognostic relevance of inflammatory biomarkers that independently predict cardiovascular mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Isabelle Kälsch
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience ECAS, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Windpassinger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Human Genetics, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/VI 21, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jan Leipe
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bernhard K Krämer
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience ECAS, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Winfried März
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Synlab Academy, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ernst Malle
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/VI 21, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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Konstandi M, Sotiropoulos I, Matsubara T, Malliou F, Katsogridaki A, Andriopoulou CE, Gonzalez FJ. Adrenoceptor-stimulated inflammatory response in stress-induced serum amyloid A synthesis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1687-1699. [PMID: 30612190 PMCID: PMC6643287 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stressful life events are suggested to contribute to the development of various pathologies, such as cardiovascular disorders, whose etiopathogenesis is highly associated with elevated levels of serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins. SAA synthesis in the liver is regulated by a complex network of cytokines acting independently or in concert with various hormones/stimulants including the stress-activated sympathetic nervous system. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms that regulate the stress-induced hepatic synthesis of SAA, with particular focus on adrenoceptors (AR), major components of the sympathoadrenal response to stress. METHODS AND RESULTS We demonstrated that repeated stress elevates IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα serum levels in mice, accompanied by increased synthesis and secretion of hepatic SAA1/2 and SAA3, an effect that was blocked by AR antagonists. Moreover, stimulation of α1- and β1/2-ARs mimics the stress effect on SAA1/2 regulation, whereas α2-AR stimulation exhibits a relatively weak impact on SAA. In support of the essential cytokine contribution in the AR-agonist induced SAA production is the fact that the anti-inflammatory drug, sodium salicylate, prevented the AR-stimulated hepatic SAA1/2 synthesis by reducing IL-1β levels, whereas IL-1β inhibition with Anakinra mimics this sodium salicylate preventive effect, thus indicating a crucial role for IL-1β. Interestingly, the AR-driven SAA3 synthesis was elevated by sodium salicylate in a TNFα-dependent way, supporting diverse and complex regulatory roles of cytokines in SAA production. In contrast to α1/α2-AR, the β1/2-AR-mediated SAA1/2 and SAA3 upregulation cannot be reversed by fenofibrate, a hypolipidemic drug with anti-inflammatory properties. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings strongly support a critical role of the AR-stimulated inflammatory response in the hepatic SAA production under stressful conditions, highlighting distinct AR type-specific mechanisms that regulate the hepatic synthesis of SAA1/2 and SAA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Konstandi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece. .,Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Ioannis Sotiropoulos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Medical School University of Minho, Braga, Portugal,ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Tsutomu Matsubara
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Foteini Malliou
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alexandra Katsogridaki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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37
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Trieb M, Kornej J, Knuplez E, Hindricks G, Thiele H, Sommer P, Scharnagl H, Dagres N, Dinov B, Bollmann A, Husser D, Marsche G, Buettner P. Atrial fibrillation is associated with alterations in HDL function, metabolism, and particle number. Basic Res Cardiol 2019; 114:27. [PMID: 31069509 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-019-0735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased morbidity and mortality in atrial fibrillation (AF) are related to the pro-fibrotic, pro-thrombotic, and pro-inflammatory processes that underpin the disease. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-thrombotic properties. Functional impairment of HDL may, therefore, associate with AF initiation or progression. We studied indices of HDL quality and quantity of AF patients and healthy controls, including HDL-particle number, HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I levels, serum amyloid A (SAA) content and HDL-cholesterol efflux capacity, and paraoxonase activity of apoB-depleted serum. Serum samples were collected from AF patients (n = 91) before catheter ablation and from age- and sex-matched control subjects (n = 54). HDL-cholesterol efflux capacity was assessed in a validated assay using [3H]-cholesterol-labeled J774 macrophages. Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and paraoxonase activities were assessed using fluorometric assays, SAA levels were determined by ELISA, and total and subclass HDL-particle number was assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ApoA-I levels were determined by immunoturbidimetry. HDL-cholesterol efflux capacity, HDL-particle number, apoA-I levels, and LCAT activity were markedly reduced in AF patients when compared to healthy individuals (all p < 0.001), whereas HDL-associated paraoxonase activity and SAA content were not altered (p = 0.578, p = 0.681). Notably, cholesterol efflux capacity, HDL-particle number, apoA-I levels as well as LCAT activity recovered following restoration of sinus rhythm (all p < 0.001). We identified marked alterations in HDL function, HDL maturation, and HDL-particle number in AF patients. Assessing HDL-particle number and function in AF may be used as a surrogate marker of AF onset and progression and may help identifying patients at high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Trieb
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jelena Kornej
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig-University Hospital of Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eva Knuplez
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard Hindricks
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig-University Hospital of Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig-University Hospital of Cardiology, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Sommer
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig-University Hospital of Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nikolaos Dagres
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig-University Hospital of Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Borislav Dinov
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig-University Hospital of Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Bollmann
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig-University Hospital of Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniela Husser
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig-University Hospital of Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Petra Buettner
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center Leipzig-University Hospital of Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany. .,Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig-University Hospital of Cardiology, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany.
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38
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Abstract
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) has long been referred to as 'good cholesterol' due to its apparent inverse relationship with future CVD risk. More recent research has questioned a causal role for HDL-c in this relationship, however, as both genetic studies and numerous large-scale randomised controlled trials have found no evidence of a cardiovascular protective effect when HDL-c levels are raised. Instead, focus has switched to the functional properties of the HDL particle. Evidence suggests that both the composition and function of HDL may be significantly altered in the context of an inflammatory milieu, transforming the particle from a vasoprotective anti-atherogenic particle to a noxious pro-atherogenic equivalent. This review will summarise evidence relating HDL to CVD risk, explore recent evidence characterising changes in the composition and function of HDL that may occur in chronic inflammatory diseases, and discuss the potential for future HDL-modifying therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Chiesa
- Vascular Physiology Unit, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, 1 St. Martin's Le Grand, London, EC1A 4NP, UK.
| | - Marietta Charakida
- Vascular Physiology Unit, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, 1 St. Martin's Le Grand, London, EC1A 4NP, UK
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
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39
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Fournier M, Bonneil E, Garofalo C, Grimard G, Laverdière C, Krajinovic M, Drouin S, Sinnett D, Marcil V, Levy E. Altered proteome of high-density lipoproteins from paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4268. [PMID: 30862935 PMCID: PMC6414624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequent malignancy in children. With the use of more modern, efficient treatments, 5-year survival has reached more than 90% in this population. However, this achievement comes with many secondary and long-term effects since more than 65% of the survivors experience at least one severe complication, including the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. The main objective of the present work was to characterize the composition of HDL particles isolated from pediatric ALL survivors. HDLs from 8 metabolically healthy ALL survivors, 8 metabolically unhealthy ALL survivors and 8 age- and gender-matched controls were analyzed. The HDL fraction from the survivors contained less cholesterol than the controls. In addition, proteomic analyses revealed an enrichment of pro-thrombotic (e.g., fibrinogen) and pro-inflammatory (e.g., amyloid A) proteins in the HDLs deriving from metabolically unhealthy survivors. These results indicate an alteration in the composition of lipid and protein content of HDL from childhood ALL survivors with metabolic disorders. Although more work is needed to validate the functionality of these HDLs, the data seem relevant for survivor health given the detection of potential biomarkers related to HDL metabolism and functionality in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Fournier
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Health Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Bonneil
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Montréal, Canada
| | - Carole Garofalo
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Health Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Grimard
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Laverdière
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Health Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maja Krajinovic
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Health Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon Drouin
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Health Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Health Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie Marcil
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Health Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Health Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada.
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40
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Griffiths K, Maxwell AP, McCarter RV, Nicol P, Hogg RE, Harbinson M, McKay GJ. Serum amyloid A levels are associated with polymorphic variants in the serum amyloid A 1 and 2 genes. Ir J Med Sci 2019; 188:1175-1183. [PMID: 30852808 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-019-01996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum amyloid A (SAA) is secreted by liver hepatocytes in response to increased inflammation whereupon it associates with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and alters the protein and lipid composition of HDL negating some of its anti-atherogenic properties. AIMS To identify variants within the SAA gene that may be associated with SAA levels and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS We identified exonic variants within the SAA genes by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Sanger sequencing. We tested the association between SAA variants and serum SAA levels in 246 individuals with and without CVD. RESULTS Increased SAA was associated with rs2468844 (beta [β] = 1.73; confidence intervals [CI], 1.14-1.75; p = 0.01), rs1136747 (β = 1.53 (CI, 1.11-1.73); p = 0.01) and rs149926073 (β = 3.37 (CI, 1.70-4.00); p = 0.02), while rs1136745 was significantly associated with decreased SAA levels (β = 0.70 (CI, 0.53-0.94); p = 0.02). Homozygous individuals with the SAA1.3 haplotype had significantly lower levels of SAA compared with those with SAA1.1 or SAA1.5 (β = 0.43 (CI, 0.22-0.85); p = 0.02) while SAA1.3/1.5 heterozygotes had significantly higher SAA levels compared with those homozygous for SAA1.1 (β = 2.58 (CI, 1.19-5.57); p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS We have identified novel genetic variants in the SAA genes associated with SAA levels, a biomarker of inflammation and chronic disease. The utility of SAA as a biomarker for inflammation and chronic disease may be influenced by underlying genetic variation in baseline levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh Griffiths
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Alexander P Maxwell
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Rachel V McCarter
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Patrick Nicol
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Ruth E Hogg
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Mark Harbinson
- Centre for Medical Education, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Department of Cardiology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Royal Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Gareth J McKay
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
- Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Block B, Royal Victoria Hospital, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BA, Ireland.
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41
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Chami B, Hossain F, Hambly TW, Cai X, Aran R, Fong G, Vellajo A, Martin NJJ, Wang X, Dennis JM, Sharma A, Shihata WA, Chin-Dusting JPF, de Haan JB, Sharland A, Geczy CL, Freedman B, Witting PK. Serum Amyloid A Stimulates Vascular and Renal Dysfunction in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Fed a Normal Chow Diet. Front Immunol 2019; 10:380. [PMID: 30899260 PMCID: PMC6416175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated serum amyloid A (SAA) levels may promote endothelial dysfunction, which is linked to cardiovascular and renal pathologies. We investigated the effect of SAA on vascular and renal function in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice. Male ApoE−/− mice received vehicle (control), low-level lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or recombinant human SAA by i.p. injection every third day for 2 weeks. Heart, aorta and kidney were harvested between 3 days and 18 weeks after treatment. SAA administration increased vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 expression and circulating monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and decreased aortic cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), consistent with SAA inhibiting nitric oxide bioactivity. In addition, binding of labeled leukocytes to excised aorta increased as monitored using an ex vivo leukocyte adhesion assay. Renal injury was evident 4 weeks after commencement of SAA treatment, manifesting as increased plasma urea, urinary protein, oxidized lipids, urinary kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1 and multiple cytokines and chemokines in kidney tissue, relative to controls. Phosphorylation of nuclear-factor-kappa-beta (NFκB-p-P65), tissue factor (TF), and macrophage recruitment increased in kidneys from ApoE−/− mice 4 weeks after SAA treatment, confirming that SAA elicited a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic phenotype. These data indicate that SAA impairs endothelial and renal function in ApoE−/− mice in the absence of a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Chami
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Farjaneh Hossain
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas W Hambly
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Xiaoping Cai
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Roshanak Aran
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Genevieve Fong
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Abigail Vellajo
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nathan J J Martin
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - XiaoSuo Wang
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanne M Dennis
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arpeeta Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Waled A Shihata
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jaye P F Chin-Dusting
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Judy B de Haan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexandra Sharland
- Transplantation Immunobiology Group, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carolyn L Geczy
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben Freedman
- ANZAC Research and Heart Research Institutes, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul K Witting
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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42
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Kurvits L, Reimann E, Kadastik-Eerme L, Truu L, Kingo K, Erm T, Kõks S, Taba P, Planken A. Serum Amyloid Alpha Is Downregulated in Peripheral Tissues of Parkinson's Disease Patients. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:13. [PMID: 30760975 PMCID: PMC6361740 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the changed levels of serum amyloid alpha, an immunologically active protein, in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients’ peripheral tissues. We have previously shown that Saa-1 and -2 (serum amyloid alpha-1,-2, genes) were among the top downregulated genes in PD patients’ skin, using whole-genome RNA sequencing. In the current study, we characterized the gene and protein expression profiles of skin and blood samples from patients with confirmed PD diagnosis and age/sex matched controls. qRT-PCR analysis of PD skin demonstrated downregulation of Saa-1 and -2 genes in PD patients. However, the lowered amount of protein could not be visualized using immunohistochemistry, due to low quantity of SAA (Serum Amyloid Alpha, protein) in skin. Saa-1 and -2 expression levels in whole blood were below detection threshold based on RNA sequencing, however significantly lowered protein levels of SAA1/2 in PD patients’ serum were shown with ELISA, implying that SAA is secreted into the blood. These results show that SAA is differentially expressed in the peripheral tissues of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lille Kurvits
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ene Reimann
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liis Kadastik-Eerme
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Laura Truu
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Külli Kingo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Triin Erm
- Department of Pathology, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sulev Kõks
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Pille Taba
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Planken
- Oncology and Haematology Clinic, North-Estonian Medical Centre, Tallinn, Estonia
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43
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Ignacio RMC, Gibbs CR, Kim S, Lee ES, Adunyah SE, Son DS. Serum amyloid A predisposes inflammatory tumor microenvironment in triple negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2019; 10:511-526. [PMID: 30728901 PMCID: PMC6355188 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute-phase proteins (APPs) are associated with a variety of disorders such as infection, inflammatory diseases, and cancers. The signature profile of APPs in breast cancer (BC) is poorly understood. Here, we identified serum amyloid A (SAA) for proinflammatory predisposition in BC through the signature profiles of APPs, interleukin (IL) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily using publicly available datasets of tumor samples and cell lines. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype highly expressed SAA1/2 compared to HER2, luminal A (LA) and luminal B (LB) subtypes. IL1A, IL1B, IL8/CXCL8, IL32 and IL27RA in IL superfamily and CD70, TNFSF9 and TNFRSF21 in TNF superfamily were highly expressed in TNBC compared to other subtypes. SAA is restrictedly regulated by nuclear factor (NF)-κB and IL-1β, an NF-κB activator highly expressed in TNBC, increased the promoter activity of SAA1 in human TNBC MDA-MB231 cells. Interestingly, two κB-sites contained in SAA1 promoter were involved, and the proximal region (-96/-87) was more critical than the distal site (-288/-279) in regulating IL-1β-induced SAA1. Among the SAA receptors, TLR1 and TLR2 were highly expressed in TNBC. Cu-CPT22, TLR1/2 antagonist, abrogated IL-1β-induced SAA1 promoter activity. In addition, SAA1 induced IL8/CXCL8 promoter activity, which was partially reduced by Cu-CPT22. Notably, SAA1/2, TLR2 and IL8/CXCL8 were associated with a poor overall survival in mesenchymal-like TNBC. Taken together, IL-1-induced SAA via NF-κB-mediated signaling could potentiate an inflammatory burden, leading to cancer progression and high mortality in TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Mistica C Ignacio
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carla R Gibbs
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kon-Kuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sook Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Samuel E Adunyah
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Deok-Soo Son
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
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Gordon SM, Chung JH, Playford MP, Dey AK, Sviridov D, Seifuddin F, Chen YC, Pirooznia M, Chen MY, Mehta NN, Remaley AT. High density lipoprotein proteome is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis burden as evaluated by coronary CT angiography. Atherosclerosis 2018; 278:278-285. [PMID: 30347343 PMCID: PMC6263790 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is associated with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, therapeutic manipulations of HDL-C have failed to reduce CVD events. This suggests that HDL-C and the atheroprotective capacity of HDL are not directly linked. The goal of this study was to evaluate the relationships between HDL-bound proteins and measures of atherosclerosis burden and HDL function. METHODS The HDL proteome was analyzed using mass spectrometry in 126 human subjects, who had undergone coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) to quantify calcified (CB) and non-calcified (NCB) atherosclerosis burden. Partial least squares regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between HDL-bound proteins and CB, NCB, or cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC). RESULTS Significant overlap was found among proteins associated with NCB and CEC. Proteins that were associated with NCB displayed an inverse relationship with CEC, supporting a link between this protective function of HDL and clinical plaque burden. CB was associated with a set of proteins mostly distinct from NCB and CEC. When CVD risk factors were evaluated, BMI had a stronger influence on important HDL proteins than gender, age, or HDL-C. Most HDL proteins associated with function or atherosclerosis burden were not significantly correlated with HDL-C. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the HDL proteome contains information not captured by HDL- C and, therefore, has potential for future development as a biomarker for CVD risk. Additionally, the proteome effects detected in this study may provide HDL compositional goals for evaluating new and existing HDL-modification therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Gordon
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Chung
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Martin P. Playford
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amit K. Dey
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Denis Sviridov
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fayaz Seifuddin
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yun-Ching Chen
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mehdi Pirooznia
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marcus Y. Chen
- Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nehal N. Mehta
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan T. Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Wilson PG, Thompson JC, Shridas P, McNamara PJ, de Beer MC, de Beer FC, Webb NR, Tannock LR. Serum Amyloid A Is an Exchangeable Apolipoprotein. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1890-1900. [PMID: 29976766 PMCID: PMC6202200 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective- SAA (serum amyloid A) is a family of acute-phase reactants that have proinflammatory and proatherogenic activities. SAA is more lipophilic than apoA-I (apolipoprotein A-I), and during an acute-phase response, <10% of plasma SAA is found lipid-free. In most reports, SAA is found exclusively associated with high-density lipoprotein; however, we and others have reported SAA on apoB (apolipoprotein B)-containing lipoproteins in both mice and humans. The goal of this study was to determine whether SAA is an exchangeable apolipoprotein. Approach and Results- Delipidated human SAA was incubated with SAA-free human lipoproteins; then, samples were reisolated by fast protein liquid chromatography, and SAA analyzed by ELISA and immunoblot. Both in vitro and in vivo, we show that SAA associates with any lipoprotein and does not remain in a lipid-free form. Although SAA is preferentially found on high-density lipoprotein, it can exchange between lipoproteins. In the presence of CETP (cholesterol ester transfer protein), there is greater exchange of SAA between lipoproteins. Subjects with diabetes mellitus, but not those with metabolic syndrome, showed altered SAA lipoprotein distribution postprandially. Proteoglycan-mediated lipoprotein retention is thought to be an underlying mechanism for atherosclerosis development. SAA has a proteoglycan-binding domain. Lipoproteins containing SAA had increased proteoglycan binding compared with SAA-free lipoproteins. Conclusions- Thus, SAA is an exchangeable apolipoprotein and increases apoB-containing lipoproteins' proteoglycan binding. We and others have previously reported the presence of SAA on low-density lipoprotein in individuals with obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. We propose that the presence of SAA on apoB-containing lipoproteins may contribute to cardiovascular disease development in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Wilson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Joel C Thompson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Preetha Shridas
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Patrick J McNamara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky
| | - Maria C de Beer
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Frederick C de Beer
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Nancy R Webb
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Lisa R Tannock
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
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Cao J, Xu Y, Li F, Shang L, Fan D, Yu H. Protein markers of dysfunctional HDL in scavenger receptor class B type I deficient mice. J Transl Med 2018; 16:155. [PMID: 29879989 PMCID: PMC5992774 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) plays a key role in high density lipoproteins (HDL) metabolism. SR-BI deficiency in mice results in enhanced susceptibility to atherosclerosis with abnormal large, cholesterol enriched, and functional impaired HDL. This study was to characterize the protein markers of dysfunctional HDL in SR-BI deficient (SR-BI−/−) mice and to test if the defective of HDL might be affected by probucol treatment. Methods Shotgun proteomics and 2-D gel electrophoresis were performed to examine the profile of HDL protein and distribution of HDL particles isolated from SR-BI−/− mice. HDL’s cell-function, paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and myeloperoxidase activity were assessed. The mice were treated with 1.2 mg/g/day probucol for 6 weeks and the impact on HDL protein markers was analyzed. The differential proteins were quantified by Western blotting. Results The relative amount of protein in SR-BI−/− HDL was decreased by about 25% compared to that in HDL from wild type (WT) mice. Compared to WT HDL, relative protein abundance of representative apoAI and PON1 in SR-BI−/− HDL were significantly reduced, whereas acute-phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) and apoAIV, proteinase inhibitor proteins α-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) were increased. The distribution of plasma apoAI-containing HDL particles in SR-BI−/− mice was also dramatically altered, although plasma apoAI level was no difference. The protein alterations were accompanied with dysfunction of SR-BI−/− HDL, evidenced by impaired cholesterol homeostasis in macrophages, and reduced anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Probucol treatment of SR-BI−/− mice could restored the relative contents of critical proteins including apoAI, PON1, SAA, apoAIV and A1AT on HDL, and improve HDL dysfunction despite decreased HDL-C level. Conclusion SR-BI deficiency leading to dysfunctional HDL is closely related to alteration of HDL protein, suggesting that identification of apoAI, PON1, SAA, apoAIV, and A1AT may serve as the valuable protein markers for diagnosis and therapeutics of dysfunctional HDL-related metabolic diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1502-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Bldg. 2, 2-206, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Bldg. 2, 2-206, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Feifei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Bldg. 2, 2-206, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Liang Shang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Bldg. 2, 2-206, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Daping Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 Donghu Road, Bldg. 2, 2-206, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Untersteller K, Meissl S, Trieb M, Emrich IE, Zawada AM, Holzer M, Knuplez E, Fliser D, Heine GH, Marsche G. HDL functionality and cardiovascular outcome among nondialysis chronic kidney disease patients. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1256-1265. [PMID: 29789355 PMCID: PMC6027904 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p085076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CVD remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD profoundly affects HDL composition and functionality, but whether abnormal HDL independently contributes to cardiovascular events in CKD patients remains elusive. In the present study, we assessed whether compositional and functional properties of HDL predict cardiovascular outcome among 526 nondialysis CKD patients who participate in the CARE FOR HOMe study. We measured HDL cholesterol, the content of HDL-associated proinflammatory serum amyloid A (SAA), and activities of the HDL enzymes paraoxonase and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2). In addition, we assessed the antioxidative activity of apoB-depleted serum. During a mean follow-up of 5.1 ± 2.1 years, 153 patients reached the predefined primary endpoint, a composite of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events including cardiovascular mortality and death of any cause. In univariate Cox regression analyses, lower HDL-cholesterol levels, higher HDL-associated SAA content, and lower paraoxonase activity predicted cardiovascular outcome, while Lp-PLA2 activity and antioxidative capacity did not. HDL-cholesterol and HDL-paraoxonase activity lost their association with cardiovascular outcome after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular and renal risk factors, while SAA lost its association after further adjustment for C-reactive protein. In conclusion, our data suggest that neither HDL quantity nor HDL composition or function independently predict cardiovascular outcome among nondialysis CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Untersteller
- Internal Medicine IV-Nephrology and Hypertension, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Meissl
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Trieb
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Insa E Emrich
- Internal Medicine IV-Nephrology and Hypertension, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Adam M Zawada
- Internal Medicine IV-Nephrology and Hypertension, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Holzer
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Knuplez
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Danilo Fliser
- Internal Medicine IV-Nephrology and Hypertension, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gunnar H Heine
- Internal Medicine IV-Nephrology and Hypertension, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria .,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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Ather JL, Poynter ME. Serum amyloid A3 is required for normal weight and immunometabolic function in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192352. [PMID: 29390039 PMCID: PMC5794179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an apolipoprotein that is robustly upregulated in numerous inflammatory diseases and has been implicated as a candidate pro-inflammatory mediator. However, studies comparing endogenous SAAs and recombinant forms of the acute phase protein have generated conflicting data on the function of SAA in immunity. We generated SAA3 knockout mice to evaluate the contribution of SAA3 to immune-mediated disease, and found that mice lacking SAA3 develop adult-onset obesity and metabolic dysfunction along with defects in innate immune development. Mice that lack SAA3 gain more weight, exhibit increased visceral adipose deposition, and develop hepatic steatosis compared to wild-type littermates. Leukocytes from the adipose tissue of SAA3-/- mice express a pro-inflammatory phenotype, and bone marrow derived dendritic cells from mice lacking SAA3 secrete increased levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23, and TNFα in response to LPS compared to cells from wild-type mice. Finally, BMDC lacking SAA3 demonstrate an impaired endotoxin tolerance response and inhibited responses to retinoic acid. Our findings indicate that endogenous SAA3 modulates metabolic and immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Ather
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Matthew E. Poynter
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
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Zhao J, Piao X, Wu Y, Xu P, He Z. Association of SAA gene polymorphism with ischemic stroke in northern Chinese Han population. J Neurol Sci 2017; 380:101-105. [PMID: 28870546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum amyloid A protein (SAA) is known as an inflammatory factor and an apolipoprotein that can replace apolipoprotein A-I/II components as the major apolipoprotein of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), which is related to atherosclerosis. The present study is aimed to evaluate whether the SAA gene polymorphism is involved in ischemic stroke in northern Chinese Han population. METHODS In a case-control study, the participants included 396 patients (239 males, 157 females) with ischemic stroke and 360 healthy subjects (211 males, 149 females). The rs12218 polymorphism of the SAA gene was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism, while the rs2468844 polymorphism of the SAA gene was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS The frequencies of the CC genotype and the C allele of rs12218 were higher in participants with ischemic stroke than in the control group (P=0.020 in males, P=0.001 in large-artery atherosclerosis group, LAA). The frequencies of the AG genotype and the G allele of rs2468844 were higher in participants with ischemic stroke than in the control group (P=0.040 in males, P=0.011 in large-artery atherosclerosis group). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed the significance of the rs12218 in males and in large-artery atherosclerosis group after adjustment for confounding factors. CONCLUSION The rs12218 polymorphism of the SAA gene was associated with ischemic stroke in males and in patients with large-artery atherosclerosis group in northern Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Xiangyu Piao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Zhiyi He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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Philips L, Visser J, Nel D, Blaauw R. The association between tuberculosis and the development of insulin resistance in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis in the Western sub-district of the Cape Metropole region, South Africa: a combined cross-sectional, cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:570. [PMID: 28810840 PMCID: PMC5556352 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The existence of a bi-directional relationship between tuberculosis (TB) and insulin resistance (IR)/diabetes has been alluded to in literature. Although diabetes has been linked to increased tuberculosis risk, the relationship between tuberculosis as a causative factor for IR remains unclear. The study aimed to determine if an association existed between tuberculosis and IR development in adults with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis at baseline. It was additionally aimed to document changes in IR status during TB follow-up periods. METHODS This cross-sectional study evaluated ambulatory participants at baseline for IR prevalence via anthropometry, biochemistry and diagnostic IR tests [homeostasis model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI)]. A prospective cohort sub-section study was additionally performed on approximately half of the baseline study population, who were followed-up at two and five months whilst on tuberculosis treatment. Summary statistics, correlation co-efficients and appropriate analysis of variance were used to describe and analyse data. Participants were excluded if they presented with other forms of tuberculosis, were HIV-positive, obese or had any pre-disposing IR conditions such as diabetes or metabolic syndrome. RESULTS Fifty-nine participants were included from August 2013 until December 2014 (33.95 ± 12.02 years old; 81.4% male). IR prevalence was 25.4% at baseline, determined by a calculated HOMA-IR cut-off point of 2.477. Patients with IR were younger (p = 0.04). Although the difference between IR levels in participants between baseline and follow-up was not significant, a decrease was observed over time. The majority of participants (61.0%) presented with a normal BMI at baseline. Mean baseline values of fasting glucose were within normal ranges (4.82 ± 0.80 mmol/L), whereas increased mean CRP levels (60.18 ± 50.92 mg/L) and decreased mean HDL-cholesterol levels (males: 0.94 ± 0.88 mmol/L; females: 1.14 ± 0.88 mmol/L) were found. CONCLUSIONS The study found an association between tuberculosis and IR development in newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Although not significant, IR levels decreased over time, which could be indicative of a clinical improvement. A high prevalence of IR amongst young tuberculosis patients therefore highlights the need for early identification in order to facilitate a reversal of IR and prevent possible IR-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Philips
- Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Janicke Visser
- Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daan Nel
- Centre for Statistical Consultation, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Renée Blaauw
- Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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