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Pellegrini A, Pietrocola G. Recruitment of Vitronectin by Bacterial Pathogens: A Comprehensive Overview. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1385. [PMID: 39065153 PMCID: PMC11278874 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The key factor that enables pathogenic bacteria to establish successful infections lies largely in their ability to escape the host's immune response and adhere to host surfaces. Vitronectin (Vn) is a multidomain glycoprotein ubiquitously present in blood and the extracellular matrix of several tissues, where it plays important roles as a regulator of membrane attack complex (MAC) formation and as a mediator of cell adhesion. Vn has emerged as an intriguing target for several microorganisms. Vn binding by bacterial receptors confers protection from lysis resulting from MAC deposition. Furthermore, through its Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif, Vn can bind several host cell integrins. Therefore, Vn recruited to the bacterial cell functions as a molecular bridge between bacteria and host surfaces, where it triggers several host signaling events that could promote bacterial internalization. Each bacterium uses different receptors that recognize specific Vn domains. In this review, we update the current knowledge of Vn receptors of major bacterial pathogens, emphasizing the role they may play in the host upon Vn binding. Focusing on the structural properties of bacterial proteins, we provide details on the residues involved in their interaction with Vn. Furthermore, we discuss the possible involvement of Vn adsorption on biomaterials in promoting bacterial adhesion on abiotic surfaces and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giampiero Pietrocola
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/b, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
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2
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Solomon DH, Demler O, Rist PM, Santacroce L, Tawakol A, Giles JT, Liao KP, Bathon JM. Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results From the TARGET Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e032095. [PMID: 38416140 PMCID: PMC10944054 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains an important comorbidity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but traditional models do not accurately predict cardiovascular risk in patients with RA. The addition of biomarkers could improve prediction. METHODS AND RESULTS The TARGET (Treatments Against RA and Effect on FDG PET/CT) trial assessed whether different treatment strategies in RA differentially impact cardiovascular risk as measured by the change in arterial inflammation on arterial target to background ratio on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans conducted 24 weeks apart. A group of 24 candidate biomarkers supported by prior literature was assessed at baseline and 24 weeks later. Longitudinal analyses examined the association between baseline biomarker values, measured in plasma EDTA, and the change in arterial inflammation target to background ratio. Model fit was assessed for the candidate biomarkers only, clinical variables only, and models combining both. One hundred nine patients with median (interquartile range) age 58 years (53-65 years), RA duration 1.4 years (0.5-6.6 years), and 82% women had biomarkers assessed at baseline and follow-up. Because the main trial analyses demonstrated significant target to background ratio decreases with both treatment strategies but no difference across treatment groups, we analyzed all patients together. Baseline values of serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, adiponectin, YKL-40, and osteoprotegerin were associated with significant change in target to background ratio. When selected candidate biomarkers were added to the clinical variables, the adjusted R2 improved from 0.20 to 0.33 (likelihood ratio P=0.0005). CONCLUSIONS A candidate biomarker approach identified several promising biomarkers that associate with baseline and treatment-associated changes in arterial inflammation in patients with RA. These will now be tested in an external validation cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Solomon
- Division of RheumatologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMA
| | - Olga Demler
- Harvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMA
- Division of Preventive MedicineBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMA
- ETHZurichSwitzerland
| | - Pamela M. Rist
- Harvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMA
- Division of Preventive MedicineBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMA
| | - Leah Santacroce
- Division of RheumatologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMA
| | - Ahmed Tawakol
- Department of Medicine (Cardiac Unit)Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
| | | | - Katherine P. Liao
- Division of RheumatologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonMA
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Zhang Y, Sun L, Wang X, Zhou Q. Integrative analysis of HASMCs gene expression profile revealed the role of thrombin in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:191. [PMID: 37046189 PMCID: PMC10091598 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the effect of thrombin on human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) and further analyzed its role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). Thrombin-induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HASMCs were identified by analyzing expression profiles from the GEO. Subsequently, enrichment analysis, GSEA, PPI network, and gene-microRNAs networks were interrogated to identify hub genes and associated pathways. Enrichment analysis results indicated that thrombin causes HASMCs to secrete various pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, exacerbating local inflammatory response in AS. Moreover, we identified 9 HUB genes in the PPI network, which are closely related to the inflammatory response and the promotion of the cell cycle. Additionally, we found that thrombin inhibits lipid metabolism and autophagy of HASMCs, potentially contributing to smooth muscle-derived foam cell formation. Our study deepens a mechanistic understanding of the effect of thrombin on HASMCs and provides new insight into treating AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xingsheng Wang
- Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qingbo Zhou
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
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4
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Biasella F, Plössl K, Baird PN, Weber BHF. The extracellular microenvironment in immune dysregulation and inflammation in retinal disorders. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1147037. [PMID: 36936905 PMCID: PMC10014728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) as well as genetically complex retinal phenotypes represent a heterogenous group of ocular diseases, both on account of their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Therefore, overlaps in clinical features often complicate or even impede their correct clinical diagnosis. Deciphering the molecular basis of retinal diseases has not only aided in their disease classification but also helped in our understanding of how different molecular pathologies may share common pathomechanisms. In particular, these relate to dysregulation of two key processes that contribute to cellular integrity, namely extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis and inflammation. Pathological changes in the ECM of Bruch's membrane have been described in both monogenic IRDs, such as Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD) and Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy (DHRD), as well as in the genetically complex age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or diabetic retinopathy (DR). Additionally, complement system dysfunction and distorted immune regulation may also represent a common connection between some IRDs and complex retinal degenerations. Through highlighting such overlaps in molecular pathology, this review aims to illuminate how inflammatory processes and ECM homeostasis are linked in the healthy retina and how their interplay may be disturbed in aging as well as in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Biasella
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karolina Plössl
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Paul N. Baird, ; Bernhard H. F. Weber,
| | - Bernhard H. F. Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Human Genetics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Paul N. Baird, ; Bernhard H. F. Weber,
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5
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Zuchtriegel G, Uhl B, Pick R, Ramsauer M, Dominik J, Mittmann LA, Canis M, Kanse S, Sperandio M, Krombach F, Reichel CA. Vitronectin stabilizes intravascular adhesion of neutrophils by coordinating β2 integrin clustering. Haematologica 2021; 106:2641-2653. [PMID: 32703799 PMCID: PMC8485676 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.226241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of neutrophils from the microvasculature to the site of injury or infection represents a key event in the inflammatory response. Vitronectin (VN) is a multifunctional macromolecule abundantly present in blood and extracellular matrix. The role of this glycoprotein in the extravasation process of circulating neutrophils remains elusive. Employing advanced in vivo/ex vivo imaging techniques in different mouse models as well as in vitro methods, we uncovered a previously unrecognized function of VN in the transition of dynamic to static intravascular interactions of neutrophils with microvascular endothelial cells. These distinct properties of VN require the heteromerization of this glycoprotein with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI- 1) on the activated venular endothelium and subsequent interactions of this protein complex with the scavenger receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 on intravascularly adhering neutrophils. This induces p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases-dependent intracellular signaling events which, in turn, regulates the proper clustering of the b2 integrin lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 on the surface of these immune cells. As a consequence of this molecular interplay, neutrophils become able to stabilize their adhesion to the microvascular endothelium and, subsequently, to extravasate to the perivascular tissue. Hence, endothelial-bound VN-PAI-1 heteromers stabilize intravascular adhesion of neutrophils by coordinating b2 integrin clustering on the surface of these immune cells, thereby effectively controlling neutrophil trafficking to inflamed tissue. Targeting this protein complex might be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Zuchtriegel
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine and Klinikum der Universität München, Germany
| | - Bernd Uhl
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine and Klinikum der Universität München, Germany
| | - Robert Pick
- Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum der Universität Munchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Ramsauer
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine and Klinikum der Universität Munchen, Germany
| | - Julian Dominik
- Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum der Universität Munchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura A Mittmann
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine and Klinikum der Universität Munchen, Germany
| | | | - Sandip Kanse
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum der Universität Munchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Fritz Krombach
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph A Reichel
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine and Klinikum der Universität Munchen, Germany
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6
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Serum biomarker discovery related to pathogenesis in acute coronary syndrome by proteomic approach. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228672. [PMID: 34002800 PMCID: PMC8182988 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) results from inadequate supply of blood flow from the coronary arteries to the heart or ischemia. ACS has an extremely high morbidity and mortality. The levels of biomarkers currently used for detection of ACS also increase in response to myocardial necrosis and other diseases and are not elevated immediately after symptoms appear, thus limiting their diagnostic capacity. Therefore, we aimed to discover new ACS diagnostic biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity that are specifically related to ACS pathogenesis. Sera from 50 patients with ACS and healthy controls (discovery cohort) each were analyzed using mass spectrometry (MS) to identify differentially expressed proteins, and protein candidates were evaluated as ACS biomarkers in 120 people in each group (validation cohort). α-1-acid glycoprotein 1 (AGP1), complement C5 (C5), leucine-rich α-2-glycoprotein (LRG), and vitronectin (VN) were identified as biomarkers whose levels increase and gelsolin (GSN) as a biomarker whose levels decrease in patients with ACS. We concluded that these biomarkers are associated with the pathogenesis of ACS and can predict the onset of ACS prior to the appearance of necrotic biomarkers.
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Jaberi N, Soleimani A, Pashirzad M, Abdeahad H, Mohammadi F, Khoshakhlagh M, Khazaei M, Ferns GA, Avan A, Hassanian SM. Role of thrombin in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:4757-4765. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Jaberi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Atena Soleimani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Mehran Pashirzad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Hosein Abdeahad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Fariba Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Mahdieh Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Medical Physiology Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education Brighton and Sussex Medical School Sussex UK
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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8
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Milenkovic J, Milojkovic M, Jevtovic Stoimenov T, Djindjic B, Miljkovic E. Mechanisms of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 action in stromal remodeling and related diseases. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2017; 161:339-347. [PMID: 29097819 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2017.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is the main physiologic inhibitor of fibrinolysis. However, it is also involved in many physiological processes such as extracellular matrix (ECM) proteolysis and remodeling, cell adhesion, motility, and apoptosis, angiogenesis, etc. The aim of the study was to summarize current knowledge and gain insights into the mechanisms of PAI-1 action in the processes of stromal remodeling and diseases with considerable matrix pathologies (atherosclerosis, tissue fibrosis, cancer metastasis, pregnancy related complications, etc). As a component of an early cellular response to injury, PAI-1 reacts with membrane surface proteins and participates in the initiation of intracellular signaling, specifically cytoskeletal reorganization and motility. Complexity of ECM homeostasis resides in varying relation of the plasminogen system components and other matrix constituents. Inflammatory mediators (transforming growth factor-β and interferon-γ) and hormones (angiotensin II) are in the close interdependent relation with PAI-1. Also, special attention is devoted to the role of increased PAI-1 concentrations due to the common 4G/5G polymorphism. Some of the novel mechanisms of ECM modification consider PAI-1 dependent stabilization of urokinase mediated cell adhesion, control of the vascular endothelial cadherin trafficking and interaction with endothelial cells proteasome, its relation to matrix metalloproteinase 2 and osteopontin, and oxidative inhibition by myeloperoxidase. Targeting and/or alteration of PAI-1 functions might bring benefit to the future therapeutic approaches in diseases where ECM undergoes substantial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Milenkovic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Nis, Serbia
| | - Maja Milojkovic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Nis, Serbia
| | | | - Boris Djindjic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Nis, Serbia
| | - Edita Miljkovic
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Clinic, Clinical Center in Nis, Serbia
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9
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Bucci JC, McClintock CS, Chu Y, Ware GL, McConnell KD, Emerson JP, Peterson CB. Resolving distinct molecular origins for copper effects on PAI-1. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:1123-1135. [PMID: 28913669 PMCID: PMC5613068 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Components of the fibrinolytic system are subjected to stringent control to maintain proper hemostasis. Central to this regulation is the serpin plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which is responsible for specific and rapid inhibition of fibrinolytic proteases. Active PAI-1 is inherently unstable and readily converts to a latent, inactive form. The binding of vitronectin and other ligands influences stability of active PAI-1. Our laboratory recently observed reciprocal effects on the stability of active PAI-1 in the presence of transition metals, such as copper, depending on the whether vitronectin was also present (Thompson et al. Protein Sci 20:353–365, 2011). To better understand the molecular basis for these copper effects on PAI-1, we have developed a gel-based copper sensitivity assay that can be used to assess the copper concentrations that accelerate the conversion of active PAI-1 to a latent form. The copper sensitivity of wild-type PAI-1 was compared with variants lacking N-terminal histidine residues hypothesized to be involved in copper binding. In these PAI-1 variants, we observed significant differences in copper sensitivity, and these data were corroborated by latency conversion kinetics and thermodynamics of copper binding by isothermal titration calorimetry. These studies identified a copper-binding site involving histidines at positions 2 and 3 that confers a remarkable stabilization of PAI-1 beyond what is observed with vitronectin alone. A second site, independent from the two histidines, binds metal and increases the rate of the latency conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Bucci
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Walters Life Sciences Building, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, A221 Life Sciences Annex, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Carlee S McClintock
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Walters Life Sciences Building, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Yuzhuo Chu
- Department of Biological Sciences, A221 Life Sciences Annex, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Gregory L Ware
- Department of Biological Sciences, A221 Life Sciences Annex, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Kayla D McConnell
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Box 1115, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Joseph P Emerson
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Box 1115, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Cynthia B Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Walters Life Sciences Building, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, A221 Life Sciences Annex, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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10
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Jönsson Rylander AC, Lindgren A, Deinum J, Bergström GML, Böttcher G, Kalies I, Wåhlander K. Fibrinolysis inhibitors in plaque stability: a morphological association of PAI-1 and TAFI in advanced carotid plaque. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:758-769. [PMID: 28135035 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Fibrinolysis inhibitors are localized in advanced atheroma by immunohistology of endarterectomies. Neovascular endothelium/neocapillaries show thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI). Macrophage areas show free plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), notably in the vulnerable part. Free PAI-1 and TAFI stabilize active plaque area by inhibition of fibrinolysis and inflammation. SUMMARY Background Fibrinolysis plays an important role in destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques and is tightly regulated by specific inhibitors. Objective The fibrinolysis inhibitors plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) were quantified and described in the morphological context of advanced carotid plaques American Heart Association VI-VIII to elucidate their role in plaque stability. Methods Immunohistochemistry in serial sections along the longitudinal axis of endarterectomies from patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (n = 19) were studied using an antibody specific for free PAI-1 (I205), an antibody with high affinity for TAFI/TAFIa (CP17) and established antibodies for smooth muscle cells (α-actin), endothelial cells (von Willebrand factor [VWF]), macrophages (CD68) and platelets (CD42). Results PAI-1 and TAFI show a specific distribution in these advanced plaques with a maximum corresponding to the internal carotid artery (ICA). Free PAI-1 was mainly detected in macrophages and in intravascular thrombi, and TAFI in endothelial cells (ECs) but also macrophages. The one-way ANOVA analysis with Bonferroni's correction showed a significant increase of macrophages and ECs, TAFI and PAI-1 in areas with high neovascularization in endarterectomy sections corresponding to ICA. High Spearman factors for TAFI, PAI-1 and VWF indicate neovascularization as the main source of plasma proteins, transported by platelets into the atheroma (PAI-1) or expressed by ECs (TAFI). CD68 was highly associated with VWF, PAI-1 and especially TAFI, underlining the role of macrophages in fibrinolytic activity and inflammation. Conclusion The abundance of free PAI-1 and TAFI in the plaque may inhibit plasmin generation and thereby counteract plaque destabilization by fibrinolysis, cell migration and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Lindgren
- Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - J Deinum
- CVMD IMED AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - G M L Bergström
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - G Böttcher
- CSM Pathology Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden
| | - I Kalies
- CVMD GMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden
| | - K Wåhlander
- CVMD Translational Medicine Unit, Early Clinical Development, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Posma JJN, Posthuma JJ, Spronk HMH. Coagulation and non-coagulation effects of thrombin. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1908-1916. [PMID: 27513692 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin is a multifunctional serine protease produced from prothrombin, and is a key regulator in hemostatic and non-hemostatic processes. It is the main effector protease in primary hemostasis by activating platelets, and plays a key role in secondary hemostasis. Besides its well-known functions in hemostasis, thrombin also plays a role in various non-hemostatic biological and pathophysiologic processes, predominantly mediated through activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). Depending on several factors, such as the concentration of thrombin, the duration of activation, the location of PARs, the presence of coreceptors, and the formation of PAR heterodimers, activation of the receptor by thrombin can induce different cellular responses. Moreover, thrombin can have opposing effects in the same cell; it can induce both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals. Owing to the complexity of thrombin's signal transduction pathways, the exact mechanism behind the dichotomy of thrombin is yet still unknown. In this review, we highlight the hemostatic and non-hemostatic functions of thrombin, and specifically focus on the non-hemostatic dual role of thrombin under various conditions and in relation to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J N Posma
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - J J Posthuma
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - H M H Spronk
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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12
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Ji Y, Weng Z, Fish P, Goyal N, Luo M, Myears SP, Strawn TL, Chandrasekar B, Wu J, Fay WP. Pharmacological Targeting of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Decreases Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration and Neointima Formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2167-2175. [PMID: 27659097 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a serine protease inhibitor that promotes and inhibits cell migration, plays a complex and important role in adverse vascular remodeling. Little is known about the effects of pharmacological PAI-1 inhibitors, an emerging drug class, on migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs), crucial mediators of vascular remodeling. We investigated the effects of PAI-039 (tiplaxtinin), a specific PAI-1 inhibitor, on SMC and EC migration in vitro and vascular remodeling in vivo. APPROACH AND RESULTS PAI-039 inhibited SMC migration through collagen gels, including those supplemented with vitronectin and other extracellular matrix proteins, but did not inhibit migration of PAI-1-deficient SMCs, suggesting that its antimigratory effects were PAI-1-specific and physiologically relevant. However, PAI-039 did not inhibit EC migration. PAI-039 inhibited phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of signal transducers and activators of transcription-1 in SMCs, but had no discernable effect on signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 signaling in ECs. Expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, a motogenic PAI-1 receptor that activates Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription-1 signaling, was markedly lower in ECs than in SMCs. Notably, PAI-039 significantly inhibited intimal hyperplasia and inflammation in murine models of adverse vascular remodeling, but did not adversely affect re-endothelialization after endothelium-denuding mechanical vascular injury. CONCLUSIONS PAI-039 inhibits SMC migration and intimal hyperplasia, while having no inhibitory effect on ECs, which seems to be because of differences in PAI-1-dependent low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1/Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 signaling between SMCs and ECs. These findings suggest that PAI-1 may be an important therapeutic target in obstructive vascular diseases characterized by neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ji
- From the Departments of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine (Y.J., Z.W., P.F., N.G., M.L., S.P.M., T.L.S., B.C., J.W., W.P.F.), and the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital (B.C., W.P.F.), Columbia, MO
| | - Zhen Weng
- From the Departments of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine (Y.J., Z.W., P.F., N.G., M.L., S.P.M., T.L.S., B.C., J.W., W.P.F.), and the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital (B.C., W.P.F.), Columbia, MO
| | - Philip Fish
- From the Departments of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine (Y.J., Z.W., P.F., N.G., M.L., S.P.M., T.L.S., B.C., J.W., W.P.F.), and the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital (B.C., W.P.F.), Columbia, MO
| | - Neha Goyal
- From the Departments of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine (Y.J., Z.W., P.F., N.G., M.L., S.P.M., T.L.S., B.C., J.W., W.P.F.), and the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital (B.C., W.P.F.), Columbia, MO
| | - Mao Luo
- From the Departments of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine (Y.J., Z.W., P.F., N.G., M.L., S.P.M., T.L.S., B.C., J.W., W.P.F.), and the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital (B.C., W.P.F.), Columbia, MO
| | - Samantha P Myears
- From the Departments of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine (Y.J., Z.W., P.F., N.G., M.L., S.P.M., T.L.S., B.C., J.W., W.P.F.), and the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital (B.C., W.P.F.), Columbia, MO
| | - Tammy L Strawn
- From the Departments of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine (Y.J., Z.W., P.F., N.G., M.L., S.P.M., T.L.S., B.C., J.W., W.P.F.), and the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital (B.C., W.P.F.), Columbia, MO
| | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- From the Departments of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine (Y.J., Z.W., P.F., N.G., M.L., S.P.M., T.L.S., B.C., J.W., W.P.F.), and the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital (B.C., W.P.F.), Columbia, MO
| | - Jianbo Wu
- From the Departments of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine (Y.J., Z.W., P.F., N.G., M.L., S.P.M., T.L.S., B.C., J.W., W.P.F.), and the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital (B.C., W.P.F.), Columbia, MO
| | - William P Fay
- From the Departments of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine (Y.J., Z.W., P.F., N.G., M.L., S.P.M., T.L.S., B.C., J.W., W.P.F.), and the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital (B.C., W.P.F.), Columbia, MO.
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Karimian A, Farajnia S, Ghojazadeh M, Khaki-Khatibi F. The Association between PAI-1 Gene Promoter Polymorphism and Serum Serpin E1, MDA, and Hs-CRP Levels in Coronary Artery Disease. Int Cardiovasc Res J 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/icrj-10(03)129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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14
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Song HH, Ryu HW, Kim HS, Kim CS, Hyun HJ, Lee HK, Oh SR. A metabolomics approach to identify factors influencing their activity relative to oleanolic acid contents in Korean mistletoe types. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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15
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Protease activated receptor-1 mediated dual kinase receptor transactivation stimulates the expression of glycosaminoglycan synthesizing genes. Cell Signal 2016; 28:110-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Yaghoubi A, Ghojazadeh M, Abolhasani S, Alikhah H, Khaki-Khatibi F. Correlation of Serum Levels of Vitronectin, Malondialdehyde and Hs- CRP With Disease Severity in Coronary Artery Disease. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2015; 7:113-7. [PMID: 26430499 PMCID: PMC4586597 DOI: 10.15171/jcvtr.2015.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Vitronectin (VN), malondialdehyde (MDA) and high-sensitivity C-reactive rotein (hs-CRP) are cooperative agents involved in the atherosclerosis process. The study was conducted to assess the correlation of VN, MDA and hs-CRP with the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD).
Methods: Parameters such as serum VN, MDA and hs-CRP were measured in 250 subjects including 200 patients with angiographically diagnosed CAD (50 subjects with non-significant CAD, 50 with single vessel disease, 50 with double vessel disease, and 50 with triple vessel disease) and 50 CAD-free subjects as a control group. Serum VN was measured with ELISA; MDA was measured based on reaction with thiobarbituric acid (TBA); and hs-CRP level was measured by a Commercial Kit by Immunoturbidimetry.
Results: Serum VN, MDA and hs-CRP were significantly higher in patient groups compared to control group (P < .05). The mean value of MDA between 1 vessel and 3 vessel groups had significant difference (P = .01), also mean value of MDA between 2 vessel and control group and normal group showed significant difference (P < .001). The difference of MDA between 3 vessel and normal and 1 vessel and control group was significant (P < .001).
Conclusion: The association and correlation between VN, MDA and hs-CRP indicate their involvement in the atherosclerosis process that may lead to progression of CAD. Also, these findings suggested that serum levels of VN, MDA and hs-CRP can help as diagnostic and monitoring markers in CAD patients and as markers of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Yaghoubi
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghojazadeh
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sakhavat Abolhasani
- Students' Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Alikhah
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khaki-Khatibi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Vitronectin-binding PAI-1 protects against the development of cardiac fibrosis through interaction with fibroblasts. J Transl Med 2014; 94:633-44. [PMID: 24687120 PMCID: PMC4361016 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) promotes or abates fibrotic processes occurring in different organs. Binding of PAI-1 to vitronectin, an extracellular matrix component, may inhibit vitronectin-integrin complex-mediated cellular responses in pathophysiological conditions. To investigate the importance of plasmin suppression vs vitronectin-binding pathways of PAI-1 in cardiac fibrosis, we studied uninephrectomized mice fed a high salt diet and infused with angiotensin II (Ang II) together with different PAI-1 variants, including PAI-1AK (AK) that inhibits plasminogen activators but does not bind vitronectin, PAI-1RR (RR) that binds vitronectin but does not have protease inhibitory effects or control PAI-1 (CPAI), the control mutant that has similar molecular backbone and half-life as AK and RR while retaining all functions of native PAI-1. Compared with RR and CPAI, non-vitronectin-binding AK significantly increased expression of cardiac fibroblast marker, periostin (Ang+AK 8.40±3.55 vs Ang+RR 2.23±0.44 and Ang+CPAI 2.33±0.12% positive area, both P<0.05) and cardiac fibrosis (Ang+AK 1.79±0.26% vs Ang+RR 0.91±0.18% and Ang+CPAI 0.81±0.12% fibrotic area, both P<0.05), as well as Col1 mRNA (Ang+AK 12.81±1.84 vs Ang+RR 4.04±1.06 and Ang+CPAI 5.23±1.21 fold increase, both P<0.05). To elucidate mechanisms underlying the protective effects of vitronectin-binding PAI-1 against fibrosis, fibroblasts from normal adult human ventricles were stimulated with Ang and different PAI-1 variants. Protease inhibitory AK and CPAI increased supernatant fibronectin, while decreasing plasminogen activator/plasmin activities and matrix metalloproteinase. RR and CPAI variants significantly reduced fibroblast expression of integrin β3, vitronectin level in the supernatant and fibroblast adhesion to vitronectin compared with the non-vitronectin-binding AK. Further, RR and CPAI preserved apoptotic, decreased anti-apoptotic and proliferative activities in fibroblasts. Thus, PAI-1 promotes or protects against development of cardiac fibrosis differentially through the protease inhibitory pathway or through its binding to vitronectin.
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Spronk HMH, de Jong AM, Crijns HJ, Schotten U, Van Gelder IC, ten Cate H. Pleiotropic effects of factor Xa and thrombin: what to expect from novel anticoagulants. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 101:344-51. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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19
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Fortenberry YM. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 inhibitors: a patent review (2006-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:801-15. [PMID: 23521527 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.782393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the serine protease inhibitor (serpin), binds to and inhibits the plasminogen activators-tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). This results in both a decrease in plasmin production and a decrease in the dissolution of fibrin clots. Elevated levels of PAI-1 are correlated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and have been linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Consequently, the pharmacological suppression of PAI-1 might prevent or treat vascular disease. AREAS COVERED This article provides an overview of the patenting activity on PAI-1 inhibitors. Patents filed by pharmaceutical companies or individual research groups are described, and the biological and biochemical evaluation of the inhibitors, including in vitro and in vivo studies, is discussed. An overview of patents pertaining to using these inhibitors for treating various diseases is also included. EXPERT OPINION Although there is still no PAI-1 inhibitor being evaluated in a clinical setting or approved for human therapy, research in this field has progressed, and promising new compounds have been designed. Most research has focused on improving the pharmacological profile of these compounds, which will hopefully allow them to proceed to clinical studies. Despite the need for further testing and research, the potential use of PAI-1 inhibitors for treating cardiovascular disease appears quite promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda M Fortenberry
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Department of Pediatrics, 720 Rutland Avenue Ross 1120, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Wang Y, Xu J, Chen J, Fan X, Zhang Y, Yu W, Liu J, Hui R. Promoter variants of VTN are associated with vascular disease. Int J Cardiol 2012; 168:163-8. [PMID: 23041018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitronectin is involved in the whole process of atherosclerosis. Our aim is to determine the association of VTN functional promoter variants with different types of vascular disease, and conclude the roles of vitronectin involved in vascular disease. METHODS Gel shift assays and luciferase reporter assays were used to determine the impact of variants on promoter activity. The correlation of plasma vitronectin levels with the variant was assessed in normal controls. The association of the variant with vascular disease was determined in 3 case-control studies. RESULTS A strong linkage disequilibrium was found between rs2227721 and rs2227720 in VTN promoter in Chinese (r(2)=1.0). Both variants resulted in a decreased transcription activity, and rs2227721 decreased the binding efficiency of transcription factor YY1 to the region. The rs2227721 was correlated with plasma vitronectin levels in normal controls (r=-0.207, P=0.028). The rs2227721 was associated with susceptibility of vascular disease; the odds ratios among subjects carrying rs2227721-T allele were 1.298 (95% Confidence Interval-CI, 1.033-1.631) for non-MI CAD (P<0.05), 1.346 (95% CI, 1.068-1.695) for chronic MI (P<0.05), 1.486 (95% CI, 1.145-1.928) for acute MI (P<0.001), and 1.619 (95% CI, 1.108-2.366) for deep venous thrombosis (P<0.05). CONCLUSION VTN promoter haplotype would be a novel genetic marker for vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Wang
- Sino-German Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Beijing 100037, China.
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Van De Craen B, Declerck PJ, Gils A. The Biochemistry, Physiology and Pathological roles of PAI-1 and the requirements for PAI-1 inhibition in vivo. Thromb Res 2012; 130:576-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Olson ES, Whitney MA, Friedman B, Aguilera TA, Crisp JL, Baik FM, Jiang T, Baird SM, Tsimikas S, Tsien RY, Nguyen QT. In vivo fluorescence imaging of atherosclerotic plaques with activatable cell-penetrating peptides targeting thrombin activity. Integr Biol (Camb) 2012; 4:595-605. [PMID: 22534729 PMCID: PMC3689578 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib00161f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin and other coagulation enzymes have been shown to be important during atherosclerotic disease development. Study of these proteases is currently limited because of lack of robust molecular imaging agents for imaging protease activity in vivo. Activatable cell penetrating peptides (ACPPs) have been used to monitor MMP activity in tumors and, in principle, can be modified to detect other proteases. We have developed a probe that incorporates the peptide sequence DPRSFL from the proteinase activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) into an ACPP and shown that it is preferentially cleaved by purified thrombin. Active thrombin in serum cleaves DPRSFL-ACPP with >90% inhibition by lepirudin or argatroban. The DPRSFL-ACPP cleavage product accumulated in advanced atherosclerotic lesions in living mice, with 85% reduction in retention upon pre-injection of mice with hirudin. Uptake of the ACPP cleavage product was highest in plaques with histological features associated with more severe disease. Freshly resected human atheromas bathed in DPRSFL-ACPP retained 63% greater cleavage product compared to control ACPP. In conclusion, DPRSFL-ACPP can be used to study thrombin activity in coagulation and atherosclerosis with good spatial and temporal resolution. Thrombin-sensitive ACPPs may be developed into probes for early detection and intraoperative imaging of high risk atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia S. Olson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA
| | - Michael A. Whitney
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA
| | - Beth Friedman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA
| | - Todd A. Aguilera
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA
| | - Jessica L. Crisp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA
| | - Fred M. Baik
- UCSD School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA
| | - Tao Jiang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA
| | - Stephen M. Baird
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0682, USA
| | - Roger Y. Tsien
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA
| | - Quyen T. Nguyen
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA; Fax: +1 858 534-5270; Tel: +1 858 822-3965
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Lee H, Hamilton JR. Physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential of protease-activated receptors in vascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 134:246-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Wei HJ, Li YH, Shi GY, Liu SL, Chang PC, Kuo CH, Wu HL. Thrombomodulin domains attenuate atherosclerosis by inhibiting thrombin-induced endothelial cell activation. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 92:317-27. [PMID: 21840881 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Thrombin modulates the formation of atherosclerotic lesions by stimulating a variety of cellular effects through protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) activation. Thrombomodulin (TM) inhibits thrombin effects by binding thrombin through its domains 2 and 3 (TMD23). We investigated whether recombinant TMD23 (rTMD23) could inhibit atherosclerosis via its thrombin-binding ability. METHODS AND RESULTS Wild-type mouse rTMD23 and three mutants with altered thrombin-binding sites, rTMD23 (I425A), rTMD23 (D424A/D426A), and rTMD23 (D424A/I425A/D426A), were expressed and purified in the Pichia pastoris expression system. Wild-type rTMD23 and rTMD23 (D424A/D426A) could effectively bind thrombin, activate protein C, and prolong thrombin clotting time, whereas rTMD23 (I425A) and rTMD23 (D424A/I425A/D426A) lost these functions. Wild-type rTMD23, but not rTMD23 (I425A), decreased both the thrombin-induced surface PAR-1 internalization and the increase in cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentrations in endothelial cells (ECs). Wild-type rTMD23 and rTMD23 (D424A/D426A) also inhibited thrombin-induced adhesion molecules and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression and increased permeability in ECs, whereas rTMD23 (I425A) and rTMD23 (D424A/I425A/D426A) had no such effects. Furthermore, wild-type rTMD23 and rTMD23 (D424A/D426A) were effective in reducing carotid ligation-induced neointima formation in C57BL/6 mice and atherosclerotic lesion formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice, whereas rTMD23 with the I425A mutation showed impairment of this function. Wild-type rTMD23, but not rTMD23 (I425A), also markedly suppressed the PAR-1, the adhesion molecules expression, and the macrophage content in the carotid ligation model and ApoE-/- mice. CONCLUSION rTMD23 protein significantly reduces atherosclerosis and neointima formation through its thrombin-binding ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Ju Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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25
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Mesnard L, Rafat C, Vandermeersch S, Hertig A, Cathelin D, Xu-Dubois YC, Jouanneau C, Keller AC, Ribeil JA, Leite-de-Moraes MC, Rondeau E. Vitronectin dictates intraglomerular fibrinolysis in immune-mediated glomerulonephritis. FASEB J 2011; 25:3543-53. [PMID: 21764994 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-180752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During human glomerulonephritis, the severity of injuries correlates with glomerular fibrin deposits, which are tightly regulated by the intraglomerular fibrinolytic system. Here, we evaluated the role of vitronectin (VTN; also known as complement S protein), the principal cofactor of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), in a mouse model of acute glomerulonephritis. We found that in mice subjected to nephrotoxic serum, the absence of VTN resulted in a lower glomerular PAI-1 activity and a higher glomerular fibrinolytic activity. Challenged VTN(-/-) mice displayed significantly less fibrin deposits, proteinuria, and renal failure than their wild-type counterparts. Notably, this protective effect afforded by VTN deficiency was still observed after a C3 depletion. Finally, the injection of VTN(+/+) serum in VTN(-/-) mice induced the glomerular deposition of VTN, increased PAI-1 deposition, decreased glomerular fibrinolytic activity, and aggravated glomerular injury. As in mice, abundant glomerular VTN deposits were also observed in patients with severe glomerulonephritis. Here, we show that plasma-exchange therapy, admittedly beneficial in this clinical context, induces a significant depletion in circulating VTN, which might modulate PAI-1 activity locally and accelerate the clearance of fibrin deposits in the glomeruli. Collectively, these results demonstrate that VTN exerts a deleterious role independently from complement, by directing PAI-dependent fibrinolysis in the glomerular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mesnard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 702, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France.
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Thompson LC, Goswami S, Ginsberg DS, Day DE, Verhamme IM, Peterson CB. Metals affect the structure and activity of human plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. I. Modulation of stability and protease inhibition. Protein Sci 2011; 20:353-65. [PMID: 21280127 DOI: 10.1002/pro.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is a serine protease inhibitor with a metastable active conformation. Under physiological conditions, half of the inhibitor transitions to a latent state within 1-2 h. The interaction between PAI-1 and the plasma protein vitronectin prolongs this active lifespan by ∼50%. Previously, our group demonstrated that PAI-1 binds to resins using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Day, U.S. Pat. 7,015,021 B2, March 21, 2006). In this study, the effect of these metals on function and stability was investigated by measuring the rate of the transition from the active to latent conformation. All metals tested showed effects on stability, with the majority falling into one of two types depending on their effects. The first type of metal, which includes magnesium, calcium and manganese, invoked a slight stabilization of the active conformation of PAI-1. A second category of metals, including cobalt, nickel and copper, showed the opposite effects and a unique vitronectin-dependent modulation of PAI-1 stability. This second group of metals significantly destabilized PAI-1, although the addition of vitronectin in conjunction with these metals resulted in a marked stabilization and slower conversion to the latent conformation. In the presence of copper and vitronectin, the half-life of active PAI-1 was extended to 3 h, compared to a half-life of only ∼30 min with copper alone. Nickel had the largest effect, reducing the half-life to ∼5 min. Together, these data demonstrate a heretofore-unknown role for metals in modulating PAI-1 stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence C Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Hess K, Grant PJ. Inflammation and thrombosis in diabetes. Thromb Haemost 2011; 105 Suppl 1:S43-54. [PMID: 21479339 DOI: 10.1160/ths10-11-0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Atherothrombosis, defined as atherosclerotic lesion disruption with superimposed thrombus formation, is the most common cause of death among these patients. Following plaque rupture, adherence of platelets is followed by local activation of coagulation, the formation of a cross-linked fibrin clot and the development of an occlusive platelet rich fibrin mesh. Patients with diabetes exhibit a thrombotic risk clustering which is composed of hyper-reactive platelets, up regulation of pro-thrombotic markers and suppression of fibrinolysis. These changes are mainly mediated by the presence of insulin resistance and dysglycaemia and an increased inflammatory state which directly affects platelet function, coagulation factors and clot structure. This prothrombotic state is related to increased cardiovascular risk and may account for the reduced response to antithrombotic therapeutic approaches, underpinning the need for adequate antithrombotic therapy in patients with diabetes to reduce their cardiovascular mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hess
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, LIGHT Laboratories, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Sen P, Komissarov AA, Florova G, Idell S, Pendurthi UR, Vijaya Mohan Rao L. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 inhibits factor VIIa bound to tissue factor. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:531-9. [PMID: 21143380 PMCID: PMC3050064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE A growing body of experimental evidence supports broad inhibitory and regulatory activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). The present study was designed to investigate whether PAI-1 inhibits factor (F) VIIa complexed with tissue factor (TF), a well-known procoagulant risk factor. METHODS AND RESULTS The ability of PAI-1 to inhibit FVIIa-TF activity was evaluated in both clotting and factor X (FX) activation assays. PAI-1 and its complex with vitronectin inhibit: (i) clotting activity of FVIIa-TF (PAI-1(IC50) , 817 and 125 nm, respectively); (ii) FVIIa-TF-mediated FX activation (PAI-1(IC50) , 260 and 50 nm, respectively); and (iii) FVIIa bound to TF expressed on the surface of stimulated endothelial cells (PAI-1(IC50) , 260 and 120 nm, respectively). The association rate constant (k(a)) for PAI-1 inhibition of FVIIa-TF was determined using a chromogenic assay. K(a) for PAI-1 inhibition of FVIIa bound to relipidated TF is 3.3-fold higher than that for FVIIa bound to soluble TF (k(a) = 0.09 ± 0.01 and 0.027 ± 0.03 μm(-1) min(-1), respectively). Vitronectin increases k(a) for both soluble and relipidated TF by 3.5- and 30-fold, respectively (to 0.094 ± 0.020 and 2.7 ± 0.2 μm(-1) min(-1)). However, only a 3.5- to 5.0-fold increase in the acylated FVIIa was observed on SDS PAGE in the presence of vitronectin for both relipidated and soluble TF, indicating fast formation of PAI-1/vitronectin/FVIIa/relipidated TF non-covalent complex. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate potential anticoagulant activity of PAI-1 in the presence of vitronectin, which could contribute to regulation of hemostasis under pathological conditions such as severe sepsis, acute lung injury and pleural injury, where PAI-1 and TF are overexpressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sen
- Center for Biomedical Research and The Texas Lung Injury Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
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White-Adams TC, Berny MA, Patel IA, Tucker EI, Gailani D, Gruber A, McCarty OJT. Laminin promotes coagulation and thrombus formation in a factor XII-dependent manner. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:1295-301. [PMID: 20796202 PMCID: PMC4367539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laminin is the most abundant non-collagenous protein in the basement membrane. Recent studies have shown that laminin supports platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation under flow conditions, highlighting a possible role for laminin in hemostasis. OBJECTIVE To investigate the ability of laminin to promote coagulation and support thrombus formation under shear. RESULTS AND METHODS Soluble laminin accelerated factor (F) XII activation in a purified system, and shortened the clotting time of recalcified plasma in a FXI- and FXII-dependent manner. Laminin promoted phosphatidylserine exposure on platelets and supported platelet adhesion and fibrin formation in recalcified blood under shear flow conditions. Fibrin formation in laminin-coated capillaries was abrogated by an antibody that interferes with FXI activation by activated FXII, or an antibody that blocks activated FXI activation of FIX. CONCLUSION This study identifies a role for laminin in the initiation of coagulation and the formation of platelet-rich thrombi under shear conditions in a FXII-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C White-Adams
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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30
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Tollefsen DM. Vascular dermatan sulfate and heparin cofactor II. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 93:351-72. [PMID: 20807652 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)93015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heparin cofactor II (HCII) is a plasma protease inhibitor of the serpin family that inactivates thrombin by forming a covalent 1:1 complex. The rate of complex formation increases more than 1000-fold in the presence of dermatan sulfate (DS). Endothelial injury allows circulating HCII to enter the vessel wall, where it binds to DS and presumably becomes activated. Mice that lack HCII develop carotid artery thrombosis more rapidly than wild-type mice after oxidative damage to the endothelium. These mice also have increased arterial neointima formation following mechanical injury and develop more extensive atherosclerotic lesions when made hypercholesterolemic. Similarly, low plasma HCII levels appear to be a risk factor for atherosclerosis and in-stent restenosis in human subjects. These observations suggest that a major function of the HCII-DS system is to regulate the physiologic response to arterial injury.
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Heparin cofactor II in atherosclerotic lesions from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study. Exp Mol Pathol 2009; 87:178-83. [PMID: 19747479 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heparin cofactor II (HCII) is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) that has been shown to be a predictor of decreased atherosclerosis in the elderly and protective against atherosclerosis in mice. HCII inhibits thrombin in vitro and HCII-thrombin complexes have been detected in human plasma. Moreover, the mechanism of protection against atherosclerosis in mice was determined to be the inhibition of thrombin. Despite this evidence, the presence of HCII in human atherosclerotic tissue has not been reported. In this study, using samples of coronary arteries obtained from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study, we explore the local relationship between HCII and (pro)thrombin in atherosclerosis. We found that HCII and (pro)thrombin are co-localized in the lipid-rich necrotic core of atheromas. A significant positive correlation between each protein and the severity of the atherosclerotic lesion was present. These results suggest that HCII is in a position to inhibit thrombin in atherosclerotic lesions where thrombin can exert a proatherogenic inflammatory response. However, these results should be tempered by the additional findings from this, and other studies, that indicate the presence of other plasma proteins (antithrombin, albumin, and alpha(1)-protease inhibitor) in the same localized region of the atheroma.
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Collings A, Höyssä S, Fan M, Kähönen M, Hutri-Kähönen N, Marniemi J, Juonala M, Viikari JSA, Raitakari OT, Lehtimäki TJ. Allelic variants of upstream transcription factor 1 associate with carotid artery intima-media thickness: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study. Circ J 2008; 72:1158-64. [PMID: 18577828 DOI: 10.1253/circj.72.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms of the upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1) have been associated with familial combined hyperlipidemia and coronary heart disease. The impact of this gene on subclinical atherosclerosis is unknown. Associations of 3 allelic variants of the USF1 gene and their haplotypes with carotid artery intima - media thickness (IMT), carotid artery compliance (CAC) and brachial artery flow mediated dilatation (FMD) were studied in a population of Finnish healthy young adults. METHODS AND RESULTS The study population comprised 2,281 individuals participating in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study. IMT, CAC and FMD values were measured by ultrasound examination. Genotypes were analysed using the 5' nuclease assay. A significant difference in IMT was found for usf1s1 (rs3737787) and usf1s8 (rs2516838) genotypes (p-values 0.046 and 0.021, respectively). Moreover, there was a significant difference between groups in haplotype 1 and haplotype 2 for IMT (p-values 0.011 and 0.028 respectively). In multivariate stepwise linear regression models adjusted by age, sex, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, smoking, C-reactive protein, glucose, high- and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterols and triglycerides there were significant associations for the usf1s1 minor genotype AA to predict low IMT (p=0.038) and usf1s8 minor genotype GG to predict high IMT (p=0.003). There was also a significant association for haplotype 2 to predict low IMT in the otherwise similar multivariate model (p=0.006). No associations were found for polymorphisms and CAC, FMD or serum lipids. CONCLUSIONS The rs2516838 and rs3737787 polymorphisms of USF1 influence the carotid artery IMT, which is a new finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auni Collings
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, 33521 Tampere, Finland.
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An DM, Ji G, Zheng PY. Dynamic changes of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the process of cholestatic liver fibrosis in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:246-252. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i3.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the dynamic changes of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI -1) mRNA in the process of cholestatic liver fibrosis in rats.
METHODS: Rat models of cholestatic liver fibrosis were induced by bile duct ligation. Rats were divided control group, 1 wk, 2 wk, 3 wk and 4 wk groups. Liver pathology and fibrosis degree were observed. Expression of PAI-1 mRNA, MMP-2 and MMP-9 was detected weekly by ELISA.
RESULTS: THistological examination showed that the degree of rat liver fibrosis and the expression of PAI-1 mRNA were gradually increased with the prolongation of biliary obstruction. The expression of PAI-1/β-actin mRNA in 1 wk, 2 wk, 3 wk and 4 wk model groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (1.53 ± 0.01, 1.84 ± 0.03, 2.06 ± 0.04, 3.62 ± 0.04 vs 0.72 ± 0.02, P < 0.01) and the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was elevated in the first stage and then declined.
CONCLUSION: Dynamic changes of PAI-1 mRNA expression are closely correlated with the formation and development of cholestatic liver fibrosis.
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Vicente CP, He L, Tollefsen DM. Accelerated atherogenesis and neointima formation in heparin cofactor II deficient mice. Blood 2007; 110:4261-7. [PMID: 17878401 PMCID: PMC2234791 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-04-086611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin cofactor II (HCII) is a plasma protein that inhibits thrombin when bound to dermatan sulfate or heparin. HCII-deficient mice are viable and fertile but rapidly develop thrombosis of the carotid artery after endothelial injury. We now report the effects of HCII deficiency on atherogenesis and neointima formation. HCII-null or wild-type mice, both on an apolipoprotein E-null background, were fed an atherogenic diet for 12 weeks. HCII-null mice developed plaque areas in the aortic arch approximately 64% larger than wild-type mice despite having similar plasma lipid and glucose levels. Neointima formation was induced by mechanical dilation of the common carotid artery. Thrombin activity, determined by hirudin binding or chromogenic substrate hydrolysis within 1 hour after injury, was higher in the arterial walls of HCII-null mice than in wild-type mice. After 3 weeks, the median neointimal area was 2- to 3-fold greater in HCII-null than in wild-type mice. Dermatan sulfate administered intravenously within 48 hours after injury inhibited neointima formation in wild-type mice but had no effect in HCII-null mice. Heparin did not inhibit neointima formation. We conclude that HCII deficiency promotes atherogenesis and neointima formation and that treatment with dermatan sulfate reduces neointima formation in an HCII-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina P Vicente
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-São Paulo, Brazil
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35
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Rossignol P, Luttun A, Martin-Ventura JL, Lupu F, Carmeliet P, Collen D, Anglès-Cano E, Lijnen HR. Plasminogen activation: a mediator of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis in atherosclerotic plaques. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:664-70. [PMID: 16460449 PMCID: PMC2244648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis of vascular cells is considered to be a major determinant of atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability and potential rupture. Plasmin can be generated in atherosclerotic plaques and recent in vitro data suggest that plasminogen activation may trigger vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis. AIM To determine whether plasminogen activation may induce aortic VSMC apoptosis ex vivo and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice with single or combined deficiencies of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were used. Ex vivo incubation with plasminogen of isolated aortic tunica media from PAI-1-deficient mice induced plasminogen activation and VSMC apoptosis, which was inhibited by alpha2-antiplasmin. In vivo, levels of plasmin, active caspase 3 and VSMC apoptotic index were significantly higher in atherosclerotic aortas from mice with combined ApoE and PAI-1 deficiencies than in those from littermates with single ApoE deficiency. A parallel decrease in VSMC density was observed. CONCLUSIONS These data strongly suggest that plasminogen activation may contribute to VSMC apoptosis in atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Rossignol
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology
University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium,FR
| | - Aernout Luttun
- Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy
Flanders Interuniversity Institute for BiotechnologyCampus Gasthuisberg, O&N, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven,BE
| | - Jose Luis Martin-Ventura
- Hémostase, bio-ingénierie et remodelage cardiovasculaires
INSERM : U698Université Denis Diderot - Paris VIIChu Xavier Bichat
46, Rue Henri Huchard
75877 PARIS CEDEX 18,FR
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program
Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104,US
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy
Flanders Interuniversity Institute for BiotechnologyCampus Gasthuisberg, O&N, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven,BE
| | - Désiré Collen
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology
University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium,FR
- Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy
Flanders Interuniversity Institute for BiotechnologyCampus Gasthuisberg, O&N, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven,BE
| | - Eduardo Anglès-Cano
- Hémostase, bio-ingénierie et remodelage cardiovasculaires
INSERM : U698Université Denis Diderot - Paris VIIChu Xavier Bichat
46, Rue Henri Huchard
75877 PARIS CEDEX 18,FR
| | - Henri Roger Lijnen
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology
University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium,FR
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Ekmekçi OB, Ekmekçi H. Vitronectin in atherosclerotic disease. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 368:77-83. [PMID: 16460719 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the development of an intimal thickening that contains monocytes, T lymphocytes, and smooth muscle cells within an accumulation of lipid and extracellular matrix proteins. Vitronectin is a plasma glycoprotein implicated as a regulator of diverse physiological process, including blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, pericellular proteolysis, complement dependent immune responses, and cell attachment and spreading. Because of its ability to bind platelet glycoproteins and mediate platelet adhesion and aggregation at sites of vascular injury, vitronectin has become an important mediator in the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Balci Ekmekçi
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatric Heamatology/Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Istanbul, Turkey
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37
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Hasegawa T, Okada K, Takano Y, Hiraishi Y, Okita Y. Thrombin-free Fibrin Coating on Small Caliber Vascular Prostheses Has High Antithrombogenicity in Rabbit Model. Artif Organs 2005; 29:880-6. [PMID: 16266301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2005.00151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibrin coatings on prosthetic vascular graft, which are conventionally produced by fibrinogen and thrombin, are expected to improve antithrombogenicity and healing characteristics. Thrombin is one of the factors of blood coagulation cascade; however, it has a possibility to play a negative role in the graft antithrombogenicity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of our new grafts, thrombin-free fibrin-coated small caliber vascular prostheses. Knitted polyester fabric vascular prostheses 2 mm in internal diameter were coated with fibrin coating with thrombin (Graft I) or without thrombin (Graft II). Both grafts were implanted in bilateral common carotid arteries of 35 Japanese white rabbits, with Graft I in one side and Graft II in the contralateral side. Graft patency, histology, thrombin activity, and platelet deposition were compared between both grafts on postoperative days (PODs) 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 30, and 60. Both grafts were patent without thrombus or stenosis at each end point (maximal period, POD 60). Macro- and microscopic findings revealed that no obvious difference was observed between both grafts. Before graft implantation, thrombin activities in Grafts I and II were 0.711 +/- 0.086 and 0.009 +/- 0.007 optical density at 405 nm, respectively. Thrombin activity of Graft II was significantly less than that of Graft I in every period after graft implantation, and platelet deposition of Graft II was significantly less than that of Graft I until POD 30. Thrombin-free fibrin-coated vascular prostheses have superior performance of antithrombogenicity to conventional fibrin-coated vascular prostheses with thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Hasegawa
- Department of Cardio-pulmonary and Vascular Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular, Thoracic, and Pediatric Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Minor KH, Schar CR, Blouse GE, Shore JD, Lawrence DA, Schuck P, Peterson CB. A mechanism for assembly of complexes of vitronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from sedimentation velocity analysis. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:28711-20. [PMID: 15905170 PMCID: PMC2034521 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500478200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and vitronectin are cofactors involved in pathological conditions such as injury, inflammation, and cancer, during which local levels of PAI-1 are increased and the active serpin forms complexes with vitronectin. These complexes become deposited into surrounding tissue matrices, where they regulate cell adhesion and pericellular proteolysis. The mechanism for their co-localization has not been elucidated. We hypothesize that PAI-1-vitronectin complexes form in a stepwise and concentration-dependent fashion via 1:1 and 2:1 intermediates, with the 2:1 complex serving a key role in assembly of higher order complexes. To test this hypothesis, sedimentation velocity experiments in the analytical ultracentrifuge were performed to identify different PAI-1-vitronectin complexes. Analysis of sedimentation data invoked a novel multisignal method to discern the stoichiometry of the two proteins in the higher-order complexes formed (Balbo, A., Minor, K. H., Velikovsky, C. A., Mariuzza, R. A., Peterson, C. B., and Schuck, P. (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102, 81-86). Our results demonstrate that PAI-1 and vitronectin assemble into higher order forms via a pathway that is triggered upon saturation of the two PAI-1-binding sites of vitronectin to form the 2:1 complex. This 2:1 PAI-1-vitronectin complex, with a sedimentation coefficient of 6.5 S, is the key intermediate for the assembly of higher order complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H Minor
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology and the Center of Excellence in Structural Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Ekmekci H, Ekmekci OB, Sonmez H, Ozturk Z, Domanic N, Kokoglu E. Evaluation of fibronectin, vitronectin, and leptin levels in coronary artery disease: impacts on thrombosis and thrombolysis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2005; 11:63-70. [PMID: 15678274 DOI: 10.1177/107602960501100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the levels of fibronectin, vitronectin, leptin, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), and lipid parameters were investigated in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and control group. The average plasma fibronectin levels in CAD patients group were significantly higher compared with the control group (p=0.006). Moreover, in patients with triple-vessel disease, plasma fibronectin levels were found to be significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05). Plasma vitronectin levels in patients with CAD were found to be significantly higher than those in the control group (p=0.000). In addition, in patients with double vessel disease plasma vitronectin levels were significantly higher than no vessel disease and control group, triple vessel disease was significantly higher as compared with no vessel disease, single vessel disease, and control group (p<0.05). We could not find any significant differences in t-PA values between CAD patients and control group. On the other hand, the average leptin levels in the group of patients were higher than those in the control group but there were no statistically significant differences found between them (p>0.05) because of high SD values. There was strong (+) correlation between fibronectin, vitronectin, and severity of disease [vitronectin/severity of disease, r = 0.5074 (p = 0.000), fibronectin/severity of disease, r = 0.2971 (p = 0.007)]. In conclusion, we can say that fibronectin and vitronectin have become greatly important in pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. High leptin levels may be contribute to platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease. But, elevated serum levels of leptin cannot be useful diagnostic and monitoring markers in patients with coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Ekmekci
- Department of Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul, Turkey.
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Wang J, Zheng H, Ou X, Albertson CM, Fink LM, Herbert JM, Hauer-Jensen M. Hirudin ameliorates intestinal radiation toxicity in the rat: support for thrombin inhibition as strategy to minimize side-effects after radiation therapy and as countermeasure against radiation exposure. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2:2027-35. [PMID: 15550035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The small bowel is a dose-limiting normal tissue in radiation therapy of malignancies in the abdomen and pelvis, as well as an important determinant of survival after non-therapeutic radiation exposure. Irradiation of normal tissues, including intestine, causes loss of vascular thromboresistance and upregulation of thrombin receptors. Radiation-induced endothelial dysfunction is thought to be involved in both early and delayed radiation responses. Hence, thrombin may be a potential target for ameliorating normal tissue radiation toxicity. OBJECTIVE To assess direct thrombin inhibition as a protective strategy against small bowel radiation toxicity. METHODS Rat small intestine was exposed to localized orthovoltage X-radiation. Recombinant hirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor, or vehicle was infused from 2 days before irradiation to 14 days after irradiation. Structural, cellular, and molecular aspects of intestinal radiation injury were assessed at 2 weeks (early toxicity) and 26 weeks (chronic toxicity) after irradiation. RESULTS Compared with unirradiated intestine, irradiated intestine showed increased expression of tissue factor, increased immunoreactivity for enzymatically active thrombin, and increased extravascular fibrin(ogen) deposition. Hirudin treatment significantly attenuated radiation-induced mucosal damage (P = 0.04), reactive intestinal wall thickening (P = 0.02), transforming growth factor-beta immunoreactivity levels (P = 0.0002), and collagen III deposition (P = 0.003). The differences between hirudin-treated and control rats were more pronounced at 2 weeks than at 26 weeks after irradiation. Hirudin treatment did not affect postradiation granulocyte infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Short-term thrombin inhibition attenuates important aspects of intestinal radiation toxicity. Thrombin is a promising target for minimizing normal tissue injury after radiation therapy of cancer, as well as for protecting normal tissues from the adverse effects of non-therapeutic radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Richard B, Arocas V, Guillin MC, Michel JB, Jandrot-Perrus M, Bouton MC. Protease nexin-1: a cellular serpin down-regulated by thrombin in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 2004; 201:138-45. [PMID: 15281096 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Protease nexin-1 (PN-1), a potent inhibitor of serine proteases, is present in vascular cells and forms complexes with thrombin, plasminogen activators, and plasmin. We examined the effect of thrombin on PN-1 expression by rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). PN-1 expression was determined by measuring protein and mRNA levels, using respectively immunoblotting and semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thrombin down-regulated PN-1 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This effect was mediated via the interaction of thrombin with its receptor protease activated receptor (PAR-1) since the peptide thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP) reduced PN-1 expression. PN-1 secreted by smooth muscle cells remained essentially associated to cell-surface glycosaminoglycans and was released from the cell surface by heparin. A lower amount of PN-1 was released by heparin from TRAP-stimulated versus unstimulated cells and correlated with a decreased capacity to inhibit thrombin. In addition, the ability to generate peri-cellular plasmin was increased in cells with a low PN-1 expression. Pre-treatment of smooth muscle cells with cycloheximide abolished the reduction of PN-1 expression by thrombin. Furthermore, conditioned media from thrombin-treated cells reproduced the effect of thrombin, suggesting that thrombin acted via the induction of auto/paracrine mediator(s). We observed that fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2)-neutralizing antibodies abolished thrombin effect whereas FGF-2 reproduced it, indicating that FGF-2 is one of the involved mediator. Together, these results indicate that (i) PN-1 modulates the activity of endogenous and exogenous serine proteases in RASMCs, (ii) thrombin down-regulates PN-1 expression and thus may increase its own activity on cells.
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MESH Headings
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Aorta/cytology
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/enzymology
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- Down-Regulation
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/immunology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Hemostatics/pharmacology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Protease Nexins
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Thrombin/pharmacology
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Rossignol P, Bouton MC, Jandrot-Perrus M, Bryckaert M, Jacob MP, Bezeaud A, Guillin MC, Michel JB, Meilhac O. A paradoxical pro-apoptotic effect of thrombin on smooth muscle cells. Exp Cell Res 2004; 299:279-85. [PMID: 15350527 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Revised: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Whereas thrombin (below 10 nM) is a potent mitogen, recent studies report that exposure to higher doses of thrombin could lead to apoptosis of neurons and tumor cells. Our results show that prolonged exposure (> or = 24 h) to thrombin (50-100 nM) exerts a pro-apoptotic effect on cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). This phenomenon depends on thrombin serine-protease activity but is independent of PAR-1 and -4 activation and subsequent signaling. The parallel occurrence of cell retraction and cleavage of fibronectin suggests that thrombin-induced apoptosis is consecutive to pericellular proteolysis. These data point to a new potential action of thrombin in the cardiovascular system.
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43
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Horrevoets AJG. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1):in vitroactivities and clinical relevance. Br J Haematol 2004; 125:12-23. [PMID: 15015963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.04844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton J G Horrevoets
- Department of Biochemistry K1-161, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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44
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Verbeke K, Gils A, Declerck PJ. Inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1: antibody fragments and their unique sequences as a tool for the development of profibrinolytic drugs. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2:298-305. [PMID: 14995993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7933.2004.00583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Physiological inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) might improve the prevention and treatment of various cardiovascular diseases. To date, a variety of monoclonal antibodies that neutralize PAI-1 have been generated. The current study presents the cloning, expression and characterization of four single-chain variable fragments (i.e. scFv-33B8, scFv-33H1F7, scFv-35A5 and scFv-55F4C12) from the corresponding PAI-1 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Surprisingly, affinity constants of scFv-33B8, scFv-33H1F7 and scFv-55F4C12 for PAI-1 (KA = 1.4 +/- 0.2 x 1010 m-1, 3.7 +/- 0.1 x 109 m-1, 1.0 +/- 0.2 x 109 m-1, respectively) were only 2- to 4-fold lower compared to those of the respective monoclonal antibodies (MAs). In contrast, scFv-35A5 exhibited a 6250-fold decrease in affinity (KA = 3.2 +/- 0.8 x 106 m-1 vs. 2.0 +/- 0.8 x 1010 m-1 observed for MA-35A5) with a concomitant absence of functional effects on PAI-1 activity. Evaluation of the dose-response curves of the PAI-1 neutralizing effect of the other scFvs revealed a shift towards slightly higher concentrations (in line with the small decrease in affinity) eventually resulting in a similar maximum effect as the corresponding MAs (i.e. 92 +/- 2%, 34 +/- 3% and 66 +/- 5% PAI-1 inhibition for scFv-33B8, scFv-33H1F7 and scFv-55F4C12, respectively). In conclusion, the sequence information of the scFvs allows to humanize MAs with PAI-1 inhibiting properties whereas the scFv constructs serve as an excellent starting point for structure based drug design, both aiming at the reduction of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Verbeke
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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45
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Migdalski A, Jawien A, Kotschy M, Knapik-Bieniek A. Selected Haemostatic Factors in Carotid Bifurcation Plaques of Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2004; 27:172-9. [PMID: 14718900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2003.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the concentration of selected haemostatic factors (HFs): thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT), antithrombin (AT), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and D-dimers in carotid bifurcation plaques and to compare plaque composition in different subgroups of patients (mainly those with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenosis). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-eight consecutive patients (20 symptomatic, 18 asymptomatic) undergoing carotid endarterectomy were enrolled in the study. The concentration of selected HFs in carotid plaques was measured using mainly enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Simultaneously, the concentration of HFs in plasma was also obtained. RESULTS Symptomatic plaques contained significantly more TAT complexes (p=0.03). AT was found only in nine out of 38 carotid plaques and was present mainly in symptomatic carotid plaques (n=8/9)(p<0.006). No significant differences were found between symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid plaques with respect to t-PA, PAI-1 and D-dimers concentration. There was an increased concentration of TAT (p<0.001), t-PA (p<0.02) and D-dimers (p<0.02) in carotid plaques of diabetic patients. Patients with coexisting intermittent claudication had elevated levels of D-dimers in carotid plaques (p<0.02). The only positive correlation was demonstrated between the concentration of AT in plasma and carotid plaques (R=0.76; p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS All the evaluated HFs are the components of a carotid plaque. Symptomatic patients have increased concentration of TAT complexes in a carotid plaque. The symptomatic carotid plaque contains AT more frequently, which correlates positively with AT plasma levels. The most marked changes in the carotid plaque haemostatic composition (expressed by elevated levels of TAT, t-PA and D-dimers) have diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Migdalski
- Department of Surgery, L Rydygier Medical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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46
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Colognato R, Slupsky JR, Jendrach M, Burysek L, Syrovets T, Simmet T. Differential expression and regulation of protease-activated receptors in human peripheral monocytes and monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells. Blood 2003; 102:2645-52. [PMID: 12805069 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-08-2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are stimulated by proteolytic cleavage of their extracellular domain, unmasking a new N-terminus acting as tethered ligand. Whereas the role of PARs in platelets is well known, their presence and function in human monocytes and other antigen-presenting cells has not been characterized. Here it is demonstrated that human peripheral monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells differentially express PARs. Human monocytes express mainly PAR1 and less PAR3. Differentiation of monocytes into macrophages by either macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) elicits enhanced expression of PAR1, PAR2, and PAR3. In contrast, dendritic cells differentiated from monocytes by GM-CSF and interleukin-4 (IL-4) strongly down-regulated PAR1, PAR2, and PAR3, both at the mRNA and the protein level. Down-regulation of the PAR expression was apparently due to IL-4, because treatment of macrophages with IL-4 caused down-regulation of PAR1, PAR2, and PAR3. PAR4 mRNA expression remained undetectable in any of the cell types investigated. Stimulation of PAR1, PAR2, and PAR3 with thrombin, trypsin, or established receptor-activating peptides (PAR-APs) triggered cytosolic Ca2+ responses, indicating functionally active PARs. Further, stimulation of monocytes or macrophages with thrombin or PAR1-AP, but not with PAR2-or PAR4-AP, triggers expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) both at the mRNA and the protein level. These data demonstrate that differentiation of human monocytes is associated with differential expression of functionally active PARs that mediate distinct regulatory functions in inflammation and atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Colognato
- Department of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Germany
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47
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Dai E, Guan H, Liu L, Little S, McFadden G, Vaziri S, Cao H, Ivanova IA, Bocksch L, Lucas A. Serp-1, a viral anti-inflammatory serpin, regulates cellular serine proteinase and serpin responses to vascular injury. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:18563-72. [PMID: 12637546 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209683200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex DNA viruses have tapped into cellular serpin responses that act as key regulatory steps in coagulation and inflammatory cascades. Serp-1 is one such viral serpin that effectively protects virus-infected tissues from host inflammatory responses. When given as purified protein, Serp-1 markedly inhibits vascular monocyte invasion and plaque growth in animal models. We have investigated mechanisms of viral serpin inhibition of vascular inflammatory responses. In vascular injury models, Serp-1 altered early cellular plasminogen activator (tissue plasminogen activator), inhibitor (PAI-1), and receptor (urokinase-type plasminogen activator) expression (p < 0.01). Serp-1, but not a reactive center loop mutant, up-regulated PAI-1 serpin expression in human endothelial cells. Treatment of endothelial cells with antibody to urokinase-type plasminogen activator and vitronectin blocked Serp-1-induced changes. Significantly, Serp-1 blocked intimal hyperplasia (p < 0.0001) after aortic allograft transplant (p < 0.0001) in PAI-1-deficient mice. Serp-1 also blocked plaque growth after aortic isograft transplant and after wire-induced injury (p < 0.05) in PAI-1-deficient mice indicating that increase in PAI-1 expression is not required for Serp-1 to block vasculopathy development. Serp-1 did not inhibit plaque growth in uPAR-deficient mice after aortic allograft transplant. We conclude that the poxviral serpin, Serp-1, attenuates vascular inflammatory responses to injury through a pathway mediated by native uPA receptors and vitronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbin Dai
- Vascular Biology Research Group, John P. Robarts' Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
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48
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Dekker RJ, Pannekoek H, Horrevoets AJG. A steady-state competition model describes the modulating effects of thrombomodulin on thrombin inhibition by plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the absence and presence of vitronectin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:1942-51. [PMID: 12709053 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) slows down the interaction rate between thrombin and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). We now show that the 12-fold reduced inhibition rate in the presence of TM does not result from an altered distribution between PAI-1 cleavage and irreversible complex formation. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) revealed an over 200-fold reduced affinity of TM for thrombin-VR1tPA as compared to thrombin, demonstrating the importance of the VR1 loop in the interaction of thrombin with both TM and PAI-1. Furthermore, in contrast to ATIII, PAI-1 was not able to bind the thrombin/TM complex demonstrating complete competitive binding between PAI-1 and TM. Kinetic modeling on the inhibitory effect of TM confirms a mechanism that involves complete steric blocking of the thrombin/PAI-1 interaction. Also, it accurately decribes the biphasic inhibition profile resulting from the substantial reduction of the extremely fast rate of reversible Michaelis complex formation, which is essential for efficient inhibition of thrombin by PAI-1. Vitronectin (VN) is shown to partially relieve TM inhibitory action only by vastly increasing the initial rate of interaction between free thrombin and PAI-1. In addition, SPR established that solution-phase PAI-1/VN complexes and non-native VN (extracellular matrix form) bind TM directly via the chondroitin sulphate moiety of TM. Collectively, these results show that VR1 is a subsite of exosite 1 on thrombin's surface, which regulates exclusive binding of either PAI-1 or TM. This competition will be physiologically significant in controlling the mitogenic activity of thrombin during vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob J Dekker
- Department of Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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49
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Askari AT, Brennan ML, Zhou X, Drinko J, Morehead A, Thomas JD, Topol EJ, Hazen SL, Penn MS. Myeloperoxidase and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 play a central role in ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. J Exp Med 2003; 197:615-24. [PMID: 12615902 PMCID: PMC2193831 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) results in LV dilation, a major cause of congestive heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Ischemic injury and the ensuing inflammatory response participate in LV remodeling, leading to myocardial rupture and LV dilation. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), which accumulates in the infarct zone, is released from neutrophils and monocytes leading to the formation of reactive chlorinating species capable of oxidizing proteins and altering biological function. We studied acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in a chronic coronary artery ligation model in MPO null mice (MPO(-/-)). MPO(-/-) demonstrated decreased leukocyte infiltration, significant reduction in LV dilation, and marked preservation of LV function. The mechanism appears to be due to decreased oxidative inactivation of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) in the MPO(-/-), leading to decreased tissue plasmin activity. MPO and PAI-1 are shown to have a critical role in the LV response immediately after MI, as demonstrated by markedly delayed myocardial rupture in the MPO(-/-) and accelerated rupture in the PAI-1(-/-). These data offer a mechanistic link between inflammation and LV remodeling by demonstrating a heretofore unrecognized role for MPO and PAI-1 in orchestrating the myocardial response to AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman T Askari
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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50
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Hua Y, Wu J, Keep RF, Hoff JT, Xi G. Thrombin exacerbates brain edema in focal cerebral ischemia. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2003; 86:163-6. [PMID: 14753426 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0651-8_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin contributes to edema formation after intracerebral hemorrhage. Recent studies suggest that thrombin may also play a role in ischemic brain damage. In the present study, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded using the suture method. We found that brain thrombin activity was elevated after permanent MCA occlusion as was prothrombin messenger RNA expression. Intracerebral injection of a thrombin inhibitor, hirudin, reduced neurological deficits following cerebral ischemia. In contrast, intracerebral administration of exogenous thrombin (at a dose that is non-toxic to normal brain), markedly exacerbated brain edema after transient focal cerebral ischemia. These results indicate that extravascular thrombin inhibition may be a new therapeutic target for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0532, USA
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