1
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Saadh MJ, Bazghandi B, Jamialahmdi H, Rahimzadeh-Bajgiran F, Forouzanfar F, Esmaeili SA, Saburi E. Therapeutic potential of lipid-lowering probiotics on the atherosclerosis development. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 971:176527. [PMID: 38554932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a critical risk factor for atherosclerosis, mostly attributed to lifestyle behavior such as diet. Recent advances have emphasized the critical effects of gastrointestinal bacteria in the pathology of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis, suggesting that the gastrointestinal microbiome can therefore provide efficient therapeutic targets for preventing and treating atherosclerosis. Thus, interventions, such as probiotic therapy, aimed at altering the bacterial composition introduce a promising therapeutic procedure. In the current review, we will provide an overview of anti-atherogenic probiotics contributing to lipid-lowering, inhibiting atherosclerotic inflammation, and suppressing bacterial atherogenic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan.
| | - Behina Bazghandi
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Jamialahmdi
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | | | - Fatemeh Forouzanfar
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad. Iran.
| | | | - Ehsan Saburi
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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2
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Chan A, Torelli S, Cheng E, Batchelder R, Waliany S, Neal J, Witteles R, Nguyen P, Cheng P, Zhu H. Immunotherapy-Associated Atherosclerosis: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Findings and Implications for Future Research. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2023; 25:715-735. [PMID: 38213548 PMCID: PMC10776491 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-023-01024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Purpose of the Review Even as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the lifespan of many patients, they may also trigger acceleration of long-term cardiovascular disease. Our review aims to examine the current landscape of research on ICI-mediated atherosclerosis and address key questions regarding its pathogenesis and impact on patient management. Recent Findings Preclinical mouse models suggest that T cell dysregulation and proatherogenic cytokine production are key contributors to plaque development after checkpoint inhibition. Clinical data also highlight the significant burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in patients on immunotherapy, although the value of proactively preventing and treating ASCVD in this population remains an open area of inquiry. Current treatment options include dietary/lifestyle modification and traditional medications to manage hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes risk factors; no current targeted therapies exist. Summary Early identification of high-risk patients is crucial for effective preventive strategies and timely intervention. Future research should focus on refining screening tools, elucidating targetable mechanisms driving ICI atherosclerosis, and evaluating long-term cardiovascular outcomes in cancer survivors who received immunotherapy. Moreover, close collaboration between oncologists and cardiologists is essential to optimize patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Chan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Stefan Torelli
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Evaline Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Ryan Batchelder
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Sarah Waliany
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Joel Neal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Ronald Witteles
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Patricia Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Drive, Rm 3500, Biomedical Innovations Building, Stanford, CA 94304 USA
| | - Paul Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Drive, Rm 3500, Biomedical Innovations Building, Stanford, CA 94304 USA
| | - Han Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Drive, Rm 3500, Biomedical Innovations Building, Stanford, CA 94304 USA
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3
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Hinkley H, Counts DA, VonCanon E, Lacy M. T Cells in Atherosclerosis: Key Players in the Pathogenesis of Vascular Disease. Cells 2023; 12:2152. [PMID: 37681883 PMCID: PMC10486666 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of lipid-rich plaques within arterial walls. T cells play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in which they help orchestrate immune responses and contribute to plaque development and instability. Here, we discuss the recognition of atherosclerosis-related antigens that may trigger T cell activation together with additional signaling from co-stimulatory molecules and lesional cytokines. Although few studies have indicated candidates for the antigen specificity of T cells in atherosclerosis, further research is needed. Furthermore, we describe the pro-atherogenic and atheroprotective roles of diverse subsets of T cells such as CD4+ helper, CD8+ cytotoxic, invariant natural killer, and γδ T cells. To classify and quantify T cell subsets in atherosclerosis, we summarize current methods to analyze cellular heterogeneity including single cell RNA sequencing and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing. Further insights into T cell biology will help shed light on the immunopathology of atherosclerosis, inform potential therapeutic interventions, and pave the way for precision medicine approaches in combating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Lacy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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4
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Meng Q, Liu H, Liu J, Pang Y, Liu Q. Advances in immunotherapy modalities for atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1079185. [PMID: 36703734 PMCID: PMC9871313 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1079185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis is the pathological basis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis is now understood to be a long-term immune-mediated inflammatory condition brought on by a complicated chain of factors, including endothelial dysfunction, lipid deposits in the artery wall, and monocyte-derived macrophage infiltration, in which both innate immunity and adaptive immunity play an indispensable role. Recent studies have shown that atherosclerosis can be alleviated by inducing a protective immune response through certain auto-antigens or exogenous antigens. Some clinical trials have also demonstrated that atherosclerotic is associated with the presence of immune cells and immune factors in the body. Therefore, immunotherapy is expected to be a new preventive and curative measure for atherosclerosis. In this review, we provide a summary overview of recent progress in the research of immune mechanisms of atherosclerosis and targeted therapeutic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China,Deparment of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Brain Research and Transformation, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Huajiang Liu
- Deparment of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jinteng Liu
- School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yangyang Pang
- School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qibing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China,School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China,*Correspondence: Qibing Liu,
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5
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Yang M, Tian S, Lin Z, Fu Z, Li C. Costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules of B7-CD28 family in cardiovascular atherosclerosis: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31667. [PMID: 36397436 PMCID: PMC9666218 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports the active involvement of vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis pathogenesis. Vascular inflammatory events within atherosclerotic plaques are predominated by innate antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells, macrophages, and adaptive immune cells such as T lymphocytes. The interaction between APCs and T cells is essential for the initiation and progression of vascular inflammation during atherosclerosis formation. B7-CD28 family members that provide either costimulatory or coinhibitory signals to T cells are important mediators of the cross-talk between APCs and T cells. The balance of different functional members of the B7-CD28 family shapes T cell responses during inflammation. Recent studies from both mouse and preclinical models have shown that targeting costimulatory molecules on APCs and T cells may be effective in treating vascular inflammatory diseases, especially atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding how APC and T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by focusing on B7-CD28 family members and provide insight into the immunotherapeutic potential of targeting B7-CD28 family members in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Electrophysiological Center of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Simeng Tian
- Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhoujun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenkun Fu
- Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Immunology, Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin, China
- * Correspondence: Zhenkun Fu, Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (e-mail. ); Chenggang Li, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (e-mail. )
| | - Chenggang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- * Correspondence: Zhenkun Fu, Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (e-mail. ); Chenggang Li, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (e-mail. )
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6
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Giachi A, Cugno M, Gualtierotti R. Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs improve the cardiovascular profile in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1012661. [PMID: 36352850 PMCID: PMC9637771 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1012661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting about 0. 5–1% of the adult population and manifesting as persistent synovitis, systemic inflammation and production of autoantibodies. Patients affected by RA not only experience chronic disease progression, but are also burdened by a 1.5-fold increased cardiovascular (CV) risk, which is comparable to the risk experienced by patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. RA patients also have a higher incidence and prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Although RA patients frequently present traditional CV risk factors such as insulin resistance and active smoking, previous studies have clarified the pivotal role of chronic inflammation–driven by proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)–in accelerating the process of atherosclerosis and impairing the coagulation system. Over the last years, a number of studies have shown that disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) reducing the inflammatory state in general improve the CV risk, however some drugs may carry some apparent negative effects. Thus, RA is a model of disease in which targeting inflammation may counteract the progression of atherosclerosis and reduce CV risk. Clinical and experimental evidence indicates that the management of RA patients should be tailored based on the positive and negative effects of DMARDs on CV risk together with the individual traditional CV risk profile. The identification of genetic, biochemical and clinical biomarkers, predictive of evolution and response to treatment, will be the next challenge for a precision approach to reduce the burden of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giachi
- UOC Medicina Generale Emostasi e Trombosi, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Cugno
- UOC Medicina Generale Emostasi e Trombosi, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Massimo Cugno
| | - Roberta Gualtierotti
- UOC Medicina Generale Emostasi e Trombosi, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
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7
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Hu C, Yang J, Qi Z, Wu H, Wang B, Zou F, Mei H, Liu J, Wang W, Liu Q. Heat shock proteins: Biological functions, pathological roles, and therapeutic opportunities. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e161. [PMID: 35928554 PMCID: PMC9345296 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat shock proteins (HSPs) are ubiquitous and conserved protein families in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, and they maintain cellular proteostasis and protect cells from stresses. HSP protein families are classified based on their molecular weights, mainly including large HSPs, HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, HSP40, and small HSPs. They function as molecular chaperons in cells and work as an integrated network, participating in the folding of newly synthesized polypeptides, refolding metastable proteins, protein complex assembly, dissociating protein aggregate dissociation, and the degradation of misfolded proteins. In addition to their chaperone functions, they also play important roles in cell signaling transduction, cell cycle, and apoptosis regulation. Therefore, malfunction of HSPs is related with many diseases, including cancers, neurodegeneration, and other diseases. In this review, we describe the current understandings about the molecular mechanisms of the major HSP families including HSP90/HSP70/HSP60/HSP110 and small HSPs, how the HSPs keep the protein proteostasis and response to stresses, and we also discuss their roles in diseases and the recent exploration of HSP related therapy and diagnosis to modulate diseases. These research advances offer new prospects of HSPs as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Ziping Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Hong Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Beilei Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Fengming Zou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Husheng Mei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Precision Medicine Research Laboratory of Anhui Province Hefei Anhui P. R. China
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8
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Bellini R, Bonacina F, Norata GD. Crosstalk between dendritic cells and T lymphocytes during atherogenesis: Focus on antigen presentation and break of tolerance. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:934314. [PMID: 35966516 PMCID: PMC9365967 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.934314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease resulting from an impaired lipid and immune homeostasis, where the interaction between innate and adaptive immune cells leads to the promotion of atherosclerosis-associated immune-inflammatory response. Emerging evidence has suggested that this response presents similarities to the reactivity of effector immune cells toward self-epitopes, often as a consequence of a break of tolerance. In this context, dendritic cells, a heterogeneous population of antigen presenting cells, play a key role in instructing effector T cells to react against foreign antigens and T regulatory cells to maintain tolerance against self-antigens and/or to patrol for self-reactive effector T cells. Alterations in this delicate balance appears to contribute to atherogenesis. The aim of this review is to discuss different DC subsets, and their role in atherosclerosis as well as in T cell polarization. Moreover, we will discuss how loss of T cell tolerogenic phenotype participates to the immune-inflammatory response associated to atherosclerosis and how a better understanding of these mechanisms might result in designing immunomodulatory therapies targeting DC-T cell crosstalk for the treatment of atherosclerosis-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Bellini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Bonacina
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Fabrizia Bonacina,
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, E. Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
- Giuseppe Danilo Norata,
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9
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Li Y, Jiang S, Li J, Yin M, Yan F, Chen Y, Chen Y, Wu T, Cheng M, He Y, Liang H, Yu H, Qiao Q, Guo Z, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Xiang Z, Yin Z. Phenotypic Changes of Peripheral γδ T Cell and Its Subsets in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:900334. [PMID: 35874761 PMCID: PMC9304556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.900334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CAD) is a chronic inflammatory cardiovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality. Growing data indicate that many immune cells are involved in the development of atherosclerosis. However, the immunological roles of γδ T cells in the initiation and progression of CAD are not fully understood. Here, we used flow cytometry to determine phenotypical changes of γδ T cells and their subpopulations in peripheral blood samples collected from 37 CAD patients. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between the clinical parameter (serum LDL-C level) and the changes of immunophenotypes of γδ T cells. Our results demonstrated that the frequencies and absolute numbers of total γδ T cells and Vδ2+ T cells were significantly decreased in CAD patients when compared to healthy individuals. However, the proportion of Vδ1+ T cells was much lower in CAD patients than that of healthy individuals. Most importantly, a significant alteration of the Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio was found in CAD patients. In addition, a series of surface markers that are associated with costimulatory signals (CD28, CD40L, CD80, CD86), activation levels (CD69, CD25, HLA-DR), activating NK cell receptors (NKp30, NKp46, NKG2D) and inhibitory receptors (PD-1, CTLA-4, PD-1, Tim-3) were determined and then analyzed in the total γδ T cells, Vδ2+T cells and Vδ2-T cells of CAD patients and healthy individuals. The data demonstrated that immunological activities of total γδ T cells, Vδ2+T cells, and Vδ2-T cells of CAD patients were much lower than those in healthy individuals. Moreover, we found that there were positive correlations between the serum LDL-C levels and frequencies of CD3+γδ+ T cells, CD69+Vδ2+T cells, NKG2D+Vδ2+T cells, and NKp46+Vδ2+T cells. By contrast, there was an inverse correlation between the levels of serum LDL-C and the frequencies of CD69+Vδ2-T cells and NKp46+Vδ2-T cells. Accordingly, these findings could help us to better understand the roles of γδ T cells in the CAD, and shed light on the development of novel diagnostic techniques and therapeutic strategies by targeting γδ T cells for CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Silin Jiang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine Zhuhai People’s Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengzhuo Yin
- Department of Geriatrics, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuxin Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine Zhuhai People’s Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine Zhuhai People’s Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongwei Wu
- Department of Medicine Ultrasonics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengliang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihua He
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine Zhuhai People’s Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Qiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine Zhuhai People’s Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Huiqiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine Zhuhai People’s Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhinan Yin, ; Zheng Xiang, ; Yan Xu, ; Yanan Zhang,
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhinan Yin, ; Zheng Xiang, ; Yan Xu, ; Yanan Zhang,
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine Zhuhai People’s Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhinan Yin, ; Zheng Xiang, ; Yan Xu, ; Yanan Zhang,
| | - Zhinan Yin
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine Zhuhai People’s Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhinan Yin, ; Zheng Xiang, ; Yan Xu, ; Yanan Zhang,
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10
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Grievink HW, Smit V, Verwilligen RAF, Bernabé Kleijn MNA, Smeets D, Binder CJ, Yagita H, Moerland M, Kuiper J, Bot I, Foks AC. Stimulation of the PD-1 Pathway Decreases Atherosclerotic Lesion Development in Ldlr Deficient Mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:740531. [PMID: 34790707 PMCID: PMC8591266 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.740531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Signaling through the coinhibitory programmed death (PD)-1/PD-L1 pathway regulates T cell responses and can inhibit ongoing immune responses. Inflammation is a key process in the development of atherosclerosis, the underlying cause for the majority of cardiovascular diseases. Dampening the excessive immune response that occurs during atherosclerosis progression by promoting PD-1/PD-L1 signaling may have a high therapeutic potential to limit disease burden. In this study we therefore aimed to assess whether an agonistic PD-1 antibody can diminish atherosclerosis development. Methods and Results: Ldlr−/− mice were fed a western-type diet (WTD) while receiving 100 μg of an agonistic PD-1 antibody or control vehicle twice a week. Stimulation of the PD-1 pathway delayed the WTD-induced monocyte increase in the circulation up to 3 weeks and reduced T cell activation and proliferation. CD4+ T cell numbers in the atherosclerotic plaque were reduced upon PD-1 treatment. More specifically, we observed a 23% decrease in atherogenic IFNγ-producing splenic CD4+ T cells and a 20% decrease in cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, whereas atheroprotective IL-10 producing CD4+ T cells were increased with 47%. Furthermore, we found an increase in regulatory B cells, B1 cells and associated atheroprotective circulating oxLDL-specific IgM levels in agonistic PD-1-treated mice. This dampened immune activation following agonistic PD-1 treatment resulted in reduced atherosclerosis development (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our data show that stimulation of the coinhibitory PD-1 pathway inhibits atherosclerosis development by modulation of T- and B cell responses. These data support stimulation of coinhibitory pathways as a potential therapeutic strategy to combat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrika W Grievink
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Virginia Smit
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Robin A F Verwilligen
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mireia N A Bernabé Kleijn
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Diede Smeets
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matthijs Moerland
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Amanda C Foks
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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11
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Lutgens E, Joffre J, van Os B, Ait-Oufella H. Targeting cytokines and immune checkpoints in atherosclerosis with monoclonal antibodies. Atherosclerosis 2021; 335:98-109. [PMID: 34593238 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past fifteen years, treatments using monoclonal antibodies specifically targeting cytokines have been developed to treat chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis, both associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The cardiovascular impact of these therapies allows us to validate the clinical relevance of the knowledge acquired from experimental studies about the role of cytokines in atherosclerosis. Several clinical studies have confirmed the protective effects of anti-TNFα and anti-IL-6R monoclonal antibodies against athero-thrombotic cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. Yet, caution is needed since anti-TNFα treatment can aggravate chronic heart failure. More recently, the CANTOS study showed for the first time that an anti-inflammatory treatment using anti-IL-1β monoclonal antibody in coronary artery disease patients significantly reduced cardiovascular events. The effects of IL-23/IL-17 axis blockade on cardiovascular risk in patients with psoriasis or arthritis remain controversial. Several monoclonal antibodies targeting costimulatory molecules have also been developed, a direct way to confirm their involvement in atherothrombotic cardiovascular diseases. Blocking the CD28-CD80/86 axis with Abatacept has been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk. In contrast, the treatment of cancer patients with antibodies blocking immune checkpoint inhibitory receptors, such as CTLA-4, PD1, or PDL1, could worsen the risk of atherothrombotic events. In the future, cardiologists will be increasingly solicited to assess the cardiovascular risk of patients suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases or cancer and participate in choosing the most appropriate treatment. At the same time, immunomodulatory approaches directly targeting cardiovascular diseases will be developed as a complement to the usual treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Pettenkoferstraße 8a & 9, 80336, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Pettenkoferstraße 8a & 9, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Jeremie Joffre
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bram van Os
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hafid Ait-Oufella
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.
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12
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Dendritic Cells and Antiphospholipid Syndrome: An Updated Systematic Review. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080801. [PMID: 34440545 PMCID: PMC8400181 DOI: 10.3390/life11080801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoreactive B and T cells against β2-glycoprotein I (B2GPI), with vascular thrombosis or obstetrical complications. Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial in the generation of autoimmunity. Here, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review on the relationship between DC and APS. We performed a literature search of PubMed as of 26 March 2021. A total of 33 articles were extracted. DCs are pivotal in inducing inflammatory responses and orchestrating adaptive immunity. DCs contribute to the local inflammation regarding vascular thrombosis or obstetrical complications. Both B2GPI and antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) can promote antigen presentation by DCs and the generation or maintenance of autoimmunity. In addition, plasmacytoid DC activation is enhanced by aPL, thereby augmenting the inflammatory response. In line with these findings, DC modulation appears promising as a future treatment for APS. In conclusion, our review indicated the crucial role of DCs in the pathogenesis of APS. Deeper understanding of the complex relationship would help in developing new treatment strategies.
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13
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Pattarabanjird T, Li C, McNamara C. B Cells in Atherosclerosis: Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 6:546-563. [PMID: 34222726 PMCID: PMC8246059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
B cells regulate atherosclerotic plaque formation through production of antibodies and cytokines, and effects are subset specific (B1 and B2). Putative human atheroprotective B1 cells function similarly to murine B1 in their spontaneous IgM antibody production. However, marker strategies in identifying human and murine B1 are different. IgM antibody to oxidation specific epitopes produced by B1 cells associate with human coronary artery disease. Neoantigen immunization may be a promising strategy for atherosclerosis vaccine development, but further study to determine relevant antigens still need to be done. B-cell–targeted therapies, used in treating autoimmune diseases as well as lymphoid cancers, might have potential applications in treating cardiovascular diseases. Short- and long-term cardiovascular effects of these agents need to be assessed.
Because atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide, understanding inflammatory processes underpinning its pathology is critical. B cells have been implicated as a key immune cell type in regulating atherosclerosis. B-cell effects, mediated by antibodies and cytokines, are subset specific. In this review, we focus on elaborating mechanisms underlying subtype-specific roles of B cells in atherosclerosis and discuss available human data implicating B cells in atherosclerosis. We further discuss potential B cell–linked therapeutic approaches, including immunization and B cell–targeted biologics. Given recent evidence strongly supporting a role for B cells in human atherosclerosis and the expansion of immunomodulatory agents that affect B-cell biology in clinical use and clinical trials for other disorders, it is important that the cardiovascular field be cognizant of potential beneficial or untoward effects of modulating B-cell activity on atherosclerosis.
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Key Words
- APRIL, A proliferation−inducing ligand
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- B-cell
- BAFF, B-cell–activating factor
- BAFFR, B-cell–activating factor receptor
- BCMA, B-cell maturation antigen
- BCR, B-cell receptor
- Breg, regulatory B cell
- CAD, coronary artery disease
- CTLA4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- CXCR4, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4
- GC, germinal center
- GITR, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor–related protein
- GITRL, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor–related protein ligand
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony–stimulating factor
- ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IVUS, intravascular ultrasound
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- MDA-LDL, malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein
- MI, myocardial infarction
- OSE, oxidation-specific epitope
- OxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein
- PC, phosphorylcholine
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PD-L2, programmed death ligand 2
- PDL1, programmed death ligand 1
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus
- TACI, transmembrane activator and CAML interactor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- atherosclerosis
- immunoglobulins
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanyaporn Pattarabanjird
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Cynthia Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Coleen McNamara
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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14
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Zhao Y, Zhang J, Zhang W, Xu Y. A myriad of roles of dendritic cells in atherosclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 206:12-27. [PMID: 34109619 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease with break-down of homeostatic immune regulation of vascular tissues. As a critical initiator of host immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) have also been identified in the aorta of healthy individuals and atherosclerotic patients, whose roles in regulating arterial inflammation aroused great interest. Accumulating evidence has now pointed to the fundamental roles for DCs in every developmental stage of atherosclerosis due to their myriad of functions in immunity and tolerance induction, ranging from lipid uptake, efferocytosis and antigen presentation to pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine or chemokine secretion. In this study we provide a timely summary of the published works in this field, and comprehensively discuss both the direct and indirect roles of DCs in atherogenesis. Understanding the pathogenic roles of DCs during the development of atherosclerosis in vascular tissues would certainly help to open therapeutic avenue to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Zhao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Yuekang Xu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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15
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Poels K, Neppelenbroek SIM, Kersten MJ, Antoni ML, Lutgens E, Seijkens TTP. Immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: an emerging clinical problem. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002916. [PMID: 34168005 PMCID: PMC8231062 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated blockade of co-inhibitory molecules such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4, PD1 and PDL1 elicits potent antitumor responses and improves the prognosis of many patients with cancer. As these immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly prescribed to a diverse patient population, a broad range of adverse effects is emerging. Atherosclerosis, a lipid-driven chronic inflammatory disease of the large arteries, may be aggravated by ICI treatment. In this review, we discuss recent clinical studies that analyze the correlation between ICI use and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Indeed, several studies report an increased incidence of atherosclerotic CVD after ICI administration, with the occurrence of pathologies such as myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and coronary artery disease significantly higher after ICI use. Increased awareness and better monitoring of ICI-treated patients can elucidate risk factors that contribute to ICI-induced aggravation of atherosclerosis and identify promising treatment strategies. For now, optimal cardiovascular risk assessment is required to protect ICI-receiving patients and long-term survivors of cancer from the detrimental effects of ICI therapy on atherosclerotic CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikkie Poels
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne I M Neppelenbroek
- Department of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology (PSOE), Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam and LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marie José Kersten
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam and LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Louisa Antoni
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Centre, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian's University, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Tom T P Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam and LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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16
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Functional Role of B Cells in Atherosclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020270. [PMID: 33572939 PMCID: PMC7911276 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven inflammatory disease of blood vessels, and both innate and adaptive immune responses are involved in its development. The impact of B cells on atherosclerosis has been demonstrated in numerous studies and B cells have been found in close proximity to atherosclerotic plaques in humans and mice. B cells exert both atheroprotective and pro-atherogenic functions, which have been associated with their B cell subset attribution. While B1 cells and marginal zone B cells are considered to protect against atherosclerosis, follicular B cells and innate response activator B cells have been shown to promote atherosclerosis. In this review, we shed light on the role of B cells from a different, functional perspective and focus on the three major B cell functions: antibody production, antigen presentation/T cell interaction, and the release of cytokines. All of these functions have the potential to affect atherosclerosis by multiple ways and are dependent on the cellular milieu and the activation status of the B cell. Moreover, we discuss B cell receptor signaling and the mechanism of B cell activation under atherosclerosis-prone conditions. By summarizing current knowledge of B cells in and beyond atherosclerosis, we are pointing out open questions and enabling new perspectives.
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17
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Dong Q, Yu J, Ding Y, Ji QW, Zhu RR, Wei YZ, Xu WB, Zhong YC, Zhu ZF, Meng K, Peng YD, Sun HT, Wang Y, Pan CL, Zeng QT, Yu KW. Phosphorylcholine-Primed Dendritic Cells Aggravate the Development of Atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- Mice. Circ Rep 2021; 3:86-94. [PMID: 33693294 PMCID: PMC7939956 DOI: 10.1253/circrep.cr-20-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease involving activation of adaptive and innate immune responses to antigens, including oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and phosphorylcholine (PC). Dendritic cells (DCs), which are antigen-presenting cells that activate T cells, are present in atherosclerotic lesions and are activated in immune organs. However, the mechanism by which PC promotes atherosclerosis is unclear. Methods and Results:
To evaluate whether PC promotes atherosclerosis via DCs, 2×105
DCs activated by PC-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DCs+PC-KLH) were injected into ApoE−/−
mice and the features of the plaques and the effects of the DCs on cellular and humoral immunity against PC-KLH were determined. Mice injected with DCs+PC-KLH had significantly larger atherosclerotic lesions than controls, with increased inflammation in the lesions and plaque instability. Furthermore, DCs+PC-KLH were characterized using flow cytometry after coculture of bone marrow-derived DCs and naïve T cells. DCs+PC-KLH showed an inflammatory phenotype, with increased CD86, CD40, and major histocompatibility complex Class II molecules (MHC-II), which promoted PC-specific T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cell differentiation in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, 2 weeks after the administration of DCs+PC-KLH to mice, these mice produced PC- and oxLDL-specific IgG2a, compared with no production in the controls. Conclusions:
These findings suggest that DCs presenting PC promote specific immunity to PC, increase lesion inflammation, and accelerate atherosclerosis, which may explain how PC promotes atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Qing-Wei Ji
- Department of Cardiology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Nanning China
| | - Rui-Rui Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yu-Zhen Wei
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Wen-Bing Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yu-Cheng Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Kai Meng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yu-Dong Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hai-Tao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Cheng-Liang Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Qiu-Tang Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Kun-Wu Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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18
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Targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis - from experimental insights to the clinic. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:589-610. [PMID: 33976384 PMCID: PMC8112476 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a dominant and growing cause of death and disability worldwide, involves inflammation from its inception to the emergence of complications. Targeting inflammatory pathways could therefore provide a promising new avenue to prevent and treat atherosclerosis. Indeed, clinical studies have now demonstrated unequivocally that modulation of inflammation can forestall the clinical complications of atherosclerosis. This progress pinpoints the need for preclinical investigations to refine strategies for combatting inflammation in the human disease. In this Review, we consider a gamut of attractive possibilities for modifying inflammation in atherosclerosis, including targeting pivotal inflammatory pathways such as the inflammasomes, inhibiting cytokines, manipulating adaptive immunity and promoting pro-resolution mechanisms. Along with lifestyle measures, pharmacological interventions to mute inflammation could complement traditional targets, such as lipids and hypertension, to make new inroads into the management of atherosclerotic risk.
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19
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Kamperidis N, Kamperidis V, Zegkos T, Kostourou I, Nikolaidou O, Arebi N, Karvounis H. Atherosclerosis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Shared Pathogenesis and Implications for Treatment. Angiology 2020; 72:303-314. [PMID: 33601945 DOI: 10.1177/0003319720974552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are often regarded as 2 distinct entities. The commonest manifestation of atherosclerosis is ischemic heart disease (IHD), and an association between IHD and IBD has been reported. Atherosclerosis and IBD share common pathophysiological mechanisms in terms of their genetics, immunology, and contributing environmental factors. Factors associated with atherosclerosis are implicated in the development of IBD and vice versa. Therefore, treatments targeting the common pathophysiology pathways may be effective in both conditions. The current review considers the pathophysiological pathways that are shared between the 2 conditions and discusses the implications for treatment and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Kamperidis
- 3749St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, London, United Kingdom.,* Nikolaos Kamperidis and Vasileios Kamperidis are sharing first authorship
| | - Vasileios Kamperidis
- 1st Cardiology Department, 37788AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,* Nikolaos Kamperidis and Vasileios Kamperidis are sharing first authorship
| | - Thomas Zegkos
- 1st Cardiology Department, 37788AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Olga Nikolaidou
- Radiology Department, Pananikolaou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Naila Arebi
- 3749St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, London, United Kingdom
| | - Haralambos Karvounis
- 1st Cardiology Department, 37788AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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20
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Lutgens E, Atzler D, Döring Y, Duchene J, Steffens S, Weber C. Immunotherapy for cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2020; 40:3937-3946. [PMID: 31121017 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcomes of the Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study (CANTOS) trial have unequivocally proven that inflammation is a key driver of atherosclerosis and that targeting inflammation, in this case by using an anti-interleukin-1β antibody, improves cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. This is especially true for CVD patients with a pro-inflammatory constitution. Although CANTOS has epitomized the importance of targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis, treatment with canakinumab did not improve CVD mortality, and caused an increase in infections. Therefore, the identification of novel drug targets and development of novel therapeutics that block atherosclerosis-specific inflammatory pathways and exhibit limited immune-suppressive side effects, as pursued in our collaborative research centre, are required to optimize immunotherapy for CVD. In this review, we will highlight the potential of novel immunotherapeutic targets that are currently considered to become a future treatment for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Lutgens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), CRC 1123 Atherosclerosis - Mechanisms and Networks of novel therapeutic Targets, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 9, Munich 80336, Germany.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Dorothee Atzler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), CRC 1123 Atherosclerosis - Mechanisms and Networks of novel therapeutic Targets, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 9, Munich 80336, Germany.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Goethestraße 33, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), CRC 1123 Atherosclerosis - Mechanisms and Networks of novel therapeutic Targets, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 9, Munich 80336, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Johan Duchene
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), CRC 1123 Atherosclerosis - Mechanisms and Networks of novel therapeutic Targets, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 9, Munich 80336, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Steffens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), CRC 1123 Atherosclerosis - Mechanisms and Networks of novel therapeutic Targets, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 9, Munich 80336, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), CRC 1123 Atherosclerosis - Mechanisms and Networks of novel therapeutic Targets, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 9, Munich 80336, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitsingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
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21
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Poels K, van Leent MMT, Reiche ME, Kusters PJH, Huveneers S, de Winther MPJ, Mulder WJM, Lutgens E, Seijkens TTP. Antibody-Mediated Inhibition of CTLA4 Aggravates Atherosclerotic Plaque Inflammation and Progression in Hyperlipidemic Mice. Cells 2020; 9:E1987. [PMID: 32872393 PMCID: PMC7565685 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-driven inflammation plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. The co-inhibitory protein Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated protein (CTLA) 4 is an important negative regulator of T cell activation. Here, we studied the effects of the antibody-mediated inhibition of CTLA4 on experimental atherosclerosis by treating 6-8-week-old Ldlr-/- mice, fed a 0.15% cholesterol diet for six weeks, biweekly with 200 μg of CTLA4 antibodies or isotype control for six weeks. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography showed no effect of the CTLA4 inhibition of activity in the aorta, spleen, and bone marrow, indicating that monocyte/macrophage-driven inflammation was unaffected. Correspondingly, flow cytometry demonstrated that the antibody-mediated inhibition of CTLA4 did not affect the monocyte populations in the spleen. αCTLA4 treatment induced an activated T cell profile, characterized by a decrease in naïve CD44-CD62L+CD4+ T cells and an increase in CD44+CD62L- CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the blood and lymphoid organs. Furthermore, αCTLA4 treatment induced endothelial activation, characterized by increased ICAM1 expression in the aortic endothelium. In the aortic arch, which mainly contained early atherosclerotic lesions at this time point, αCTLA4 treatment induced a 2.0-fold increase in the plaque area. These plaques had a more advanced morphological phenotype and an increased T cell/macrophage ratio, whereas the smooth muscle cell and collagen content decreased. In the aortic root, a site that contained more advanced plaques, αCTLA4 treatment increased the plaque T cell content. The short-term antibody-mediated inhibition of CTLA4 thus accelerated the progression of atherosclerosis by inducing a predominantly T cell-driven inflammation, and resulted in the formation of plaques with larger necrotic cores and less collagen. This indicates that existing therapies that are based on αCTLA4 antibodies may promote CVD development in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikkie Poels
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.); (M.M.T.v.L.); (M.E.R.); (P.J.H.K.); (S.H.); (M.P.J.d.W.); (W.J.M.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Mandy M. T. van Leent
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.); (M.M.T.v.L.); (M.E.R.); (P.J.H.K.); (S.H.); (M.P.J.d.W.); (W.J.M.M.); (E.L.)
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Myrthe E. Reiche
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.); (M.M.T.v.L.); (M.E.R.); (P.J.H.K.); (S.H.); (M.P.J.d.W.); (W.J.M.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Pascal J. H. Kusters
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.); (M.M.T.v.L.); (M.E.R.); (P.J.H.K.); (S.H.); (M.P.J.d.W.); (W.J.M.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Stephan Huveneers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.); (M.M.T.v.L.); (M.E.R.); (P.J.H.K.); (S.H.); (M.P.J.d.W.); (W.J.M.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Menno P. J. de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.); (M.M.T.v.L.); (M.E.R.); (P.J.H.K.); (S.H.); (M.P.J.d.W.); (W.J.M.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Willem J. M. Mulder
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.); (M.M.T.v.L.); (M.E.R.); (P.J.H.K.); (S.H.); (M.P.J.d.W.); (W.J.M.M.); (E.L.)
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.); (M.M.T.v.L.); (M.E.R.); (P.J.H.K.); (S.H.); (M.P.J.d.W.); (W.J.M.M.); (E.L.)
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian’s University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Tom T. P. Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.); (M.M.T.v.L.); (M.E.R.); (P.J.H.K.); (S.H.); (M.P.J.d.W.); (W.J.M.M.); (E.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081AV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081AV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Sun L, Zhang W, Zhao Y, Wang F, Liu S, Liu L, Zhao L, Lu W, Li M, Xu Y. Dendritic Cells and T Cells, Partners in Atherogenesis and the Translating Road Ahead. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1456. [PMID: 32849502 PMCID: PMC7403484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic process associated with arterial inflammation, the accumulation of lipids, plaque formation in vessel walls, and thrombosis with late mortal complications such as myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Immune and inflammatory responses have significant effects on every phase of atherosclerosis. Increasing evidence has shown that both innate and adaptive “arms” of the immune system play important roles in regulating the progression of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that a unique type of innate immune cell, termed dendritic cells (DCs), play an important role as central instigators, whereas adaptive immune cells, called T lymphocytes, are crucial as active executors of the DC immunity in atherogenesis. These two important immune cell types work in pairs to establish pro-atherogenic or atheroprotective immune responses in vascular tissues. Therefore, understanding the role of DCs and T cells in atherosclerosis is extremely important. Here, in this review, we will present a complete overview, based on existing knowledge of these two cell types in the atherosclerotic microenvironment, and discuss some of the novel means of targeting DCs and T cells as therapeutic tactics for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Yanfang Zhao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Fengge Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Yuekang Xu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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23
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall and the primary underlying cause of cardiovascular disease. Data from in vivo imaging, cell-lineage tracing and knockout studies in mice, as well as clinical interventional studies and advanced mRNA sequencing techniques, have drawn attention to the role of T cells as critical drivers and modifiers of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. CD4+ T cells are commonly found in atherosclerotic plaques. A large body of evidence indicates that T helper 1 (TH1) cells have pro-atherogenic roles and regulatory T (Treg) cells have anti-atherogenic roles. However, Treg cells can become pro-atherogenic. The roles in atherosclerosis of other TH cell subsets such as TH2, TH9, TH17, TH22, follicular helper T cells and CD28null T cells, as well as other T cell subsets including CD8+ T cells and γδ T cells, are less well understood. Moreover, some T cells seem to have both pro-atherogenic and anti-atherogenic functions. In this Review, we summarize the knowledge on T cell subsets, their functions in atherosclerosis and the process of T cell homing to atherosclerotic plaques. Much of our understanding of the roles of T cells in atherosclerosis is based on findings from experimental models. Translating these findings into human disease is challenging but much needed. T cells and their specific cytokines are attractive targets for developing new preventive and therapeutic approaches including potential T cell-related therapies for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Saigusa
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Holger Winkels
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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24
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Padgett LE, Araujo DJ, Hedrick CC, Olingy CE. Functional crosstalk between T cells and monocytes in cancer and atherosclerosis. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:297-308. [PMID: 32531833 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mir0420-076r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and monocyte-derived cells, including Mϕs and dendritic cells, exhibit a diverse array of phenotypic states that are dictated by their surrounding microenvironment. These cells direct T cell activation and function via cues that range from being immunosuppressive to immunostimulatory. Solid tumors and atherosclerotic plaques represent two pathological niches with distinct immune microenvironments. While monocytes and their progeny possess a phenotypic spectrum found within both disease contexts, most within tumors are pro-tumoral and support evasion of host immune responses by tumor cells. In contrast, monocyte-derived cells within atherosclerotic plaques are usually pro-atherogenic, pro-inflammatory, and predominantly directed against self-antigens. Consequently, cancer immunotherapies strive to enhance the immune response against tumor antigens, whereas atherosclerosis treatments seek to dampen the immune response against lipid antigens. Insights into monocyte-T cell interactions within these niches could thus inform therapeutic strategies for two immunologically distinct diseases. Here, we review monocyte diversity, interactions between monocytes and T cells within tumor and plaque microenvironments, how certain therapies have leveraged these interactions, and novel strategies to assay such associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey E Padgett
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Daniel J Araujo
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Catherine C Hedrick
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Claire E Olingy
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
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25
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Narverud I, Christensen JJ, Bakke SS, Ulven SM, Rundblad A, Aukrust P, Espevik T, Bogsrud MP, Retterstøl K, Ueland T, Halvorsen B, Holven KB. Profiling of immune-related gene expression in children with familial hypercholesterolaemia. J Intern Med 2020; 287:310-321. [PMID: 31631426 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate and adaptive immune responses are pivotal in atherosclerosis, but their association with early-stage atherosclerosis in humans is incompletely understood. In this regard, untreated children with familial hypercholesterolaemia may serve as a human model to investigate the effect of elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol. OBJECTIVES We aimed to study the immunological and inflammatory pathways involved in early atherosclerosis by examining mRNA molecules in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from children with FH. METHODS We analysed the level of 587 immune-related mRNA molecules using state-of-the-art Nanostring technology in PBMCs from children with (n = 30) and without (n = 21) FH, and from FH children before and after statin therapy (n = 10). RESULTS 176 genes (30%) were differentially expressed between the FH and healthy children at P < 0.05. Compared to healthy children, the dysregulated pathways in FH children included the following: T cells (18/19); B cells (5/6); tumour necrosis factor super family (TNFSF) (6/8); cell growth, proliferation and differentiation (5/7); interleukins (5/9); toll-like receptors (2/5); apoptosis (3/7) and antigen presentation (1/7), where the ratio denotes higher expressed genes to total number of genes. Statin therapy reversed expression of thirteen of these mRNAs in FH children. CONCLUSION FH children display higher PBMC expression of immune-related genes mapped to several pathways, including T and B cells, and TNFSF than healthy children. Our results suggest that LDL-C plays an important role in modulating expression of different immune-related genes, and novel data on the involvement of these pathways in the early atherosclerosis may represent future therapeutic targets for prevention of atherosclerotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Narverud
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - J J Christensen
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - S S Bakke
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - S M Ulven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Rundblad
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - P Aukrust
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - T Espevik
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - M P Bogsrud
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Unit for Cardiac and Cardiovascular Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - K Retterstøl
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,The Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - T Ueland
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen TREC, The Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - B Halvorsen
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - K B Holven
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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26
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Abstract
The role of inflammation in cardiovascular disease (CVD) is now widely accepted. Immune cells, including T cells, are influenced by inflammatory signals and contribute to the onset and progression of CVD. T cell activation is modulated by T cell co-stimulation and co-inhibition pathways. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting T cell inhibition pathways have revolutionized cancer treatment and improved survival in patients with cancer. However, ICIs might induce cardiovascular toxicity via T cell re-invigoration. With the rising use of ICIs for cancer treatment, a timely overview of the role of T cell co-stimulation and inhibition molecules in CVD is desirable. In this Review, the importance of these molecules in the pathogenesis of CVD is highlighted in preclinical studies on models of CVD such as vein graft disease, myocarditis, graft arterial disease, post-ischaemic neovascularization and atherosclerosis. This Review also discusses the therapeutic potential of targeting T cell co-stimulation and inhibition pathways to treat CVD, as well as the possible cardiovascular benefits and adverse events after treatment. Finally, the Review emphasizes that patients with cancer who are treated with ICIs should be monitored for CVD given the reported association between the use of ICIs and the risk of cardiovascular toxicity.
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27
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Reiss AB, Silverman A, Khalfan M, Vernice NA, Kasselman LJ, Carsons SE, De Leon J. Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Mechanisms and Treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:969-986. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190430113212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune inflammatory disorder that increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. There is accumulating evidence that the RA disease state accelerates the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Treatments for RA improve joint symptomatology and may reduce inflammation, but consideration of their effects on the cardiovascular system is generally low priority.Objective:Since cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in RA patients, the impact of RA therapies on atherosclerosis is an area in need of attention and the focus of this review.Results:The drugs used to treat RA may be analgesics, conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, and/or biologics, including antibodies against the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α. Pain relievers such as nonselective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase inhibitors may adversely affect lipid metabolism and cyclooxygenase inhibitors have been associated with increased adverse cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Methotrexate, the anchor disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug in RA treatment has multiple atheroprotective advantages and is often combined with other therapies. Biologic inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor-α may be beneficial in preventing cardiovascular disease because tumor necrosis factor-α promotes the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. However, some studies show a worsening of the lipid profile in RA with blockade of this cytokine, leading to higher total cholesterol and triglycerides.Conclusion:Greater understanding of the pharmacologic activity of RA treatments on the atherosclerotic process may lead to improved care, addressing both damages to the joints and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B. Reiss
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
| | - Andrew Silverman
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
| | - Muhammed Khalfan
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Vernice
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
| | - Lora J. Kasselman
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
| | - Steven E. Carsons
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
| | - Joshua De Leon
- Winthrop Research Institute, Department of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY 11501, United States
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28
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Kusters PJH, Lutgens E, Seijkens TTP. Exploring immune checkpoints as potential therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:368-377. [PMID: 29309533 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, the inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis has been well-recognized and despite the development of therapeutic strategies targeted at its classical risk factors such as dyslipidemia and hypertension, atherosclerosis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Additional strategies targeting the chronic inflammatory pathways underlying the development of atherosclerosis are therefore required. Interactions between different immune cells result in the secretion of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, and fuel atherogenesis. Immune checkpoint proteins have a critical role in facilitating immune cell interactions and play an essential role in the development of atherosclerosis. Although the therapeutic potential of these molecules is well-recognized in clinical oncology, the use of immune checkpoint modulators in atherosclerosis is still limited to experimental models. Here, we review recent insights on the role of immune checkpoint proteins in atherosclerosis. Additionally, we explore the therapeutic potential and challenges of immune checkpoint modulating strategies in cardiovascular medicine and we discuss novel therapeutic approaches to target these proteins in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal J H Kusters
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 CZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 CZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian's University (LMU), Pettenkoferstraße 8a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Tom T P Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 CZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian's University (LMU), Pettenkoferstraße 8a, 80336 Munich, Germany
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29
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Winkels H, Ley K. Natural Killer Cells at Ease: Atherosclerosis Is Not Affected by Genetic Depletion or Hyperactivation of Natural Killer Cells. Circ Res 2019; 122:6-7. [PMID: 29301835 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.312289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Winkels
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA (H.W., K.L.); and Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (K.L.)
| | - Klaus Ley
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA (H.W., K.L.); and Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (K.L.).
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30
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Amin HZ, Sasaki N, Yamashita T, Mizoguchi T, Hayashi T, Emoto T, Matsumoto T, Yoshida N, Tabata T, Horibe S, Kawauchi S, Rikitake Y, Hirata KI. CTLA-4 Protects against Angiotensin II-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation in Mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8065. [PMID: 31147569 PMCID: PMC6542846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular inflammation via T-cell-mediated immune responses has been shown to be critically involved in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). T-cell coinhibitory molecule cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is known to act as a potent negative regulator of immune responses. However, the role of this molecule in the development of AAA remains completely unknown. We determined the effects of CTLA-4 overexpression on experimental AAA. We continuously infused CTLA-4 transgenic (CTLA-4-Tg)/apolipoprotein E–deficient (Apoe−/−) mice or control Apoe−/− mice fed a high-cholesterol diet with angiotensin II by implanting osmotic mini-pumps and evaluated the development of AAA. Ninety percent of angiotensin II-infused mice developed AAA, with 50% mortality because of aneurysm rupture. Overexpression of CTLA-4 significantly reduced the incidence (66%), mortality (26%), and diameter of AAA. These protective effects were associated with a decreased number of effector CD4+ T cells and the downregulated expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, ligands for CTLA-4, on CD11c+ dendritic cells in lymphoid tissues. CTLA-4-Tg/Apoe−/− mice had reduced accumulation of macrophages and CD4+ T cells, leading to attenuated aortic inflammation, preserved vessel integrity, and decreased susceptibility to AAA and aortic rupture. Our findings suggest T-cell coinhibitory molecule CTLA-4 as a novel therapeutic target for AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilman Zulkifli Amin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Laboratory of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Naoto Sasaki
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan. .,Laboratory of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Yamashita
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Taiji Mizoguchi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Laboratory of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hayashi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takuo Emoto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naofumi Yoshida
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tokiko Tabata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sayo Horibe
- Laboratory of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shoji Kawauchi
- Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Rikitake
- Laboratory of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Yetkin GI, Yucel AA, Tekin İÖ, Yılmaz M, Atalay H, Yetkin E. Dendritic cell activation is blunted in patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications 2019; 33:134-139. [PMID: 30522792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown that functional status of dendritic cells (DCs) in diabetic patients with unstable angina pectoris (UAP) are more mature and activated than diabetic patients without coronary artery disease (CAD) and none diabetic patients with UAP. Accordingly we aimed to assess the activation of DCs in patients with CAD with/and without Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and compare to those in subjects with normal coronary arteries (NCA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty three patients with severe CAD who were scheduled to coronary artery by-pass grafting surgery and 6 patients with angiographycally NCAs were included in the study. Activation of peripheral blood DCs have been analyzed by flow cytometric measures of CD86 activation. RESULTS In patients with CAD and without DM, DC activation significantly increased after stimulation of oxidesized LDL (135 ± 121 vs 248 ± 197 p = 0.024). However this activation didn't significantly increased in patients with CAD and DM (100 ± 20 vs 120 ± 97, p = 0,54). Patients with NCAs and without DM showed marked activation of CD86 after stimulation with ox-LDL. CONCLUSION We have documented that DC activation, upon stimulation of ox-LDL has blunted in patients with CAD compared to patients with NCAs. Moreover this defective activation is more pronounced in those with diabetic patients with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aysegul Atak Yucel
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - İshak Özel Tekin
- Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University School of Medicine, Department of Immonology, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yılmaz
- Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Hakan Atalay
- Middle East Hospital Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Ertan Yetkin
- Yenisehir Hospital Division of Cardiology, Mersin, Turkey.
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32
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Simons KH, Aref Z, Peters HAB, Welten SP, Nossent AY, Jukema JW, Hamming JF, Arens R, de Vries MR, Quax PHA. The role of CD27-CD70-mediated T cell co-stimulation in vasculogenesis, arteriogenesis and angiogenesis. Int J Cardiol 2018; 260:184-190. [PMID: 29622436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells have a distinctive role in neovascularization, which consists of arteriogenesis and angiogenesis under pathological conditions and vasculogenesis under physiological conditions. However, the role of co-stimulation in T cell activation in neovascularization has yet to be established. The aim of this study was to investigate the role T cell co-stimulation and inhibition in angiogenesis, arteriogenesis and vasculogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Hind limb ischemia was induced by double ligation of the left femoral artery in mice and blood flow recovery was measured with Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging in control, CD70-/-, CD80/86-/-, CD70/80/86-/- and CTLA4+/- mice. Blood flow recovery was significantly impaired in mice lacking CD70 compared to control mice, but was similar in CD80/86-/-, CTLA4+/- and control mice. Mice lacking CD70 showed impaired vasculogenesis, since the number of pre-existing collaterals was reduced as observed in the pia mater compared to control mice. In vitro an impaired capability of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) to activate T cells was observed in VSMC lacking CD70. Furthermore, CD70-/-, CD80/86-/- and CD70/80/86-/- mice showed reduced angiogenesis in the soleus muscle 10 days after ligation. Arteriogenesis was also decreased in CD70-/- compared to control mice 10 and 28 days after surgery. CONCLUSIONS The present study is the first to describe an important role for T cell activation via co-stimulation in angiogenesis, arteriogenesis and vasculogenesis, where the CD27-CD70 T cell co-stimulation pathway appears to be the most important co-stimulation pathway in pre-existing collateral formation and post-ischemic blood flow recovery, by arteriogenesis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Simons
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Z Aref
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H A B Peters
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S P Welten
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A Y Nossent
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J W Jukema
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J F Hamming
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M R de Vries
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P H A Quax
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Decano JL, Aikawa M. Dynamic Macrophages: Understanding Mechanisms of Activation as Guide to Therapy for Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:97. [PMID: 30123798 PMCID: PMC6086112 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging theory is that macrophages are heterogenous; an attribute that allows them to change behavior and execute specific functions in disease processes. This review aims to describe the current understanding on factors that govern their phenotypic changes, and provide insights for intervention beyond managing classical risk factors. Evidence suggests that metabolic reprogramming of macrophages triggers either a pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory or pro-resolving behavior. Dynamic changes in bioenergetics, metabolome or influence from bioactive lipids may promote resolution or aggravation of inflammation. Direct cell-to-cell interactions with other immune cells can also influence macrophage activation. Both paracrine signaling and intercellular molecular interactions either co-stimulate or co-inhibit activation of macrophages as well as their paired immune cell collaborator. More pathways of activation can even be uncovered by inspecting macrophages in the single cell level, since differential expression in key gene regulators can be screened in higher resolution compared to conventional averaged gene expression readouts. All these emerging macrophage activation mechanisms may be further explored and consolidated by using approaches in network biology. Integrating these insights can unravel novel and safer drug targets through better understanding of the pro-inflammatory activation circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius L. Decano
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms, in conjunction with hyperlipidemia, are important drivers of atherosclerosis. The interaction between the different immune cells and the secretion of cytokines and chemokines determine the progression of atherosclerosis. The activation or dampening of the immune response is tightly controlled by immune checkpoints. Costimulatory and coinhibitory immune checkpoints represent potential targets for immune modulatory therapies for atherosclerosis. This review will discuss the current knowledge on immune checkpoints in atherosclerosis and the clinical potential of immune checkpoint targeted therapy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Rouwet
- From the Department of Surgery and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (E.R.)
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.L.)
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian’s University (LMU), Munich, Germany (E.L.)
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Zhu Z, Ye J, Ma Y, Hua P, Huang Y, Fu X, Li D, Yuan M, Xia Z. Function of T regulatory type 1 cells is down-regulated and is associated with the clinical presentation of coronary artery disease. Hum Immunol 2018; 79:564-570. [PMID: 29729899 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells can promote tolerance and suppress inflammation. Atherosclerosis may be induced by the proinflammatory activation of cells in the vasculature and the immune system. Hence, we wondered whether defects in Tr1 function were a contributing factor to coronary artery disease (CAD). Data showed that the frequency of IL-10+ Tr1 cells was significantly lower in CAD patients than in controls. Compared to healthy controls, Tr1 cells from CAD patients presented lower CTLA-4 but higher PD-1 expression, in addition to lower IL-10 secretion. When co-incubated with Tconv cells, the CD4+CD49b+LAG-3+CD45RO+ Tr1 cells presented IL-10-dependent inhibitory effects, and those from CAD patients presented significantly lower suppression capacity than those from healthy controls. Interestingly, the characteristics of Tr1 cells were associated with clinical features of CAD patients. The frequency of Tr1 cells and the IL-10 and LAG-3 expression by Tr1 cells were negatively correlated with the BMI of the CAD patients. In addition, the Tr1 frequency and the LAG-3 and CTLA-4 expression on Tr1 cells were lower in CAD patients with higher numbers of narrowed vessels. Together, these results suggest that in CAD, Tr1 cells present multiple defects, which are associated with the clinical presentation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jiyun Ye
- Pathogenic Organisms Department of Experimental Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yumei Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Peng Hua
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuemei Fu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dexuan Li
- Department of Lab Testing, The Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Maogen Yuan
- Department of Research and Education, The Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhonghua Xia
- Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Dali University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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36
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Wolf D, Stachon P, Bode C, Zirlik A. Inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis. Hamostaseologie 2017; 34:63-71. [DOI: 10.5482/hamo-13-09-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
SummaryThroughout the last two decades inflammation has been recognized as the central mechanism underlying atherogenesis. A multitude of basic science work demonstrates the pivotal role of inflammatory processes during every step of atherosclerotic plaque formation: From initiation via propagation to complication.This review describes some of the key mechanisms involved with a particular focus on the diverse group of inflammatory cells and their subsets that distinctly contribute to atherogenic and anti-atherogenic phenomena. Furthermore, we summarize the controlling action of a tight network of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines orchestrating the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effector functions. Finally, the current status of clinical trials evaluating anti-inflammatory/ immune-modulatory treatment strategies is summarized and an outlook for future therapeutic implications is provided.
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Gerdes N, Zirlik A. Co-stimulatory molecules in and beyond co-stimulation – tipping the balance in atherosclerosis? Thromb Haemost 2017; 106:804-13. [DOI: 10.1160/th11-09-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SummaryA plethora of basic laboratory and clinical studies has uncovered the chronic inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis. The adaptive immune system with its front-runner, the T cell, drives the atherogenic process at all stages. T cell function is dependent on and controlled by a variety of either co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory signals. In addition, many of these proteins enfold T cell-independent pro-atherogenic functions on a variety of cell types. Accordingly they represent potential targets for immune- modulatory and/or anti-inflammatory therapy of atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the diverse role of co-stimulatory molecules of the B7 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-superfamily and their downstream signalling effectors in atherosclerosis. In particular, the contribution of CD28/CD80/CD86/CTLA4, ICOS/ICOSL, PD-1/PDL-1/2, TRAF, CD40/CD154, OX40/OX40L, CD137/CD137L, CD70/CD27, GITR/GITRL, and LIGHT to arterial disease is reviewed. Finally, the potential for a therapeutic exploitation of these molecules in the treatment of atherosclerosis is discussed.
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38
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Gil-Pulido J, Cochain C, Lippert MA, Schneider N, Butt E, Amézaga N, Zernecke A. Deletion of Batf3-dependent antigen-presenting cells does not affect atherosclerotic lesion formation in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181947. [PMID: 28771609 PMCID: PMC5542449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main underlying cause for cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke and its development might be influenced by immune cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) bridge innate and adaptive immune responses by presenting antigens to T cells and releasing a variety of cytokines. Several subsets of DCs can be discriminated that engage specific transcriptional pathways for their development. Basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like 3 (Batf3) is required for the development of classical CD8α+ and CD103+ DCs. By crossing mice deficient in Batf3 with atherosclerosis-prone low density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr-/-)-deficient mice we here aimed to further address the contribution of Batf3-dependent CD8α+ and CD103+ antigen-presenting cells to atherosclerosis. We demonstrate that deficiency in Batf3 entailed mild effects on the immune response in the spleen but did not alter atherosclerotic lesion formation in the aorta or aortic root, nor affected plaque phenotype in low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice fed a high fat diet. We thus provide evidence that Batf3-dependent antigen-presenting cells do not have a prominent role in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Gil-Pulido
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Clement Cochain
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Malte A. Lippert
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Schneider
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elke Butt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Núria Amézaga
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alma Zernecke
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Lin W, Wang W, Wang D, Ling W. Quercetin protects against atherosclerosis by inhibiting dendritic cell activation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28457022 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Quercetin is a typical flavonol with atheroprotective effects, but the effect of quercetin on dendritic cell (DC) maturation in relation to atherosclerosis has not yet been clearly defined. Thus, we investigated whether quercetin can inhibit DC maturation and evaluated its potential value in atherosclerosis progression in ApoE-/- mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Quercetin consumption inhibited DC activation, inflammatory response and suppressed the progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Subsequently, quercetin treatment inhibited the phenotypic and functional maturation of DCs, as evidenced not only by downregulation of CD80, CD86, MHC-II, IL-6 and IL-12 but also by a reduction in the ability to stimulate T cell allogeneic proliferation. Finally, an in vitro study demonstrated that quercetin inhibited DC maturation via upregulation of Dabs, which then downregulated the Src/PI3K/Akt-NF-κB-inflammatory pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that quercetin attenuates atherosclerosis progression by regulating DC activation via Dab2 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqun Lin
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenting Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, PR China
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40
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Foks AC, Kuiper J. Immune checkpoint proteins: exploring their therapeutic potential to regulate atherosclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3940-3955. [PMID: 28369782 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system provides a large variety of immune checkpoint proteins, which involve both costimulatory and inhibitory proteins. Costimulatory proteins can promote cell survival, cell cycle progression and differentiation to effector and memory cells, whereas inhibitory proteins terminate these processes to halt ongoing inflammation. Immune checkpoint proteins play a pivotal role in atherosclerosis by regulating the activation and proliferation of various immune and non-immune cells, such as T-cells, macrophages and platelets. Upon activation within the atherosclerotic lesions or in secondary lymphoid organs, these cells produce large amounts of pro-atherogenic cytokines that contribute to the growth and destabilization of lesions, which can result in rupture of the lesion causing acute coronary syndromes, such as a myocardial infarction. Given the presence and regulatory capacity of immune checkpoint proteins in the circulation and atherosclerotic lesions of cardiovascular patients, modulation of these proteins by, for example, the use of monoclonal antibodies, offers unique opportunities to regulate pro-inflammatory immune responses in atherosclerosis. In this review, we highlight the latest advances on the role of immune checkpoint proteins, such as OX40-OX40L, CTLA-4 and TIM proteins, in atherosclerosis and discuss their therapeutic potential as promising immunotherapies to treat or prevent cardiovascular disease. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Foks
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Grönberg C, Nilsson J, Wigren M. Recent advances on CD4 + T cells in atherosclerosis and its implications for therapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:58-66. [PMID: 28457923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an arterial inflammatory disease and the primary cause of cardiovascular disease. T helper (Th) cells are an important part in atherosclerotic plaque as they can be either disease promoting or protective. A body of evidence points to a pro-atherosclerotic role of Th1 cells, whereas the role of Th2, Th17 and iNKT cells seems more complex and dependent on surrounding factors, including the developmental stage of the disease. Opposed to Th1 cells, there is convincing support for an anti-atherogenic role of Tregs. Recent data identify the plasticity of Th cells as an important challenge in understanding the functional role of different Th cell subsets in atherosclerosis. Much of the knowledge of Th cell function in atherosclerosis is based on findings from experimental models and translating this into human disease is challenging. Targeting Th cells and/or their specific cytokines represents an attractive option for future therapy against atherosclerosis, although the benefits and the risk of modulation of Th cells with these novel drug targets must first be carefully assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Maria Wigren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden.
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42
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Ley K, Gerdes N, Winkels H. ATVB Distinguished Scientist Award: How Costimulatory and Coinhibitory Pathways Shape Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:764-777. [PMID: 28360089 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.308611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune cells play a critical role in atherosclerosis. Costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and CD28 immunoglobulin superfamilies not only shape T-cell and B-cell responses but also have a major effect on antigen-presenting cells and nonimmune cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS Pharmacological inhibition or activation of costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules and genetic deletion demonstrated their involvement in atherosclerosis. This review highlights recent advances in understanding how costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways shape the immune response in atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Insights gained from costimulatory and coinhibitory molecule function in atherosclerosis may inform future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ley
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.).
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.)
| | - Holger Winkels
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.)
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43
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Oral administration of the lactic acid bacterium Pediococcus acidilactici attenuates atherosclerosis in mice by inducing tolerogenic dendritic cells. Heart Vessels 2017; 32:768-776. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-017-0949-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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44
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Sage AP, Mallat Z. Readapting the adaptive immune response - therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3926-3939. [PMID: 28052311 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain a major global health issue, with the development of atherosclerosis as a major underlying cause. Our treatment of cardiovascular disease has improved greatly over the past three decades, but much remains to be done reduce disease burden. Current priorities include reducing atherosclerosis advancement to clinically significant stages and preventing plaque rupture or erosion. Inflammation and involvement of the adaptive immune system influences all these aspects and therefore is one focus for future therapeutic development. The atherosclerotic vascular wall is now recognized to be invaded from both sides (arterial lumen and adventitia), for better or worse, by the adaptive immune system. Atherosclerosis is also affected at several stages by adaptive immune responses, overall providing many opportunities to target these responses and to reduce disease progression. Protective influences that may be defective in diseased individuals include humoral responses to modified LDL and regulatory T cell responses. There are many strategies in development to boost these pathways in humans, including vaccine-based therapies. The effects of various existing adaptive immune targeting therapies, such as blocking critical co-stimulatory pathways or B cell depletion, on cardiovascular disease are beginning to emerge with important consequences for both autoimmune disease patients and the potential for wider use of such therapies. Entering the translation phase for adaptive immune targeting therapies is an exciting and promising prospect. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Sage
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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45
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Yun TJ, Lee JS, Shim D, Choi JH, Cheong C. Isolation and Characterization of Aortic Dendritic Cells and Lymphocytes in Atherosclerosis. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1559:419-437. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6786-5_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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46
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Zirlik A, Lutgens E. An inflammatory link in atherosclerosis and obesity. Co-stimulatory molecules. Hamostaseologie 2016. [PMID: 26225729 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-12-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction are lipid-driven inflammatory pathologies responsible for a major part of cardiovascular complications. Immune cell activation as well as interactions between the different immune cells is dependent on and controlled by a variety of co-stimulatory signals. These co-stimulatory signals can either aggravate or ameliorate the disease depending on the stage of the disease, the cell-types involved and the signal transduction cascades initiated. This review focuses on the diverse roles of the most established co-stimulatory molecules of the B7 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) families, ie the CD28/CTLA4-CD80/CD86 and CD40L/CD40 dyads in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and obesity. In addition, we will explore their potential as therapeutic targets in both atherosclerosis and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zirlik
- Prof. Andreas Zirlik, Atherogenesis Research Group, Heart Center Freiburg University, Cardiology and Angiology I, University of Freiburg, Germany, E-mail:
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Matsumoto T, Sasaki N, Yamashita T, Emoto T, Kasahara K, Mizoguchi T, Hayashi T, Yodoi K, Kitano N, Saito T, Yamaguchi T, Hirata KI. Overexpression of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen-4 Prevents Atherosclerosis in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1141-51. [PMID: 27055906 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although T-cell-mediated chronic inflammation contributes to atherosclerosis development, the role of a negative regulatory molecule cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) in atherosclerosis is poorly understood. We investigated the effects of CTLA-4 overexpression on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe(-/-)) mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS We generated CTLA-4 transgenic (CTLA-4-Tg)/Apoe(-/-) mice that display constitutive cell surface and intracellular expression of CTLA-4 in T cells and assessed atherosclerosis at age 16 weeks. CTLA-4 overexpression significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation and intraplaque accumulation of macrophage and CD4(+) T cells in the aortic root compared with controls. CTLA-4-Tg/Apoe(-/-) mice showed decreased numbers of effector CD4(+) T cells and decreased expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, ligands for CTLA-4, and a costimulatory molecule CD28, on CD11c(+) dendritic cells compared with controls. Consistent with in vivo findings, in vitro experiments revealed that CD4(+) T cells from CTLA-4-Tg/Apoe(-/-) mice showed decreased proliferative capacity and proinflammatory cytokine production, downregulated CD80 expression on CD11c(+) dendritic cells, and suppressed the proliferation of other T cells by limiting the costimulatory pathway. Moreover, CD11c(+) dendritic cells from CTLA-4-Tg/Apoe(-/-) mice showed reduced proliferative activity of T cells in vitro, suggesting the suppression of dendritic cell maturation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS CTLA-4 regulates atherosclerosis by suppressing proatherogenic immune responses and could be an attractive therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Matsumoto
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (T.M., N.S., T.Y., T.E., K.K., T.M., T.H., K.Y., N.K., K.-i.H.); Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and Laboratory for Cell Signaling (T.S.) and Department of Single Molecule Imaging, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Naoto Sasaki
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (T.M., N.S., T.Y., T.E., K.K., T.M., T.H., K.Y., N.K., K.-i.H.); Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and Laboratory for Cell Signaling (T.S.) and Department of Single Molecule Imaging, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (T.Y.).
| | - Tomoya Yamashita
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (T.M., N.S., T.Y., T.E., K.K., T.M., T.H., K.Y., N.K., K.-i.H.); Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and Laboratory for Cell Signaling (T.S.) and Department of Single Molecule Imaging, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Takuo Emoto
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (T.M., N.S., T.Y., T.E., K.K., T.M., T.H., K.Y., N.K., K.-i.H.); Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and Laboratory for Cell Signaling (T.S.) and Department of Single Molecule Imaging, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Kazuyuki Kasahara
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (T.M., N.S., T.Y., T.E., K.K., T.M., T.H., K.Y., N.K., K.-i.H.); Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and Laboratory for Cell Signaling (T.S.) and Department of Single Molecule Imaging, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Taiji Mizoguchi
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (T.M., N.S., T.Y., T.E., K.K., T.M., T.H., K.Y., N.K., K.-i.H.); Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and Laboratory for Cell Signaling (T.S.) and Department of Single Molecule Imaging, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Tomohiro Hayashi
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (T.M., N.S., T.Y., T.E., K.K., T.M., T.H., K.Y., N.K., K.-i.H.); Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and Laboratory for Cell Signaling (T.S.) and Department of Single Molecule Imaging, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Keiko Yodoi
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (T.M., N.S., T.Y., T.E., K.K., T.M., T.H., K.Y., N.K., K.-i.H.); Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and Laboratory for Cell Signaling (T.S.) and Department of Single Molecule Imaging, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Naoki Kitano
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (T.M., N.S., T.Y., T.E., K.K., T.M., T.H., K.Y., N.K., K.-i.H.); Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and Laboratory for Cell Signaling (T.S.) and Department of Single Molecule Imaging, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Takashi Saito
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (T.M., N.S., T.Y., T.E., K.K., T.M., T.H., K.Y., N.K., K.-i.H.); Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and Laboratory for Cell Signaling (T.S.) and Department of Single Molecule Imaging, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (T.M., N.S., T.Y., T.E., K.K., T.M., T.H., K.Y., N.K., K.-i.H.); Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and Laboratory for Cell Signaling (T.S.) and Department of Single Molecule Imaging, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (T.Y.)
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirata
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan (T.M., N.S., T.Y., T.E., K.K., T.M., T.H., K.Y., N.K., K.-i.H.); Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (T.S.); and Laboratory for Cell Signaling (T.S.) and Department of Single Molecule Imaging, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (T.Y.)
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Rheumatoid Arthritis Pharmacotherapies: Do They Have Anti-Atherosclerotic Activity? Curr Rheumatol Rep 2016; 18:27. [DOI: 10.1007/s11926-016-0578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ley K. 2015 Russell Ross Memorial Lecture in Vascular Biology: Protective Autoimmunity in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:429-38. [PMID: 26821946 PMCID: PMC4970520 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is accompanied by an autoimmune response against apolipoprotein B-100, the core protein of low-density lipoprotein, which manifests as CD4 T cell and antibody responses. To assess the role of the autoimmune response in atherosclerosis, the nature of the CD4 T cell response against apolipoprotein B-100 was studied with and without vaccination with major histocompatibility complex-II-restricted apolipoprotein B-100 peptides. The immunologic basis of autoimmunity in atherosclerosis is discussed in the framework of theories of adaptive immunity. Older vaccination approaches are also discussed. Vaccinating Apoe(-/-) mice with major histocompatibility complex-II-restricted apolipoprotein B-100 peptides reduces atheroma burden in the aorta by ≈40%. The protective mechanism likely includes secretion of interleukin-10. Protective autoimmunity limits atherosclerosis in mice and suggests potential for developing preventative and therapeutic vaccines for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ley
- From the La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology and Department of Bioengineering, UCSD, La Jolla, CA
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Spitz C, Winkels H, Bürger C, Weber C, Lutgens E, Hansson GK, Gerdes N. Regulatory T cells in atherosclerosis: critical immune regulatory function and therapeutic potential. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:901-22. [PMID: 26518635 PMCID: PMC11108393 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is mediated by innate and adaptive immune responses. The disease is characterized by sub-endothelial accumulation and modification of lipids in the artery wall triggering an inflammatory reaction which promotes lesion progression and eventual plaque rupture, thrombus formation, and the respective clinical sequelae such as myocardial infarction or stroke. During the past decade, T-cell-mediated immune responses, especially control of pro-inflammatory signals by regulatory T cells (Tregs), have increasingly attracted the interest of experimental and clinical researchers. By suppression of T cell proliferation and secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β, Tregs exert their atheroprotective properties. Atherosclerosis-prone, hyperlipidemic mice harbor systemically less Tregs compared to wild-type mice, suggesting an imbalance of immune cells which affects local and systemic inflammatory and potentially metabolic processes leading to atherogenesis. Restoring or increasing Treg frequency and enhancing their suppressive capacity by various modulations may pose a promising approach for treating inflammatory conditions such as cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we briefly summarize the immunological basics of atherosclerosis and introduce the role and contribution of different subsets of T cells. We then discuss experimental data and current knowledge pertaining to Tregs in atherosclerosis and perspectives on manipulating the adaptive immune system to alleviate atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Spitz
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Winkels
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Bürger
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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