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Figaro-Drumond FV, Pereira SC, Menezes IC, von Werne Baes C, Coeli-Lacchini FB, Oliveira-Paula GH, Cleare AJ, Young AH, Tanus-Santos JE, Juruena MF, Lacchini R. Association of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type1 (HSD11b1) gene polymorphisms with outcome of antidepressant therapy and suicide attempts. Behav Brain Res 2020; 381:112343. [PMID: 31704233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis has been implicated in the pathophysiology of depressive disorders. HSD11B1 encodes 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type1 enzyme, responsible for converting cortisone to cortisol. Genetic polymorphisms in HSD11B1 may impact in depression outcome and risk of suicide. This study aimed to assess whether HSD11B1 genotypes and haplotypes are associated with depression risk, severity of symptoms and suicidal attempts, considering early-life stress as an environmental factor. Here, 142 depressive patients and 103 healthy controls were included. Patients were enrolled from the Affective Disorders ambulatory and day hospital units, both within the University General Hospital of Ribeirao Preto. All subjects were clinically assessed applying the Mini-PLUS International Neuropsychiatric Interview, followed by the 21-item GRID-Hamilton Depression Scale, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSI). All subjects underwent antecubital vein puncture to obtain blood for DNA extraction. Genotyping of rs11119328 and rs11811440 were performed using allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction. We found a significant association of rs11119328 variant genotypes with increased risk for at least one suicide attempt (OR: 7.10, p = 0.049) and an association of variant genotypes of rs11811440 with euthymic mood under optimized pharmacological treatment (OR: 0.05, P = 0.014). These tests included correction for confounding factors. The association of genetic markers with depression risk, GRID-HAM-D21 and BSI scores and the number of suicidal attempts were nonsignificant. Haplotypes combining both markers were not associated with the studied phenotypes. We conclude that HSD11B1 polymorphisms may be relevant biomarkers for detecting subjects genetically vulnerable to poorer antidepressant response and higher risk of suicide attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Viana Figaro-Drumond
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Ribeirao Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sherliane Carla Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Itiana Castro Menezes
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane von Werne Baes
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Borchers Coeli-Lacchini
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Anthony J Cleare
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London & South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent, BR3 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Allan H Young
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London & South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent, BR3 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Eduardo Tanus-Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario F Juruena
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London & South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent, BR3 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Lacchini
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Ribeirao Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Chedid MF, do Nascimento FV, de Oliveira FS, de Souza BM, Kruel CRP, Gurski RR, Canani LH, Crispim D, Gerchman F. Interaction of HSD11B1 and H6PD polymorphisms in subjects with type 2 diabetes are protective factors against obesity: a cross-sectional study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2019; 11:78. [PMID: 31558916 PMCID: PMC6755690 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-019-0474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enzyme 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1) converts inactive cortisone to active cortisol in a process mediated by the enzyme hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD). The generation of cortisol from this reaction may increase intra-abdominal cortisol levels and contribute to the physiopathogenesis of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). The relationship of HSD11B1 rs45487298 and H6PD rs6688832 polymorphisms with obesity and MetS was studied. We also studied how HSD11B1 abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) gene expression is related to body fat distribution. METHODS Rates of obesity and MetS features were cross-sectionally analyzed according to these polymorphisms in 1006 Brazilian white patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Additionally, HSD11B1 expression was analyzed in VAT and SAT in a different cohort of 28 participants with and without obesity who underwent elective abdominal operations. RESULTS Although polymorphisms of the two genes were not individually associated with MetS features, a synergistic effect was observed between both. Carriers of at least three minor alleles exhibited lower BMI compared to those with two or fewer minor alleles adjusting for gender and age (27.4 ± 4.9 vs. 29.3 ± 5.3 kg/m2; P = 0.005; mean ± SD). Obesity frequency was also lower in the first group (24.4% vs. 41.6%, OR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.21-0.87; P = 0.019). In the second cohort of 28 subjects, HSD11B1 gene expression in VAT was inversely correlated with BMI (r = - 0.435, P = 0.034), waist circumference (r = - 0.584, P = 0.003) and waist-to-height ratio (r = - 0.526, P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS These polymorphisms might interact in the protection against obesity in T2DM individuals. Obese individuals may have decreased intra-abdominal VAT HSD11B1 gene expression resulting in decreasing intra-abdominal cortisol levels as a compensatory mechanism against central and general adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio F. Chedid
- Postgraduate Program of Surgical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Filipe V. do Nascimento
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Science: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S. de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Science: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bianca M. de Souza
- Postgraduate Program of Surgical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cleber R. P. Kruel
- Postgraduate Program of Surgical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Richard R. Gurski
- Postgraduate Program of Surgical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis H. Canani
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Science: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Prédio 12, 4° andar, Bairro Santana, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003 Brazil
| | - Daisy Crispim
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Science: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Prédio 12, 4° andar, Bairro Santana, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003 Brazil
| | - Fernando Gerchman
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Science: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Prédio 12, 4° andar, Bairro Santana, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003 Brazil
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome describes a clustering of risk factors—visceral obesity, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, and salt-sensitive hypertension—that increases mortality related to cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The prevalence of these concurrent comorbidities is ~ 25–30% worldwide, and metabolic syndrome therefore presents a significant global public health burden. Evidence from clinical and preclinical studies indicates that glucocorticoid excess is a key causal feature of metabolic syndrome. This is not increased systemic in circulating cortisol, rather increased bioavailability of active glucocorticoids within tissues. This review examines the role of covert glucocorticoid excess on the hypertension of the metabolic syndrome. Here, the role of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes, which exert intracrine and paracrine control over glucocorticoid signalling, is examined. 11βHSD1 amplifies glucocorticoid action in cells and contributes to hypertension through direct and indirect effects on the kidney and vasculature. The deactivation of glucocorticoid by 11βHSD2 controls ligand access to glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors: loss of function promotes salt retention and hypertension. As for hypertension in general, high blood pressure in the metabolic syndrome reflects a complex interaction between multiple systems. The clear association between high dietary salt, glucocorticoid production, and metabolic disorders has major relevance for human health and warrants systematic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Bailey
- The British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Devang N, Satyamoorthy K, Rai PS, Nandini M, Rao S, Phani NM, Adhikari P. Association of HSD11B1 gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in South Indian population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 131:142-148. [PMID: 28750217 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 1 (11β-HSD1) is an NADP or NADPH-dependent enzyme that generates cortisol from cortisone for a local glucocorticoid action. Functional polymorphisms within 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 1 (HSD11B1) gene have shown an association with various factors, including insulin resistance (IR) and hypertension. In our study, we have assessed the association of HSD11B1 (rs12086634 and rs846910) gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome (metS). METHODS In the present study, 616 subjects were enrolled. DNA from T2D subjects (n=207), metS subjects (n=101), and their age and sex matched control subjects were analyzed. Genotyping of HSD11B1 rs12086634 and rs846910 single nucleotide polymorphisms was performed using tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR). An odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated to determine the association of HSD11B1 gene polymorphisms with T2D and metS. RESULTS The association analysis indicated that HSD11B1 rs12086634 TG contributed to an increased risk of both T2D (OR=1.91; 95% CI-1.33-2.76, P=0.0005) and metS (OR=2.37; 95% CI-1.39-4.05, P=0.0015), but HSD11B1 rs846910 AG contributed to an increased risk of T2D (OR=1.62; 95% CI-1.02-2.57, P=0.03) only. There was a statistically significant difference in systolic blood pressure between the control group with HSD11B1 rs12086634 TG genotype (128.96±13.19mmHg) and the control group with HSD11B1 rs12086634 TT genotype (123.27±10.84mmHg). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study indicated that the HSD11B1 rs12086634 is associated with both T2D and metS, but HSD11B1 rs846910 is associated with only T2D in South Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayana Devang
- Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore 575001, Karnataka, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Padmalatha S Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - M Nandini
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore 575003, Karnataka, India
| | - Satish Rao
- Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore 575001, Karnataka, India
| | - Nagaraja M Phani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Prabha Adhikari
- Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore 575001, Karnataka, India.
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Abstract
The genome is often the conduit through which environmental exposures convey their effects on health and disease. Whilst not all diseases act by directly perturbing the genome, the phenotypic responses are often genetically determined. Hence, whilst diseases are often defined has having differing degrees of genetic determination, genetic and environmental factors are, with few exceptions, inseparable features of most diseases, not least type 2 diabetes. It follows that to optimize diabetes, prevention and treatment will require that the etiological roles of genetic and environmental risk factors be jointly considered. As we discuss here, studies focused on quantifying gene-environment and gene-treatment interactions are gathering momentum and may eventually yield data that helps guide health-related choices and medical interventions for type 2 diabetes and other complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Franks
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Building 91, Level 10, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 90188, Umeå, Sweden.
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton General Hospital Campus, DB-CVSRI, 237 Barton Street East, Room C3103, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Population Genomics Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Quteineh L, Vandenberghe F, Saigi Morgui N, Delacrétaz A, Choong E, Gholam-Rezaee M, Magistretti P, Bondolfi G, Von Gunten A, Preisig M, Castelao E, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Bochud M, Kutalik Z, Conus P, Eap CB. Impact of HSD11B1 polymorphisms on BMI and components of the metabolic syndrome in patients receiving psychotropic treatments. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2015; 25:246-58. [PMID: 25751397 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) associated with psychiatric disorders and psychotropic treatments represents a major health issue. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is an enzyme that catalyzes tissue regeneration of active cortisol from cortisone. Elevated enzymatic activity of 11β-HSD1 may lead to the development of MetS. METHODS We investigated the association between seven HSD11B1 gene (encoding 11β-HSD1) polymorphisms and BMI and MetS components in a psychiatric sample treated with potential weight gain-inducing psychotropic drugs (n=478). The polymorphisms that survived Bonferroni correction were analyzed in two independent psychiatric samples (nR1=168, nR2=188) and in several large population-based samples (n1=5338; n2=123 865; n3>100 000). RESULTS HSD11B1 rs846910-A, rs375319-A, and rs4844488-G allele carriers were found to be associated with lower BMI, waist circumference, and diastolic blood pressure compared with the reference genotype (Pcorrected<0.05). These associations were exclusively detected in women (n=257) with more than 3.1 kg/m, 7.5 cm, and 4.2 mmHg lower BMI, waist circumference, and diastolic blood pressure, respectively, in rs846910-A, rs375319-A, and rs4844488-G allele carriers compared with noncarriers (Pcorrected<0.05). Conversely, carriers of the rs846906-T allele had significantly higher waist circumference and triglycerides and lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol exclusively in men (Pcorrected=0.028). The rs846906-T allele was also associated with a higher risk of MetS at 3 months of follow-up (odds ratio: 3.31, 95% confidence interval: 1.53-7.17, Pcorrected=0.014). No association was observed between HSD11B1 polymorphisms and BMI and MetS components in the population-based samples. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that HSD11B1 polymorphisms may contribute toward the development of MetS in psychiatric patients treated with potential weight gain-inducing psychotropic drugs, but do not play a significant role in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Quteineh
- aUnit of Pharmacogenetics and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience bDepartment of Psychiatry, Centre of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Psychopathology cDepartment of Psychiatry, Service of Old Age Psychiatry dDepartment of Psychiatry, Service of General Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly eLaboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne fDepartment of Medicine gInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital hDepartment of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne iSwiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne jDepartment of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva kSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneve, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland lFaculty of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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HSD11B1 gene polymorphisms in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome—Do we have evidence for the association? Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-015-0438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Arbour L, Asuri S, Whittome B, Polanco F, Hegele RA. The Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease in Canadian and International Aboriginal Populations. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31:1094-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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do Nascimento FV, Piccoli V, Beer MA, von Frankenberg AD, Crispim D, Gerchman F. Association of HSD11B1 polymorphic variants and adipose tissue gene expression with metabolic syndrome, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2015; 7:38. [PMID: 26056536 PMCID: PMC4459686 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-015-0036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The HSD11B1 gene is highly expressed in abdominal adipose tissue, and the enzyme it encodes catalyzes the interconversion of inactive cortisone to hormonally active cortisol. Genetic abnormalities of HSD11B1 have been associated with the development of abnormal glucose metabolism and body fat distribution. To systematically review studies evaluating the association of HSD11B1 gene expression in abdominal adipose tissue and HSD11B1 polymorphisms with obesity, the metabolic syndrome (MetS), and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), we conducted a search in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library databases in April 2015. The inclusion criteria were observational studies (cross-sectional, cohort, or case-control), conducted in adults, which analyzed the relationship of HSD11B1 polymorphisms and/or HSD11B1 expression in abdominal adipose tissue with obesity, MetS, or T2DM. Of 802 studies retrieved, 32 met the inclusion criteria (23 gene expression and 9 polymorphism studies). Twenty one studies analyzed the relationship between abdominal subcutaneous and/or visceral HSD11B1 expression with central and/or generalized obesity. Most studies reported that abdominal adipose HSD11B1 expression increased with increasing body mass index (15 studies) and abnormalities of glucose metabolism (7 studies), and varied with the presence of MetS (3 studies). Nine studies analyzed the association of 26 different HSD11B1 polymorphic variants with obesity, MetS, and T2DM. Only an Indian study found an association between a polymorphic variant at the HSD11B1 gene with MetS whereas in Pima Indians another polymorphic variant was found to be associated with T2DM. While the literature suggests that HSD11B1 is hyperexpressed in abdominal adipose tissue in subjects with obesity and abnormal glucose metabolism, this seems to be not true for HSD11B1 gene expression and MetS. Although an association of polymorphic variants of HSD11B1 with MetS in Indians and in the T2DM population of Pima Indians were found, most studies did not find a relationship between genetic polymorphic variants of HSD11B1 and obesity, MetS, and T2DM. Their reported conflicting and inconclusive results, suggesting that polymorphic variants of HSD11B1 may have only a small role in the development of metabolic abnormalities of susceptible populations in the development of MetS and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Valvassori do Nascimento
- />Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2400, 2° andar, PPG Endocrinologia, Bairro Santana, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003 Brazil
| | - Vanessa Piccoli
- />Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2400, 2° andar, PPG Endocrinologia, Bairro Santana, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003 Brazil
| | - Mayara Abichequer Beer
- />Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2400, 2° andar, PPG Endocrinologia, Bairro Santana, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003 Brazil
| | - Anize Delfino von Frankenberg
- />Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2400, 2° andar, PPG Endocrinologia, Bairro Santana, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003 Brazil
| | - Daisy Crispim
- />Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Prédio 12, 4° andar, Bairro Santana, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003 Brazil
- />Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2400, 2° andar, PPG Endocrinologia, Bairro Santana, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003 Brazil
| | - Fernando Gerchman
- />Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Prédio 12, 4° andar, Bairro Santana, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003 Brazil
- />Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2400, 2° andar, PPG Endocrinologia, Bairro Santana, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003 Brazil
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Siggelkow H, Etmanski M, Bozkurt S, Groβ P, Koepp R, Brockmöller J, Tzvetkov MV. Genetic polymorphisms in 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 correlate with the postdexamethasone cortisol levels and bone mineral density in patients evaluated for osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E293-302. [PMID: 24285685 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Higher physiological cortisol levels may increase the risk of age-related osteoporosis. We hypothesized that common polymorphisms in the cortisol synthesis enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD11B) may cause interindividual variations in cortisol levels and age-related bone loss. STUDY DESIGN AND PATIENTS We performed a retrospective study in a cohort of 452 ambulatory patients under evaluation for osteoporosis. We investigated the associations of 16 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (in the HSD11B1 and HSD11B2 genes with a postdexamethasone cortisol (PDC) level and bone mineral density (BMD; primary end points) and fracture risk (secondary end point) in a subgroup of 304 patients. The observed associations with BMD were validated in a subgroup of 148 patients. RESULTS The PDC level increased with age (R = 0.274, P < 10(-5), n = 287) and was negatively correlated with BMD at the femoral neck (R = -0.278, P < 10(-5), n = 258). Three genetically linked single-nucleotide polymorphisms (in intron 5 of HSD11B1), rs1000283, rs932335, and rs11811440, were significantly associated with BMD, with rs11811440 having the strongest association. The presence of the minor rs11811440 A allele was correlated with a lower PDC level (R = -0.128, P = .03, n = 304). The A allele was also consistently correlated with a higher spinal BMD in both patient subgroups (R = 0.17, Bonferroni corrected P = .006, n = 452). The correlation with BMD remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, and type of osteoporosis and was stronger in patients older than 65 years. CONCLUSION Genetic variations in HSD11B1 may affect the physiological cortisol levels and the severity of age-related osteoporosis. Underlying functional mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heide Siggelkow
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology (H.S., M.E., S.B., P.G., R.K.), Endokrinologikum Göttingen (H.S.), and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology (M.E., J.B., M.V.T.), Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Chapman K, Holmes M, Seckl J. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: intracellular gate-keepers of tissue glucocorticoid action. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1139-206. [PMID: 23899562 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid action on target tissues is determined by the density of "nuclear" receptors and intracellular metabolism by the two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) which catalyze interconversion of active cortisol and corticosterone with inert cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone. 11β-HSD type 1, a predominant reductase in most intact cells, catalyzes the regeneration of active glucocorticoids, thus amplifying cellular action. 11β-HSD1 is widely expressed in liver, adipose tissue, muscle, pancreatic islets, adult brain, inflammatory cells, and gonads. 11β-HSD1 is selectively elevated in adipose tissue in obesity where it contributes to metabolic complications. Similarly, 11β-HSD1 is elevated in the ageing brain where it exacerbates glucocorticoid-associated cognitive decline. Deficiency or selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1 improves multiple metabolic syndrome parameters in rodent models and human clinical trials and similarly improves cognitive function with ageing. The efficacy of inhibitors in human therapy remains unclear. 11β-HSD2 is a high-affinity dehydrogenase that inactivates glucocorticoids. In the distal nephron, 11β-HSD2 ensures that only aldosterone is an agonist at mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). 11β-HSD2 inhibition or genetic deficiency causes apparent mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension due to inappropriate glucocorticoid activation of renal MR. The placenta and fetus also highly express 11β-HSD2 which, by inactivating glucocorticoids, prevents premature maturation of fetal tissues and consequent developmental "programming." The role of 11β-HSD2 as a marker of programming is being explored. The 11β-HSDs thus illuminate the emerging biology of intracrine control, afford important insights into human pathogenesis, and offer new tissue-restricted therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chapman
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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12
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Demerath EW, Choh AC, Johnson W, Curran JE, Lee M, Bellis C, Dyer TD, Czerwinski SA, Blangero J, Towne B. The positive association of obesity variants with adulthood adiposity strengthens over an 80-year period: a gene-by-birth year interaction. Hum Hered 2013; 75:175-85. [PMID: 24081233 DOI: 10.1159/000351742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the statistical effect of obesity-related genetic variants on adulthood adiposity traits depends on birth year. METHODS The study sample included 907 related, non-Hispanic White participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study, born between 1901 and 1986, and aged 25-64.99 years (474 females; 433 males) at the time of measurement. All had both genotype data from which a genetic risk score (GRS) composed of 32 well-replicated obesity-related common single nucleotide polymorphisms was created, and phenotype data [including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and the sum of four subcutaneous skinfolds]. Maximum likelihood-based variance components analysis was used to estimate trait heritabilities, main effects of GRS and birth year, GRS-by-birth year interaction, sex, and age. RESULTS Positive GRS-by-birth year interaction effects were found for BMI (p < 0.001), waist circumference (p = 0.007), and skinfold thickness (p < 0.007). For example, each one-allele increase in GRS was estimated to result in a 0.16 increase in BMI among males born in 1930 compared to a 0.47 increase among those born in 1970. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings suggest the influence of common obesity susceptibility variants has increased during the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., USA
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Gathercole LL, Lavery GG, Morgan SA, Cooper MS, Sinclair AJ, Tomlinson JW, Stewart PM. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1: translational and therapeutic aspects. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:525-55. [PMID: 23612224 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) interconverts the inactive glucocorticoid cortisone and its active form cortisol. It is widely expressed and, although bidirectional, in vivo it functions predominantly as an oxoreductase, generating active glucocorticoid. This allows glucocorticoid receptor activation to be regulated at a prereceptor level in a tissue-specific manner. In this review, we will discuss the enzymology and molecular biology of 11β-HSD1 and the molecular basis of cortisone reductase deficiencies. We will also address how altered 11β-HSD1 activity has been implicated in a number of disease states, and we will explore its role in the physiology and pathologies of different tissues. Finally, we will address the current status of selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors that are in development and being tested in phase II trials for patients with the metabolic syndrome. Although the data are preliminary, therapeutic inhibition of 11β-HSD1 is also an exciting prospect for the treatment of a variety of other disorders such as osteoporosis, glaucoma, intracranial hypertension, and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Gathercole
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston B15 2TH, United Kingdom
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14
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Shimodaira M, Nakayama T, Sato I, Sato N, Izawa N, Mizutani Y, Furuya K, Yamamoto T. Glucocorticoid synthesis-related genes: HSD11B1 and HSD11B2 in hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Gynecol Endocrinol 2013; 29:657-61. [PMID: 23659736 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2013.788623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether polymorphisms of the maternal glucocorticoid-related genes (HSD11B1 and HSD11B2) are associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) in a haplotype-based case-control study. METHODS A total of 166 PIH patients and 222 age-matched controls were genotyped, with two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the HSD11B1 gene (rs2235543 and rs846910) and three SNPs for the HSD11B2 gene (rs12920590, rs45483293 and rs3743729) used as genetic markers. After separation into preeclampsia (PE) and gestational hypertension (GH) subgroups, PIH patients were assessed. RESULTS Significant differences were noted between PE and control groups (p = 0.022, p = 0.034, respectively) for the frequency of genotypes and alleles for rs846910 of HSD11B1. The frequency of the AA genotype of rs846910 was significantly higher in PIH and PE groups compared to controls. Logistic regression analyses showed that this genotype was a risk factor for PIH and PE (adjusted OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.3-6.5 and adjusted OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.4-7.4, respectively). The frequency of the T-A haplotype established by rs2235543-rs846910 was also significantly higher in PIH and PE groups (p = 0.045, p = 0.042, respectively). CONCLUSION rs846910 in the HSD11B1 gene could be a marker for hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. The T-A haplotype constructed by rs2235543-rs846910 was also a useful susceptibility marker for PIH and PE.
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Feldman K, Likó I, Nagy Z, Szappanos A, Grolmusz VK, Tóth M, Rácz K, Patócs A. [Importance of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme in clinical disorders]. Orv Hetil 2013; 154:283-93. [PMID: 23419529 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2013.29558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids play an important role in the regulation of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, they modulate the function of the immune system, and contribute to stress response. Increased and decreased production of glucocorticoids causes specific diseases. In addition to systemic hypo- or hypercortisolism, alteration of local synthesis and metabolism of cortisol may result in tissue-specific hypo- or hypercortisolism. One of the key enzymes participating in the local synthesis and metabolism of cortisol is the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme. Two isoforms, type 1 and type 2 enzymes are located in the endoplasmic reticulum and catalyze the interconversion of hormonally active cortisol and inactive cortisone. The type 1 enzyme mainly works as an activator, and it is responsible for the generation of cortisol from cortisone in liver, adipose tissue, brain and bone. The gene encoding this enzyme is located on chromosome 1. The authors review the physiological and pathophysiological processes related to the function of the type 1 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme. They summarize the potential significance of polymorphic variants of the enzyme in clinical diseases as well as knowledge related to inhibitors of enzyme activity. Although further studies are still needed, inhibition of the enzyme activity may prove to be an effective tool for the treatment of several diseases such as obesity, osteoporosis and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Feldman
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar II. Belgyógyászati Klinika Budapest
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16
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Blackett PR, Sanghera DK. Genetic determinants of cardiometabolic risk: a proposed model for phenotype association and interaction. J Clin Lipidol 2013; 7:65-81. [PMID: 23351585 PMCID: PMC3559023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2012.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a translational and unifying summary of metabolic syndrome genetics and highlights evidence that genetic studies are starting to unravel and untangle origins of the complex and challenging cluster of disease phenotypes. The associated genes effectively express in the brain, liver, kidney, arterial endothelium, adipocytes, myocytes, and β cells. Progression of syndrome traits has been associated with ectopic lipid accumulation in the arterial wall, visceral adipocytes, myocytes, and liver. Thus, it follows that the genetics of dyslipidemia, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are central in triggering progression of the syndrome to overt expression of disease traits and have become a key focus of interest for early detection and for designing prevention and treatments. To support the "birds' eye view" approach, we provide a road-map depicting commonality and interrelationships between the traits and their genetic and environmental determinants based on known risk factors, metabolic pathways, pharmacologic targets, treatment responses, gene networks, pleiotropy, and association with circadian rhythm. Although only a small portion of the known heritability is accounted for and there is insufficient support for clinical application of gene-based prediction models, there is direction and encouraging progress in a rapidly moving field that is beginning to show clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piers R Blackett
- Department of Pediatrics, 940 NE 13St., University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Dharambir K Sanghera
- Department of Pediatrics, 940 NE 13St., University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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17
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Feldman K, Szappanos A, Butz H, Grolmusz V, Majnik J, Likó I, Kriszt B, Lakatos P, Tóth M, Rácz K, Patócs A. The rs4844880 polymorphism in the promoter region of the HSD11B1 gene associates with bone mineral density in healthy and postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Steroids 2012; 77:1345-51. [PMID: 22986073 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme (11β-HSD1) plays an important role in the regulation of local glucocorticoid concentration in a tissue specific manner. Previous studies indicated associations between polymorphisms (SNPs) of the HSD11B1 gene and laboratory as well as osteodensitometric parameters of bone metabolism. In our present work we examined whether the tagging HSD11B1 gene polymorphisms could influence bone metabolism in healthy and postmenopausal osteoporotic women. EXPERIMENTAL HapMap database was used for identification and selection of SNPs located in the 38kb range of the HSD11B1 gene. Twelve SNPs were selected and genotyped in 209 healthy control women using Taqman SNP assays on Real-Time PCR and direct DNA sequencing. Of these SNPs, the rs4844880 was genotyped in 154 women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Functional characterization of the rs4844880 was performed by in vitro luciferase assay. RESULTS One of the 12 HSD11B1 SNPs, the rs4844880 showed a significant association with higher bone mineral density and/or T- and Z-scores at lumbar spine in healthy women. When data from 154 postmenopausal osteoporotic women were compared to those obtained from 101 age-matched postmenopausal healthy women selected from our healthy control group this association was strongly significant at the femoral neck region. In vitro luciferase assay demonstrated that the polymorphic rs4844880 allele inhibited the luciferase activity more significantly than the major allele. CONCLUSIONS The rs4844880 polymorphism in the promoter region of the HSD11B1 gene resulting in a reduced expression of the enzyme may exert a beneficial effect on bone in healthy and postmenopausal osteoporotic women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Feldman
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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18
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Abstract
Adrenal steroidogenesis is under the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Furthermore, metabolic factors including insulin and obesity-related signals may play a role in the regulation of both enzymes involved in the steroidogenetic pathways, as well as in the regulation of the HPA axis. In women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), cortisol production rate is probably normal, although adrenal androgens can be overproduced in a subset of affected women. Cortisol metabolism and regeneration from inactive glucocorticoids can also be disrupted in PCOS, thereby contributing to determining an adrenal hyperandrogenic state. Finally, overactivity of the HPA axis may be related to the high prevalence of psychopathological and eating disorders in women with PCOS, implying a maladaptive allostatic load in the adaptive mechanisms to chronic stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Pasquali
- b Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University Alma Mater Studiorum, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Gambineri
- a Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University Alma Mater Studiorum, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
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19
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Duran-Gonzalez J, Ortiz I, Gonzales E, Ruiz N, Ortiz M, Gonzalez A, Sanchez EK, Curet E, Fisher-Hoch S, Rentfro A, Qu H, Nair S. Association study of candidate gene polymorphisms and obesity in a young Mexican-American population from South Texas. Arch Med Res 2011; 42:523-31. [PMID: 22056417 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Obesity is increasingly a health problem and a risk factor for diabetes in young Mexican-American populations. Genetic association studies in older, mostly non-Hispanic populations have reported that polymorphisms in the candidate genes HSD11B1, CRP, ADIPOQ, PPARG, ANKK1, ABCC8 and SERPINF1 are associated with obesity or diabetes. We analyzed the polymorphisms rs846910, rs1205, rs1501299, rs1801282, rs1800497, rs757110 and rs1136287 in these candidate genes, for association with obesity and metabolic traits in a young Mexican-American population from south Texas. METHODS Genotyping of the seven common SNPs were performed by allelic discrimination assays in 448 unrelated Mexican Americans (median age = 16 years) from south Texas. χ(2) tests and regression analyses using additive models were used for genetic association analyses adjusting for covariates; p values were corrected for multiple testing by permutation analyses. RESULTS rs1800497 (ANKK1) shows association with waist circumference (p = 0.009) and retains the association (p = 0.03) after permutation testing. Analysis of metabolic quantitative traits shows that rs846910 (HSD11B1) was associated with HOMA-IR (p = 0.04) and triglycerides (p = 0.03), and rs1205 (CRP) with HOMA-IR (p = 0.03) and fasting glucose levels (p = 0.007). However, the quantitative traits associations are not maintained after permutation analysis. None of the other SNPs in this study showed associations with obesity or metabolic traits in this young Mexican-American population. CONCLUSIONS We report a potential association between rs1800497 (linked to changes in brain dopamine receptor levels) and central obesity in a young Mexican-American population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Duran-Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Biomedical Studies, University of Texas School of Public Health, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
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20
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Gambineri A, Tomassoni F, Munarini A, Stimson RH, Mioni R, Pagotto U, Chapman KE, Andrew R, Mantovani V, Pasquali R, Walker BR. A combination of polymorphisms in HSD11B1 associates with in vivo 11{beta}-HSD1 activity and metabolic syndrome in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165:283-92. [PMID: 21622477 DOI: 10.1530/eje-11-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regeneration of cortisol by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) within liver and adipose tissue may be of pathophysiological importance in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HSD11B1, the gene encoding 11β-HSD1, have been associated with type 2 diabetes and hypertension in population-based cohort studies, and with hyperandrogenism in patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, the functional consequences of these SNPs for in vivo 11β-HSD1 expression and activity are unknown. METHODS We explored associations of well-characterised hormonal and metabolic phenotypes with two common SNPs (rs846910 and rs12086634) in HSD11B1 in 600 women (300 with PCOS) and investigated 11β-HSD1 expression and activity in a nested study of 40 women from this cohort. RESULTS HSD11B1 genotypes (as single SNPs and as the combination of the two minor allele SNPs) were not associated with PCOS. Women who were heterozygous for rs846910 A and homozygous for rs12086634 T (GA, TT genotype) had a higher risk of metabolic syndrome, regardless of the diagnosis of PCOS (odds ratio in the whole cohort=2.77 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16-6.67), P=0.023). In the nested cohort, women with the GA, TT genotype had higher HSD11B1 mRNA levels in adipose tissue, and higher rates of appearance of cortisol and d3-cortisol (16.1±0.7 nmol/min versus 12.1±1.1, P=0.044) during 9,11,12,12-2H4-cortisol (d4-cortisol) steady-state infusion. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that, in a population of Southern European Caucasian women with and without PCOS, alleles of HSD11B1 containing the two SNPs rs846910 A and rs12086634 T confer increased 11β-HSD1 expression and activity, which associates with the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gambineri
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna - Alma Mater Studiorum, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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Rahman TJ, Mayosi BM, Hall D, Avery PJ, Stewart PM, Connell JM, Watkins H, Keavney B. Common Variation at the 11-β Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Gene Is Associated With Left Ventricular Mass. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 4:156-62. [DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.110.958496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background—
Polymorphisms in 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1, encoded by
HSD11B1
) have been reported to be associated with obesity-related cardiovascular risk factors, such as type II diabetes and hypertension. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular death associated with these factors but has significant additional heritability, the cause of which is undetermined. The 11β-HSD1 is believed to maintain tonic inhibition of the mineralocorticoid receptor in cardiomyocytes, and mineralocorticoid receptor activation is involved in the pathophysiology of LVH. We assessed the association between polymorphisms in the
HSD11B1
gene and left ventricular mass (LVM) in 248 families ascertained through a proband with hypertension.
Methods and Results—
LVM was measured by electrocardiography and echocardiography in 868 and 829 participants, respectively. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tagging common variation in the
HSD11B1
gene were genotyped by mass spectrometry. The rs846910 SNP, which lies in the flanking region 5′ to exon 1B of
HSD11B1
, was associated with LVM both by electrocardiography (≈5% lower LVM per copy of the rare allele,
P
=0.02) and by echocardiography (≈10% lower LVM per copy of the rare allele,
P
=0.003). Genotype explained 1% to 2% of the population variability in LVM, or approximately 5% of the heritable fraction. There were no significant associations between any
HSD11B1
SNP and blood pressure or body mass index that could have confounded the association with LVM.
Conclusions—
Genotype at
HSD11B1
has a small, but significant effect on LVM, apparently independently of any effect on obesity-related traits. These findings suggest a novel action of 11β-HSD1 in the human cardiomyocyte, which may be of therapeutic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thahira J. Rahman
- From the Institute of Human Genetics (T.J.R., D.H., P.J.A., B.K.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Department of Medicine (B.M.M.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine (P.M.S.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Medicine (J.M.C.C.), University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.W.), Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Bongani M. Mayosi
- From the Institute of Human Genetics (T.J.R., D.H., P.J.A., B.K.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Department of Medicine (B.M.M.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine (P.M.S.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Medicine (J.M.C.C.), University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.W.), Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Darroch Hall
- From the Institute of Human Genetics (T.J.R., D.H., P.J.A., B.K.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Department of Medicine (B.M.M.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine (P.M.S.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Medicine (J.M.C.C.), University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.W.), Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter J. Avery
- From the Institute of Human Genetics (T.J.R., D.H., P.J.A., B.K.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Department of Medicine (B.M.M.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine (P.M.S.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Medicine (J.M.C.C.), University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.W.), Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul M. Stewart
- From the Institute of Human Genetics (T.J.R., D.H., P.J.A., B.K.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Department of Medicine (B.M.M.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine (P.M.S.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Medicine (J.M.C.C.), University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.W.), Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - John M.C. Connell
- From the Institute of Human Genetics (T.J.R., D.H., P.J.A., B.K.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Department of Medicine (B.M.M.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine (P.M.S.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Medicine (J.M.C.C.), University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.W.), Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- From the Institute of Human Genetics (T.J.R., D.H., P.J.A., B.K.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Department of Medicine (B.M.M.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine (P.M.S.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Medicine (J.M.C.C.), University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.W.), Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Bernard Keavney
- From the Institute of Human Genetics (T.J.R., D.H., P.J.A., B.K.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Department of Medicine (B.M.M.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine (P.M.S.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Medicine (J.M.C.C.), University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.W.), Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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Szappanos A, Patócs A, Gergics P, Bertalan R, Kerti A, Acs B, Feldmann K, Rácz K, Tóth M. The 83,557insA variant of the gene coding 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme associates with serum osteocalcin in patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 123:79-84. [PMID: 21111044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The type 1 and type 2 isoenzymes of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD11B) play an important role in the prereceptor regulation of glucocorticoid bioavailability and action. The potential importance of gene variants coding HSD11B has not been previously evaluated in patients with endogenous hypercortisolism. The aim of the present study was to explore presumed associations between the 83,557insA variant of the HSD11B1 gene and circulating hormone concentrations, bone turnover and bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS). PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty one patients with ACTH-producing pituitary adenomas (Cushing's disease-CD), 32 patients with cortisol-producing adrenal tumors (ACS) and 129 healthy control subjects were genotyped for the 83,557insA variant of the HSD11B1 gene using restriction fragment length analysis. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum cortisol, ACTH, osteocalcin (OC) and C-terminal crosslinks (CTX) of human collagen type I (C-telopeptide) were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found in the allelic frequencies of the 83,557insA polymorphism among patients with CD, ACS and healthy controls. Among all patients with CS, heterozygous carriers of the 83,557insA had significantly higher serum OC as compared to non-carriers. Patients with ACS carrying the 83,557insA variant had higher plasma ACTH concentrations compared to non-carriers. The 83,557insA variant failed to associate with BMD in patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS Our present findings indicate that the 83,557insA variant of the HSD11B1 gene may influence serum markers of bone turnover, but not BMD in patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Szappanos
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 46 Szentkirályi H-1088, Budapest, Hungary
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Dujic T, Ostanek B, Marc J, Causevic A, Mlinar B. Optimization of high-resolution melting analysis for simultaneous genotyping of two 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 gene polymorphisms. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2010; 15:43-9. [PMID: 21117953 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2010.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms in HSD11B1, the gene encoding 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme, have been associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we present an optimized high-resolution melting (HRM) method for genotyping two common polymorphisms of the HSD11B1 gene: rs846910: G>A and rs45487298: insA. METHODS One hundred DNA samples from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and healthy controls were genotyped by HRM. The results were compared with those obtained with classic polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS Various approaches were used during HRM specificity optimization. With the optimized method, genotyping accuracy of 100% was achieved. CONCLUSIONS HRM analysis is a fast, simple, and cost-effective method compared with the alternative genotyping approaches. The work required for optimizing the method (improvement of specificity) is minor compared to the advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Dujic
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Campino C, Carvajal CA, Cornejo J, San Martín B, Olivieri O, Guidi G, Faccini G, Pasini F, Sateler J, Baudrand R, Mosso L, Owen GI, Kalergis AM, Padilla O, Fardella CE. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-2 and type-1 (11β-HSD2 and 11β-HSD1) and 5β-reductase activities in the pathogenia of essential hypertension. Endocrine 2010; 37:106-14. [PMID: 19882252 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-009-9269-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol availability is modulated by several enzymes: 11β-HSD2, which transforms cortisol (F) to cortisone (E) and 11β-HSD1 which predominantly converts inactive E to active F. Additionally, the A-ring reductases (5α- and 5β-reductase) inactivate cortisol (together with 3α-HSD) to tetrahydrometabolites: 5αTHF, 5βTHF, and THE. The aim was to assess 11β-HSD2, 11β-HSD1, and 5β-reductase activity in hypertensive patients. Free urinary F, E, THF, and THE were measured by HPLC-MS/MS in 102 essential hypertensive patients and 18 normotensive controls. 11β-HSD2 enzyme activity was estimated by the F/E ratio, the activity of 11β-HSD1 in compare to 11β-HSD2 was inferred by the (5αTHF + 5βTHF)/THE ratio and 5β-reductase activity assessed using the E/THE ratio. Activity was considered altered when respective ratios exceeded the maximum value observed in the normotensive controls. A 15.7% of patients presented high F/E ratio suggesting a deficit of 11β-HSD2 activity. Of the remaining 86 hypertensive patients, two possessed high (5αTHF + 5βTHF)/THE ratios and 12.8% had high E/THE ratios. We observed a high percentage of alterations in cortisol metabolism at pre-receptor level in hypertensive patients, previously misclassified as essential. 11β-HSD2 and 5β-reductase decreased activity and imbalance of 11β-HSDs should be considered in the future management of hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Campino
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Lira 85, 5° Piso, Santiago, Chile
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25
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Malavasi EL, Kelly V, Nath N, Gambineri A, Dakin RS, Pagotto U, Pasquali R, Walker BR, Chapman KE. Functional effects of polymorphisms in the human gene encoding 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11 beta-HSD1): a sequence variant at the translation start of 11 beta-HSD1 alters enzyme levels. Endocrinology 2010; 151:195-202. [PMID: 19934376 PMCID: PMC3971150 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of active glucocorticoids within liver and adipose tissue by the enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11 beta-HSD1) may be of pathophysiological importance in obesity and metabolic syndrome and is a therapeutic target in type 2 diabetes. Polymorphisms in HSD11B1, the gene encoding 11 beta-HSD1, have been associated with metabolic phenotype in humans, including type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Here, we have tested the functional consequences of two single nucleotide polymorphisms located in contexts that potentially affect tissue levels of 11 beta-HSD1. We report no effect of allelic variation at rs846910, a polymorphism within the 5'-flanking region of the gene on HSD11B1 promoter activity in vitro. However, compared with the common G allele, the A allele of rs13306421, a polymorphism located two nucleotides 5' to the translation initiation site, gave higher 11 beta-HSD1 expression and activity in vitro and was translated at higher levels in in vitro translation reactions, possibly associated with a lower frequency of "leaky scanning." These data suggest that this polymorphism may have direct functional consequences on levels of 11 beta-HSD1 enzyme activity in vivo. However, the rs13306421 A sequence variant originally reported in other ethnic groups may be of low prevalence because it was not detected in a population of 600 European Caucasian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise L.V. Malavasi
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Division of Endocrinology, Dept. of Clinical Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Val Kelly
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Nikita Nath
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Alessandra Gambineri
- Division of Endocrinology, Dept. of Clinical Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Rachel S. Dakin
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Division of Endocrinology, Dept. of Clinical Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Renato Pasquali
- Division of Endocrinology, Dept. of Clinical Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Brian R. Walker
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Karen E. Chapman
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Hwang JY, Lee SH, Kim GS, Koh JM, Go MJ, Kim YJ, Kim HC, Kim TH, Hong JM, Park EK, Lee JY, Kim SY. HSD11B1 polymorphisms predicted bone mineral density and fracture risk in postmenopausal women without a clinically apparent hypercortisolemia. Bone 2009; 45:1098-103. [PMID: 19651257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endogenous glucocorticoid (GC) may participate in bone physiology, even in subjects with no glucocorticoid excess. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1) is a primary regulator catalyzing the reduction of inactive cortisone to active cortisol. To elucidate genetic relevance of HSD11B1 variants to vertebral fracture and osteoporosis, we investigated the potential involvement of six HSD11B1 SNPs in postmenopausal women. METHODS All exons, their boundaries and the promoter region (approximately 1.5 kb) were directly sequenced in 24 individuals. Six polymorphisms were selected and genotyped in all study participants (n=1329). BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS HSD11B1 +16374C>T and +27447G>C were associated with reduced vertebral fracture risk (p=0.016 and 0.032, respectively). Two of these (LD block2) in intron 5 (rs1000283 and rs932335) were significantly associated with bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck (p=0.00005 and 0.0002, respectively). Specifically, HSD11B1 +16374C>T and +27447G>C polymorphisms were associated with higher BMD values of the femoral neck in multiple comparison (p=0.0002 and 0.0004, respectively) and Bonferroni corrected significance level (97% power). Consistent with these results, HSD11B1-ht21 and -ht22 comprising both SNPs also showed the evidence of association with BMD values of the femoral neck (p(domiant)=0.0002 and p(recessive)=0.00005, respectively). CONCLUSION Our results provide preliminary evidence supporting an association of HSD11B1 with osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Also, these findings demonstrate that +16374C>T polymorphism may be useful genetic markers for bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Yeon Hwang
- The Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, 5 Nokbun-dong, Eunpyung-gu, Seoul, 122-701, Republic of Korea
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27
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Miyamoto Y, Morisaki H, Yamanaka I, Kokubo Y, Masuzaki H, Okayama A, Tomoike H, Nakao K, Okamura T, Yoshimasa Y, Morisaki T. Association study of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 gene polymorphisms and metabolic syndrome in urban Japanese cohort. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 85:132-8. [PMID: 19535162 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2008] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1), one of the isoforms of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes, acts as an oxo-reductase to reactivate cortisone to cortisol, plays a critical role in tissue-specific corticosteroid reactions, and is therefore a key molecule associated with the development of metabolic syndrome. We investigated whether variations in the 11beta-HSD1 gene correlated with metabolic syndrome. We performed case-control study using a population-based urban Japanese cohort. Among 3005 urban residents, we examined 431 subjects diagnosed with metabolic syndrome according to the Japanese definition and 777 subjects with none of metabolic syndrome criteria as control. We genotyped three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (+9410T>A, +17925C>T, +27447G>C) across the 11beta-HSD1 gene in them and analyzed the associations of SNPs and haplotypes with metabolic syndrome. The +9410A allele showed a tendency to metabolic syndrome (OR=1.5, 95%C.I., 1.0-2.2; P=0.041 and Bonferroni corrected P=0.123) without statistical significance. However, we could not find any significant association between metabolic syndrome and SNPs in the 11beta-HSD1 gene. Our findings indicate that polymorphisms and haplotypes in the 11beta-HSD1 gene are not significantly associated with metabolic syndrome in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Miyamoto
- Department of Atherosclerosis and Diabetes, National Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan.
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Salehzadeh F, Al-Khalili L, Kulkarni SS, Wang M, Lönnqvist F, Krook A. Glucocorticoid-mediated effects on metabolism are reversed by targeting 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in human skeletal muscle. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009; 25:250-8. [PMID: 19222059 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue and liver play important roles in mediating the metabolic actions of glucocorticoids. However, the effects of glucocorticoids on glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle are not understood completely. Intracellular glucocorticoid action is dependent on 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD1), an enzyme that converts cortisone to active cortisol. METHODS We investigated the direct role of HSD1 in cultured primary human skeletal muscle cells using siRNA and pharmacological inhibitors of the enzyme. Primary human skeletal muscle cells were cultured in the presence of 0.5 microM cortisone or 0.5 microM cortisol for eight days. siRNA was utilized to reduce expression of either HSD1 or pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) 4. Effects of pharmacological inhibitors of HSD1 were also studied. RESULTS Exposure to cortisone or cortisol decreased basal glucose uptake and glucose incorporation into glycogen, but was without effect on the insulin-stimulated response. Glucocorticoid exposure increased palmitate oxidation, as well as the expression of PDK4. siRNA-mediated reduction or pharmacological inhibition of HSD1 prevented the effects of cortisone, but not cortisol, on metabolic responses. siRNA-mediated reduction of PDK4 prevented the effect of cortisol to attenuate glycogen synthesis. CONCLUSION Targeted reduction or pharmacological inhibition of HSD1 in primary human skeletal muscle cells prevents the effects of cortisone, but not cortisol, on glucose metabolism and palmitate oxidation. Furthermore, the glucocorticoid-mediated reductions in glucose metabolism are dependent on PDK4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoozeh Salehzadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Identifying genes for primary hypertension: methodological limitations and gene-environment interactions. J Hum Hypertens 2008; 23:227-37. [PMID: 19005475 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2008.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension segregates within families, indicating that genetic factors explain some of the variance in the risk of developing the disease; however, even with major advances in genotyping technologies facilitating the discovery of multiple genetic risk markers for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, little progress has been made in defining the genetic defects that cause elevations in blood pressure. Several plausible explanations exist for this apparent paradox, one of which is that the risk conveyed by genes involved in the development of hypertension is context dependent. This notion is supported by a growing number of published animal and human studies, although none has yet provided unequivocal evidence that genetic and environmental factors interact to influence the risk of primary hypertension in humans. In this review, an assumption is made that common genetic variation contributes meaningfully to the development of primary hypertension. The review focuses on (i) several methodological limitations of genetic association studies and (ii) the roles that gene-environment interactions might play in the development of primary hypertension. The proceeding sections of the review examine the design features necessary for future studies to adequately test the hypothesis that genes for primary hypertension act in a context-dependent manner. Finally, an outline of how knowledge of gene-environment interactions might be used to optimize the prevention or treatment of primary hypertension is provided.
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30
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Vimaleswaran KS, Luan J, Andersen G, Muller YL, Wheeler E, Brito EC, O'Rahilly S, Pedersen O, Baier LJ, Knowler WC, Barroso I, Wareham NJ, Loos RJF, Franks PW. The Gly482Ser genotype at the PPARGC1A gene and elevated blood pressure: a meta-analysis involving 13,949 individuals. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:1352-8. [PMID: 18467552 PMCID: PMC2576025 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90423.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein encoded by the PPARGC1A gene is expressed at high levels in metabolically active tissues and is involved in the control of oxidative stress via reactive oxygen species detoxification. Several recent reports suggest that the PPARGC1A Gly482Ser (rs8192678) missense polymorphism may relate inversely with blood pressure. We used conventional meta-analysis methods to assess the association between Gly482Ser and systolic (SBP) or diastolic blood pressures (DBP) or hypertension in 13,949 individuals from 17 studies, of which 6,042 were previously unpublished observations. The studies comprised cohorts of white European, Asian, and American Indian adults, and adolescents from South America. Stratified analyses were conducted to control for population stratification. Pooled genotype frequencies were 0.47 (Gly482Gly), 0.42 (Gly482Ser), and 0.11 (Ser482Ser). We found no evidence of association between Gly482Ser and SBP [Gly482Gly: mean = 131.0 mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 130.5-131.5 mmHg; Gly482Ser mean = 133.1 mmHg, 95% CI = 132.6-133.6 mmHg; Ser482Ser: mean = 133.5 mmHg, 95% CI = 132.5-134.5 mmHg; P = 0.409] or DBP (Gly482Gly: mean = 80.3 mmHg, 95% CI = 80.0-80.6 mmHg; Gly482Ser mean = 81.5 mmHg, 95% CI = 81.2-81.8 mmHg; Ser482Ser: mean = 82.1 mmHg, 95% CI = 81.5-82.7 mmHg; P = 0.651). Contrary to previous reports, we did not observe significant effect modification by sex (SBP, P = 0.966; DBP, P = 0.715). We were also unable to confirm the previously reported association between the Ser482 allele and hypertension [odds ratio: 0.97, 95% CI = 0.87-1.08, P = 0.585]. These results were materially unchanged when analyses were focused on whites only. However, statistical evidence of gene-age interaction was apparent for DBP [Gly482Gly: 73.5 (72.8, 74.2), Gly482Ser: 77.0 (76.2, 77.8), Ser482Ser: 79.1 (77.4, 80.9), P = 4.20 x 10(-12)] and SBP [Gly482Gly: 121.4 (120.4, 122.5), Gly482Ser: 125.9 (124.6, 127.1), Ser482Ser: 129.2 (126.5, 131.9), P = 7.20 x 10(-12)] in individuals <50 yr (n = 2,511); these genetic effects were absent in those older than 50 yr (n = 5,088) (SBP, P = 0.41; DBP, P = 0.51). Our findings suggest that the PPARGC1A Ser482 allele may be associated with higher blood pressure, but this is only apparent in younger adults.
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Liu Y, Singh RJ, Usa K, Netzel BC, Liang M. Renal medullary 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertension. Physiol Genomics 2008; 36:52-8. [PMID: 18826995 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90283.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dahl salt-sensitive rat is a widely used model of human salt-sensitive forms of hypertension. The kidney plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Dahl salt-sensitive hypertension, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain a subject of intensive investigation. Gene expression profiling studies suggested that 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 might be dysregulated in the renal medulla of Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Additional analysis confirmed that renal medullary expression of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 was downregulated by a high-salt diet in SS-13BN rats, a consomic rat strain with reduced blood pressure salt sensitivity, but not in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. 11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is known to convert inactive 11-dehydrocorticosterone to active corticosterone. The urinary corticosterone/11-dehydrocorticosterone ratio as well as urinary excretion of corticosterone was higher in Dahl salt-sensitive rats than in SS-13BN rats. Knockdown of renal medullary 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 with small-interfering RNA attenuated the early phase of salt-induced hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats and reduced urinary excretion of corticosterone. Knockdown of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 did not affect blood pressure in SS-13BN rats. Long-term attenuation of salt-induced hypertension was achieved with small hairpin RNA targeting renal medullary 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. In summary, we have demonstrated that suppression of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 expression in the renal medulla attenuates salt-induced hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Liu Y, Mladinov D, Pietrusz JL, Usa K, Liang M. Glucocorticoid response elements and 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in the regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 81:140-7. [PMID: 18716005 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Hypertensive and other effects of excess glucocorticoids might be in part mediated by the suppression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression. We studied the transcriptional and biochemical mechanisms that mediate or modulate the suppression of eNOS expression by glucocorticoids. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that a mere three-fold increase in the concentration of the natural glucocorticoid cortisol (from 30 to 100 nmol/L) significantly decreased the expression level of eNOS in human endothelial cells. Deletion analysis of the eNOS promoter indicated that the segment within -119 bp upstream from the transcription start site was significantly involved in the effect of cortisol. Site-directed mutagenesis and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated the presence of a suppressive glucocorticoid response element (GRE) at -111 to -105 bp. 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11 beta-HSD) catalyse the interconversion of active and inactive glucocorticoids. The suppression of 11 beta-HSD2 using small interfering RNA markedly exacerbated the inhibition of eNOS by cortisol. The suppression of 11 beta-HSD1 abolished the inhibition of eNOS expression by cortisol. CONCLUSION We identified the first GRE in the eNOS promoter region and demonstrated that endogenous 11 beta-HSD1 and 11 beta-HSD2 play significant and distinct roles in modulating the effect of glucocorticoids on eNOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Abstract
Chronic excessive activation of glucocorticoid receptors induces obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. Subtle abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and/or of tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids are also associated with these cardiovascular risk factors in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, glucocorticoids have direct effects on the heart and blood vessels, mediated by both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors and modified by local metabolism of glucocorticoids by the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes. These effects influence vascular function, atherogenesis and vascular remodelling following intra-vascular injury or ischaemia. This article reviews the systemic and cardiovascular effects of glucocorticoids, and the evidence that glucocorticoids not only promote the incidence and progression of atherogenesis but also modify the recovery from occlusive vascular events and intravascular injury. The conclusion is that manipulation of glucocorticoid action within metabolic and cardiovascular tissues may provide novel therapeutic avenues to combat cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Walker
- Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.
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Espíndola-Antunes D, Kater CE. Adipose tissue expression of 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in cushing's syndrome and in obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 51:1397-403. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302007000800027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have a major role in determining adipose tissue metabolism and distribution. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11betaHSD1) is a NADPH-dependent enzyme highly expressed in the liver and adipose tissue. In most intact cells and tissues it functions as a reductase (to convert inactive cortisone to active cortisol). It has been hypothesized that tissue-specific deregulation of cortisol metabolism may be involved in the complex pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome (MS) and obesity. Transgenic mice overexpressing 11betaHSD1 in adipose tissue develop obesity with all features of the MS, whereas 11betaHSD1-knockout mice are protected from both. The bulk of evidences points to an overexpression and increased activity of 11betaHSD1 also in human adipose tissue. However, 11betaHSD1 seems to adjust local cortisol concentrations independently of its plasma levels. In Cushing's syndrome, 11betaHSD1 is downregulated and may not be responsible for the abdominal fat depots; it also undergoes downregulation in response to weight loss in human obesity. The nonselective 11betaHSD1 inhibitor carbenoxolone improves insulin sensitivity in humans, and selective inhibitors enhance insulin action in diabetic mice liver, thereby lowering blood glucose. Thus, 11betaHSD1 is now emerging as a modulator of energy partitioning and a promising pharmacological target to treat the MS and diabetes.
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Abstract
The concept of a metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of pre-clinical metabolic alterations commonly associated with obesity, is the object of much debate. Genetic studies have the potential to contribute to some of the key questions, including the true nature of the cluster of pre-clinical features and whether it is associated with human genetic variation. This review summarizes the evidence for the presence of familial aggregation for the individual components of MetS and their heritability levels. It also provides an overview of the studies that have dealt with candidate genes for MetS. Potential leads from genome-wide linkage scans are also discussed. The assumption is made that obesity, ectopic fat deposition and abnormal adipose tissue metabolism are responsible for alterations in lipid metabolism, which in turn generates the commonly observed pre-clinical shifts in glucose tolerance, lipids and lipoprotein profile, blood pressure, inflammatory markers, endothelial function, and a prothrombotic state. Progress in the understanding of the genetic basis of MetS should occur as soon as a consensus is reached on the true nature of MetS, its components and diagnostic criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Terán-García
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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36
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Walker BR. Extra-adrenal regeneration of glucocorticoids by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: physiological regulator and pharmacological target for energy partitioning. Proc Nutr Soc 2007; 66:1-8. [PMID: 17343766 DOI: 10.1017/s002966510700523x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The major glucocorticoid in man, cortisol, plays important roles in regulating fuel metabolism, energy partitioning and body fat distribution. In addition to the control of cortisol levels in blood by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, intracellular cortisol levels within target tissues can be controlled by local enzymes. 11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) catalyses the regeneration of active cortisol from inert cortisone, thereby amplifying cortisol levels and glucocorticoid receptor activation in adipose tissue, liver and other tissues. 11Beta-HSD1 is under complex tissue-specific regulation and there is evidence that it adjusts local cortisol concentrations independently of the plasma cortisol concentrations, e.g. in response to changes in diet. In obesity 11beta-HSD1 mRNA and activity in adipose tissue are increased. The mechanism of this up-regulation remains uncertain; polymorphisms in the HSD11B1 gene have been associated with metabolic complications of obesity, including hypertension and type 2 diabetes, but not with obesity per se. Extensive data have been obtained in mice with transgenic over-expression of 11beta-HSD1 in liver and adipocytes, targeted deletion of 11beta-HSD1, and using novel selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors; these data support the use of 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors to lower intracellular glucocorticoid levels and treat both obesity and its metabolic complications. Moreover, in human subjects the non-selective 'prototype' inhibitor carbenoxolone enhances insulin sensitivity. Results of clinical studies with novel potent selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors are therefore eagerly awaited. The present article focuses on the physiological role of glucocorticoids in regulating energy partitioning, and the evidence that this process is modulated by 11beta-HSD1 in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Walker
- University of Edinburgh, Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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37
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Abstract
Similarities between the metabolic syndrome and Cushing's syndrome, and reversibility of the features of Cushing's syndrome, suggest that cortisol may contribute to the pathophysiology of both conditions and that reducing cortisol action may provide a novel therapeutic approach in the metabolic syndrome. There is substantial evidence that circulating cortisol concentrations are higher in people with hypertension and glucose intolerance. The basis for this activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis remains uncertain, but it may be attributable to 'programming' effects of events in early life, since it is associated with low birth weight. In obese people, intracellular cortisol levels within adipose tissue are further amplified by increased local regeneration of cortisol by the enzyme 11beta-HSD type 1. In mice, transgenic manipulations of 11beta-HSD1 have potent effects on obesity and associated features of the metabolic syndrome. Promising preclinical data suggest that novel 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors will have a role in lowering intracellular cortisol levels as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome. In addition to their metabolic effects, glucocorticoids act in the blood vessel wall. Pharmacoepidemiological studies suggest that glucocorticoid excess is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Recent data suggest that 11beta-HSD1 within the blood vessel wall influences vascular remodelling and angiogenesis, for example in the myocardium following coronary artery occlusion. Thus, glucocorticoid signalling provides a potentially tractable system to influence both risk factors for, and the outcome of, Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Walker
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.
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Walker BR, Andrew R. Tissue Production of Cortisol by 11beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 and Metabolic Disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1083:165-84. [PMID: 17148739 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1367.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Activation of intracellular glucocorticoid receptors is determined not only by the plasma concentrations of cortisol, under the influence of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, but also by 11HSD enzymes within the target cell which interconvert cortisol with its inert metabolite cortisone. Data from cells in culture, isolated tissues, and transgenic mouse models have established that 11HSD type 1 regenerates glucocorticoids and amplifies glucocorticoid receptor activation. In humans, the rate of cortisol regeneration in peripheral tissues is of similar magnitude to adrenal secretion of cortisol at most times of day, and occurs principally in the splanchnic circulation. Approximately two-thirds of the splanchnic activity appears to reside in visceral adipose tissue, sufficient to allow visceral adipose tissue to "deliver" cortisol to the liver via the portal vein. In obesity, 11HSD1 activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue is increased, putatively explaining the link between obesity and other features of the metabolic syndrome. The regulation of 11HSD1, and the basis for its upregulation in obesity, are now being explored. Against this background, inhibition of 11HSD1 has become a major therapeutic target in metabolic syndrome. Preclinical results with novel selective 11HSD1 inhibitors are encouraging, and clinical proof of principle has been achieved with the nonselective inhibitor carbenoxolone. Although the parallels between metabolic syndrome and Cushing's syndrome were originally drawn with reference to patients with elevated plasma cortisol concentrations, it now appears that manipulating tissue concentrations of cortisol will allow the subtle level of control required for long-term therapy to reduce the risks of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Walker
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Yau J, MacLullich A, Seckl J. Targeting 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in brain: therapy for cognitive aging? Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2006; 1:527-536. [PMID: 30290458 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.1.4.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dementia care costs exceed those of cardiovascular diseases and cancer combined. Milder forms of functionally significant cognitive decline add further to the staggering human, societal and economic costs. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood and few treatments are available. Cumulative exposure to high glucocorticoid levels is a major hypothesis of decline in cognitive function with aging. Current manipulations to maintain low circulating glucocorticoid levels throughout life (adrenalectomy with low-dose corticosterone replacement and neonatal handling), although effective in preventing the emergence of memory deficits with age in rodent models, are not clinically applicable. By contrast, recent data in cells, mice and humans suggest that inhibition of the tissue-selective glucocorticoid-amplifying enzyme, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, may be an effective novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Yau
- a Alzheimer's Research Trust Carter Fellow and RCUK Academic Fellow, Endocrinology Unit, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Alasdair MacLullich
- b MRC Clinician Scientist Fellow Honorary Consultant in Geriatric Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jonathan Seckl
- c Jonathan Seckl, PhD, FRCPE, FMedSci, FRSE Moncrieff-Arnott Professor of Molecular Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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Körner A, Ma L, Franks PW, Kiess W, Baier LJ, Stumvoll M, Kovacs P. Sex-specific effect of the Val1483Ile polymorphism in the fatty acid synthase gene (FAS) on body mass index and lipid profile in Caucasian children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 31:353-8. [PMID: 16788566 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A Val1483Ile polymorphism in the human fatty acid sythase gene (FAS) has recently been shown to be associated with lower percentage of body fat and substrate oxidation rates in Pima Indians, but its role in other populations has not been described. Here, we investigate the effect of this variant on obesity in Caucasian children and adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In total, 738 Caucasian children and adolescents aged 6-17 years of the Leipzig Schoolchildren cohort, which constitutes an unselected representative German population and 205 obese children (body mass index (BMI) 2.71+/-0.04 SDS) were genotyped for genotype-phenotype associations. RESULTS The frequency of the Ile-allele was lower in German Caucasians compared with Pima Indians (0.03 compared to 0.10). Using generalized linear regression models, there was no effect of the polymorphism on BMI in the whole normal population. However, we identified a significant interaction effect between sex and genotype (P=0.004). Subsequent sex stratified analyses revealed a lower BMI SDS in boys with Ile/Val genotype compared to Val/Val (-0.36+/-0.29 vs 0.09+/-0.05, P<0.05), while an opposite effect was observed in girls (0.48+/-0.19 vs 0.09+/-0.05, P<0.05). In genotype-phenotype associations in obese children, the polymorphism did not affect parameters of insulin, glucose, or lipid metabolism in the whole population. Again, however, obese boys with Ile/Val genotype had significantly higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels (1.46+/-0.07 vs 1.23+/-0.03 mmol/l, P<0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, our findings suggest a sex-specific protective effect of the Val1483Ile polymorphism in FAS for obesity in Caucasian boys. In addition, the polymorphism may be associated with a beneficial lipid profile in obese boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Körner
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Gambineri A, Vicennati V, Genghini S, Tomassoni F, Pagotto U, Pasquali R, Walker BR. Genetic variation in 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 predicts adrenal hyperandrogenism among lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:2295-302. [PMID: 16551740 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Elevated adrenal androgen levels are common in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but the underlying pathogenetic mechanism is poorly understood. In the rare cortisone reductase deficiency, impaired regeneration of active cortisol from inert cortisone by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD1) results in compensatory activation of ACTH secretion and adrenal hyperandrogenism. 11beta-HSD1 deficiency may protect against obesity and its metabolic consequences because of impaired regeneration of cortisol in adipose tissue. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate a functional polymorphism in HSD11B1 (T-->G in the third intron rs12086634, which associates with lower 11beta-HSD1 activity) in PCOS with and without obesity. DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a case-control study in lean and obese PCOS patients and controls at an academic hospital. PARTICIPANTS Participants included 102 Caucasian PCOS patients and 98 controls comparable for age, weight, and race. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We assessed genotype distribution and influence of genotypes on clinical, hormonal, and metabolic parameters. RESULTS The G allele was significantly related to PCOS status (P = 0.041), and this association was mainly attributable to lean (P = 0.025), rather than obese (P = 0.424), PCOS patients. The G allele was associated with lower 0800-0830 h plasma cortisol (P < 0.001) and higher cortisol response to ACTH(1-24) (P < 0.001) in all women with PCOS and with higher dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels (P < 0.001), greater suppression of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate by dexamethasone (P < 0.001), and lower fasting plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.002) levels in lean PCOS women. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation in 11beta-HSD1 contributes to enhanced cortisol clearance and compensatory adrenal hyperandrogenism in lean patients with PCOS but may be protective against obesity and some features of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gambineri
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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Rankinen T, Zuberi A, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, Argyropoulos G, Walts B, Pérusse L, Bouchard C. The human obesity gene map: the 2005 update. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14:529-644. [PMID: 16741264 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 685] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the 12th update of the human obesity gene map, which incorporates published results up to the end of October 2005. Evidence from single-gene mutation obesity cases, Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, transgenic and knockout murine models relevant to obesity, quantitative trait loci (QTL) from animal cross-breeding experiments, association studies with candidate genes, and linkages from genome scans is reviewed. As of October 2005, 176 human obesity cases due to single-gene mutations in 11 different genes have been reported, 50 loci related to Mendelian syndromes relevant to human obesity have been mapped to a genomic region, and causal genes or strong candidates have been identified for most of these syndromes. There are 244 genes that, when mutated or expressed as transgenes in the mouse, result in phenotypes that affect body weight and adiposity. The number of QTLs reported from animal models currently reaches 408. The number of human obesity QTLs derived from genome scans continues to grow, and we now have 253 QTLs for obesity-related phenotypes from 61 genome-wide scans. A total of 52 genomic regions harbor QTLs supported by two or more studies. The number of studies reporting associations between DNA sequence variation in specific genes and obesity phenotypes has also increased considerably, with 426 findings of positive associations with 127 candidate genes. A promising observation is that 22 genes are each supported by at least five positive studies. The obesity gene map shows putative loci on all chromosomes except Y. The electronic version of the map with links to useful publications and relevant sites can be found at http://obesitygene.pbrc.edu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124, USA
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Deary IJ, Hayward C, Permana PA, Nair S, Whalley LJ, Starr JM, Chapman KE, Walker BR, Seckl JR. Polymorphisms in the gene encoding 11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1) and lifetime cognitive change. Neurosci Lett 2006; 393:74-7. [PMID: 16236446 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A rare polymorphism in the gene encoding 11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1: rs846911-C/A) has been associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. We tested the hypothesis that this and 2 other HSD11B1 polymorphisms (rs12086634-G/T and rs846910-A/G) were associated with lifetime cognitive change in humans. Subjects were 194 participants of the Scottish Mental Survey of 1932 who took the same well-validated mental test at age 11 and age 79. The subjects represented the highest and lowest quintiles with respect to cognitive decline between ages 11 and 79. Despite having non-significantly different IQs at age 11, by age 79 the groups had mean (S.D.) IQs of 80.3 (14.1) and 109.6 (9.1), respectively (p<.001). The polymorphism rs846911-C/A was absent from both groups. There were no significant differences in the frequency of polymorphisms of rs12086634-G/T (p=.91) and rs846910-A/G (p=.90) between the groups. We conclude that these variants in HSD11B1 are not significant contributors to the range of cognitive ageing examined here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, UK.
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