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Hauger PC, Hordijk PL. Shear Stress-Induced AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Modulation in Endothelial Cells: Its Role in Metabolic Adaptions and Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6047. [PMID: 38892235 PMCID: PMC11173107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) line the inner surface of all blood vessels and form a barrier that facilitates the controlled transfer of nutrients and oxygen from the circulatory system to surrounding tissues. Exposed to both laminar and turbulent blood flow, ECs are continuously subject to differential mechanical stimulation. It has been well established that the shear stress associated with laminar flow (LF) is atheroprotective, while shear stress in areas with turbulent flow (TF) correlates with EC dysfunction. Moreover, ECs show metabolic adaptions to physiological changes, such as metabolic shifts from quiescence to a proliferative state during angiogenesis. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is at the center of these phenomena. AMPK has a central role as a metabolic sensor in several cell types. Moreover, in ECs, AMPK is mechanosensitive, linking mechanosensation with metabolic adaptions. Finally, recent studies indicate that AMPK dysregulation is at the center of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and that pharmacological targeting of AMPK is a promising and novel strategy to treat CVDs such as atherosclerosis or ischemic injury. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge relevant to this topic, with a focus on shear stress-induced AMPK modulation and its consequences for vascular health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter L. Hordijk
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Microcirculation, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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2
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Tamargo IA, Baek KI, Kim Y, Park C, Jo H. Flow-induced reprogramming of endothelial cells in atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:738-753. [PMID: 37225873 PMCID: PMC10206587 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00883-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic diseases such as myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke and peripheral artery disease continue to be leading causes of death worldwide despite the success of treatments with cholesterol-lowering drugs and drug-eluting stents, raising the need to identify additional therapeutic targets. Interestingly, atherosclerosis preferentially develops in curved and branching arterial regions, where endothelial cells are exposed to disturbed blood flow with characteristic low-magnitude oscillatory shear stress. By contrast, straight arterial regions exposed to stable flow, which is associated with high-magnitude, unidirectional shear stress, are relatively well protected from the disease through shear-dependent, atheroprotective endothelial cell responses. Flow potently regulates structural, functional, transcriptomic, epigenomic and metabolic changes in endothelial cells through mechanosensors and mechanosignal transduction pathways. A study using single-cell RNA sequencing and chromatin accessibility analysis in a mouse model of flow-induced atherosclerosis demonstrated that disturbed flow reprogrammes arterial endothelial cells in situ from healthy phenotypes to diseased ones characterized by endothelial inflammation, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, endothelial-to-immune cell-like transition and metabolic changes. In this Review, we discuss this emerging concept of disturbed-flow-induced reprogramming of endothelial cells (FIRE) as a potential pro-atherogenic mechanism. Defining the flow-induced mechanisms through which endothelial cells are reprogrammed to promote atherosclerosis is a crucial area of research that could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets to combat the high prevalence of atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Tamargo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyung In Baek
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yerin Kim
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christian Park
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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3
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Davis MJ, Earley S, Li YS, Chien S. Vascular mechanotransduction. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1247-1421. [PMID: 36603156 PMCID: PMC9942936 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00053.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to survey the current state of mechanotransduction in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs), including their sensing of mechanical stimuli and transduction of mechanical signals that result in the acute functional modulation and longer-term transcriptomic and epigenetic regulation of blood vessels. The mechanosensors discussed include ion channels, plasma membrane-associated structures and receptors, and junction proteins. The mechanosignaling pathways presented include the cytoskeleton, integrins, extracellular matrix, and intracellular signaling molecules. These are followed by discussions on mechanical regulation of transcriptome and epigenetics, relevance of mechanotransduction to health and disease, and interactions between VSMCs and ECs. Throughout this review, we offer suggestions for specific topics that require further understanding. In the closing section on conclusions and perspectives, we summarize what is known and point out the need to treat the vasculature as a system, including not only VSMCs and ECs but also the extracellular matrix and other types of cells such as resident macrophages and pericytes, so that we can fully understand the physiology and pathophysiology of the blood vessel as a whole, thus enhancing the comprehension, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Scott Earley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Yi-Shuan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Shu Chien
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
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4
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Jiang M, Ding H, Huang Y, Wang L. Shear Stress and Metabolic Disorders-Two Sides of the Same Plaque. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:820-841. [PMID: 34148374 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Shear stress and metabolic disorder are the two sides of the same atherosclerotic coin. Atherosclerotic lesions are prone to develop at branches and curvatures of arteries, which are exposed to oscillatory and low shear stress exerted by blood flow. Meanwhile, metabolic disorders are pivotal contributors to the formation and advancement of atherosclerotic plaques. Recent Advances: Accumulated evidence has provided insight into the impact and mechanisms of biomechanical forces and metabolic disorder on atherogenesis, in association with mechanotransduction, epigenetic regulation, and so on. Moreover, recent studies have shed light on the cross talk between the two drivers of atherosclerosis. Critical Issues: There are extensive cross talk and interactions between shear stress and metabolic disorder during the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The communications may amplify the proatherogenic effects through increasing oxidative stress and inflammation. Nonetheless, the precise mechanisms underlying such interactions remain to be fully elucidated as the cross talk network is considerably complex. Future Directions: A better understanding of the cross talk network may confer benefits for a more comprehensive clinical management of atherosclerosis. Critical mediators of the cross talk may serve as promising therapeutic targets for atherosclerotic vascular diseases, as they can inhibit effects from both sides of the plaque. Hence, further in-depth investigations with advanced omics approaches are required to develop novel and effective therapeutic strategies against atherosclerosis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 820-841.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchun Jiang
- Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huanyu Ding
- Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Wang
- Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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5
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Rodríguez C, Muñoz M, Contreras C, Prieto D. AMPK, metabolism, and vascular function. FEBS J 2021; 288:3746-3771. [PMID: 33825330 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy sensor activated during energy stress that plays a key role in maintaining energy homeostasis. This ubiquitous signaling pathway has been implicated in multiple functions including mitochondrial biogenesis, redox regulation, cell growth and proliferation, cell autophagy and inflammation. The protective role of AMPK in cardiovascular function and the involvement of dysfunctional AMPK in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease have been highlighted in recent years. In this review, we summarize and discuss the role of AMPK in the regulation of blood flow in response to metabolic demand and the basis of the AMPK physiological anticontractile, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiatherogenic actions in the vascular system. Investigations by others and us have demonstrated the key role of vascular AMPK in the regulation of endothelial function, redox homeostasis, and inflammation, in addition to its protective role in the hypoxia and ischemia/reperfusion injury. The pathophysiological implications of AMPK involvement in vascular function with regard to the vascular complications of metabolic disease and the therapeutic potential of AMPK activators are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rodríguez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Muñoz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Contreras
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Prieto
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Jansen T, Kvandová M, Daiber A, Stamm P, Frenis K, Schulz E, Münzel T, Kröller-Schön S. The AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Plays a Role in Antioxidant Defense and Regulation of Vascular Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060525. [PMID: 32560060 PMCID: PMC7346208 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent the leading cause of global deaths and life years spent with a severe disability. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular oxidative stress are early precursors of atherosclerotic processes in the vascular wall, all of which are hallmarks in the development of cardiovascular diseases and predictors of future cardiovascular events. There is growing evidence that inflammatory processes represent a major trigger for endothelial dysfunction, vascular oxidative stress and atherosclerosis and clinical data identified inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor on its own. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a central enzyme of cellular energy balance and metabolism that has been shown to confer cardio-protection and antioxidant defense which thereby contributes to vascular health. Interestingly, AMPK is also redox-regulated itself. We have previously shown that AMPK largely contributes to a healthy endothelium, confers potent antioxidant effects and prevents arterial hypertension. Recently, we provided deep mechanistic insights into the role of AMPK in cardiovascular protection and redox homeostasis by studies on arterial hypertension in endothelial and myelomonocytic cell-specific AMPK knockout (Cadh5CrexAMPKfl/fl and LysMCrexAMPKfl/fl) mice. Using these cell-specific knockout mice, we revealed the potent anti-inflammatory properties of AMPK representing the molecular basis of the antihypertensive effects of AMPK. Here, we discuss our own findings in the context of literature data with respect to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of AMPK in the specific setting of arterial hypertension as well as cardiovascular diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jansen
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1—Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (T.J.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (K.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Miroslava Kvandová
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1—Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (T.J.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (K.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1—Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (T.J.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (K.F.); (T.M.)
- Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (S.K.-S); Tel.: +49-(0)6131-176280 (A.D.); Fax: +49-(0)6131-176293 (A.D.)
| | - Paul Stamm
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1—Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (T.J.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (K.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Katie Frenis
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1—Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (T.J.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (K.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Eberhard Schulz
- Department of Cardiology, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, 29223 Celle, Germany;
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1—Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (T.J.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (K.F.); (T.M.)
- Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Swenja Kröller-Schön
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1—Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (T.J.); (M.K.); (P.S.); (K.F.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (S.K.-S); Tel.: +49-(0)6131-176280 (A.D.); Fax: +49-(0)6131-176293 (A.D.)
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7
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Myeloid-Specific Deletion of the AMPKα2 Subunit Alters Monocyte Protein Expression and Atherogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123005. [PMID: 31248224 PMCID: PMC6627871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy sensing kinase that is activated by a drop in cellular ATP levels. Although several studies have addressed the role of the AMPKα1 subunit in monocytes and macrophages, little is known about the α2 subunit. The aim of this study was to assess the consequences of AMPKα2 deletion on protein expression in monocytes/macrophages, as well as on atherogenesis. A proteomics approach was applied to bone marrow derived monocytes from wild-type mice versus mice specifically lacking AMPKα2 in myeloid cells (AMPKα2∆MC mice). This revealed differentially expressed proteins, including methyltransferases. Indeed, AMPKα2 deletion in macrophages increased the ratio of S-adenosyl methionine to S-adenosyl homocysteine and increased global DNA cytosine methylation. Also, methylation of the vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) genes was increased in macrophages from AMPKα2∆MC mice, and correlated with their decreased expression. To link these findings with an in vivo phenotype, AMPKα2∆MC mice were crossed onto the ApoE-/- background and fed a western diet. ApoExAMPKα2∆MC mice developed smaller atherosclerotic plaques than their ApoExα2fl/fl littermates, that contained fewer macrophages and less MMP9 than plaques from ApoExα2fl/fl littermates. These results indicate that the AMPKα2 subunit in myeloid cells influences DNA methylation and thus protein expression and contributes to the development of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Zhang J, Kong X, Wang Z, Gao X, Ge Z, Gu Y, Ye P, Chao Y, Zhu L, Li X, Chen S. AMP-activated protein kinase regulates glycocalyx impairment and macrophage recruitment in response to low shear stress. FASEB J 2019; 33:7202-7212. [PMID: 30860864 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801869rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Low shear stress (LSS) increases degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx, leading to production of endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of how LSS diminishes the endothelial glycocalyx remain unclear. We showed that LSS inactivated AMPK, enhanced Na+-H+ exchanger (NHE)1 activity, and induced glycocalyx degradation. Activation of AMPK prevented LSS-induced NHE1 activity and endothelial glycocalyx impairment. We further identified hyaluronidase 2 (HYAL2) as a mediator of endothelial glycocalyx impairment in HUVECs exposed to LSS. Inactivation of AMPK by LSS up-regulates the activity of HYAL2, which acts downstream of NHE1. We characterized a left common carotid artery partial ligation (PL) model of LSS in C57BL/6 mice. The results showed decreased expression of hyaluronan (HA) in the endothelial glycocalyx and decreased thickness of the endothelial glycocalyx in PL mice. Pharmacological activation of AMPK by ampkinone not only attenuated glycocalyx impairment due to HA degradation but also blocked vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression increase and macrophage recruitment in the endothelia of PL mice. Our results revealed that AMPK dephosphorylation induced by LSS activates NHE1 and HYAL2 to promote HA degradation and glycocalyx injury, which may contribute to endothelial inflammatory reaction and macrophage recruitment.-Zhang, J., Kong, X., Wang, Z., Gao, X., Ge, Z., Gu, Y., Ye, P., Chao, Y., Zhu, L., Li, X., Chen, S. AMP-activated protein kinase regulates glycocalyx impairment and macrophage recruitment in response to low shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangquan Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhimei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuelin Chao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linlin Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Endothelial AMP-Activated Kinase α1 Phosphorylates eNOS on Thr495 and Decreases Endothelial NO Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092753. [PMID: 30217073 PMCID: PMC6165563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is frequently reported to phosphorylate Ser1177 of the endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS), and therefore, is linked with a relaxing effect. However, previous studies failed to consistently demonstrate a major role for AMPK on eNOS-dependent relaxation. As AMPK also phosphorylates eNOS on the inhibitory Thr495 site, this study aimed to determine the role of AMPKα1 and α2 subunits in the regulation of NO-mediated vascular relaxation. Vascular reactivity to phenylephrine and acetylcholine was assessed in aortic and carotid artery segments from mice with global (AMPKα-/-) or endothelial-specific deletion (AMPKαΔEC) of the AMPKα subunits. In control and AMPKα1-depleted human umbilical vein endothelial cells, eNOS phosphorylation on Ser1177 and Thr495 was assessed after AMPK activation with thiopental or ionomycin. Global deletion of the AMPKα1 or α2 subunit in mice did not affect vascular reactivity. The endothelial-specific deletion of the AMPKα1 subunit attenuated phenylephrine-mediated contraction in an eNOS- and endothelium-dependent manner. In in vitro studies, activation of AMPK did not alter the phosphorylation of eNOS on Ser1177, but increased its phosphorylation on Thr495. Depletion of AMPKα1 in cultured human endothelial cells decreased Thr495 phosphorylation without affecting Ser1177 phosphorylation. The results of this study indicate that AMPKα1 targets the inhibitory phosphorylation Thr495 site in the calmodulin-binding domain of eNOS to attenuate basal NO production and phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction.
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Wang S, Wu J, You J, Shi H, Xue X, Huang J, Xu L, Jiang G, Yuan L, Gong X, Luo H, Ge J, Cui Z, Zou Y. HSF1 deficiency accelerates the transition from pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure through endothelial miR-195a-3p-mediated impairment of cardiac angiogenesis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 118:193-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Kunnen SJ, Malas TB, Semeins CM, Bakker AD, Peters DJM. Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of fluid shear stress altered gene expression in renal epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3615-3628. [PMID: 29044509 PMCID: PMC5765508 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Renal epithelial cells are exposed to mechanical forces due to flow‐induced shear stress within the nephrons. Shear stress is altered in renal diseases caused by tubular dilation, obstruction, and hyperfiltration, which occur to compensate for lost nephrons. Fundamental in regulation of shear stress are primary cilia and other mechano‐sensors, and defects in cilia formation and function have profound effects on development and physiology of kidneys and other organs. We applied RNA sequencing to get a comprehensive overview of fluid‐shear regulated genes and pathways in renal epithelial cells. Functional enrichment‐analysis revealed TGF‐β, MAPK, and Wnt signaling as core signaling pathways up‐regulated by shear. Inhibitors of TGF‐β and MAPK/ERK signaling modulate a wide range of mechanosensitive genes, identifying these pathways as master regulators of shear‐induced gene expression. However, the main down‐regulated pathway, that is, JAK/STAT, is independent of TGF‐β and MAPK/ERK. Other up‐regulated cytokine pathways include FGF, HB‐EGF, PDGF, and CXC. Cellular responses to shear are modified at several levels, indicated by altered expression of genes involved in cell‐matrix, cytoskeleton, and glycocalyx remodeling, as well as glycolysis and cholesterol metabolism. Cilia ablation abolished shear induced expression of a subset of genes, but genes involved in TGF‐β, MAPK, and Wnt signaling were hardly affected, suggesting that other mechano‐sensors play a prominent role in the shear stress response of renal epithelial cells. Modulations in signaling due to variations in fluid shear stress are relevant for renal physiology and pathology, as suggested by elevated gene expression at pathological levels of shear stress compared to physiological shear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Kunnen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tareq B Malas
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis M Semeins
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid D Bakker
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorien J M Peters
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Kim SA, Sung JY, Woo CH, Choi HC. Laminar shear stress suppresses vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through nitric oxide-AMPK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:1369-1374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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The soluble epoxide hydrolase determines cholesterol homeostasis by regulating AMPK and SREBP activity. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2016; 125:30-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Zhu H, Zhang M, Liu Z, Xing J, Moriasi C, Dai X, Zou MH. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase α1 in Macrophages Promotes Collateral Remodeling and Arteriogenesis in Mice In Vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1868-78. [PMID: 27444205 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy and redox sensor, is activated in response to various cellular stresses, including hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, oxidative stress, and fluid shear stress at the site of vessel blockade. The activation of AMPK is involved in angiogenesis. However, it is unknown whether AMPK can influence arteriogenesis. Here, we demonstrate the contribution of macrophage AMPK to arteriogenesis and collateral remodeling and their underlying mechanisms in well-characterized in vivo and in vitro models. APPROACH AND RESULTS AMPKα1, AMPKα2 knockout and wild-type littermates underwent femoral artery ligation. Collateral arteriogenesis was monitored in wild-type, global AMPKα1 knockout, or macrophage-specific AMPKα1 knockout mice, with or without hindlimb ligation. Compared with wild-type mice with ligation, global AMPKα1 knockout mice displayed significant reduction in blood flow recovery and impaired remodeling of collateral arterioles. Similar impairments were observed in macrophage-specific AMPK α1 knockout mice after hindlimb ligation. Mechanistically, we found that AMPKα1 promotes the production of growth factors, such as transforming growth factor β, by directly phosphorylating the inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase alpha, resulting in an nuclear factor κB-dependent production of growth factors CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a novel role for macrophage AMPKα1 in arteriogenesis and collateral remodeling and indicate that AMPKα1 activation might be beneficial for recovery from occlusive vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiping Zhu
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (H.Z., Z.L., C.M., X.D., M.-H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (M.Z., J.X.)
| | - Miao Zhang
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (H.Z., Z.L., C.M., X.D., M.-H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (M.Z., J.X.)
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (H.Z., Z.L., C.M., X.D., M.-H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (M.Z., J.X.)
| | - Junjie Xing
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (H.Z., Z.L., C.M., X.D., M.-H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (M.Z., J.X.)
| | - Cate Moriasi
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (H.Z., Z.L., C.M., X.D., M.-H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (M.Z., J.X.)
| | - Xiaoyan Dai
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (H.Z., Z.L., C.M., X.D., M.-H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (M.Z., J.X.)
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (H.Z., Z.L., C.M., X.D., M.-H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (M.Z., J.X.).
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Park SY, Park MY, Park HG, Lee KJ, Kook MS, Kim WJ, Jung JY. Nitric oxide-induced autophagy and the activation of activated protein kinase pathway protect against apoptosis in human dental pulp cells. Int Endod J 2016; 50:260-270. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Y. Park
- Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
- Department of Oral Physiology; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
- School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
| | - M. Y. Park
- Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
- Department of Oral Physiology; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
- School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
| | - H. G. Park
- Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
- Department of Oral Physiology; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
- School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
| | - K. J. Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine; Asan Institute for Life Sciences; Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - M. S. Kook
- Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
- School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
| | - W. J. Kim
- Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
- Department of Oral Physiology; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
- School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
| | - J. Y. Jung
- Department of Oral Physiology; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
- School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
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16
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Maslak E, Zabielski P, Kochan K, Kus K, Jasztal A, Sitek B, Proniewski B, Wojcik T, Gula K, Kij A, Walczak M, Baranska M, Chabowski A, Holland RJ, Saavedra JE, Keefer LK, Chlopicki S. The liver-selective NO donor, V-PYRRO/NO, protects against liver steatosis and improves postprandial glucose tolerance in mice fed high fat diet. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 93:389-400. [PMID: 25534988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Maslak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Zabielski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Kamila Kochan
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Kamil Kus
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Proniewski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Wojcik
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Gula
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Maria Walczak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Baranska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Ryan J Holland
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States.
| | - Joseph E Saavedra
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States.
| | - Larry K Keefer
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States.
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Department of Experimental Pharmacology (Chair of Pharmacology), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
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17
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García-Prieto CF, Hernández-Nuño F, Rio DD, Ruiz-Hurtado G, Aránguez I, Ruiz-Gayo M, Somoza B, Fernández-Alfonso MS. High-fat diet induces endothelial dysfunction through a down-regulation of the endothelial AMPK-PI3K-Akt-eNOS pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 59:520-32. [PMID: 25421217 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Activation of endothelial adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) contributes to increase nitric oxide (NO) availability. The aim of this study was to assess if high-fat diet (HFD)-induced endothelial dysfunction is linked to AMPK deregulation. METHODS AND RESULTS Twelve-week-old Sprague Dawley male rats were assigned either to control (10 kcal % from fat) or to HFD (45 kcal % from fat) for 8 wk. HFD rats segregated in obesity-prone (OP) or obesity-resistant (OR) rats according to body weight. HFD triggered an impaired glucose management together with impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation, reduced endothelial AMPK activity and lower NO availability in aortic rings of OP and OR cohorts. Relaxation evoked by AMPK activator, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) was reduced in both OP and OR rings, which exhibited lower p-AMPKα-Thr(172) /AMPKα ratios that negatively correlated with plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and triglycerides (TG). Inhibition of PI3K (wortmannin, 10(-7) M) or Akt (triciribine, 10(-5) M) reduced relaxation to AICAR only in the control group (p < 0.001). Akt (p-Akt-Ser(473) ) and eNOS phosphorylation (p-eNOS-Ser(1177) ) were significantly reduced in OP and OR (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Endothelial dysfunction caused by HFD is related to a dysfunctional endothelial AMPK-PI3K-Akt-eNOS pathway correlating with the increase of plasma NEFA, TG, and an impaired glucose management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concha F García-Prieto
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Metformin improves skin flap survival through nitric oxide system. J Surg Res 2014; 192:686-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Linderholm AL, Bratt JM, Schuster GU, Zeki AA, Kenyon NJ. Novel therapeutic strategies for adult obese asthmatics. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2014; 34:809-23. [PMID: 25282293 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex syndrome that affects an estimated 26 million people in the United States but gaps exist in the recognition and management of asthmatic subgroups. This article proposes alternative approaches for future treatments of adult obese asthmatics who do not respond to standard controller therapies, drawing parallels between seemingly disparate therapeutics through their common signaling pathways. How metformin and statins can potentially improve airway inflammation is described and supplements are suggested. A move toward more targeted therapies for asthma subgroups is needed. These therapies address asthma and the comorbidities that accompany obesity and metabolic syndrome to provide the greatest therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Linderholm
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4150 V Street, Suite 3100, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Bratt
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4150 V Street, Suite 3100, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Gertrud U Schuster
- Nutrition Department, University of California, Davis, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, USA; Immunity and Diseases Prevention Unit, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Services (ARS), 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Amir A Zeki
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4150 V Street, Suite 3100, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Kenyon
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4150 V Street, Suite 3100, Davis, CA, USA.
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20
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Zhou J, Chen L, Fan Y, Jiang J, Wan J. Atorvastatin increases endothelial progenitor cells in balloon-injured mouse carotid artery. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:369-74. [PMID: 24773377 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we aimed to investigate the effects of atorvastatin on accelerated reendothelialization after carotid balloon injury. A mouse model of carotid arterial injury was established, followed by intragastric administration of atorvastatin at a dose of 0.6 mg·(kg body mass)–1·d–1. Pathological sections of carotid artery stained with hematoxylin and eosin were observed under light microscopy. Expression levels of eNOS mRNA and protein were detected with real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Proliferation and differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were observed after treatment, in vitro. Reendothelialization appeared on the neovascular surface, while intimal hyperplasia was inhibited after treatment with atorvastatin. Numbers of CD31-positive cells increased after atorvastatin treatment, as did the number of leucocyte antigen positive cells. The expression of cell markers, such as CD34, eNOS, and VEGF-R, were higher in the atorvastatin-treated group of mononuclear cells. EPC numbers increased with the concentration of atorvastatin. The expression of eNOS mRNA was reduced in the mice with carotid artery injury that were treated with normal saline. The expression levels of eNOS protein were increased in atorvastatin treatment group. In conclusion, atorvastatin stimulates EPCs to differentiate into endothelial cells and promotes the repair of carotid arterial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpo Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yiling Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jiyao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jieqing Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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21
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Hamdulay SS, Wang B, Calay D, Kiprianos AP, Cole J, Dumont O, Dryden N, Randi AM, Thornton CC, Al-Rashed F, Hoong C, Shamsi A, Liu Z, Holla VR, Boyle JJ, Haskard DO, Mason JC. Synergistic Therapeutic Vascular Cytoprotection against Complement-Mediated Injury Induced via a PKCα-, AMPK-, and CREB-Dependent Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4316-27. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Li W, Jeong JH, Park HG, Lee YR, Li M, Lee SK. Endurance exercise training inhibits neointimal formation via enhancement of FOXOs expression in balloon-induced atherosclerosis rat model. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2014; 18:105-10. [PMID: 25566445 PMCID: PMC4241940 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2014.18.1.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study investigated the effect of endurance exercise on neointimal formation, endothelial-dependant relaxation and FOXO expression in balloon-induced carotid arteries of rats. [Methods] Male SD(Sprague-Dawley) rats of 8 weeks ages were randomly divided into 3 groups; Sham-operated control (SO, n=10), Balloon-induced control (BIC, n=10), and Balloon-induced exercise (BIE, n=10). Endurance exercise training was performed on treadmill (18 m/min, 0% grade, 60 min/day, 5 days/week, 4 weeks). [Results] Body weight is significantly reduced in BIE compared with BIC. Neointiaml formation in BIC was significantly higher than SO, but it was significantly recovered in BIE compared with BIC. Endothelial-dependent relaxation in BIC was significantly lower than SO, but it was significantly recovered in BIE compared with BIC and expression of FOXO1 and FOXO3a also were significantly increased BIE compared with BIC. [Conclusion] These data suggest that endurance exercise inhibits neointimal formation and endothelial-dependent relaxation via FOXO expression in balloon-induce atherosclerosis rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Sports Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jun Hyun Jeong
- Department of Sports Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hee Geon Park
- Department of Sports Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Ran Lee
- Department of Sports Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Sports Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang Ki Lee
- Department of Sports Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Iwasaki K, Miwa Y, Haneda M, Kuzuya T, Ogawa H, Onishi A, Kobayashi T. AMP-activated protein kinase as a promoting factor, but complement and thrombin as limiting factors for acquisition of cytoprotection: implications for induction of accommodation. Transpl Int 2013; 26:1138-48. [PMID: 24047401 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Accommodation has been termed as a condition without graft rejection even in the presence of antidonor antibody. We previously reported an in vitro accommodation model, which demonstrated that preincubation of A/B antigen-expressing endothelial cells with anti-A/B antibody resulted in ERK inactivation followed by resistance to complement-mediated cytotoxicity through the induction of complement regulatory genes. However, under the in vivo condition, the effects of complement and coagulation system cannot be ignored. The purpose of this study is to find effective ways to navigate accommodation by exploring the relevant signal transduction. Preincubation with a low level of complement or thrombin failed to induce resistance to complement-mediated cytotoxicity. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators such as resveratrol, AICAR and metformin protected endothelial cells against complement-mediated cytotoxicity through the increase in CD55, CD59, haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and ferritin heavy chain (ferritin H) genes, all of which were attenuated by AMPKα knock-down. Resveratrol counteracted the inhibitory effect of pretreated complement and thrombin on acquisition of resistance to complement-mediated cytotoxicity through AMPKα. AMPK regulation in endothelial cells could become the potential strategy to induce accommodation in clinical pro-inflammation and pro-coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Iwasaki
- Department of Transplant Immunology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Seto SW, Au ALS, Poon CCW, Zhang Q, Li RWS, Yeung JHK, Kong SK, Ngai SM, Wan S, Ho HP, Lee SMY, Hoi MPM, Chan SW, Leung GPH, Kwan YW. Acute simvastatin inhibits K ATP channels of porcine coronary artery myocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66404. [PMID: 23799098 PMCID: PMC3684588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors) consumption provides beneficial effects on cardiovascular systems. However, effects of statins on vascular KATP channel gatings are unknown. Methods Pig left anterior descending coronary artery and human left internal mammary artery were isolated and endothelium-denuded for tension measurements and Western immunoblots. Enzymatically-dissociated/cultured arterial myocytes were used for patch-clamp electrophysiological studies and for [Ca2+]i, [ATP]i and [glucose]o uptake measurements. Results The cromakalim (10 nM to 10 µM)- and pinacidil (10 nM to 10 µM)-induced concentration-dependent relaxation of porcine coronary artery was inhibited by simvastatin (3 and 10 µM). Simvastatin (1, 3 and 10 µM) suppressed (in okadaic acid (10 nM)-sensitive manner) cromakalim (10 µM)- and pinacidil (10 µM)-mediated opening of whole-cell KATP channels of arterial myocytes. Simvastatin (10 µM) and AICAR (1 mM) elicited a time-dependent, compound C (1 µM)-sensitive [3H]-2-deoxy-glucose uptake and an increase in [ATP]i levels. A time (2–30 min)- and concentration (0.1–10 µM)-dependent increase by simvastatin of p-AMPKα-Thr172 and p-PP2A-Tyr307 expression was observed. The enhanced p-AMPKα-Thr172 expression was inhibited by compound C, ryanodine (100 µM) and KN93 (10 µM). Simvastatin-induced p-PP2A-Tyr307 expression was suppressed by okadaic acid, compound C, ryanodine, KN93, phloridzin (1 mM), ouabain (10 µM), and in [glucose]o-free or [Na+]o-free conditions. Conclusions Simvastatin causes ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release which is important for AMPKα-Thr172 phosphorylation via Ca2+/CaMK II. AMPKα-Thr172 phosphorylation causes [glucose]o uptake (and an [ATP]i increase), closure of KATP channels, and phosphorylation of AMPKα-Thr172 and PP2A-Tyr307 resulted. Phosphorylation of PP2A-Tyr307 occurs at a site downstream of AMPKα-Thr172 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wang Seto
- The Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - Alice Lai Shan Au
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - Christina Chui Wa Poon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - Rachel Wai Sum Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - John Hok Keung Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - Siu Kai Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - Sai Ming Ngai
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - Song Wan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - Ho Pui Ho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - Simon Ming Yuen Lee
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, the University of Macau, Macau, PR of China
| | - Maggie Pui Man Hoi
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, the University of Macau, Macau, PR of China
| | - Shun Wan Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR of China
- * E-mail: (YWK); (GPHL); (SWC)
| | - George Pak Heng Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR of China
- * E-mail: (YWK); (GPHL); (SWC)
| | - Yiu Wa Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
- * E-mail: (YWK); (GPHL); (SWC)
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Mohan S, Patel H, Bolinaga J, Soekamto N. AMP-activated protein kinase regulates L-arginine mediated cellular responses. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013; 10:40. [PMID: 23718875 PMCID: PMC3680329 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-10-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our prior study revealed the loss in short-term L-Arginine (ARG) therapeutic efficacy after continuous exposure; resulting in tolerance development, mediated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) down-regulation, secondary to oxidative stress and induced glucose accumulation. However, the potential factor regulating ARG cellular response is presently unknown. Method Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were incubated with 100 μM ARG for 2 h in buffer (short-term or acute), or for 7 days in culture medium and challenged for 2 h in buffer (continuous or chronic), in the presence or absence of other agents. eNOS activity was determined by analyzing cellular nitrite/nitrate (NO2–/NO3–), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity was assayed using SAMS peptide. 13C6 glucose was added to medium to measure glucose uptake during cellular treatments, which were determined by LC-MS/MS. Cellular glucose was identified by o-toluidine method. Superoxide (O2•–) was identified by EPR-spin-trap, and peroxynitrite (ONOO–) was measured by flow-cytometer using aminophenyl fluorescein dye. Results Short-term incubation of cells with 100 μM ARG in the presence or absence of 30 μM L-NG-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or 30 μM AMPK inhibitor (compound C, CMP-C) increased cellular oxidative stress and overall glucose accumulation with no variation in glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1), or AMPK activity from control. The increase in total NO2–/NO3– after 2 h 100 μM ARG exposure, was suppressed in cells co-incubated with 30 μM CMP-C or L-NAME. Long-term exposure of ARG with or without CMP-C or L-NAME suppressed NO2–/NO3–, glucose uptake, GLUT-1, AMPK expression and activity below control, and increased overall cellular glucose, O2•– and ONOO–. Gluconeogenesis inhibition with 30 μM 5-Chloro-2-N-2,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonamido-benzoxazole (CDB) during ARG exposure for 2 h maintained overall cellular glucose to control, but increased cellular glucose uptake. Continuous co-incubation with CDB and ARG increased NO2–/NO3–, glucose uptake, GLUT-1, AMPK expression and activity, and maintained overall cellular glucose, O2•– and ONOO– to control conditions. Conclusion The present study provides the fundamental evidence for AMPK as the primary modulator of ARG cellular responses and for regulating the mode of glucose accumulation during short-term and continuous ARG treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinidi Mohan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New England, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA
| | - Harsh Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New England, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA
| | - Jorge Bolinaga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New England, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA
| | - Nathania Soekamto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New England, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA
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Kohlstedt K, Trouvain C, Boettger T, Shi L, Fisslthaler B, Fleming I. AMP-activated protein kinase regulates endothelial cell angiotensin-converting enzyme expression via p53 and the post-transcriptional regulation of microRNA-143/145. Circ Res 2013; 112:1150-8. [PMID: 23476055 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE High-angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-levels are associated with cardiovascular disease, but little is known about the regulation of its expression. OBJECTIVE To assess the molecular mechanisms regulating endothelial ACE expression focusing on the role of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and miR-143/145. METHODS AND RESULTS Shear stress decreased ACE expression in cultured endothelial cells, an effect prevented by downregulating AMPKα2 but not AMPKα1. AMPKα2(-/-) mice expressed higher ACE levels than wild-type littermates resulting in impaired hindlimb vasodilatation to the ACE substrate, bradykinin. The latter response was also evident in animals lacking the AMPKα2 subunit only in endothelial cells. In cultured endothelial cells, miR-143/145 levels were increased by shear stress in an AMPKα2-dependent manner, and miR-143/145 overexpression decreased ACE expression. The effect of shear stress was unrelated to an increase in miR-143/145 promoter activity and transcription but could be attributed to post-transcriptional regulation of precursor-miR-143/145 by AMPKα2. The AMPK substrate, p53, can enhance the post-transcriptional processing of several microRNAs, including miR-143/145. We found that shear stress elicited the AMPKα2-dependent phosphorylation of p53 (on Ser15), and that p53 downregulation prevented the shear stress-induced decrease in ACE expression. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in mice was studied as a pathophysiological model of altered AMPK activity. Diabetes mellitus increased tissue phosphorylation of the AMPK substrates, p53 and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, changes that correlated with increased miR-143/145 levels and decreased ACE expression. CONCLUSIONS AMPKα2 suppresses endothelial ACE expression via the phosphorylation of p53 and upregulation of miR-143/145. Post-transcriptional regulation of miR-143/145 may contribute to the vascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/deficiency
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/physiology
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Genes, p53/genetics
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/biosynthesis
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/deficiency
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- Phosphorylation/genetics
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kohlstedt
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Park HG, Yi H, Kim SH, Yu HS, Ahn YM, Lee YH, Roh MS, Kim YS. The effect of cyclosporine A on the phosphorylation of the AMPK pathway in the rat hippocampus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1933-7. [PMID: 21963396 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA), an immunosuppressant and calcineurin inhibitor, induces hyperlipidemia in humans and animals. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is involved in metabolic homeostasis and lipid metabolism through modulating downstream molecules acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoAR). AMPK activity is regulated by the phosphorylation at the Thr-172 residue by its upstream liver kinase B 1 (LKB1), Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ) or transforming growth-factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1). AMPK can be deactivated through dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase 2Cα (PP2Cα). In this study, we demonstrated that phosphorylation at Thr-172-AMPK increased with a concurrent increase in the phosphorylation of Ser-431-LKB1 and Thr-184/187-TAK1 in the rat hippocampus at 5 h after an intraperitoneal CsA (50 mg/kg) injection. CsA did not affect the phosphorylation of Thr-196-Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 4 (CaMK4) and the amount of PP2Cα. An increased phosphorylation of Ser-79-ACC and Ser-872-HMG-CoAR was also observed. In conclusion, our data indicate that CsA activates the AMPK pathway in the rat hippocampus, which suggests that CsA affects the regulatory signaling pathway of lipid metabolism in the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Geun Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Shyy JYJ, Chen Z, Wu W, Sun W. Shear-Stress Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Endothelial Homeostasis. Cell Mol Bioeng 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-011-0200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Martínez-Ruiz A, Cadenas S, Lamas S. Nitric oxide signaling: classical, less classical, and nonclassical mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:17-29. [PMID: 21549190 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although nitric oxide (NO) was identified more than 150 years ago and its effects were clinically tested in the form of nitroglycerine, it was not until the decades of 1970-1990 that it was described as a gaseous signal transducer. Since then, a canonical pathway linked to cyclic GMP (cGMP) as its quintessential effector has been established, but other modes of action have emerged and are now part of the common body of knowledge within the field. Classical (or canonical) signaling involves the selective activation of soluble guanylate cyclase, the generation of cGMP, and the activation of specific kinases (cGMP-dependent protein kinases) by this cyclic nucleotide. Nonclassical signaling alludes to the formation of NO-induced posttranslational modifications (PTMs), especially S-nitrosylation, S-glutathionylation, and tyrosine nitration. These PTMs are governed by specific biochemical mechanisms as well as by enzymatic systems. In addition, a less classical but equally important pathway is related to the interaction between NO and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, which might have important implications for cell respiration and intermediary metabolism. Cross talk trespassing these necessarily artificial conceptual boundaries is progressively being identified and hence an integrated systems biology approach to the comprehension of NO function will probably emerge in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Martínez-Ruiz
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
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30
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Bess E, Fisslthaler B, Frömel T, Fleming I. Nitric oxide-induced activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase α2 subunit attenuates IκB kinase activity and inflammatory responses in endothelial cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20848. [PMID: 21673972 PMCID: PMC3108981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In endothelial cells, activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been linked with anti-inflammatory actions but the events downstream of kinase activation are not well understood. Here, we addressed the effects of AMPK activation/deletion on the activation of NFκB and determined whether the AMPK could contribute to the anti-inflammatory actions of nitric oxide (NO). Methodology/Principal Findings Overexpression of a dominant negative AMPKα2 mutant in tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated human endothelial cells resulted in increased NFκB activity, E-selectin expression and monocyte adhesion. In endothelial cells from AMPKα2-/- mice the interleukin (IL)-1β induced expression of E-selectin was significantly increased. DETA-NO activated the AMPK and attenuated NFκB activation/E-selectin expression, effects not observed in human endothelial cells in the presence of the dominant negative AMPK, or in endothelial cells from AMPKα2-/- mice. Mechanistically, overexpression of constitutively active AMPK decreased the phosphorylation of IκB and p65, indicating a link between AMPK and the IκB kinase (IKK). Indeed, IKK (more specifically residues Ser177 and Ser181) was found to be a direct substrate of AMPKα2 in vitro. The hyper-phosphorylation of the IKK, which is known to result in its inhibition, was also apparent in endothelial cells from AMPKα2+/+ versus AMPKα2-/- mice. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the IKK is a direct substrate of AMPKα2 and that its phosphorylation on Ser177 and Ser181 results in the inhibition of the kinase and decreased NFκB activation. Moreover, as NO potently activates AMPK in endothelial cells, a portion of the anti-inflammatory effects of NO are mediated by AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Bess
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Vascular Signalling, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Beate Fisslthaler
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Vascular Signalling, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Timo Frömel
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Vascular Signalling, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Vascular Signalling, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Ewart MA, Kennedy S. AMPK and vasculoprotection. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 131:242-53. [PMID: 21111758 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is proposed to be a key regulator of cellular and organismal metabolism and has reported vasculoprotective effects. In addition, many therapeutic agents used in the treatment of diabetes and atherosclerosis such as metformin, thiazolidinediones and statins may exert their vasculoprotective effects through activation of AMPK. Activation of AMPK has a number of potentially beneficial anti-atherosclerotic effects including reducing adhesion of inflammatory cells to the blood vessel endothelium, reducing lipid accumulation and the proliferation of inflammatory cells caused by oxidised lipids, stimulation of gene expression responsible for cellular antioxidant defenses and stimulation of enzymes responsible for nitric oxide formation. In humans and animals the AMPK cascade triggers vascular protective mechanisms that have been shown to reduce myocardial ischaemic injury and mutations in AMPK can cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Taken together, these data suggest that activation and function of AMPK contributes to cardiovascular health. In this review we propose to focus on the vasculoprotective effects of AMPK, the evidence for AMPK activation with currently used therapeutic agents and the potential for agents which specifically activate AMPK as a treatment for vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ann Ewart
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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33
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Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) induces expression of E-selectin and adhesion of monocytes via intracellular signalling pathways in vascular endothelial cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2010; 89:733-41. [PMID: 20656374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) - a constitutive component of human plasma - is implicated as a signalling molecule in the regulation of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) in vascular endothelial cells (EC), but the degree of the S1P-induced expression of CAM and the involvement of the S1P(1) receptor are still ambiguous. Here, we report that S1P, when added to vascular EC in the absence of other stimuli, induced a strictly proportional and concentration-dependent expression of E-selectin mRNA, of E-selectin protein and of the number of adhering THP-1 monocytes to EC. Experiments with exogenous [(3)H]S1P showed a multi-exponential influx kinetic of intracellular uptake of [(3)H]S1P up to a steady state level over 2h. This process could be inhibited or enhanced by various synthetic modulators targeting both, S1P(1) receptor-dependent (Akt, ERK1/2) as well as independent DMS-sensitive pathways. The S1P(1) receptor signalling was shown to drive the sphingosine kinase - the rate limiting enzyme for the formation of S1P - to a higher or lower activity. Furthermore, S1P as an intracellular messenger induced the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB and in turn the expression of E-selectin and monocyte adhesion. Taken together, these results suggest that the physiologically controlled variation in intracellular S1P concentrations may represent a novel not yet known mechanism of fine-tuning the expression of proinflammatory and atherogenic E-selectin cell adhesion molecule by vascular endothelial cells.
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34
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Bae JH, Kim JW, Kweon GR, Park MG, Jeong KH, Kim JJ, Moon DG. Corpus cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation effect of a novel AMPK activator, beta-lapachone. J Sex Med 2010; 8:2205-14. [PMID: 20487243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation is suggested to relax smooth muscle by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation. AIM To assess the mechanism and effect of a novel AMPK activator, beta-lapachone, upon cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation and the therapeutic potential for erectile dysfunction. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with beta-lapachone. The lysates were blotted with specific antibodies for phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK) or phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS). The membranes were re-blotted for total AMP total eNOS, or beta-actin. The eNOS activity was measured by the conversion of L-14C-arginine to L-14C-citrulline in HUVECs lysates. In a separated experiment, cavernosal strips from New Zealand white rabbits were harvested for organ bath study and the relaxation effect of beta-lapachone on phenylephrine-induced contracted strips was evaluated and compared with sodium nitroprusside, zaprinast, metformin, and aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR). Methylene blue and L-NAME were used to assess the inhibition of cyclic guanosine monophosphate/nitric oxide pathway. Zinc-protoporphyrin-IX (ZnPP) was also used to investigate the contribution of mevalonate pathway. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The expression of p-AMPK, p-eNOS, AMPK and eNOS induced by beta-lapachone in HUVECs study and the percent relaxation of cavernosal tissue in organ bath study. RESULTS Beta-lapachone clearly induced AMPK phosphorylation and, as a consequence, eNOS phosphorylation in HUVECs. Beta-lapachone-induced upregulation of eNOS activity was also observed in HUVECs and steadily increased up to 1 hour. In organ bath study, beta-lapachone significantly relaxed the phenylephrine pretreated strips in a dose-dependent manner. This relaxation effect was not totally blocked by methylene blue or L-NAME. After removing endothelium, the relaxation was totally blocked by ZnPP. CONCLUSIONS A novel AMPK activator, beta-lapachone has a strong relaxation effect on precontracted cavernosal smooth muscle strips in the rabbit. And phosphorylation of AMPK and eNOS strongly related to the action of beta-lapachone. Mevalonate pathway also might be considered as a suggestive mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Bae
- Department of Urology, Korea University Medical Center and Korea University Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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35
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Lotz C, Fisslthaler B, Redel A, Smul TM, Stumpner J, Pociej J, Roewer N, Fleming I, Kehl F, Lange M. Activation of adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein kinase abolishes desflurane-induced preconditioning against myocardial infarction in vivo. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2010; 25:66-71. [PMID: 20456976 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Myocardial ischemia is accompanied by a rapid activation of adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). However, it is unclear whether this represents a potentially beneficial or detrimental event in the course of ischemic injury. The role of AMPK activation in the cardioprotective setting of desflurane-induced preconditioning has not been investigated to date. Hence, the current study was undertaken to address the role of AMPK activation during desflurane-induced preconditioning in vivo. DESIGN A prospective randomized vehicle-controlled study. SETTING A university research laboratory. SUBJECTS Male New Zealand white rabbits (n = 44). INTERVENTIONS The animals were subjected to a 30-minute coronary artery occlusion (CAO) followed by 3 hours of reperfusion. Desflurane (1.0 minimum alveolar concentration) was administered for 30 minutes and discontinued 30 minutes prior to CAO. Different groups of animals received the AMPK activator, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-b-riboside (AICAR), alone or in combination with desflurane. Infarct size was determined gravimetrically; AMPK activity and myocardial glycogen content were measured using specific assays. Phosphorylation of the AMPK substrate, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, was assessed by immunoblotting. Data are mean ± standard error of the mean. RESULTS Desflurane significantly reduced the myocardial infarct size (36.7 ± 1.9%, p < 0.05) compared with the control group (61.6% ± 3.0%), concomitant with increased myocardial tissue levels of glycogen (2.09 ± 0.07 μg, p < 0.05). Activation of the AMPK by AICAR alone did not protect against ischemic injury (65% ± 3.3), but did abolish the cardioprotection elicited by desflurane (61.8% ± 4.2%) at the same time as increasing myocardial glycogen consumption (1.42 ± 0.15 μg/mL). CONCLUSIONS The results obtained show that the pharmacologic activation of AMPK abolishes cardioprotection elicited by desflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lotz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Bayerische Julius-Maximilians-Universitaet, Würzburg, Germany
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Hou X, Song J, Li XN, Zhang L, Wang X, Chen L, Shen YH. Metformin reduces intracellular reactive oxygen species levels by upregulating expression of the antioxidant thioredoxin via the AMPK-FOXO3 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 396:199-205. [PMID: 20398632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress induced by free fatty acids plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in patients with metabolic syndrome. Reducing oxidative stress in these patients may prevent cardiovascular complications. The antidiabetic agent metformin has been reported to directly protect the cardiovascular system. In this study, we examined the effect of metformin on the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by palmitic acid (PA) in human aortic endothelial cells and studied the molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS AND RESULTS We observed that metformin significantly reduced intracellular ROS levels induced by PA. Additionally, metformin increased the expression of the antioxidant thioredoxin (Trx), which mediated metformin's effects on ROS reduction. Metformin increased Trx expression through the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. Metformin-regulated Trx at the transcriptional level and forkhead transcription factor 3 (FOXO3) was involved in this process. CONCLUSION These results suggest that metformin reduces ROS levels by inducing Trx expression through activation of the AMPK-FOXO3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Hou
- Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Bradley EA, Eringa EC, Stehouwer CDA, Korstjens I, van Nieuw Amerongen GP, Musters R, Sipkema P, Clark MG, Rattigan S. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside in the muscle microcirculation increases nitric oxide synthesis and microvascular perfusion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1137-42. [PMID: 20224051 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.204404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) on muscle perfusion and to elucidate the mechanisms involved. METHODS AND RESULTS In a combined approach, we studied the vasoactive actions of AMPK activator by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) on rat cremaster muscle resistance arteries ( approximately 100 mum) ex vivo and on microvascular perfusion in the rat hindlimb in vivo. In isolated resistance arteries, AICAR increased Thr172 phosphorylation of AMPK in arteriolar endothelium, which was predominantly located in microvascular endothelium. AICAR induced vasodilation (19+/-4% at 2 mmol/L, P<0.01), which was abolished by endothelium removal, inhibition of NO synthase (with N-nitro-L-arginine), or AMPK (with compound C). Smooth muscle sensitivity to NO, determined by studying the effects of the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), was not affected by AICAR except at the highest dose. AICAR increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, as indicated by Ser1177 phosphorylation. In vivo, infusion of AICAR markedly increased muscle microvascular blood volume (approximately 60%, P<0.05), as was evidenced by contrast-enhanced ultrasound, without effects on blood pressure, femoral blood flow, or hind leg glucose uptake. CONCLUSIONS Activation of AMPK by AICAR activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase in arteriolar endothelium by increasing its Ser1177 phosphorylation, which leads to vasodilation of resistance arteries and recruitment of microvascular perfusion in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise A Bradley
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Stahmann N, Woods A, Spengler K, Heslegrave A, Bauer R, Krause S, Viollet B, Carling D, Heller R. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase by vascular endothelial growth factor mediates endothelial angiogenesis independently of nitric-oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:10638-52. [PMID: 20129920 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.108688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy state and a regulator of cellular homeostasis. In endothelial cells, AMPK is stimulated via the upstream kinases LKB1 and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta (CaMKKbeta). Previously, AMPK has been reported to activate endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS). Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we show that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates AMPK in human and mice endothelial cells via CaMKKbeta. VEGF-induced AMPK activation is potentiated under conditions of energy deprivation induced by 2-deoxyglucose. To investigate the role of AMPK in endothelial function, CaMKKbeta, AMPKalpha1, or AMPKalpha2 was down-regulated by RNA interference, and studies in AMPKalpha1(-/-) mice were performed. We demonstrate that AMPK does not mediate eNOS phosphorylation at serine residue 1177 or 633, NO- dependent cGMP generation, or Akt phosphorylation in response to VEGF. Using inhibitors of eNOS or soluble guanylyl cyclase and small interfering RNA against eNOS, we show that NO does not act upstream of AMPK. Taken together, these data indicate that VEGF-stimulated AMPK and eNOS pathways act independently of each other. However, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, a key enzyme in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation, was phosphorylated in response to VEGF in an AMPKalpha1- and AMPKalpha2-dependent manner. Our results show that AMPKalpha1 plays an essential role in VEGF-induced angiogenesis in vitro (tube formation and sprouting from spheroids) and in vivo (Matrigel plug assay). In contrast, AMPKalpha2 was not involved in VEGF-triggered sprouting. The data suggest that AMPKalpha1 promotes VEGF-induced angiogenesis independently of eNOS, possibly by providing energy via inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Stahmann
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Reiter CEN, Kim JA, Quon MJ. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate reduces endothelin-1 expression and secretion in vascular endothelial cells: roles for AMP-activated protein kinase, Akt, and FOXO1. Endocrinology 2010; 151:103-14. [PMID: 19887561 PMCID: PMC2803145 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol, promotes vasodilation by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent activation of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase to stimulate production of nitric oxide. Reduction in endothelin-1 (ET-1) synthesis may also increase bioavailability of nitric oxide. We hypothesized that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent transcription factor FOXO1 may mediate effects of EGCG to regulate expression of ET-1 in endothelial cells. EGCG treatment (10 microm, 8 h) of human aortic endothelial cells reduced expression of ET-1 mRNA, protein, and ET-1 secretion. We identified a putative FOXO binding domain in the human ET-1 promoter 51 bp upstream from the transcription start site. Trans-activation of a human ET-1 (hET-1) promoter luciferase reporter was enhanced by coexpression of a constitutively nuclear FOXO1 mutant, whereas expression of a mutant FOXO1 with disrupted DNA binding domain did not trans-activate the hET-1 promoter. Disrupting the hET-1 putative FOXO binding domain by site-directed mutagenesis ablated promoter activity in response to overexpression of wild-type FOXO1. EGCG stimulated time-dependent phosphorylation of Akt (S(473)), FOXO1 (at Akt phosphorylation site T(24)), and AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPK alpha) (T(172)). EGCG-induced nuclear exclusion of FOXO1, FOXO1 binding to the hET-1 promoter, and reduction of ET-1 expression was partially inhibited by the AMPK inhibitor Compound C. Basal ET-1 protein expression was enhanced by short interfering RNA knock-down of Akt and reduced by short interfering RNA knock-down of FOXO1 or adenovirus-mediated expression of dominant-negative Foxo1. We conclude that EGCG decreases ET-1 expression and secretion from endothelial cells, in part, via Akt- and AMPK-stimulated FOXO1 regulation of the ET-1 promoter. These findings may be relevant to beneficial cardiovascular actions of green tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E N Reiter
- Diabetes Unit, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 9 Memorial Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0920, USA
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Banaszewska B, Pawelczyk L, Spaczynski RZ, Duleba AJ. Comparison of simvastatin and metformin in treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: prospective randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:4938-45. [PMID: 19890022 PMCID: PMC2795658 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by ovarian dysfunction and hyperandrogenism; it is also associated with increased cardiovascular risks such as adverse lipid profile and endothelial dysfunction. Metformin and, more recently, statins have been shown to improve endocrine and metabolic aspects of PCOS. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to compare effects of simvastatin and metformin on PCOS. DESIGN In a prospective trial, women with PCOS (n = 136) were randomized to simvastatin (S), metformin (M), or simvastatin plus metformin (SM) groups. Evaluations were performed at baseline and after 3 months. SETTING The study was conducted at an academic medical center. PRIMARY OUTCOME The change of serum total testosterone was measured. RESULTS The study was completed by 113 subjects. Total testosterone decreased significantly and comparably in all groups: by 17.1, 13.6, and 15.1%, respectively, in the S, M, and SM groups. Significant decreases were also observed in all groups with respect to body mass index, C-reactive protein, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. DHEAS declined significantly only in the S group. None of the treatments were associated with significant changes in LH or FSH. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly declined only in S and SM groups. CONCLUSIONS Simvastatin treatment was superior to metformin alone, whereas a combination of simvastatin and metformin was not significantly superior to simvastatin alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Banaszewska
- Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Gynecological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was initially identified as the kinase that phosphorylates the 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis. As the name suggests, the AMPK is activated by increased intracellular concentrations of AMP, and is generally described as a "metabolite-sensing kinase" and when activated initiates steps to conserve cellular energy. Although there is a strong link between the activity of the AMPK and metabolic control in muscle cells, the activity of the AMPK in endothelial cells can be regulated by stimuli that affect cellular ATP levels, such as hypoxia as well as by fluid shear stress, Ca(2+)-elevating agonists, and hormones such as adiponectin. To date the AMPK in endothelial cells has been implicated in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation, small G protein activity and nitric oxide production as well as inflammation and angiogenesis. Moreover, there is evidence indicating that the activation of the AMPK may help to prevent the vascular complications associated with the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Fisslthaler
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Martini C, Trapani L, Narciso L, Marino M, Trentalance A, Pallottini V. 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase increase is essential for rat muscle differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2009; 220:524-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yang XF, Fang P, Meng S, Jan M, Xiong X, Yin Y, Wang H. The FOX transcription factors regulate vascular pathology, diabetes and Tregs. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2009; 1:420-36. [PMID: 19482711 DOI: 10.2741/s35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A small number of upstream master genes in "higher hierarchy" controls the expression of a large number of downstream genes and integrates the signaling pathways underlying the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases with or without autoimmune inflammatory mechanisms. In this brief review, we organize our analysis of recent progress in characterization of forkhead (FOX) transcription factor family members in vascular pathology, diabetes and regulatory T cells into the following sections: (1) Overview of the FOX transcription factor superfamily; (2) Vascular pathology of mice deficient in FOX transcription factors; (3) Roles of FOX transcription factors in endothelial cell pathology; (4) Roles of FOX transcription factors in vascular smooth muscle cells; (5) Roles of FOX transcription factors in the pathogenesis of diabetes; and (6) Immune system phenotypes of mice deficient in FOX transcription factors. Advances in these areas suggest that the FOX transcription factor family plays important roles in vascular development and in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Cicha I, Beronov K, Ramirez EL, Osterode K, Goppelt-Struebe M, Raaz D, Yilmaz A, Daniel WG, Garlichs CD. Shear stress preconditioning modulates endothelial susceptibility to circulating TNF-alpha and monocytic cell recruitment in a simplified model of arterial bifurcations. Atherosclerosis 2009; 207:93-102. [PMID: 19481207 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerotic plaque formation results from a combination of local shear stress patterns and inflammatory processes. This study investigated the endothelial response to shear stress in combination with the inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha in a simplified model of arterial bifurcation. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECs) were exposed to laminar or non-uniform shear stress in bifurcating flow-through slides, followed by stimulation with TNF-alpha. To study cell adhesion, ECs were perfused with medium containing THP-1 monocytic cells. Endothelial protein expression was determined by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Adhesion of monocytic cells to unstimulated ECs was nearly undetectable under laminar shear stress and was slightly increased under non-uniform shear stress. Exposure of ECs to non-uniform shear stress in combination with TNF-alpha induced a 12-fold increase in monocytic cell recruitment and a significant induction of endothelial E-selectin and VCAM-1 expression. Both these effects were prevented in ECs exposed to laminar shear stress. The significant differences in TNF-alpha-induced monocytic cell recruitment and adhesion molecule expression between laminar and non-uniform shear stress regions were abolished in the absence of shear stress preconditioning. Simvastatin (1 micromol/L) suppressed the non-uniform shear stress- and TNF-alpha-induced increase in monocytic cell adhesion by about 30% via inhibition of VCAM-1 expression. Resveratrol, the active component of red wine, inhibited the expression of both VCAM-1 and E-selectin, and reduced monocytic cell recruitment by 50% at 20 micromol/L. CONCLUSIONS Non-uniform shear stress induces endothelial susceptibility to circulating TNF-alpha and adhesion of monocytic cells. Interference with this process may inhibit inflammatory response in atherosclerosis-prone regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Cicha
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Clinic 2, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Kou R, Sartoretto J, Michel T. Regulation of Rac1 by simvastatin in endothelial cells: differential roles of AMP-activated protein kinase and calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase-beta. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:14734-43. [PMID: 19332549 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808664200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
These studies explore the connections between simvastatin, Rac1, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways in cultured vascular endothelial cells and in arterial preparations isolated from statin-treated mice. In addition to their prominent effects on lipoprotein metabolism, statins can regulate the small GTPase Rac1, and may also affect the phosphorylation of the ubiquitous AMPK. We explored pathways of statin-modulated Rac1 and AMPK activation both in arterial preparations from statin-treated mice as well as in cultured endothelial cells. We treated adult mice with simvastatin daily for 2 weeks and then harvested and analyzed arterial preparations. Simvastatin treatment of mice led to a significant increase in AMPK and LKB1 phosphorylation and to a decrease in protein kinase A activity relative to control animals, associated with a marked increase in Rac1 activation. Exposure of bovine aortic endothelial cells to simvastatin for 24 h strikingly increased GTP-bound Rac1 and led to increased phosphorylation of AMPK as well as the AMPK kinase LKB1. These responses to simvastatin were blocked by mevalonate or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate but not by farnesyl pyrophosphate. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of AMPK abrogated simvastatin-induced Rac1 activation and LKB1 phosphorylation. Importantly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of the key AMPK kinase, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta, completely blocked simvastatin-induced endothelial cell migration and also abrogated statin-promoted phosphorylation of AMPK and LKB1, as did pharmacological inhibition with the specific calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase beta inhibitor STO-609. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Rac1 completely blocked simvastatin-induced LKB1 phosphorylation, but without affecting simvastatin-induced AMPK phosphorylation. These findings establish a key role for simvastatin in activation of a novel Rac1-dependent signaling pathway in the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqin Kou
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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The forkhead transcription factors play important roles in vascular pathology and immunology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 665:90-105. [PMID: 20429418 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1599-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor families are a small number of upstream master genes in "higher hierarchy" that control the expression of a large number of downstream genes. These transcription factors have been found to integrate the signaling pathways underlying the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases with or without autoimmune inflammatory mechanisms. In this chapter, we organize our analysis of recent progress in characterization of forkhead (Fox) transcription factor family members in vascular pathology and immune regulation into the following sections: (1) Introduction of the FOX transcription factor superfamily; (2) FOX transcription factors and endotheial cell pathology; (3) FOX transcription factors and vascular smooth muscle cells; and (4) FOX transcription factors, inflammation and immune system. Advances in these areas suggest that the FOX transcription factor family is important in regulating vascular development and the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory cardiovascular diseases.
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Chen H, Lin AS, Li Y, Reiter CEN, Ver MR, Quon MJ. Dehydroepiandrosterone stimulates phosphorylation of FoxO1 in vascular endothelial cells via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase- and protein kinase A-dependent signaling pathways to regulate ET-1 synthesis and secretion. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:29228-38. [PMID: 18718910 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802906200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an endogenous adrenal steroid hormone with controversial actions in humans. We previously reported that DHEA has opposing actions in endothelial cells to stimulate phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase/Akt/endothelial nitric-oxide synthase leading to increased production of nitric oxide while simultaneously stimulating MAPK-dependent secretion of the vasoconstrictor ET-1. In the present study we hypothesized that DHEA may stimulate PI 3-kinase-dependent phosphorylation of FoxO1 in endothelial cells to help regulate endothelial function. In bovine or human aortic endothelial cells (BAEC and HAEC), treatment with DHEA (100 nM) acutely enhanced phosphorylation of FoxO1. DHEA-stimulated phosphorylation of FoxO1 was inhibited by pretreatment of cells with wortmannin (PI 3-kinase inhibitor) or H89 (protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor) but not ICI182780 (estrogen receptor blocker), or PD98059 (MEK (MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase) inhibitor). Small interfering RNA knockdown of PKA inhibited DHEA-stimulated phosphorylation of FoxO1. DHEA promoted nuclear exclusion of FoxO1 that was blocked by pretreatment of cells with wortmannin, H89, or by small interfering RNA knockdown of PKA. DHEA treatment of endothelial cells increased PKA activity and intracellular cAMP concentrations. Transfection of BAEC with a constitutively nuclear FoxO1 mutant transactivated a co-transfected ET-1 promoter luciferase reporter. Treatment of BAEC with DHEA inhibited transactivation of the ET-1 promoter reporter in cells overexpressing FoxO1. ET-1 promoter activity and secretion in response to DHEA treatment was augmented by PI 3-kinase blockade and inhibited by MAPK blockade. We conclude that DHEA stimulates phosphorylation of FoxO1 via PI 3-kinase- and PKA-dependent pathways in endothelial cells that negatively regulates ET-1 promoter activity and secretion. Balance between PI 3-kinase-dependent inhibition and MAPK-dependent stimulation of ET-1 secretion in response to DHEA may determine whether DHEA supplementation improves or worsens cardiovascular and metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Diabetes Unit, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0920, USA
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Zhang J, Xie Z, Dong Y, Wang S, Liu C, Zou MH. Identification of nitric oxide as an endogenous activator of the AMP-activated protein kinase in vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:27452-27461. [PMID: 18693249 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802578200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In endothelial cells, the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is stimulated by sheer stress or growth factors that stimulate release of nitric oxide (NO). We hypothesized that NO might act as an endogenous activator of AMPK in endothelial cells. Exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to NO donors caused an increase in phosphorylation of both Thr-172 of AMPK and Ser-1177 of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, a downstream enzyme of AMPK. NO-induced activation of AMPK was not affected by inhibition of LKB1, an AMPK kinase. In contrast, inhibition of calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase abolished the effect of NO in HUVECs. NO-induced AMPK activation in HeLa S3 cells was abolished by either 1H-(1,2,4)-oxadiazole[4,3-a]quinoxalon-1-one, a potent inhibitor for guanylyl cyclase, or 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetrakis (acetoxymethyl ester) (BAPTA-AM), an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator, indicating that NO-induced AMPK activation is guanylyl cyclase-mediated and calcium-dependent. Exposure of HUVECs or isolated mice aortas to either calcium ionophore A23187 or bradykinin significantly increased AMPK Thr-172 phosphorylation, which was abolished by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. Finally, A23187- or bradykinin-enhanced AMPK activation was significantly greater in aortas from wild type mice than those in the aortas of endothelial nitric oxide synthase knock-out mice. Taken together, we conclude that NO might act as an endogenous AMPK activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Zhonglin Xie
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Yunzhou Dong
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Shuangxi Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Chao Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104.
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van Meurs M, Wulfert FM, Knol AJ, De Haes A, Houwertjes M, Aarts LPHJ, Molema G. Early organ-specific endothelial activation during hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Shock 2008; 29:291-9. [PMID: 17704730 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e318145a7c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is a complication of hemorrhagic shock (HS) and related to high morbidity and mortality. Interaction of activated neutrophils and endothelial cells is considered to play a prominent role in the pathophysiology of MODS. Insight in the nature and molecular basis of endothelial cell activation during HS can assist in identifying new rational targets for early therapeutic intervention. In this study, we examined the kinetics and organ specificity of endothelial cell activation in a mouse model of HS. Anesthetized male mice were subjected to controlled hemorrhage to a MAP of 30 mmHg. Mice were killed after 15, 30, 60, or 90 min of HS. After 90 min of hemorrhagic shock, a group of mice was resuscitated with 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Untreated mice and sham shock mice that underwent instrumentation and 90 min of anesthesia without shock served as controls. Gene expression levels of inflammatory endothelial cell activation (P-selectin, E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1) and hypoxia-responsive genes (vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha) were quantified in kidney, liver, lung, brain, and heart tissue by quantitative reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, we examined a selection of these genes with regard to protein expression and localization using immunohistochemical analysis. Induction of inflammatory genes occurred early during HS and already before resuscitation. Expression of adhesion molecules was significantly induced in all organs, albeit to a different extent depending on the organ. Endothelial genes CD31 and VE-cadherin, which function in endothelial cell homeostasis and integrity, were not affected during the shock phase except for VE-cadherin in the liver, which showed increased mRNA levels. The rapid inflammatory activation was not paralleled by induction of hypoxia-responsive genes. This study demonstrated the occurrence of early and organ-specific endothelial cell activation during hemorrhagic shock, as presented by induced expression of inflammatory genes. This implies that early therapeutic intervention at the microvascular level may be a rational strategy to attenuate MODS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matijs van Meurs
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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