1
|
Gerasimovskaya E, Patil RS, Davies A, Maloney ME, Simon L, Mohamed B, Cherian-Shaw M, Verin AD. Extracellular purines in lung endothelial permeability and pulmonary diseases. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1450673. [PMID: 39234309 PMCID: PMC11372795 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1450673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The purinergic signaling system is an evolutionarily conserved and critical regulatory circuit that maintains homeostatic balance across various organ systems and cell types by providing compensatory responses to diverse pathologies. Despite cardiovascular diseases taking a leading position in human morbidity and mortality worldwide, pulmonary diseases represent significant health concerns as well. The endothelium of both pulmonary and systemic circulation (bronchial vessels) plays a pivotal role in maintaining lung tissue homeostasis by providing an active barrier and modulating adhesion and infiltration of inflammatory cells. However, investigations into purinergic regulation of lung endothelium have remained limited, despite widespread recognition of the role of extracellular nucleotides and adenosine in hypoxic, inflammatory, and immune responses within the pulmonary microenvironment. In this review, we provide an overview of the basic aspects of purinergic signaling in vascular endothelium and highlight recent studies focusing on pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells and endothelial cells from the pulmonary artery vasa vasorum. Through this compilation of research findings, we aim to shed light on the emerging insights into the purinergic modulation of pulmonary endothelial function and its implications for lung health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahul S Patil
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Adrian Davies
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - McKenzie E Maloney
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Office of Academic Affairs, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Liselle Simon
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Basmah Mohamed
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Mary Cherian-Shaw
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Alexander D Verin
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Venugopala KN, Buccioni M. Current Understanding of the Role of Adenosine Receptors in Cancer. Molecules 2024; 29:3501. [PMID: 39124905 PMCID: PMC11313767 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a complex array of diseases, involves the unbridled proliferation and dissemination of aberrant cells in the body, forming tumors that can infiltrate neighboring tissues and metastasize to distant sites. With over 200 types, each cancer has unique attributes, risks, and treatment avenues. Therapeutic options encompass surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or a blend of these methods. Yet, these treatments face challenges like late-stage diagnoses, tumor diversity, severe side effects, drug resistance, targeted drug delivery hurdles, and cost barriers. Despite these hurdles, advancements in cancer research, encompassing biology, genetics, and treatment, have enhanced early detection methods, treatment options, and survival rates. Adenosine receptors (ARs), including A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 subtypes, exhibit diverse roles in cancer progression, sometimes promoting or inhibiting tumor growth depending on the receptor subtype, cancer type, and tumor microenvironment. Research on AR ligands has revealed promising anticancer effects in lab studies and animal models, hinting at their potential as cancer therapeutics. Understanding the intricate signaling pathways and interactions of adenosine receptors in cancer is pivotal for crafting targeted therapies that optimize benefits while mitigating drawbacks. This review delves into each adenosine receptor subtype's distinct roles and signaling pathways in cancer, shedding light on their potential as targets for improving cancer treatment outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharigatta Narayanaswamy Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Michela Buccioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, ChIP, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The Interplay of Endothelial P2Y Receptors in Cardiovascular Health: From Vascular Physiology to Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115883. [PMID: 35682562 PMCID: PMC9180512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium plays a key role in blood vessel health. At the interface of the blood, it releases several mediators that regulate local processes that protect against the development of cardiovascular disease. In this interplay, there is increasing evidence for a role of extracellular nucleotides and endothelial purinergic P2Y receptors (P2Y-R) in vascular protection. Recent advances have revealed that endothelial P2Y1-R and P2Y2-R mediate nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxation as well as endothelial cell proliferation and migration, which are processes involved in the regeneration of damaged endothelium. However, endothelial P2Y2-R, and possibly P2Y1-R, have also been reported to promote vascular inflammation and atheroma development in mouse models, with endothelial P2Y2-R also being described as promoting vascular remodeling and neointimal hyperplasia. Interestingly, at the interface with lipid metabolism, P2Y12-R has been found to trigger HDL transcytosis through endothelial cells, a process known to be protective against lipid deposition in the vascular wall. Better characterization of the role of purinergic P2Y-R and downstream signaling pathways in determination of the endothelial cell phenotype in healthy and pathological environments has clinical potential for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
|
4
|
Strassheim D, Verin A, Batori R, Nijmeh H, Burns N, Kovacs-Kasa A, Umapathy NS, Kotamarthi J, Gokhale YS, Karoor V, Stenmark KR, Gerasimovskaya E. P2Y Purinergic Receptors, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186855. [PMID: 32962005 PMCID: PMC7555413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic G-protein-coupled receptors are ancient and the most abundant group of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The wide distribution of purinergic receptors in the cardiovascular system, together with the expression of multiple receptor subtypes in endothelial cells (ECs) and other vascular cells demonstrates the physiological importance of the purinergic signaling system in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. This review discusses the contribution of purinergic P2Y receptors to endothelial dysfunction (ED) in numerous cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Endothelial dysfunction can be defined as a shift from a “calm” or non-activated state, characterized by low permeability, anti-thrombotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, to a “activated” state, characterized by vasoconstriction and increased permeability, pro-thrombotic, and pro-inflammatory properties. This state of ED is observed in many diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, sepsis, and pulmonary hypertension. Herein, we review the recent advances in P2Y receptor physiology and emphasize some of their unique signaling features in pulmonary endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Strassheim
- The Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.S.); (N.B.); (V.K.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Alexander Verin
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.V.); (R.B.); (A.K.-K.)
| | - Robert Batori
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.V.); (R.B.); (A.K.-K.)
| | - Hala Nijmeh
- The Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Nana Burns
- The Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.S.); (N.B.); (V.K.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Anita Kovacs-Kasa
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.V.); (R.B.); (A.K.-K.)
| | | | - Janavi Kotamarthi
- The Department of BioMedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.K.); (Y.S.G.)
| | - Yash S. Gokhale
- The Department of BioMedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.K.); (Y.S.G.)
| | - Vijaya Karoor
- The Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.S.); (N.B.); (V.K.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Kurt R. Stenmark
- The Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.S.); (N.B.); (V.K.); (K.R.S.)
- The Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Evgenia Gerasimovskaya
- The Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.S.); (N.B.); (V.K.); (K.R.S.)
- The Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-303-724-5614
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gómez-Escudero J, Clemente C, García-Weber D, Acín-Pérez R, Millán J, Enríquez JA, Bentley K, Carmeliet P, Arroyo AG. PKM2 regulates endothelial cell junction dynamics and angiogenesis via ATP production. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15022. [PMID: 31636306 PMCID: PMC6803685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, occurs in pathophysiological contexts such as wound healing, cancer, and chronic inflammatory disease. During sprouting angiogenesis, endothelial tip and stalk cells coordinately remodel their cell-cell junctions to allow collective migration and extension of the sprout while maintaining barrier integrity. All these processes require energy, and the predominant ATP generation route in endothelial cells is glycolysis. However, it remains unclear how ATP reaches the plasma membrane and intercellular junctions. In this study, we demonstrate that the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase 2 (PKM2) is required for sprouting angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo through the regulation of endothelial cell-junction dynamics and collective migration. We show that PKM2-silencing decreases ATP required for proper VE-cadherin internalization/traffic at endothelial cell-cell junctions. Our study provides fresh insight into the role of ATP subcellular compartmentalization in endothelial cells during angiogenesis. Since manipulation of EC glycolysis constitutes a potential therapeutic intervention route, particularly in tumors and chronic inflammatory disease, these findings may help to refine the targeting of endothelial glycolytic activity in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Gómez-Escudero
- Vascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC). Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Tumour Biology Department, Barts Cancer Institute, John´s Vane Centre, Queen Mary´s University of London. Charterhouse Sq, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
| | - Cristina Clemente
- Vascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC). Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC). Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego García-Weber
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Acín-Pérez
- Myocardial Pathology Areas, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC). Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Millán
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Enríquez
- Myocardial Pathology Areas, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC). Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katie Bentley
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cellular Adaptive Behaviour Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratories, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongsan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Alicia G Arroyo
- Vascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC). Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC). Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Scarpellino G, Genova T, Avanzato D, Bernardini M, Bianco S, Petrillo S, Tolosano E, de Almeida Vieira JR, Bussolati B, Fiorio Pla A, Munaron L. Purinergic Calcium Signals in Tumor-Derived Endothelium. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E766. [PMID: 31159426 PMCID: PMC6627696 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment is particularly enriched with extracellular ATP (eATP), but conflicting evidence has been provided on its functional effects on tumor growth and vascular remodeling. We have previously shown that high eATP concentrations exert a strong anti-migratory, antiangiogenic and normalizing activity on human tumor-derived endothelial cells (TECs). Since both metabotropic and ionotropic purinergic receptors trigger cytosolic calcium increase ([Ca2+]c), the present work investigated the properties of [Ca2+]c events elicited by high eATP in TECs and their role in anti-migratory activity. In particular, the quantitative and kinetic properties of purinergic-induced Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and Ca2+ entry from extracellular medium were investigated. The main conclusions are: (1) stimulation of TECs with high eATP triggers [Ca2+]c signals which include Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores (mainly ER) and Ca2+ entry through the plasma membrane; (2) the long-lasting Ca2+ influx phase requires both store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and non-SOCE components; (3) SOCE is not significantly involved in the antimigratory effect of high ATP stimulation; (4) ER is the main source for intracellular Ca2+ release by eATP: it is required for the constitutive migratory potential of TECs but is not the only determinant for the inhibitory effect of high eATP; (5) a complex interplay occurs among ER, mitochondria and lysosomes upon purinergic stimulation; (6) high eUTP is unable to inhibit TEC migration and evokes [Ca2+]c signals very similar to those described for eATP. The potential role played by store-independent Ca2+ entry and Ca2+-independent events in the regulation of TEC migration by high purinergic stimula deserves future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Scarpellino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy.
| | - Tullio Genova
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy.
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 230, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Daniele Avanzato
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10060 Torino, Italy.
| | - Michela Bernardini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy.
| | - Serena Bianco
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Joana Rita de Almeida Vieira
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Fiorio Pla
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy.
| | - Luca Munaron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Forte GM, Davie E, Lie S, Franz-Wachtel M, Ovens AJ, Wang T, Oakhill JS, Maček B, Hagan IM, Petersen J. Import of extracellular ATP in yeast and man modulates AMPK and TORC1 signalling. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs223925. [PMID: 30814334 PMCID: PMC6467490 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.223925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) and target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling coordinate cell growth, proliferation, metabolism and cell survival with the nutrient environment of cells. The poor vasculature and nutritional stress experienced by cells in solid tumours raises the question: how do they assimilate sufficient nutrients to survive? Here, we show that human and fission yeast cells import ATP and AMP from their external environment to regulate AMPK and TOR signalling. Exposure of fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) and human cells to external AMP impeded cell growth; however, in yeast this restraining impact required AMPK. In contrast, external ATP rescued the growth defect of yeast mutants with reduced TORC1 signalling; furthermore, exogenous ATP transiently enhanced TORC1 signalling in both yeast and human cell lines. Addition of the PANX1 channel inhibitor probenecid blocked ATP import into human cell lines suggesting that this channel may be responsible for both ATP release and uptake in mammals. In light of these findings, it is possible that the higher extracellular ATP concentration reported in solid tumours is both scavenged and recognized as an additional energy source beneficial for cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella M Forte
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Davie
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Shervi Lie
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine & Public health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Mirita Franz-Wachtel
- Proteome Center Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ashley J Ovens
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Tingting Wang
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine & Public health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Boris Maček
- Proteome Center Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Iain M Hagan
- Cancer Research UK Manchester institute, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Janni Petersen
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine & Public health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, PO Box 11060, Adelaide SA 5000 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen X, Xiao B, Yang M, Chen M, Xiao Z. Adenosine diphosphate-sensitive P2Y11 receptor inhibits endothelial cell proliferation by induction of cell cycle arrest in the S phase and induces the expression of inflammatory mediators. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:1783-1793. [PMID: 30144157 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine diphosphate (ADP) mediates a wide range of physiological effects as an extracellular signaling molecule, including platelet aggregation, vascular tone, cell proliferation, and apoptosis by interacting with plasma membrane P2 receptors. However, the effect of ADP on cell proliferation was contradictory. In this study, we found that ADP significantly inhibited cell proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells at high concentrations (50 to 100 µM). Treatment with ADP did not induce cell apoptosis but instead induced cell cycle arrest in the S phase, which may be partly due to the downregulation of cyclin B1. The inhibition of cell proliferation was blocked by suramin, a nonspecific antagonist of the P2 receptors, and high concentrations of ADP significantly upregulated the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of P2Y11 in endothelial cells. Moreover, the downregulation of P2Y11 by RNA interference reversed the inhibition of cell proliferation. In addition, ADP (100 µM) can induce the formation of cytosolic autophagy in endothelial cells and a rapid phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, which is a canonical signal molecule downstream of P2Y receptors, accompanied by a mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. Taken together, our study excludes a mechanism for extracellular ADP impairing endothelial cells proliferation via P2Y11 receptor by downregulating cyclin B1 and arresting cell cycle at the S phase, besides, ADP induces cell autophagy and mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, whether it is mediated by Erk signaling pathways needs further studies to confirm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bolin Xiao
- Department of Stomatology, School of Stomatological, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, National Center for Clinical Research of Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meifang Chen
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, National Center for Clinical Research of Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhilin Xiao
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, National Center for Clinical Research of Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kazemi MH, Raoofi Mohseni S, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Anvari E, Ghalamfarsa G, Mohammadi H, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Adenosine and adenosine receptors in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of cancer. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2032-2057. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H. Kazemi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS); Tehran Iran
- Immunology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Sahar Raoofi Mohseni
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene Therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK); Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine; Bushehr University of Medical Sciences; Bushehr Iran
| | - Enayat Anvari
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology; Ilam University of Medical Sciences; Ilam Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Medicinal Plants Research Center; Yasuj University of Medical Sciences; Yasuj Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ji Y, Adeola O, Strawn TL, Jeong SS, Chen R, Fay WP. Recombinant soluble apyrase APT102 inhibits thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia in vein grafts without adversely affecting hemostasis or re-endothelialization. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:814-825. [PMID: 28079982 PMCID: PMC5378664 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Essentials New strategies are needed to inhibit thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia (IH) in vein grafts (VG). We studied effects of apyrase (APT102) on VGs and smooth muscle and endothelial cells (SMC/EC). APT102 inhibited thrombosis, SMC migration, and IH without impairing hemostasis or EC recovery. Apyrase APT102 is a single-drug approach to inhibit multiple processes that cause VG failure. SUMMARY Background Occlusion of vein grafts (VGs) after bypass surgery, owing to thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia (IH), is a major clinical problem. Apyrases are enzymes that scavenge extracellular ATP and ADP, and promote adenosine formation at sites of vascular injury, and hence have the potential to inhibit VG pathology. Objectives To examine the effects of recombinant soluble human apyrase, APT102, on platelets, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro, and on thrombosis and IH in murine VGs. Methods SMC and EC proliferation and migration were studied in vitro. Inferior vena cava segments from donor mice were grafted into carotid arteries of recipient mice. Results APT102 potently inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation and VG thrombosis, but it did not impair surgical hemostasis. APT102 did not directly inhibit SMC or EC proliferation, but significantly attenuated the effects of ATP on SMC and EC proliferation. APT102 significantly inhibited SMC migration, but did not inhibit EC migration, which may be mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of SMC, but not EC, migration by adenosine. At 4 weeks after surgery, there was significantly less IH in VGs of APT102-treated mice than in control VGs. APT102 significantly inhibited cell proliferation in VGs, but did not inhibit re-endothelialization. Conclusions Systemic administration of a recombinant human apyrase inhibits thrombosis and IH in VGs without increasing bleeding or compromising re-endothelialization. These results suggest that APT102 has the potential to become a novel, single-drug treatment strategy to prevent multiple pathologic processes that drive early adverse remodeling and occlusion of VGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ji
- Departments of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine and the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - O Adeola
- Departments of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine and the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - T L Strawn
- Departments of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine and the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - R Chen
- APT Therapeutics, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - W P Fay
- Departments of Medicine and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine and the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
P2Y 2 receptor modulates shear stress-induced cell alignment and actin stress fibers in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:731-746. [PMID: 27652381 PMCID: PMC5272905 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells release ATP in response to fluid shear stress, which activates purinergic (P2) receptor-mediated signaling molecules including endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS), a regulator of vascular tone. While P2 receptor-mediated signaling in the vasculature is well studied, the role of P2Y2 receptors in shear stress-associated endothelial cell alignment, cytoskeletal alterations, and wound repair remains ill defined. To address these aspects, human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers were cultured on gelatin-coated dishes and subjected to a shear stress of 1 Pa. HUVECs exposed to either P2Y2 receptor antagonists or siRNA showed impaired fluid shear stress-induced cell alignment, and actin stress fiber formation as early as 6 h. Similarly, when compared to cells expressing the P2Y2 Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) wild-type receptors, HUVECs transiently expressing the P2Y2 Arg-Gly-Glu (RGE) mutant receptors showed reduced cell alignment and actin stress fiber formation in response to shear stress as well as to P2Y2 receptor agonists in static cultures. Additionally, we observed reduced shear stress-induced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (Y397), and cofilin-1 (S3) with receptor knockdown as well as in cells expressing the P2Y2 RGE mutant receptors. Consistent with the role of P2Y2 receptors in vasodilation, receptor knockdown and overexpression of P2Y2 RGE mutant receptors reduced shear stress-induced phosphorylation of AKT (S473), and eNOS (S1177). Furthermore, in a scratched wound assay, shear stress-induced cell migration was reduced by both pharmacological inhibition and receptor knockdown. Together, our results suggest a novel role for P2Y2 receptor in shear stress-induced cytoskeletal alterations in HUVECs.
Collapse
|
12
|
Avanzato D, Genova T, Fiorio Pla A, Bernardini M, Bianco S, Bussolati B, Mancardi D, Giraudo E, Maione F, Cassoni P, Castellano I, Munaron L. Activation of P2X7 and P2Y11 purinergic receptors inhibits migration and normalizes tumor-derived endothelial cells via cAMP signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32602. [PMID: 27586846 PMCID: PMC5009337 DOI: 10.1038/srep32602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is involved in inflammation and cancer. Extracellular ATP accumulates in tumor interstitium, reaching hundreds micromolar concentrations, but its functional role on tumor vasculature and endothelium is unknown. Here we show that high ATP doses (>20 μM) strongly inhibit migration of endothelial cells from human breast carcinoma (BTEC), but not of normal human microvascular EC. Lower doses (1–10 mm result ineffective. The anti-migratory activity is associated with cytoskeleton remodeling and is significantly prevented by hypoxia. Pharmacological and molecular evidences suggest a major role for P2X7R and P2Y11R in ATP-mediated inhibition of TEC migration: selective activation of these purinergic receptors by BzATP mimics the anti-migratory effect of ATP, which is in turn impaired by their pharmacological or molecular silencing. Downstream pathway includes calcium-dependent Adenilyl Cyclase 10 (AC10) recruitment, cAMP release and EPAC-1 activation. Notably, high ATP enhances TEC-mediated attraction of human pericytes, leading to a decrease of endothelial permeability, a hallmark of vessel normalization. Finally, we provide the first evidence of in vivo P2X7R expression in blood vessels of murine and human breast carcinoma. In conclusion, we have identified a purinergic pathway selectively acting as an antiangiogenic and normalizing signal for human tumor-derived vascular endothelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Avanzato
- Department of Life Sciences &Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - T Genova
- Department of Life Sciences &Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - A Fiorio Pla
- Department of Life Sciences &Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Centre of Excellence (NIS), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Bernardini
- Department of Life Sciences &Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - S Bianco
- Department of Life Sciences &Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - B Bussolati
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - D Mancardi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - E Giraudo
- Candiolo Cancer Research Center, Torino, Italy
| | - F Maione
- Candiolo Cancer Research Center, Torino, Italy
| | - P Cassoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Torino, Italy
| | | | - L Munaron
- Department of Life Sciences &Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Centre of Excellence (NIS), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Burnstock G, Knight GE, Greig AV. Purinergic Signaling in Healthy and Diseased Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:526-46. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
14
|
Xiao Z, Yang M, Lv Q, Wang W, Deng M, Liu X, He Q, Chen X, Chen M, Fang L, Xie X, Hu J. P2Y11 impairs cell proliferation by induction of cell cycle arrest and sensitizes endothelial cells to cisplatin-induced cell death. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:2257-65. [PMID: 21503959 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP mediates a wide range of physiological effects, including cell proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and migration. However, the effect of ATP on cell proliferation has been contradictory, and the mechanism is not fully understood. In the current study, we found that extracellular ATP significantly inhibited the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Treatment with ATP did not induce cell apoptosis but instead induced cell cycle arrest in S phase. ATP induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, but the ERK inhibitors, U0126 and PD9809, did not regulate the inhibition of cell proliferation induced by ATP. However, ATP-induced inhibition of cell proliferation was blocked by suramin, a nonspecific antagonist of the P2Y receptors, and endothelial cells expressed P2Y11, a P2Y receptor that specifically binds ATP. Moreover, the down-regulation of P2Y11 by RNA interference not only reversed the inhibition of cell proliferation but also ameliorated cell cycle arrest in S phase. In addition, P2Y11 sensitized endothelial cells to cisplatin-induced cell death by down-regulation of the expression of Bcl-2. Taken together, these results suggest that extracellular ATP impairs cell proliferation by triggering signaling to induce cell cycle arrest and sensitizes cell to death via P2Y11 in endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Xiao
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Feoktistov I, Biaggioni I, Cronstein BN. Adenosine receptors in wound healing, fibrosis and angiogenesis. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:383-97. [PMID: 19639289 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89615-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing and tissue repair are critical processes, and adenosine, released from injured or ischemic tissues, plays an important role in promoting wound healing and tissue repair. Recent studies in genetically manipulated mice demonstrate that adenosine receptors are required for appropriate granulation tissue formation and in adequate wound healing. A(2A) and A(2B) adenosine receptors stimulate both of the critical functions in granulation tissue formation (i.e., new matrix production and angiogenesis), and the A(1) adenosine receptor (AR) may also contribute to new vessel formation. The effects of adenosine acting on these receptors is both direct and indirect, as AR activation suppresses antiangiogenic factor production by endothelial cells, promotes endothelial cell proliferation, and stimulates angiogenic factor production by endothelial cells and other cells present in the wound. Similarly, adenosine, acting at its receptors, stimulates collagen matrix formation directly. Like many other biological processes, AR-mediated promotion of tissue repair is critical for appropriate wound healing but may also contribute to pathogenic processes. Excessive tissue repair can lead to problems such as scarring and organ fibrosis and adenosine, and its receptors play a role in pathologic fibrosis as well. Here we review the evidence for the involvement of adenosine and its receptors in wound healing, tissue repair and fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Feoktistov
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sanabria P, Ross E, Ramirez E, Colon K, Hernandez M, Maldonado HM, Silva WI, Jimenez-Rivera CA, Gonzalez FA. P2Y2 receptor desensitization on single endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:43-51. [PMID: 18568944 DOI: 10.1080/10623320802092294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Receptor desensitization, or decreased responsiveness of a receptor to agonist stimulation, represents a regulatory process with the potential to have a significant impact on cell behavior. P2Y(2), a G-protein-coupled receptor activated by extracellular nucleotides, undergoes desensitization at many tissues, including the vascular endothelium. Endothelial cells from a variety of vascular beds are normally exposed to extracellular nucleotides released from damaged cells and activated platelets. The purpose of the present study was to compare P2Y(2) receptor desensitization observed in endothelial cells derived from bovine retina, a model of microvascular endothelium, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), a model of a large blood vessel endothelium. P2Y(2) receptor desensitization was monitored by following changes in UTP-stimulated intracellular free Ca(2 +) in single cells using fura-2 microfluorometry. Both endothelial cell models exhibited desensitization of the P2Y(2) receptor after stimulation with UTP. However, the cells differed in the rate, dependence on agonist concentration, and percentage of maximal desensitization. These results suggest differential mechanisms of P2Y(2) receptor desensitization and favors heterogeneity in extracellular nucleotide activity in endothelial cells according to its vascular bed origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Sanabria
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gerasimovskaya EV, Woodward HN, Tucker DA, Stenmark KR. Extracellular ATP is a pro-angiogenic factor for pulmonary artery vasa vasorum endothelial cells. Angiogenesis 2007; 11:169-82. [PMID: 18071915 PMCID: PMC2480488 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-007-9087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of the vasa vasorum network has been observed in a variety of systemic and pulmonary vascular diseases. We recently reported that a marked expansion of the vasa vasorum network occurs in the pulmonary artery adventitia of chronically hypoxic calves. Since hypoxia has been shown to stimulate ATP release from both vascular resident as well as circulatory blood cells, these studies were undertaken to determine if extracellular ATP exerts angiogenic effects on isolated vasa vasorum endothelial cells (VVEC) and/or if it augments the effects of other angiogenic factors (VEGF and basic FGF) known to be present in the hypoxic microenvironment. We found that extracellular ATP dramatically increases DNA synthesis, migration, and rearrangement into tube-like networks on Matrigel in VVEC, but not in pulmonary artery (MPAEC) or aortic (AOEC) endothelial cells obtained from the same animals. Extracellular ATP potentiated the effects of both VEGF and bFGF to stimulate DNA synthesis in VVEC but not in MPAEC and AOEC. Analysis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides revealed that ATP, ADP and MeSADP were the most potent in stimulating mitogenic responses in VVEC, indicating the involvement of the family of P2Y1-like purinergic receptors. Using pharmacological inhibitors, Western blot analysis, and Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) in vitro kinase assays, we found that PI3K/Akt/mTOR and ERK1/2 play a critical role in mediating the extracellular ATP-induced mitogenic and migratory responses in VVEC. However, PI3K/Akt and mTOR/p70S6K do not significantly contribute to extracellular ATP-induced tube formation on Matrigel. Our studies indicate that VVEC, isolated from the sites of active angiogenesis, exhibit distinct functional responses to ATP, compared to endothelial cells derived from large pulmonary or systemic vessels. Collectively, our data support the idea that extracellular ATP participates in the expansion of the vasa vasorum that can be observed in hypoxic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia V Gerasimovskaya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, B131, 4200 East 9th Ave, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Erlinge D, Burnstock G. P2 receptors in cardiovascular regulation and disease. Purinergic Signal 2007; 4:1-20. [PMID: 18368530 PMCID: PMC2245998 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-007-9078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of ATP as an extracellular signalling molecule is now well established and evidence is accumulating that ATP and other nucleotides (ADP, UTP and UDP) play important roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, acting via P2X (ion channel) and P2Y (G protein-coupled) receptors. In this article we consider the dual role of ATP in regulation of vascular tone, released as a cotransmitter from sympathetic nerves or released in the vascular lumen in response to changes in blood flow and hypoxia. Further, purinergic long-term trophic and inflammatory signalling is described in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and death in angiogenesis, vascular remodelling, restenosis and atherosclerosis. The effects on haemostasis and cardiac regulation is reviewed. The involvement of ATP in vascular diseases such as thrombosis, hypertension and diabetes will also be discussed, as well as various heart conditions. The purinergic system may be of similar importance as the sympathetic and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems in cardiovascular regulation and pathophysiology. The extracellular nucleotides and their cardiovascular P2 receptors are now entering the phase of clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Erlinge
- Department of Cardiology, Lund University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden,
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gerasimovskaya EV, Davie NJ, Ahmad S, Tucker DA, White CW, Stenmark KR. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate: a potential regulator of vasa vasorum neovascularization in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling. Chest 2006; 128:608S-610S. [PMID: 16373860 DOI: 10.1378/chest.128.6_suppl.608s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
|
20
|
Adair TH. Growth regulation of the vascular system: an emerging role for adenosine. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289:R283-R296. [PMID: 16014444 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00840.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The importance of metabolic factors in the regulation of angiogenesis is well understood. An increase in metabolic activity leads to a decrease in tissue oxygenation causing tissues to become hypoxic. The hypoxia initiates a variety of signals that stimulate angiogenesis, and the increase in vascularity that follows promotes oxygen delivery to the tissues. When the tissues receive adequate amounts of oxygen, the intermediate effectors return to normal levels, and angiogenesis ceases. An emerging concept is that adenosine released from hypoxic tissues has an important role in driving the angiogenesis. The following feedback control hypothesis is proposed: AMP is dephosphorylated by ecto-5′-nucleotidase, producing adenosine under hypoxic conditions in the extracellular space adjacent to a parenchymal cell (e.g., cardiomyocyte, skeletal muscle fiber, hepatocyte, etc.). Extracellular adenosine activates A2receptors, which stimulates the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from the parenchymal cell. VEGF binds to its receptor (VEGF receptor 2) on endothelial cells, stimulating their proliferation and migration. Adenosine can also stimulate endothelial cell proliferation independently of VEGF, which probably involves modulation of other proangiogenic and antiangiogenic growth factors and perhaps an intracellular mechanism. In addition, hemodynamic factors associated with adenosine-induced vasodilation may have a role in the development and remodeling of the vasculature. Once a new capillary network has been established, and the diffusion/perfusion capabilities of the vasculature are sufficient to supply the parenchymal cells with adequate amounts of oxygen, adenosine and VEGF as well as other proangiogenic and antiangiogenic growth factors return to near-normal levels, thus closing the negative feedback loop. The available data indicate that adenosine might be an essential mediator for up to 50–70% of the hypoxia-induced angiogenesis in some situations; however, additional studies in intact animals will be required to fully understand the quantitative importance of adenosine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Adair
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Erlinge D, Harnek J, van Heusden C, Olivecrona G, Jern S, Lazarowski E. Uridine triphosphate (UTP) is released during cardiac ischemia. Int J Cardiol 2005; 100:427-33. [PMID: 15837087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Revised: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular uridine triphosphate (UTP) stimulates vasodilatation, automaticity in ventricular myocytes and release of tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA), indicating that UTP may be important in cardiac regulation. We took advantage of a recently developed quantitative assay for UTP to test the hypothesis that UTP is released in the circulation during cardiac ischemia. METHODS In ten pigs, a balloon catheter in the left anterior descending artery was introduced to induce ischemia. Samples were collected from the coronary sinus. Blood flow in the coronary sinus was assessed by a Doppler velocity transducer. RESULTS Plasma UTP levels increased early during ischemia and early after reperfusion (by 257+/-100 and 247+/-72%, p<0.05). Cardiac blood flow, ventricular arrhythmias and t-PA release were markedly increased at the same time points. In contrast, after 30 min, a second period of ischemia did not result in any significant increase of UTP or blood flow. Furthermore, ventricular arrhythmias were less frequent. UTP levels correlated with ventricular arrhythmia and blood flow. Similar results were found for ATP. CONCLUSION For the first time we have shown that UTP is released during cardiac ischemia. UTP released during ischemia may stimulate blood flow, arrhythmia and t-PA release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Erlinge
- Department of Cardiology, Lund University Hospital, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gerasimovskaya EV, Tucker DA, Weiser-Evans M, Wenzlau JM, Klemm DJ, Banks M, Stenmark KR. Extracellular ATP-induced proliferation of adventitial fibroblasts requires phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin, and p70 S6 kinase signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:1838-48. [PMID: 15522879 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409466200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides are increasingly recognized as important regulators of growth in a variety of cell types. Recent studies have demonstrated that extracellular ATP is a potent inducer of fibroblast growth acting, at least in part, through an ERK1/2-dependent signaling pathway. However, the contributions of additional signaling pathways to extracellular ATP-mediated cell proliferation have not been defined. By using both pharmacologic and genetic approaches, we found that in addition to ERK1/2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p70 S6K-dependent signaling pathways are required for ATP-induced proliferation of adventitial fibroblasts. We found that extracellular ATP acting in part through G(i) proteins increased PI3K activity in a time-dependent manner and transient phosphorylation of Akt. This PI3K pathway is not involved in ATP-induced activation of ERK1/2, implying activation of independent parallel signaling pathways by ATP. Extracellular ATP induced dramatic increases in mTOR and p70 S6K phosphorylation. This activation of the mTOR/p70 S6 kinase (p70 S6K) pathway in response to ATP is because of independent contributions of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways, which converge on the level of p70 S6K. ATP-dependent activation of mTOR and p70 S6K also requires additional signaling inputs perhaps from pathways operating through Galpha or Gbetagamma subunits. Collectively, our data demonstrate that ATP-induced adventitial fibroblast proliferation requires activation and interaction of multiple signaling pathways such as PI3K, Akt, mTOR, p70 S6K, and ERK1/2 and provide evidence for purinergic regulation of the protein translational pathways related to cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia V Gerasimovskaya
- Developmental Lung Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Burnstock G, Knight GE. Cellular Distribution and Functions of P2 Receptor Subtypes in Different Systems. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2004; 240:31-304. [PMID: 15548415 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(04)40002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review is aimed at providing readers with a comprehensive reference article about the distribution and function of P2 receptors in all the organs, tissues, and cells in the body. Each section provides an account of the early history of purinergic signaling in the organ?cell up to 1994, then summarizes subsequent evidence for the presence of P2X and P2Y receptor subtype mRNA and proteins as well as functional data, all fully referenced. A section is included describing the plasticity of expression of P2 receptors during development and aging as well as in various pathophysiological conditions. Finally, there is some discussion of possible future developments in the purinergic signaling field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Institute, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Merighi S, Mirandola P, Varani K, Gessi S, Leung E, Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Borea PA. A glance at adenosine receptors: novel target for antitumor therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2003; 100:31-48. [PMID: 14550503 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(03)00084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine can be released from a variety of cells throughout the body, as the result of increased metabolic rates, in concentrations that can have a profound impact on the vasculature, immunoescaping, and growth of tumor masses. It is recognized that the concentrations of this nucleoside are increased in cancer tissues. Therefore, it is not surprising that adenosine has been shown to be a crucial factor in determining the cell progression pathway, either during apoptosis or during cytostatic state. From the perspective of cancer, the most important question then may be "Can activation and/or blockade of the pathways downstream of the adenosine receptor contribute to tumor development?" Rigorous examinations of the role of adenosine in in vivo and in vitro systems need to be investigated. The present review therefore proposes multiple adenosine-sustained ways that could prime tumor development together with the critical combinatorial role played by adenosine receptors in taking a choice between proliferation and death. This review proposes that adenosine acts as a potent regulator of normal and tumor cell growth. It is hypothesized that this effect is dependent on extracellular adenosine concentrations, cell surface expression of different adenosine receptor subtypes, and signal transduction mechanisms activated following the binding of specific agonists. We venture to suggest that the clarification of the role of adenosine and its receptors in cancer development may hold great promise for the treatment of chemotherapy in patients affected by malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Merighi
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rost S, Daniel C, Schulze-Lohoff E, Bäumert HG, Lambrecht G, Hugo C. P2 receptor antagonist PPADS inhibits mesangial cell proliferation in experimental mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2002; 62:1659-71. [PMID: 12371966 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although extracellular nucleotides have been shown to confer mitogenic effects in cultured rat mesangial cells through activation of purinergic P2 receptors (P2Y receptors), thus far the in vivo relevance of these findings is unclear. Virtually all cells and in particular the dense granules of platelets contain high levels of nucleotides that are released upon cell injury or platelet aggregation. In experimental mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in the rat (anti-Thy1 model), mesangiolysis and glomerular platelet aggregation are followed by a pronounced mesangial cell (MC) proliferative response leading to glomerular hypercellularity. Therefore, we examined the role of extracellular nucleotides and their corresponding receptors in nucleotide-stimulated cultured mesangial cells and in inflammatory glomerular disease using the P2 receptor antagonist PPADS. METHODS The effects of PPADS on nucleotide- or fetal calf serum (FCS)-stimulated proliferation of cultured MC were measured by cell counting and [3H]thymidine incorporation assay. After induction of the anti-Thy1 model, rats received injections of the P2-receptor antagonist PPADS at different doses (15, 30, 60 mg/kg BW). Proliferating mesangial and non-mesangial cells, mesangial cell activation, matrix accumulation, influx of inflammatory cells, mesangiolysis, microaneurysm formation, and renal functional parameters were assessed during anti-Thy1 disease. P2Y-mRNA and protein expression was assessed using RT-PCR and real time PCR, Northern blot analysis, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In cultured mesangial cells, PPADS inhibited nucleotide, but not FCS-stimulated proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. In the anti-Thy1 model, PPADS specifically and dose-dependently reduced early (day 3), but not late (day 8), glomerular mesangial cell proliferation as well as phenotypic activation of the mesangium and slightly matrix expansion. While no consistent effect was obtained in regard to the degree of mesangiolysis, influx of inflammatory cells, proteinuria or blood pressure, PPADS treatment increased serum creatinine and urea in anti-Thy1 rats. P2Y receptor expression (P2Y2 and P2Y6) was detected in cultured MC and isolated glomeruli, and demonstrated a transient marked increase during anti-Thy1 disease. CONCLUSION These data strongly suggest an in vivo role for extracellular nucleotides in mediating early MC proliferation after MC injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Rost
- Division of Nephrology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a focal inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It starts with the formation of fatty streaks on the arterial wall that evolve to form a raised plaque made of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and infiltrating leukocytes surrounding a necrotic core. The pathogenesis of the atherosclerotic lesion is incompletely understood, but it is clear that a dysfunction of the endothelium, recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells and SMC proliferation have a pivotal role. Over recent years receptors for extracellular nucleotides, the P2 receptors, have been recognized as fundamental modulators of leukocytes, platelets, SMCs and endothelial cells. P2 receptors mediate chemotaxis, cytokine secretion, NO generation, platelet aggregation and cell proliferation in response to accumulation of nucleotides into the extracellular milieu. Clinical trials have shown the benefit of antagonists of the ADP platelet receptor(s) in the prevention of vascular accidents in patients with atherosclerosis. Therefore, we anticipate that a deeper understanding of the involvement of P2 receptors in atheroma formation will open new avenues for drug design and therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Via Borsari 46, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Boarder MR, White PJ, Roberts JR, Webb TE. Regulation of vascular endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells by multiple P2Y receptor subtypes. Drug Dev Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
28
|
Flamigni F, Facchini A, Giordano E, Tantini B, Stefanelli C. Signaling pathways leading to the induction of ornithine decarboxylase: opposite effects of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p38 MAPK inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 61:25-32. [PMID: 11137705 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of serum-starved, human ECV304 cells with histamine or ATP elicited a transient induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key enzyme in polyamine synthesis, to an extent similar to that provoked by phorbol myristate acetate or serum re-addition. All these agents also provoked an increase in active phosphorylated p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p38 MAPK. The involvement of p44/42 MAPK and p38 MAPK in the induction of ODC was investigated by using selective inhibitors. U0126 and PD98059, two specific p44/42 MAPK kinase inhibitors, prevented the induction of ODC elicited by any stimulus employed, whereas SB203580 and SB202190, which are widely used as p38 MAPK inhibitors, enhanced ODC induction in a way that appeared dependent on p44/42 MAPK activation. By using inhibitors of other key signaling proteins that may lead to activation of p44/42 MAPK, we provide evidence that protein kinase C, but not phosphoinositide 3-kinase, is involved in histamine-stimulated ODC induction. These results show that the p44/42 MAPK pathway, but not p38 MAPK, is essential for ODC induction stimulated either by agonists of G-protein-coupled receptors, phorbol esters, or serum, and suggest that the inhibition of ODC induction may be an important event in the antiproliferative response to p44/42 MAPK pathway inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Flamigni
- Dipartimento di Biochimica "G. Moruzzi", Università di Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Brown JR, Cornell K, Cook PW. Adenosine- and adenine-nucleotide-mediated inhibition of normal and transformed keratinocyte proliferation is dependent upon dipyridamole-sensitive adenosine transport. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:849-59. [PMID: 11069623 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine and its related nucleotides have been referred to as retaliatory metabolites that can be released into the extracellular environment during inflammation, wounding, and other pathologic states. We have previously reported that these compounds reversibly inhibit the proliferation of normal keratinocyte cultures and we now demonstrate that these compounds also arrest the proliferation of transformed keratinocytes. Although our study shows that keratinocytes express mRNA corresponding to the A2B purinoreceptors and that adenosine or AMP treatment elevates intracellular cAMP in these cells, our study also demonstrates that dipyridamole-inhibitable transport of adenosine into the keratinocyte is central to the mechanism by which adenosine and adenine nucleotides arrest proliferation in these cells. In support of this mechanism, our results demonstrate that human keratinocytes express mRNA corresponding to the recently cloned dipyridamole-sensitive human equilibrative nucleoside transporter. Interestingly, coincubation with adenosine deaminase reverses the antiproliferative action of adenosine and exerts no effect on the antiproliferative activity of the adenine nucleotides, thus supporting a model in which adenine nucleotides are enzymatically converted to adenosine and transported into the keratinocyte in a tightly coupled and adenosine-deaminase-resistant manner. Analysis of adenosine- and adenosine-monophosphate-treated keratinocytes demonstrated that quiescence is induced within 12-24 h, and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis suggests that treatment with these compounds may result in the inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation at both G1 and S phases of the cell cycle. In addition to their documented antiproliferative action on other cell types, adenosine, adenine nucleotides, and related analogs may also represent a potential new class of pharmacologic regulators of keratinocyte proliferation in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Brown
- Department of Dermatology and Division of Molecular Medicine, The Oregon Health Sciences University, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Paul A, Torrie LJ, McLaren GJ, Kennedy C, Gould GW, Plevin R. P2Y receptor-mediated inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha -stimulated stress-activated protein kinase activity in EAhy926 endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:13243-9. [PMID: 10788429 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.18.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the EAhy926 endothelial cell line, UTP, ATP, and forskolin, but not UDP and epidermal growth factor, inhibited tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)- and sorbitol stimulation of the stress-activated protein kinases, JNK, and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, and MAPKAP kinase-2, the downstream target of p38 MAP kinase. In NCT2544 keratinocytes, UTP and a proteinase-activated receptor-2 agonist caused similar inhibition, but in 13121N1 cells, transfected with the human P2Y(2) or P2Y(4) receptor, UTP stimulated JNK and p38 MAP kinase activities. This suggests that the effects mediated by P2Y receptors are cell-specific. The inhibitory effects of UTP were not due to induction of MAP kinase phosphatase-1, but were manifest upstream in the pathway at the level of MEK-4. The inhibitory effect of UTP was insensitive to the MEK-1 inhibitor PD 098059, changes in intracellular Ca(2+) levels, or pertussis toxin. Acute phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate pretreatment also inhibited TNFalpha-stimulated SAP kinase activity, while chronic pretreatment reversed the effects of UTP. Furthermore, the protein kinase C inhibitors Ro318220 and Go6983 reversed the inhibitory action of UTP, but GF109203X was ineffective. These results indicate a novel mechanism of cross-talk regulation between P2Y receptors and TNFalpha-stimulated SAP kinase pathways in endothelial cells, mediated by Ca(2+)-independent isoforms of protein kinase C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Paul
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Marcondes S, Lafay M, Brohard-Bohn B, de Nucci G, Rendu F. Platelets induce human umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation through P-selectin. Life Sci 2000; 66:1817-26. [PMID: 10809179 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We studied whether platelets could participate in the endothelial cell monolayer regeneration in the case of a vessel damage. Incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into the DNA of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was measured after 48 h of co-incubation with platelets. The effect of platelets was compared to that of platelet-free supernatants from thrombin-activated platelets that had secreted their active granule constituents. Platelets dose-dependently induced HUVEC proliferation. Platelets preactivated by thrombin induced similar proliferation as did unactivated platelets (proliferation factor = 7 - 8), indicating that preactivation of platelets was not required. Platelets fixed with paraformaldehyde had no effect, suggesting that the platelet mitogenic effect required a mobile, alive membrane. Ketanserine and suramin reduced by at most 30 % the platelet-induced proliferation; supernatants of thrombin-activated platelets caused only minor proliferation (proliferation factor = 2), suggesting that secreted 5-hydroxytryptamine and growth factors poorly contributed to the proliferative effect. When the co-incubation was performed in the presence of an anti P-selectin antibody, the platelet-induced HUVEC proliferation was inhibited. The results suggest that platelet adhesion participate in the control of the endothelial regeneration and that platelet P-selectin is a molecular determinant of the proliferative signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Marcondes
- U428 INSERM, Faculté de Pharmacie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen BC, Lin WW. PKCbetaI mediates the inhibition of P2Y receptor-induced inositol phosphate formation in endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 127:1908-14. [PMID: 10482923 PMCID: PMC1566172 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Bovine pulmonary artery endothelium (CPAE) expresses phospholipase C (PLC)-linked P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors, for them 2-methylthio-ATP (2MeSATP) and UTP are respective agonists. Here, we have investigated the particular protein kinase C (PKC) isoform(s) responsible for the inhibition of P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptor-evoked inositol phosphate (IP) formation by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). 2. Although short-term (20 min) pretreatment of cells with PMA attenuated 2MeSATP- and UTP-induced phosphoinositide (PI) breakdown, this inhibition was lost after 15 h. Preincubation with PMA for 24 h, on the contrary, potentiated 2MeSATP and UTP responses. The IP formation stimulated by NaF was unaltered by PMA pretreatment. 3. Western blot analysis showed that treatment of CPAE with PMA resulted in a rapid translocation of PKC isoform betaI, epsilon and mu, but not lambda, from the cytosol to the membrane fraction. 4. Pretreatment of the selective PKC inhibitor Ro 31-8220 attenuated the inhibitory effect of PMA on IP formation. Go 6976 (an inhibitor of conventional PKCalpha, beta and gamma) and LY 379196 (a selective PKCbeta inhibitor) also dose-dependently inhibited the PMA-mediated desensitization. 5. Transfection of PKCbeta-specific antisense oligonucleotide reduced PKCbetaI protein level and inhibited PMA-mediated PI reduction. 6. RT - PCR analysis showed that PMA treatment for 4 - 24 h up-regulated P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors at the mRNA levels. 7. These results suggest that PKCbetaI may exert a negative feedback regulation on endothelial P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptor-mediated PI turnover. The down-regulation of PKCbetaI and enhanced P2Y receptor expression together might contribute to the late PI enhancing effect of PMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-C Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-W Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Author for correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Satterwhite CM, Farrelly AM, Bradley ME. Chemotactic, mitogenic, and angiogenic actions of UTP on vascular endothelial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 276:H1091-7. [PMID: 10070096 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1999.276.3.h1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells express receptors for ATP and UTP, and both UTP and ATP elicit endothelial release of vasoactive compounds such as prostacyclin and nitric oxide; however, the distinction between purine and pyrimidine nucleotide signaling is not known. We hypothesized that UTP plays a more important role in endothelial mitogenesis and chemotaxis than does ATP and that UTP is angiogenic. In cultured endothelial cells from guinea pig cardiac vasculature (CEC), both UTP and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were significant mitogenic and chemotactic factors; in contrast, ATP demonstrated no significant chemotaxis in CEC. In chick chorioallantoic membranes (CAM), UTP and VEGF treatments produced statistically significant increases in CAM vascularity compared with controls. These findings are the first evidence of chemotactic or angiogenic effects of pyrimidines; they suggest a role for pyrimidine nucleotides that is distinct from those assumed by purine nucleotides and provide for the possibility that UTP serves as an extracellular signal for processes such as endothelial repair and angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Satterwhite
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
H�ller C, Milligan G, Anderson NG, Freissmuth M. Stimulation of p70S6 kinase phosphorylation by the A2A adenosine receptor in primary human endothelial cells and in CHO cells heterologously expressing the receptor. Drug Dev Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2299(199811/12)45:3/4<140::aid-ddr9>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
35
|
Abstract
1. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is mitogenic for vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and stimulates several events that are important for cell proliferation: DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, increase of cell number, immediate early genes, cell-cycle progression, and tyrosine phosphorylation. 2. Receptor characterization indicates mitogenic effects of both P2U and P2Y receptors. The P2X receptor is lost in cultured VSMC and is not involved. Several related biological substances such as UTP, ITP, GTP, AP4A, ADP, and UDP are also mitogenic. 3. Signal transduction is mediated via Gq-proteins, phospholipase C beta, phospholipase D, diacyl glycerol, protein kinase C alpha, delta, Raf-1, MEK, and MAPK. 4. ATP acts synergistically with polypeptide growth factors (PDGF, bFGF, IGF-1, EGF, insulin) and growth factors acting via G-protein-coupled receptors (noradrenaline, neuropeptide Y, 5-hydroxytryptamine, angiotensin II, endothelin-1). 5. The mitogenic effects have been demonstrated in rat, porcine, and bovine VSMC and cells from human coronary arteries, aorta, and subcutaneous arteries and veins. 6. The trophic effects on VSMC and the abundant sources for extracellular ATP in the vessel wall make a pathophysiological role probable in the development of atherosclerosis, neointima-formation after angioplasty, and possibly hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Erlinge
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Boarder MR, Hourani SM. The regulation of vascular function by P2 receptors: multiple sites and multiple receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1998; 19:99-107. [PMID: 9584626 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-6147(98)01170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the effects of nucleotides in the cardiovascular system have been known for almost 70 years, it is only in the past few years that some of the P2 receptors at which they act have been cloned and characterized. It is now clear that the control of cardiovascular function by nucleotides is complex, involving multiple receptors and multiple effects in the different cell types of importance. In this review Mike Boarder and Susanna Hourani summarize the P2 receptors that are present in endothelial cells, platelets, smooth muscle and nerves, the signalling pathways that they activate and the responses that are produced. They also discuss the important role of nucleotides in the interactions between the different cell types, and the implications of this in vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Boarder
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lewis MD, Hepburn PJ, Scanlon MF. Epidermal growth factor protects GH3 cells from adenosine induced growth arrest. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1997; 127:137-42. [PMID: 9099909 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(97)04002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that high doses of adenosine (0.1 mM) inhibit the growth of the rat pituitary GH(3) cell line. This effect was not mediated via cell surface adenosine receptors as the adenosine agonists N(6)-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (PIA, 0.1 mM) and 5'-N- ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA, 0.1 mM) were unable to reproduce the growth inhibitory effect of adenosine. The adenosine uptake inhibitor dipyridamole completely blocked the growth inhibitory effect of adenosine suggesting that its site of action is intracellular. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was able to completely reverse the growth inhibitory effect, restoring the growth rate of cultures treated with adenosine and EGF to that of control cultures. The ratio of cells in G(0)/G(1):S:G(2)/M phases of the cell cycle was unaltered in adenosine treated compared with control cultures suggesting that there was no change in the rate of cell division, however the degree of apoptosis was markedly increased in adenosine treated cultures. EGF was able to reduce the adenosine induced apoptosis almost to levels seen in the control cultures. Thus the mechanism of the growth inhibitory effect of adenosine does not appear to be by reducing the rate of cell division but rather by increasing the rate of cell death and EGF restores the growth rate of adenosine treated cells to that of untreated cells by preventing adenosine induced apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Lewis
- Department of Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sexl V, Mancusi G, Höller C, Gloria-Maercker E, Schütz W, Freissmuth M. Stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase via the A2A-adenosine receptor in primary human endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:5792-9. [PMID: 9038193 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.9.5792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine exerts a mitogenic effect on human endothelial cells via stimulation of the A2A-adenosine receptor. This effect can also be elicited by the beta2-adrenergic receptor but is not mimicked by elevation of intracellular cAMP levels. In the present work, we report that stimulation of the A2A-adenosine receptor and of the beta2-adrenergic receptor activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) in human endothelial cells based on the following criteria: adenosine analogues and beta-adrenergic agonists cause an (i) increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of the p42 isoform and to a lesser extent of the p44 isoform of MAP kinase and (ii) stimulate the phosphorylation of myelin basic protein by MAP kinase; (iii) this is accompanied by a redistribution of the enzyme to the perinuclear region. Pretreatment of the cells with cholera toxin (to down-regulate Gsalpha) abolishes activation of MAP kinase by isoproterenol but not that induced by adenosine analogues. In addition, MAP kinase stimulation via the A2A-adenosine receptor is neither impaired following pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin (to block Gi-dependent pathways) nor affected by GF109203X (1 microM; to inhibit typical protein kinase C isoforms) nor by a monoclonal antibody, which blocks epidermal growth factor-dependent signaling. In contrast, MAP kinase activation is blocked by PD 098059, an inhibitor of MAP kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) activation, which also blunts the A2A-adenosine receptor-mediated increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation. Activation of the A2A-adenosine receptor is associated with increased levels of GTP-bound p21(ras). Thus, our experiments define stimulation of MAP kinase as the candidate cellular target mediating the mitogenic action of the A2A-adenosine receptor on primary human endothelial cells; the signaling pathway operates via p21(ras) and MEK1 but is independent of Gi, Gs, and the typical protein kinase C isoforms. This implies an additional G protein which links this prototypical Gs-coupled receptor to the MAP kinase cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 13a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Huwiler A, van Rossum G, Wartmann M, Pfeilschifter J. Stimulation by extracellular ATP and UTP of the stress-activated protein kinase cascade in rat renal mesangial cells. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 120:807-12. [PMID: 9138685 PMCID: PMC1564540 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0700979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) have been shown to activate a nucleotide receptor (P2U receptor) in rat mesangial cells that mediates phosphoinositide and phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis by phospholipases C and D, respectively. This is followed by an increased activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and cell proliferation. Here we show that ATP and UTP potently stimulate the stress-activated protein kinase pathway and phosphorylation of the transcription factor c-Jun. 2. Both nucleotides stimulated a rapid (within 5 min) and concentration-dependent activation of stress-activated protein kinases as measured by the phosphorylation of c-Jun in a solid phase kinase assay. 3. When added at 100 microM the rank order of potency of a series of nucleotide analogues for stimulation of c-Jun phosphorylation was UTP > ATP = UDP = ATP gamma S > 2-methylthio-ATP > beta gamma-imido-ATP = ADP > AMP = UMP = adenosine = uridine. Activation of stress-activated protein kinase activity by ATP and UTP was dose-dependently attenuated by suramin. 4. Down-regulation of protein kinase C-alpha, -delta and -epsilon isoenzymes by 24 h treatment of the cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate did not inhibit ATP- and UTP-induced activation of c-Jun phosphorylation. Furthermore, the specific protein kinase C inhibitors, CGP 41251 and Ro 31-8220, did not inhibit nucleotide-stimulated c-Jun phosphorylation, suggesting that protein kinase C is not involved in ATP- and UTP-triggered stress-activated protein kinase activation. 5. Pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, strongly attenuated ATP- and UTP-induced c-Jun phosphorylation. Furthermore, N-acetyl-cysteine completely blocked the activation of stress-activated protein kinase in response to extracellular nucleotide stimulation. 6. In summary, these results suggest that ATP and UTP trigger the activation of the stress-activated protein kinase module in mesangial cells by a pathway independent of protein kinase C but requiring a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein and tyrosine kinase activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Huwiler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fischer S, Knöll R, Renz D, Karliczek GF, Schaper W. Role of adenosine in the hypoxic induction of vascular endothelial growth factor in porcine brain derived microvascular endothelial cells. ENDOTHELIUM : JOURNAL OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL RESEARCH 1997; 5:155-65. [PMID: 9272379 DOI: 10.3109/10623329709053395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia induced the mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in porcine brain derived microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) in a time-dependent manner. Corresponding to the mRNA induction the protein level of VEGF was elevated during hypoxia. The adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT) reduced the hypoxia-induced VEGF mRNA and protein expression significantly. The treatment of BMEC with cobalt chloride-known to activate an oxygen sensing mechanism similar to the one used by the erythropoietin gene-also induced the VEGF mRNA expression, but 8-PT did not reduce this VEGF induction. Although, earlier studies revealed that agents like phorbolester induced the VEGF mRNA expression, the specific inhibitor of the proteinkinase C (PKC) bisindolylmaleimide (BIM) did not reduce but enhanced the hypoxia-induced VEGF mRNA expression. These results indicate that the VEGF induction in BMEC can proceed through PKC-dependent and -independent pathways (like those acting via the putative oxygen sensor). Hypoxia in BMEC probably activates the PKC-dependent pathway mainly via adenosine which might be formed during hypoxia and thereby inhibits activation of PKC-independent, oxygen sensing, pathways. This suggestion was supported by the fact that hypoxia as well as adenosine increased the VEGF mRNA expression post-transcriptionally by enhancing the stability of the VEGF mRNA [corrected].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Fischer
- Max-Planck Institute for Physiological and Clinical Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sima B, Macdonald L, Marton LS, Weir B, Zhang J. Effect of P2-purinoceptor antagonists on hemolysate-induced and adenosine 5'-triphosphate-induced contractions of dog basilar artery in vitro. Neurosurgery 1996; 39:815-21; discussion 821-2. [PMID: 8880777 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-199610000-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the vasoactive effects of hemolysate of dog erythrocytes on dog basilar artery in vitro are caused by adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). METHODS Dog erythrocyte hemolysate was assayed for ATP by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Dog basilar arteries were cut into rings and studied under isometric tension to determine the effects of the P2-purinoceptor antagonists suramin, pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid, and reactive blue 2 on contractions induced by hemolysate, prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), KCl, uridine 5'-triphosphate, and ATP. RESULTS Dog erythrocyte hemolysate contained 34 mumol/L of ATP. Hemolysate produced concentration-dependent contractions of dog basilar artery. Suramin (100 mumol/L) significantly inhibited contractions to hemolysate, ATP, and uridine 5'-triphosphate but not to PGF2 alpha and KCl (P < 0.05). Pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (100 mumol/L) caused a small but significant reduction of the contractions to hemolysate and did not affect contractions to PGF2 alpha and KCl. Reactive blue 2 (30 mumol/L) produced significant inhibition of contractions to hemolysate and PGF2 alpha but did not affect contractions to KCl. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that ATP mediates a smooth muscle contractile response of hemolysate on dog basilar artery. Because erythrocyte cytosol is known to be important in the pathogenesis of vasospasm, these results suggest that ATP may contribute to the vasoconstriction that occurs in vasospasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Sima
- Section of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lemmens R, Vanduffel L, Teuchy H, Culic O. Regulation of proliferation of LLC-MK2 cells by nucleosides and nucleotides: the role of ecto-enzymes. Biochem J 1996; 316 ( Pt 2):551-7. [PMID: 8687400 PMCID: PMC1217384 DOI: 10.1042/bj3160551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
1. Using the incorporation of [methyl-3H]thymidine as a proliferation marker, the effects of various nucleosides and nucleotides on endothelial LLC-MK2 cells were studied. We found that ATP, ADP, AMP and adenosine in concentrations of 10 microM or higher stimulate the proliferation of these cells. 2. Inhibition of ecto-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.15), 5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) or alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) significantly diminished the stimulatory effect of ATP, indicating that the effect is primarily caused by adenosine and not by adenine nucleotides. Also, the effect depends only on extracellular nucleosides, since inhibition of nucleoside uptake by dipyridamole has no influence on proliferation. 3. Other purine nucleotides and nucleosides (ITP, GTP, inosine and guanosine) also stimulate cell proliferation, while pyrimidine nucleotides and nucleosides (CTP, UTP, cytidine and uridine) inhibit proliferation. Furthermore, the simultaneous presence of adenosine and any of the other purine nucleosides is not entirely additive in its effect on cell proliferation. At the same time any pyrimidine nucleoside, when added together with adenosine, has the same inhibitory effect as the pyrimidine nucleoside alone. 4. Apparently these proliferative effects are neither caused by any pharmacologically known P1-purinoceptor, nor are they mediated by cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, or D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate as second messenger, nor by extracellular Ca2+. 5. Therefore, we conclude that various purine and pyrimidine nucleosides can influence the proliferation of LLC-MK2 cells by acting on putative purinergic and pyrimidinergic receptors not previously described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lemmens
- Department MBW, Biochemistry, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Graham A, McLees A, Kennedy C, Gould GW, Plevin R. Stimulation by the nucleotides, ATP and UTP of mitogen-activated protein kinase in EAhy 926 endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 117:1341-7. [PMID: 8882634 PMCID: PMC1909785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb16734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
1. We have investigated the characteristics of activation of the 42kDa isoform of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in response to various nucleotides in the endothelial cell line EAhy 926. 2. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) in the concentration range 0.1-100 microM stimulated the rapid and transient tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the 42 kDa isoform of MAP kinase in EAhy 926 endothelial cells which peaked at 2 min and returned to basal values by 60 min. ATP also stimulated a similar response in primary cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. 3. Uridine 5' triphosphate (UTP) also stimulated the 42 kDa isoform of MAP kinase with similar potency to ATP (EC50 values 5.1 +/- 0.2 microM for UTP; 2.9 +/- 0.8 microM for ATP), whilst the selective P2Y-purinoceptor agonist, 2-methylthioATP (2-meSATP) was without effect up to concentrations of 100 microM. In bovine aortic endothelial cells however, UTP and 2-meSATP both stimulated MAP kinase. 4. Pretreatment of cells for 24 h with 12-O tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate resulted in the loss of the alpha and epsilon isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC) and virtual abolition of nucleotide-stimulated MAP kinase activity (> 90% inhibition). 5. Preincubation for 30 min with the PKC inhibitor, Ro-31 8220 (10 microM) reduced MAP-kinase activation at 2 min but potentiated the response at 60 min. 6. Removal of extracellular calcium in the presence of EGTA reduced the MAP kinase activation in response to UTP by approximately 30-50%. 7. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin (18 h, 50 ng ml-1) did not significantly affect the UTP-mediated activation of pp42 MAP kinase. 8. These results show that in the EAhy 926 endothelial cell line, nucleotides stimulate activation of MAP kinase in a protein kinase C-dependent manner through interaction with a P2U-purinoceptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Graham
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Royal College, Glasgow
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Extracellular ATP, and to a lesser extent adenosine, an ATP metabolite, stimulated cell proliferation in osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1). ATP increased cytosolic Ca2+ due to Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular storage in the same concentration range of the nucleotide as that effective for DNA synthesis, suggesting the mediation of the phospholipase C/Ca2+ system in the mitogenic action. Since adenosine induced no Ca2+ mobilization, P2-purinergic receptor appears to be associated with ATP actions. The growth-promoting effect of ATP was not inhibited by H7, a protein kinase C inhibitor, and indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indicating no involvement of activation of protein kinase C and production of prostaglandins in ATP-induced mitogenic signals. Either ATP or adenosine remarkably and synergistically potentiated platelet derived growth factor-induced DNA synthesis. These findings suggest that extracellular ATP and adenosine may play a physiological role in the regulation of bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Shimegi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sexl V, Mancusi G, Baumgartner-Parzer S, Schütz W, Freissmuth M. Stimulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation by A2-adenosine and beta 2-adrenoceptors. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 114:1577-86. [PMID: 7599925 PMCID: PMC1510404 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb14942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Adenosine is known to stimulate capillary outgrowth and endothelial cell proliferation, but the underlying mechanism has not been identified. In order to identify the receptor subtype involved, the effects of adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation were investigated. 2. Raising intracellular adenosine levels by use of the adenosine transport inhibitor, 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR) did not affect cell growth. This observation suggests that stimulation of an extracellular adenosine receptor generates the mitogenic signal. 3. In the presence of adenosine deaminase (ADA), which was used to remove adenosine present in the culture medium, the adenosine receptor agonists N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA, non-selective) and CGS21680 (A2A-receptor-selective) stimulated [3H]-thymidine incorporation with a half-maximum effect at about 10 nM, while N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA, A1-selective) was about 100 fold less potent. The adenosine receptor antagonist, xanthine amine congener (XAC) produced a concentration-dependent decrease in endothelial cell proliferation with a half-maximum effect at about 10 nM. Hence, stimulation of an endothelial A2A-adenosine receptor seems responsible for the mitogenic signal. 4. In the presence of ADA, isoprenaline is also able to stimulate [3H]-thymidine incorporation with a half maximal effect of about 3 nM, an effect, which is reversed by the highly beta 2-selective antagonist, ICI 118,551. In the absence of ADA, isoprenaline exerts only a minor stimulatory effect. Combination of A2A adenosine and beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists did not further enhance [3H]-thymidine incorporation when compared to the sole addition of each agonist. We therefore conclude that both receptors stimulate endothelial cell proliferation via a common signal transduction pathway. 5. Both receptors are coupled to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase via the stimulatory G protein G8.However, direct activation of downstream effectors in the cyclic AMP-signalling cascade (G8 with cholera toxin, adenylyl cyclase with forskolin, protein kinase A with 8Br-cyclic AMP) not only failed to mimic the action of receptor-activation, but even reduced cell proliferation.6. Similarly, pertussis toxin-treatment which inactivated the Gi 2 protein present in HUVEC and thus inhibited cell proliferation per se, did not impair the ability of A2A-receptor agonists to stimulate cell proliferation. This suggests that the A2A-adenosine and beta2-adrenoceptor-mediated stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation occurs via a mechanism that is independent of G8 and Gi.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenosine/pharmacology
- Adenosine Deaminase/pharmacology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cyclic AMP/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Humans
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/physiology
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/drug effects
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/physiology
- Thioinosine/analogs & derivatives
- Thioinosine/pharmacology
- Thymidine/metabolism
- Umbilical Veins/cytology
- Umbilical Veins/drug effects
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fischer S, Sharma HS, Karliczek GF, Schaper W. Expression of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor in pig cerebral microvascular endothelial cells and its upregulation by adenosine. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 28:141-8. [PMID: 7707868 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(94)00193-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Porcine brain-derived microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) express the mRNA of the polypeptide mitogen vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF). The VEGF mRNA expression in BMEC could be upregulated 2.5 fold after 6 h of treatment with 5 microM adenosine and adenosine agonists. Adenosine A1 and A2 receptor antagonists completely abolished the upregulation of the VEGF mRNA caused by adenosine. Agents like forskolin and cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors which are known to increase the cAMP level decreased the VEGF mRNA expression slightly whereas agents like phorbolester which activate the proteinkinase C (PKC) pathway enhanced the VEGF mRNA expression 3.2 fold. The specific inhibitor of the PKC bisindolymaleimide (BIM) abolished the upregulation of the VEGF mRNA by adenosine completely. The BMEC conditioned medium stimulated the proliferation of BMEC itself and Western blot analysis of the BMEC conditioned medium using a polyclonal antibody to human VEGF showed one band at 18 kDa which was slightly upregulated after treatment with adenosine. Results suggest that the effect of adenosine on the VEGF mRNA expression is mediated via the A1 receptor and that an activation of the PKC may be involved in the observed effects of adenosine on the VEGF mRNA expression. VEGF produced by BMEC and which is inducible by adenosine may function via the autocrine pathway and may be involved in repair reactions of brain blood vessels and/or the maintenance of these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Fischer
- Max-Planck Institute for Physiological and Clinical Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ciccarelli R, Di Iorio P, Ballerini P, Ambrosini G, Giuliani P, Tiboni GM, Caciagli F. Effects of exogenous ATP and related analogues on the proliferation rate of dissociated primary cultures of rat astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 1994; 39:556-66. [PMID: 7891391 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490390507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ATP (5-500 microM) were evaluated on the proliferation rate of cultured astrocytes by measuring 3H-thymidine incorporation and by flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle. Determinations after 16 hours showed that ATP present in the culture medium for the whole period caused a dose-dependent reduction of cell proliferation, while if the exposure to ATP was limited to the first 8 hours, the proliferation was increased (always in a dose-dependent manner). A time course study of 3H-thymidine incorporation showed that, in the presence of ATP, 3H-thymidine was incorporated at a slower rate than in controls; the replacement of the culture medium with an ATP-free fresh medium, at the 8th hour, was followed by a 3H-thymidine incorporation occurring at such a fast rate to overshoot the control values. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, carried out to identify purine compounds present in the culture medium during cell exposure to ATP, indicated that more than 95% of the added ATP was metabolized within 1 hr. Conversely, an increase of purine metabolites was measured, this accumulation being greater at the highest concentrations of added ATP. The presence of high levels of extracellular ATP catabolites suggested that these compounds may act on the regulation of cell replication via the different purine receptors. This hypothesis was tested and confirmed by using agonists and antagonists selective for the P1 and the P2 sites. One hundred microM 2methylthio-ATP (2MeSATP), a P2Y agonist metabolized as fast as ATP, reproduced effects very similar to the ATP-induced ones. On the other hand, the nonhydrolisable ATP analogue, adenosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imido)-triphosphate (AMP-PNP) at 100 microM, induced a mitogenic effect as well as the A2 site stimulation. On the contrary, the activation of A1 receptors by 5 microM R-phenyl-isopropyladenosine (R-PIA) inhibited astrocyte proliferation; moreover, 100 nM 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), an A1 site antagonist, reversed the ATP-induced inhibition of cell proliferation. These results indicate that exogenous ATP, as a consequence of its rapid extracellular breakdown, exerts a dual influence on astrocyte proliferation by the involvement of both P1 and P2Y receptors. These findings might be relevant to such pathological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS), as seizures, hypoxia or ischemia, in which great amounts of purines released in the brain can influence a reactive astrocyte proliferative response to injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Ciccarelli
- Institute of Pharmacology and Bio-Medical Technologies, School of Medicine, University of Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Huwiler A, Pfeilschifter J. Stimulation by extracellular ATP and UTP of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and proliferation of rat renal mesangial cells. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 113:1455-63. [PMID: 7889302 PMCID: PMC1510501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb17160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Extracellular ATP and UTP have been reported to activate a nucleotide receptor that mediates phosphoinositide and phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis by phospholipases C and D, respectively. Here we report that ATP and UTP potently stimulate mesangial cell proliferation. 2. Both nucleotides stimulate phosphorylation and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and a biphasic phosphorylation of the up-stream mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. 3. When added at 100 microM, ATP gamma S, UTP and ATP were the most potent activators of mitogen-activated protein kinase. beta gamma-imido-ATP was somewhat less active and ADP and 2-methylthio-ATP caused a weak induction of enzyme activity. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by both ATP and UTP is dose-dependently attenuated by the P2-receptor antagonist, suramin. 4. The protein kinase C activator 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, but not the biologically inactive 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, increased mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in mesangial cells, suggesting that protein kinase C may mediate nucleotide-induced stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. 5. Down-regulation of protein kinase C -alpha and -delta isoenzymes by 4 h or 8 h treatment with phorbol ester partially inhibited ATP- and UTP-triggered mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Moreover, a 24 h treatment of mesangial cells with phorbol ester, a regimen that also causes depletion of protein kinase C-epsilon did not further reduce the level of mitogen-activated protein kinase stimulation. 6. The specific protein kinase C inhibitor, CGP 41251, which displayed a selectivity for the Ca2+-dependent isoenzymes, as compared to the Ca2+-independent isoenzymes did not inhibit nucleotide stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, thus implicating the involvement of a Ca2+-independent protein kinase C isoform.7. In summary, these results suggest that ATP and UTP trigger the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling cascade in mesangial cells and this may be responsible for the potent mitogenic activity of both nucleotides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Huwiler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Torres-Márquez ME, Mejia S, Moreno-Sánchez R. Modulation of the ATP induced [Ca2+]c increase in AS-30D hepatoma cells. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 25:1109-14. [PMID: 8405651 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(93)90588-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
1. The regulation of the increase in the cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c) induced by extracellular ATP in AS-30D hepatoma cells was studied. 2. Homologous desensitization involving the refilling of intracellular calcium pools and the participation of protein kinase C was found. 3. Isoproterenol, forskolin and dibutyryl-cyclic AMP also induced an increase in [Ca2+]c. 4. Interestingly, synergism was found for isoproterenol or forskolin and ATP. 5. The results suggest that there are two pathways for mobilizing [Ca2+]c in AS-30D hepatoma cells; one is activated by ATP receptors and the other by cyclic AMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Torres-Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, México, D.F
| | | | | |
Collapse
|