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Vijayakumar A, Wang M, Kailasam S. The Senescent Heart-"Age Doth Wither Its Infinite Variety". Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3581. [PMID: 38612393 PMCID: PMC11011282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. While many factors like smoking, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, a sedentary lifestyle, and genetic factors can predispose to cardiovascular diseases, the natural process of aging is by itself a major determinant of the risk. Cardiac aging is marked by a conglomerate of cellular and molecular changes, exacerbated by age-driven decline in cardiac regeneration capacity. Although the phenotypes of cardiac aging are well characterised, the underlying molecular mechanisms are far less explored. Recent advances unequivocally link cardiovascular aging to the dysregulation of critical signalling pathways in cardiac fibroblasts, which compromises the critical role of these cells in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the myocardium. Clearly, the identification of cardiac fibroblast-specific factors and mechanisms that regulate cardiac fibroblast function in the senescent myocardium is of immense importance. In this regard, recent studies show that Discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2), a collagen-activated receptor tyrosine kinase predominantly located in cardiac fibroblasts, has an obligate role in cardiac fibroblast function and cardiovascular fibrosis. Incisive studies on the molecular basis of cardiovascular aging and dysregulated fibroblast function in the senescent heart would pave the way for effective strategies to mitigate cardiovascular diseases in a rapidly growing elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Vijayakumar
- Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyothi Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India;
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
| | - Shivakumar Kailasam
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Trivandrum 695581, India
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2
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Bhullar SK, Dhalla NS. Adaptive and maladaptive roles of different angiotensin receptors in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:86-104. [PMID: 37748204 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is formed by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the renin-angiotensin system. This hormone is known to induce cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure and its actions are mediated by the interaction of both pro- and antihypertrophic Ang II receptors (AT1R and AT2R). Ang II is also metabolized by ACE 2 to Ang-(1-7), which elicits the activation of Mas receptors (MasR) for inducing antihypertrophic actions. Since heart failure under different pathophysiological situations is preceded by adaptive and maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy, we have reviewed the existing literature to gain some information regarding the roles of AT1R, AT2R, and MasR in both acute and chronic conditions of cardiac hypertrophy. It appears that the activation of AT1R may be involved in the development of adaptive and maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy as well as subsequent heart failure because both ACE inhibitors and AT1R antagonists exert beneficial effects. On the other hand, the activation of both AT2R and MasR may prevent the occurrence of maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy and delay the progression of heart failure, and thus therapy with different activators of these antihypertrophic receptors under chronic pathological stages may prove beneficial. Accordingly, it is suggested that a great deal of effort should be made to develop appropriate activators of both AT2R and MasR for the treatment of heart failure subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder K Bhullar
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Naranjan S Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Markousis-Mavrogenis G, Baumhove L, Al-Mubarak AA, Aboumsallem JP, Bomer N, Voors AA, van der Meer P. Immunomodulation and immunopharmacology in heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:119-149. [PMID: 37709934 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00919-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is intimately involved in the pathophysiology of heart failure. However, it is currently underused as a therapeutic target in the clinical setting. Moreover, the development of novel immunomodulatory therapies and their investigation for the treatment of patients with heart failure are hampered by the fact that currently used, evidence-based treatments for heart failure exert multiple immunomodulatory effects. In this Review, we discuss current knowledge on how evidence-based treatments for heart failure affect the immune system in addition to their primary mechanism of action, both to inform practising physicians about these pleiotropic actions and to create a framework for the development and application of future immunomodulatory therapies. We also delineate which subpopulations of patients with heart failure might benefit from immunomodulatory treatments. Furthermore, we summarize completed and ongoing clinical trials that assess immunomodulatory treatments in heart failure and present several therapeutic targets that could be investigated in the future. Lastly, we provide future directions to leverage the immunomodulatory potential of existing treatments and to foster the investigation of novel immunomodulatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Markousis-Mavrogenis
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lukas Baumhove
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ali A Al-Mubarak
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Joseph Pierre Aboumsallem
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nils Bomer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Voors
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Meer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
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Yi L, Min JT, Jun CL, Long HX, Khoo HE, Ying ZJ, Le SJ. Buffalo yogurt fermented with commercial starter and Lactobacillus plantarum originating from breast milk lowered blood pressure in pregnant hypertensive rats. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:62-73. [PMID: 37709021 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional therapy, which may have advantages over medication, is being investigated as a novel treatment for pregnancy-induced hypertension. Several studies have shown that probiotic yogurt supplementation during pregnancy has beneficial effects on maternal and fetal health. In this study, fermented buffalo milk was produced with yogurt culture and Lactobacillus plantarum B, a probiotic isolated from healthy breast milk with high angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity. The fermentation conditions under which the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity reached 84.51% were optimized by the response surface method as follows: 2 × 106 cfu/mL of L. plantarum B, yogurt culture 2.5 × 105 cfu/mL, and 8 h at 37°C. The distribution of ACE inhibitory peptides from fermented buffalo milk and fermented cow milk were further analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. By searching according to the structural features of ACE inhibitory peptides, 29 and 11 peptides containing ACE inhibitory peptide features were found in fermented buffalo milk and fermented cow milk, respectively. To investigate the in vivo antihypertensive activity of fermented buffalo milk, 18 pregnant rats were divided into 3 groups (n = 6 in each group) and administered 10 mL of normal saline, yogurt (20 mg/kg), or labetalol hydrochloride (4 mg/kg) daily from the beginning of pregnancy to parturition. To induce hypertension, methyl nitrosoarginine (125 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously every day from d 15 of pregnancy to the day of delivery. Blood pressure was not significantly changed in the yogurt and labetalol groups after induction of hypertension and was lower compared with the normal saline group, but there was no difference between the yogurt and labetalol groups. This implied that the buffalo yogurt had a preventive and antihypertensive effect in the pregnancy-induced hypertensive rat model. Further studies to determine the mechanism of action, as well as a randomized control trial, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yi
- South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jiang Tie Min
- South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Chen Li Jun
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - He Xiao Long
- South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hock Eng Khoo
- South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhao Jun Ying
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Song Jia Le
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
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5
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Banerjee D, Sabe SA, Xing H, Xu C, Sabra M, Harris DD, Broadwin M, Abid MR, Usheva A, Feng J, Sellke FW. Canagliflozin improves coronary microvascular vasodilation and increases absolute blood flow to the myocardium independent of angiogenesis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2023; 166:e535-e550. [PMID: 37604273 PMCID: PMC10840801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, canagliflozin, improves myocardial perfusion to ischemic territory without accompanying changes in vascular density. We aimed to (1) characterize effects on angiogenic pathways, (2) use multiomics to identify gene expression and metabolite profiles relevant to regulation of myocardial blood flow, and (3) investigate drug effect on coronary microvascular reactivity. METHODS A nondiabetic swine model of chronic myocardial ischemia and nondiabetic rat model were used to study functional and molecular effects of canagliflozin on myocardium and in vitro microvascular reactivity. RESULTS Canagliflozin resulted in increased coronary microvascular vasodilation and decreased vasoconstriction (P < .05) without changes in microvascular density (P > .3). Expression of the angiogenic modulator, endostatin, increased (P = .008), along with its precursor, collagen 18 (P < .001), and factors that increase its production, including cathepsin L (P = .004). Endostatin and collagen 18 levels trended toward an inverse correlation with blood flow to ischemic territory at rest. Proangiogenic fibroblast growth factor receptor was increased (P = .03) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 was decreased (P < .001) with canagliflozin treatment. Proangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor A (P = .13), Tie-2 (P = .10), and Ras (P = .18) were not significantly altered. Gene expression related to the cardiac renin-angiotensin system was significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS In chronic myocardial ischemia, canagliflozin increased absolute blood flow to the myocardium without robustly increasing vascular density or proangiogenic signaling. Canagliflozin resulted in altered coronary microvascular reactivity to favor vasodilation, likely through direct effect on vascular smooth muscle. Downregulation of cardiac renin-angiotensin system demonstrated local regulation of perfusion. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debolina Banerjee
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Sharif A Sabe
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Hang Xing
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Cynthia Xu
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Mohamed Sabra
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Dwight D Harris
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Mark Broadwin
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - M Ruhul Abid
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Anny Usheva
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Jun Feng
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.
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Bazgir F, Nau J, Nakhaei-Rad S, Amin E, Wolf MJ, Saucerman JJ, Lorenz K, Ahmadian MR. The Microenvironment of the Pathogenesis of Cardiac Hypertrophy. Cells 2023; 12:1780. [PMID: 37443814 PMCID: PMC10341218 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is a key risk factor for the development of heart failure and predisposes individuals to cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death. While physiological cardiac hypertrophy is adaptive, hypertrophy resulting from conditions comprising hypertension, aortic stenosis, or genetic mutations, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, is maladaptive. Here, we highlight the essential role and reciprocal interactions involving both cardiomyocytes and non-myocardial cells in response to pathological conditions. Prolonged cardiovascular stress causes cardiomyocytes and non-myocardial cells to enter an activated state releasing numerous pro-hypertrophic, pro-fibrotic, and pro-inflammatory mediators such as vasoactive hormones, growth factors, and cytokines, i.e., commencing signaling events that collectively cause cardiac hypertrophy. Fibrotic remodeling is mediated by cardiac fibroblasts as the central players, but also endothelial cells and resident and infiltrating immune cells enhance these processes. Many of these hypertrophic mediators are now being integrated into computational models that provide system-level insights and will help to translate our knowledge into new pharmacological targets. This perspective article summarizes the last decades' advances in cardiac hypertrophy research and discusses the herein-involved complex myocardial microenvironment and signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Bazgir
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (F.B.); (J.N.)
| | - Julia Nau
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (F.B.); (J.N.)
| | - Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- Stem Cell Biology, and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48974, Iran;
| | - Ehsan Amin
- Institute of Neural and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Matthew J. Wolf
- Department of Medicine and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
| | - Jeffry J. Saucerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
| | - Kristina Lorenz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, 97078 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (F.B.); (J.N.)
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7
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Kanugula AK, Kaur J, Batra J, Ankireddypalli AR, Velagapudi R. Renin-Angiotensin System: Updated Understanding and Role in Physiological and Pathophysiological States. Cureus 2023; 15:e40725. [PMID: 37350982 PMCID: PMC10283427 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical view of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is that of the circulating hormone pathway involved in salt and water homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. It is also involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac and renal disorders. This led to the creation of drugs blocking the actions of this classical pathway, which improved cardiac and renal outcomes. Our understanding of the RAS has significantly expanded with the discovery of new peptides involved in this complex pathway. Over the last two decades, a counter-regulatory or protective pathway has been discovered that opposes the effects of the classical pathway. Components of RAS are also implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and its metabolic diseases. The continued discovery of newer molecules also provides novel therapeutic targets to improve disease outcomes. This article aims to provide an overview of an updated understanding of the RAS, its role in physiological and pathological processes, and potential novel therapeutic options from RAS for managing cardiorenal disorders, obesity, and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Kanugula
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wellstar Health System - Spalding Regional Hospital, Griffin, USA
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, HealthPartners, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Jaskaran Batra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Univerity of Pittsburg Medical Center (UPMC) McKeesport, McKeesport, USA
| | | | - Ravikanth Velagapudi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Spectrum Health/Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, USA
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Golab F, Vahabzadeh G, SadeghRoudbari L, Shirazi A, Shabani R, Tanbakooei S, Kooshesh L. The Protective Potential Role of ACE2 against COVID-19. Adv Virol 2023; 2023:8451931. [PMID: 37275947 PMCID: PMC10238138 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8451931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), researchers all over the world have tried to find an appropriate therapeutic approach for the disease. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been shown as a necessary receptor to cell fusion, which is involved in infection due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is commonly crucial for all organs and systems. When ACE2 is downregulated via the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, it results in the angiotensin II (Ang II)/angiotensin type 1 receptor axis overactivation. Ang II has harmful effects, which can be evidenced by dysfunctions in many organs experienced by COVID-19 patients. ACE2 is the SARS-CoV-2 receptor and has an extensive distribution; thus, some COVID-19 cases experience several symptoms and complications. We suggest strategy for the potential protective effect of ACE2 to the viral infection. The current review will provide data to develop new approaches for preventing and controlling the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Golab
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gelareh Vahabzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila SadeghRoudbari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arefeh Shirazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robabeh Shabani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Tanbakooei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lida Kooshesh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran
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Accurate Prediction of Anti-hypertensive Peptides Based on Convolutional Neural Network and Gated Recurrent unit. Interdiscip Sci 2022; 14:879-894. [PMID: 35474167 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-022-00521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension (HT) is a general disease, and also one of the most ordinary and major causes of cardiovascular disease. Some diseases are caused by high blood pressure, including impairment of heart and kidney function, cerebral hemorrhage and myocardial infarction. Due to the limitations of laboratory methods, bioactive peptides for the treatment of HT need a long time to be identified. Therefore, it is of great immediate significance for the identification of anti-hypertensive peptides (AHTPs). With the prevalence of machine learning, it is suggested to use it as a supplementary method for AHTPs classification. Therefore, we develop a new model to identify AHTPs based on multiple features and deep learning. And the deep model is constructed by combining a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a gated recurrent unit (GRU). The unique convolution structure is used to reduce the feature dimension and running time. The data processed by CNN is input into the recurrent structure GRU, and important information is filtered out through the reset gate and update gate. Finally, the output layer adopts Sigmoid activation function. Firstly, we use Kmer, the deviation between the dipeptide frequency and the expected mean (DDE), encoding based on grouped weight (EBGW), enhanced grouped amino acid composition (EGAAC) and dipeptide binary profile and frequency (DBPF) to extract features. For Kmer, DDE, EBGW and EGAAC, it is widely used in the field of protein research. DBPF is a new feature representation method designed by us. It corresponds dipeptides to binary numbers, and finally obtains a binary coding file and a frequency file. Then these features are spliced together and input into our proposed model for prediction and analysis. After a tenfold cross-validation test, this model has a better competitive advantage than the previous methods, and the accuracy is 96.23% and 99.10%, respectively. From the results, compared with the previous methods, it has been greatly improved. It shows that the combination of convolution calculation and recurrent structure has a positive impact on the classification of AHTPs. The results show that this method is a feasible, efficient and competitive sequence analysis tool for AHTPs. Meanwhile, we design a friendly online prediction tool and it is freely accessible at http://ahtps.zhanglab.site/ .
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Varghese C, Chakraborty K, Asharaf S. Pharmacological potential of seaweed-associated heterotrophic bacterium Bacillus atrophaeus. Arch Microbiol 2022; 205:6. [PMID: 36449106 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Extremities in marine environmental conditions led the marine macroalga-associated bacteria to adapt and biosynthesize potential bioactive agents. The myriad of marine macroalgae and the bacterial flora they are associated with constitute a potential source of bioactive components with significant biotechnological and pharmacological applications. Heterotrophic bacteria associated with the intertidal macroalgae were isolated and assessed for their pharmacological properties. Subsequently, Firmicutes dominated more than half of the 152 cultivable isolates from macroalgae-associated bacteria collected from the Gulf of Mannar (9°17'0'' N, 79°7'0'' E), on Peninsular India's southern coast. A total of 43 of those demonstrated steady antibacterial activities against a wide range of nosocomial pathogens. Among the bacteria isolated from marine macroalgae, Bacillus atrophaeus SHB2097 (MW821482) exhibited significant antimicrobial activities against clinically important pathogens. Organic extract of B. atrophaeus SHB2097 showed potential antimicrobial activities against test pathogens (minimum inhibitory concentration 6.25 µg/mL). Organic extract of B. atrophaeus SHB2097 revealed promising inhibition potential against cyclooxygenase-2 (IC90 53.26 µg/mL) and 5-lipoxygenase (IC90 9.74 µg/mL). The carbolytic enzyme α-glucosidase inhibition potential of the organic extract of the studied heterotrophic bacterium was significantly greater than (IC90 118 µg/mL) than that displayed by acarbose (IC90 645 µg/mL, p < 0.05). The significance of nuclear magnetic resonance-centered analyses of distinguishing signals in the organic extract and correlating those with bioactive potential was accentuated. The utilities of nuclear magnetic resonance-based fingerprinting emphasized the assessment of the distinctive signals in the solvent extracts and their correlation with the pharmacological properties. Thus, the heterotrophic B. atrophaeus SHB2097 could be used to develop potential therapeutic and biomedical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chesvin Varghese
- Marine Biotechnology Fish Nutrition and Health Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, P.B. No. 1603, Cochin, Kerala, 682018, India.,School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Vallikavu PO, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India
| | - Kajal Chakraborty
- Marine Biotechnology Fish Nutrition and Health Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, P.B. No. 1603, Cochin, Kerala, 682018, India.
| | - Sumayya Asharaf
- Marine Biotechnology Fish Nutrition and Health Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, P.B. No. 1603, Cochin, Kerala, 682018, India.,Faculty of Marine Sciences, Lakeside Campus, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
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11
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Bhullar SK, Dhalla NS. Angiotensin II-Induced Signal Transduction Mechanisms for Cardiac Hypertrophy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213336. [PMID: 36359731 PMCID: PMC9657342 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although acute exposure of the heart to angiotensin (Ang II) produces physiological cardiac hypertrophy and chronic exposure results in pathological hypertrophy, the signal transduction mechanisms for these effects are of complex nature. It is now evident that the hypertrophic response is mediated by the activation of Ang type 1 receptors (AT1R), whereas the activation of Ang type 2 receptors (AT2R) by Ang II and Mas receptors by Ang-(1-7) exerts antihypertrophic effects. Furthermore, AT1R-induced activation of phospholipase C for stimulating protein kinase C, influx of Ca2+ through sarcolemmal Ca2+- channels, release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and activation of sarcolemmal NADPH oxidase 2 for altering cardiomyocytes redox status may be involved in physiological hypertrophy. On the other hand, reduction in the expression of AT2R and Mas receptors, the release of growth factors from fibroblasts for the occurrence of fibrosis, and the development of oxidative stress due to activation of mitochondria NADPH oxidase 4 as well as the depression of nuclear factor erythroid-2 activity for the occurrence of Ca2+-overload and activation of calcineurin may be involved in inducing pathological cardiac hypertrophy. These observations support the view that inhibition of AT1R or activation of AT2R and Mas receptors as well as depression of oxidative stress may prevent or reverse the Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy.
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12
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Parfianowicz D, Shah S, Nguyen C, Maitz TN, Hajra A, Goel A, Sreenivasan J, Aronow WS, Vyas A, Gupta R. Finerenone: A New Era for Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism and Cardiorenal Protection. Curr Probl Cardiol 2022; 47:101386. [PMID: 36057315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Asharaf S, Chakraborty K. Pharmacological potential of seaweed-associated heterotrophic Firmicutes. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:1042-1054. [PMID: 35771159 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Seaweed-associated bacterial symbionts are sources of potential pharmacological properties. The present study resulted in the culture-dependent isolation of bioactive heterotrophs belonging to the bacterial phylum Firmicutes, which were dominated more than 30% of the 127 cultivable isolates, among which 23 of them showed potential antimicrobial activities against a wide range of pathogens. The symbionts isolated from the seaweed Sargassum wightii showed significant bioactivity. Those were characterised as Bacillus safensis MTCC13040, B. valismortis MTCC13041, B. velezensis MTCC13044, B. methylotrophicus MTCC13042, Oceanobacillus profundus MTCC13045, B. tequilensis MTCC13043, and B. altitudinis MTCC13046. The organic extracts of the studied isolates showed potential antimicrobial properties against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (minimum inhibitory concentration 6.25-12.5 μg ml-1 ). The organic extract of B. altitudinis MTCC13046 displayed significantly greater radical quenching ability (IC90 133 μg ml-1 , p < 0.05) other than attenuating hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (IC90 10.21 μg ml-1 , p < 0.05) and angiotensin converting enzyme-1 (IC90 498 μg ml-1 , p < 0.05) relative to other studied heterotrophs. The organic extract of B. tequilensis MTCC13043 displayed significantly greater attenuation potential against pro-inflammatory 5-lipooxygenase (IC90 5.94 μg ml-1 , p < 0.05) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (IC90 271 μg ml-1 , p < 0.05). The seaweed-associated B. altitudinis MTCC13046 and B. tequilensis MTCC13043 could be used to develop promising pharmacological leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumayya Asharaf
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, P.B. No, 1603, Cochin, -682018, Kerala State, India.,Faculty of Marine Sciences, Lakeside Campus, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala State, India
| | - Kajal Chakraborty
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, P.B. No, 1603, Cochin, -682018, Kerala State, India
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14
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Bhullar S, Shah A, Dhalla N. Mechanisms for the development of heart failure and improvement of cardiac function by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. SCRIPTA MEDICA 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/scriptamed53-36256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, are well-known for the treatments of cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure, hypertension and acute coronary syndrome. Several of these inhibitors including captopril, enalapril, ramipril, zofenopril and imidapril attenuate vasoconstriction, cardiac hypertrophy and adverse cardiac remodeling, improve clinical outcomes in patients with cardiac dysfunction and decrease mortality. Extensive experimental and clinical research over the past 35 years has revealed that the beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors in heart failure are associated with full or partial prevention of adverse cardiac remodeling. Since cardiac function is mainly determined by coordinated activities of different subcellular organelles, including sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and myofibrils, for regulating the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ and myocardial metabolism, there is ample evidence to suggest that adverse cardiac remodelling and cardiac dysfunction in the failing heart are the consequence of subcellular defects. In fact, the improvement of cardiac function by different ACE inhibitors has been demonstrated to be related to the attenuation of abnormalities in subcellular organelles for Ca2+-handling, metabolic alterations, signal transduction defects and gene expression changes in failing cardiomyocytes. Various ACE inhibitors have also been shown to delay the progression of heart failure by reducing the formation of angiotensin II, the development of oxidative stress, the level of inflammatory cytokines and the occurrence of subcellular defects. These observations support the view that ACE inhibitors improve cardiac function in the failing heart by multiple mechanisms including the reduction of oxidative stress, myocardial inflammation and Ca2+-handling abnormalities in cardiomyocytes.
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15
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Kumar V, Goyal A, Gupta JK. Role of ACE and ACE-2 in abrogated cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning in ovariectomized rat heart. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e19224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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16
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Kawanami D, Takashi Y, Muta Y, Oda N, Nagata D, Takahashi H, Tanabe M. Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:754239. [PMID: 34790127 PMCID: PMC8591525 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.754239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) worldwide. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) plays an important role in the development of DKD. A series of preclinical studies revealed that MR is overactivated under diabetic conditions, resulting in promoting inflammatory and fibrotic process in the kidney. Clinical studies demonstrated the usefulness of MR antagonists (MRAs), such as spironolactone and eplerenone, on DKD. However, concerns regarding their selectivity for MR and hyperkalemia have remained for these steroidal MRAs. Recently, nonsteroidal MRAs, including finerenone, have been developed. These agents are highly selective and have potent anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties with a low risk of hyperkalemia. We herein review the current knowledge and future perspectives of MRAs in DKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiji Kawanami
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Muta
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Oda
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Dai Nagata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makito Tanabe
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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17
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Balogh V, MacAskill MG, Hadoke PWF, Gray GA, Tavares AAS. Positron Emission Tomography Techniques to Measure Active Inflammation, Fibrosis and Angiogenesis: Potential for Non-invasive Imaging of Hypertensive Heart Failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:719031. [PMID: 34485416 PMCID: PMC8416043 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.719031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure, which is responsible for a high number of deaths worldwide, can develop due to chronic hypertension. Heart failure can involve and progress through several different pathways, including: fibrosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Early and specific detection of changes in the myocardium during the transition to heart failure can be made via the use of molecular imaging techniques, including positron emission tomography (PET). Traditional cardiovascular PET techniques, such as myocardial perfusion imaging and sympathetic innervation imaging, have been established at the clinical level but are often lacking in pathway and target specificity that is important for assessment of heart failure. Therefore, there is a need to identify new PET imaging markers of inflammation, fibrosis and angiogenesis that could aid diagnosis, staging and treatment of hypertensive heart failure. This review will provide an overview of key mechanisms underlying hypertensive heart failure and will present the latest developments in PET probes for detection of cardiovascular inflammation, fibrosis and angiogenesis. Currently, selective PET probes for detection of angiogenesis remain elusive but promising PET probes for specific targeting of inflammation and fibrosis are rapidly progressing into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Balogh
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Imaging, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark G MacAskill
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Imaging, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian A Gray
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adriana A S Tavares
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Imaging, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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18
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Yu B, Chen H, Guo XQ, Hua H, Guan Y, Cui F, Tian YM, Zhang HX, Zhang XJ, Zhang Y, Ma HJ. CIHH protects the heart against left ventricular remodelling and myocardial fibrosis by balancing the renin-angiotensin system in SHR. Life Sci 2021; 278:119540. [PMID: 33930369 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of our study was to clarify the cardioprotection of chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) and the underlying mechanism in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). MAIN METHODS Adult male rats were divided into normal blood pressure Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) control (WKY-CON), WKY rats with CIHH treatment (WKY-CIHH), SHR control (SHR-CON) and SHR with CIHH treatment (SHR-CIHH) groups. SHR-CIHH and WKY-CIHH rats were subjected to hypobaric hypoxia simulating 4000-m altitude for 35 days, 5 h per day. Arterial blood pressure and cardiac function parameters, including ejection fraction, fractional shortening and left ventricular (LV) wall thickness, were evaluated. Cardiac pathomorphology and myocardial fibrosis were determined. The expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2, Ang II, Ang1-7, AT1 receptor, Mas receptor, IL-6, TNF-α,IL-10, SOD and MDA were assayed in myocardium. KEY FINDINGS CIHH significantly decreased arterial blood pressure, alleviated LV hypertrophy, and improved cardiovascular function in SHR (P < 0.05-0.01). Also, CIHH protected SHR heart against morphological changes and fibrosis. In addition, CIHH significantly down-regulated the ACE/Ang II/AT1 receptor axis and up-regulated the ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas axis of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in SHR (P < 0.05-0.01). CIHH significantly reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and MDA levels, but increased IL-10 and SOD in SHR myocardium (P < 0.05-0.01). SIGNIFICANCE The CIHH treatment protected the heart of SHR against LV remodelling and myocardial fibrosis, which might be carried out through a balance in the ACE/Ang II/AT1 axis and the ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas axis of the RAS to reduce inflammation, and inhibit oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China; Department of Emergency, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 12 Health Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050011, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Coronary Care Unit, The Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, No.348, HepingWest Road, Hebei Province 050051, China
| | - Xin-Qi Guo
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China
| | - Hong Hua
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China
| | - Yue Guan
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China
| | - Fang Cui
- Department of Electron Microscope Laboratory Centre, Hebei Medical University, 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Yan-Ming Tian
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China
| | - Hua-Xing Zhang
- Core Facilities and Centers, Hebei Medical University, 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xiang-Jian Zhang
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.
| | - Hui-Jie Ma
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.
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19
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Miller RJH, Howlett JG, Fine NM. A Novel Approach to Medical Management of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction. Can J Cardiol 2021; 37:632-643. [PMID: 33453357 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of newly available medical therapies for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) has resulted in many potential therapeutic combinations, increasing treatment complexity. Publication of expert consensus guidelines and initiatives aimed to improve implementation of treatment has emphasized sequential stepwise initiation and titration of medical therapy, which is labour intensive. Data taken from heart failure registries show suboptimal use of medications, prolonged titration times, and consequently little change in dose intensity, all of which indicate therapeutic inertia. Recently published evidence indicates that 4 medication classes-renin-angiotensin-neprilysin inhibitors, β-blockers, mineralocorticoid antagonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors-which we refer to as Foundational Therapy, confer rapid and robust reduction in both morbidity and mortality in most patients with HFrEF and that they work in additive fashion. Additional morbidity and mortality may be observed following addition of several personalized therapies in specific subgroups of patients. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of action of these therapies and propose a framework for their implementation, based on several principles. These include the critical importance of rapid initiation of all 4 Foundational Therapies followed by their titration to target doses, emphasis on multiple simultaneous drug changes with each patient encounter, attention to patient-specific factors in choice of medication class, leveraging inpatient care, use of the entire health care team, and alternative (ie, virtual visits) modes of care. We have incorporated these principles into a Cluster Scheme designed to facilitate timely and optimal medical treatment for patients with HFrEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J H Miller
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan G Howlett
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Nowell M Fine
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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20
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Marquez A, Wysocki J, Pandit J, Batlle D. An update on ACE2 amplification and its therapeutic potential. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13513. [PMID: 32469114 PMCID: PMC7267104 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of variety of diseases. Targeting the formation and action of angiotensin II (Ang II), the main RAS peptide, has been the key therapeutic target for last three decades. ACE‐related carboxypeptidase (ACE2), a monocarboxypeptidase that had been discovered 20 years ago, is one of the catalytically most potent enzymes known to degrade Ang II to Ang‐(1‐7), a peptide that is increasingly accepted to have organ‐protective properties that oppose and counterbalance those of Ang II. In addition to its role as a RAS enzyme ACE2 is the main receptor for SARS‐CoV‐2. In this review, we discuss various strategies that have been used to achieve amplification of ACE2 activity including the potential therapeutic potential of soluble recombinant ACE2 protein and novel shorter ACE2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Marquez
- Feinberg Medical SchoolNorthwestern University Chicago IL USA
- Department of Medicine Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Chicago IL USA
| | - Jan Wysocki
- Feinberg Medical SchoolNorthwestern University Chicago IL USA
- Department of Medicine Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Chicago IL USA
| | - Jay Pandit
- Feinberg Medical SchoolNorthwestern University Chicago IL USA
- Department of Medicine Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Chicago IL USA
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Feinberg Medical SchoolNorthwestern University Chicago IL USA
- Department of Medicine Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Chicago IL USA
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21
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Rodriguez-Gonzalez M, Lubian-Gutierrez M, Cascales-Poyatos HM, Perez-Reviriego AA, Castellano-Martinez A. Role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Dystrophin-Deficient Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010356. [PMID: 33396334 PMCID: PMC7796305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystrophin-deficient cardiomyopathy (DDC) is currently the leading cause of death in patients with dystrophinopathies. Targeting myocardial fibrosis (MF) has become a major therapeutic goal in order to prevent the occurrence of DDC. We aimed to review and summarize the current evidence about the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the development and perpetuation of MF in DCC. We conducted a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed English literature on PubMed about this subject. We found increasing preclinical evidence from studies in animal models during the last 20 years pointing out a central role of RAAS in the development of MF in DDC. Local tissue RAAS acts directly mainly through its main fibrotic component angiotensin II (ANG2) and its transducer receptor (AT1R) and downstream TGF-b pathway. Additionally, it modulates the actions of most of the remaining pro-fibrotic factors involved in DDC. Despite limited clinical evidence, RAAS blockade constitutes the most studied, available and promising therapeutic strategy against MF and DDC. Conclusion: Based on the evidence reviewed, it would be recommendable to start RAAS blockade therapy through angiotensin converter enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or AT1R blockers (ARBs) alone or in combination with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRa) at the youngest age after the diagnosis of dystrophinopathies, in order to delay the occurrence or slow the progression of MF, even before the detection of any cardiovascular alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moises Rodriguez-Gonzalez
- Pediatric Cardiology Division of Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-956002700
| | - Manuel Lubian-Gutierrez
- Pediatric Neurology Division of Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Pediatric Division of Doctor Cayetano Roldan Primary Care Center, 11100 San Fernando, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Castellano-Martinez
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Pediatric Nephrology Division of Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
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22
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Muhanna D, Arnipalli SR, Kumar SB, Ziouzenkova O. Osmotic Adaptation by Na +-Dependent Transporters and ACE2: Correlation with Hemostatic Crisis in COVID-19. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E460. [PMID: 33142989 PMCID: PMC7693583 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 symptoms, including hypokalemia, hypoalbuminemia, ageusia, neurological dysfunctions, D-dimer production, and multi-organ microthrombosis reach beyond effects attributed to impaired angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) signaling and elevated concentrations of angiotensin II (Ang II). Although both SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) and SARS-CoV-2 utilize ACE2 for host entry, distinct COVID-19 pathogenesis coincides with the acquisition of a new sequence, which is homologous to the furin cleavage site of the human epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). This review provides a comprehensive summary of the role of ACE2 in the assembly of Na+-dependent transporters of glucose, imino and neutral amino acids, as well as the functions of ENaC. Data support an osmotic adaptation mechanism in which osmotic and hemostatic instability induced by Ang II-activated ENaC is counterbalanced by an influx of organic osmolytes and Na+ through the ACE2 complex. We propose a paradigm for the two-site attack of SARS-CoV-2 leading to ENaC hyperactivation and inactivation of the ACE2 complex, which collapses cell osmolality and leads to rupture and/or necrotic death of swollen pulmonary, endothelial, and cardiac cells, thrombosis in infected and non-infected tissues, and aberrant sensory and neurological perception in COVID-19 patients. This dual mechanism employed by SARS-CoV-2 calls for combinatorial treatment strategies to address and prevent severe complications of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ouliana Ziouzenkova
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (D.M.); (S.R.A.); (S.B.K.)
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23
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Chen L, Hao G. The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in coronaviruses/influenza viruses and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:1932-1936. [PMID: 32267499 PMCID: PMC7184394 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has emerged as a key regulator of the renin–angiotensin system in cardiovascular (CV) disease and plays a pivotal role in infections by coronaviruses and influenza viruses. The present review is primarily focused on the findings to indicate the role of ACE2 in the relationship of coronaviruses and influenza viruses to CV disease. It is postulated that the risk of coronavirus or influenza virus infection is high, at least partly due to high ACE2 expression in populations with a high CV risk. Coronavirus and influenza virus vaccine usage in high CV risk populations could be a potential strategy to prevent both CV disease and coronavirus/influenza virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Guang Hao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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24
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Tajbakhsh A, Gheibi Hayat SM, Taghizadeh H, Akbari A, Inabadi M, Savardashtaki A, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. COVID-19 and cardiac injury: clinical manifestations, biomarkers, mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment, and follow up. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:345-357. [PMID: 32921216 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1822737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has the characteristics of high transmission, diverse clinical manifestations, and a long incubation period. In addition to infecting the respiratory system, COVID-19 also has adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. COVID-19 causes acute myocardial injuries, as well as chronic damage to the cardiovascular system. AREAS COVERED The present review is aimed at providing current information on COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, and Google Scholar were searched. EXPERT OPINION It is suggested that heart injury caused by COVID-19 infection might be an important cause of severe clinical phenotypes or adverse events in affected patients. Myocardial damage is closely related to the severity of the disease and even the prognosis in patients with COVID-19. In addition to disorders that are caused by COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system, more protection should be employed for patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease (CVD). Hence, it is very important that once relevant symptoms appear, patients with COVID-19 be rapidly treated to reduce mortality. Thus, early measurements of cardiac damage via biomarkers following hospitalization for COVID-19 infections in a patient with preexisting CVD are recommended, together with careful monitoring of any myocardial injury that might be caused by the infection.Abbreviations: ICU: An intensive care unit; 2019-nCoV: 2019 novel coronavirus; ACEI: ACE inhibitor; ACS: Acute coronary syndrome; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; AT1R: Ang II type 1 receptor; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; ACC: American College of Cardiology; ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme; Ang II: Angiotensin II; ARB: Angiotensin II receptor blocker; AV block: Atrioventricular block; CAD: Coronary artery disease; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; CT: Computerized tomography; CHF: Congestive heart failure; CHD: Coronary heart disease; CK-MB: Creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB; CRP: C-reactive protein; cTnI: Cardiac troponin I; EAT: Epicardial adipose tissue; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; G-CSF: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; HFrEF: HF with a reduced ejection fraction; synhACE2: Human isoform of ACE2; IL: Interleukin; IABP: Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation; IP10: Interferon γ-induced protein 10 kDa; LPC: Lysophosphatidylcholine; Mas: Mitochondrial assembly receptor; MCP1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MERS: Middle East respiratory syndrome; MIP1a: macrophage inflammatory protein 1a: MOF: Multiple organ failure; MI: Myocardial infarction; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; MYO: Myohe-moglobin; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; PCPS: Percutaneous cardiopulmonary assistance; rhACE2: Recombinant human ACE2; SARS: Severe acute respiratory syndrome; Th: T helper; RAS: Renin-angiotensin system; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; WHO: World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibi Hayat
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hajar Taghizadeh
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbari
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Inabadi
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom Branch, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies' Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
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25
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Samidurai A, Das A. Cardiovascular Complications Associated with COVID-19 and Potential Therapeutic~Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186790. [PMID: 32947927 PMCID: PMC7554795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease with severe acute respiratory syndrome, has now become a worldwide pandemic. Despite the respiratory complication, COVID-19 is also associated with significant multiple organ dysfunction, including severe cardiac impairment. Emerging evidence reveals a direct interplay between COVID-19 and dire cardiovascular complications, including myocardial injury, heart failure, heart attack, myocarditis, arrhythmias as well as blood clots, which are accompanied with elevated risk and adverse outcome among infected patients, even sudden death. The proposed pathophysiological mechanisms of myocardial impairment include invasion of SARS-CoV-2 virus via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 to cardiovascular cells/tissue, which leads to endothelial inflammation and dysfunction, de-stabilization of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, stent thrombosis, cardiac stress due to diminish oxygen supply and cardiac muscle damage, and myocardial infarction. Several promising therapeutics are under investigation to the overall prognosis of COVID-19 patients with high risk of cardiovascular impairment, nevertheless to date, none have shown proven clinical efficacy. In this comprehensive review, we aimed to highlight the current integrated therapeutic approaches for COVID-19 and we summarized the potential therapeutic options, currently under clinical trials, with their mechanisms of action and associated adverse cardiac events in highly infectious COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anindita Das
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-804-628-5519; Fax: +1-804-828-8700
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26
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Wang H, Varagic J, Nagata S, Kon ND, Ahmad S, VonCannon JL, Wright KN, Sun X, Deal D, Groban L, Ferrario CM. Differential Expression of the Angiotensin-(1-12)/Chymase Axis in Human Atrial Tissue. J Surg Res 2020; 253:173-184. [PMID: 32361612 PMCID: PMC7384956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart chymase rather than angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme has higher specificity for Ang I conversion into Ang II in humans. A new pathway for direct cardiac Ang II generation has been revealed through the demonstration that Ang-(1-12) is cleaved by chymase to generate Ang II directly. Herein, we address whether Ang-(1-12), chymase messenger RNA (mRNA), and activity levels can be differentiated in human atrial tissue from normal and diseased hearts and if these measures associate with various pathologic heart conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Atrial appendages were collected from 11 nonfailing donor hearts and 111 patients undergoing heart surgery for the correction of valvular heart disease, resistant atrial fibrillation, or ischemic heart disease. Chymase mRNA was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzymatic activity by high-performance liquid chromatography using Ang-(1-12) as the substrate. Ang-(1-12) levels were determined by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Chymase gene transcripts, chymase activity, and immunoreactive Ang-(1-12) expression levels were higher in left atrial tissue compared with right atrial tissue, irrespective of cardiac disease. In addition, left atrial chymase mRNA expression was significantly higher in stroke versus nonstroke patients and in cardiac surgery patients who had a history of postoperative atrial fibrillation versus nonatrial fibrillation. Correlation analysis showed that left atrial chymase mRNA was positively related to left atrial enlargement, as determined by echocardiography. CONCLUSIONS As Ang-(1-12) expression and chymase gene transcripts and enzymatic activity levels were positively linked to left atrial size in patients with left ventricular heart disease, an important alternate Ang II forming pathway, via Ang-(1-12) and chymase, in maladaptive atrial and ventricular remodeling in humans is uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
| | - Jasmina Varagic
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sayaka Nagata
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Neal D Kon
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jessica L VonCannon
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kendra N Wright
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Xuming Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Dwight Deal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Leanne Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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27
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Chen P, Yang F, Wang W, Li X, Liu D, Zhang Y, Yin G, Lv F, Guo Z, Mehta JL, Wang X. Liraglutide Attenuates Myocardial Fibrosis via Inhibition of AT1R-Mediated ROS Production in Hypertensive Mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2020; 26:179-188. [PMID: 32686479 DOI: 10.1177/1074248420942007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide has been reported to exert cardioprotective effects, but its effect on cardiac fibrosis remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of liraglutide on cardiac fibrosis and potential mechanisms. METHODS C57BL/6 mice (3-month old) were randomly divided into control, hypertension, and hypertension + liraglutide groups. The hypertensive state was created by infusion of Ang II (100 ng/kg·min) for 4 weeks through subcutaneously implanted osmotic pumps. The control mice were infused with saline. Mice were also given vehicle or liraglutide (400 μg/kg·day). Blood pressure (BP), blood sugar, myocardial fibrosis, AT1R expression, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured. To further elucidate the mechanisms of fibrosis, mouse cardiac fibroblasts were isolated and treated with liraglutide (300 nM/L) or losartan (10 μM) for 3 hours, followed by Ang II (10-7 M) for additional 12 hours. Reactive oxygen species production and expressions of collagen-1 and -3 were measured. RESULTS Liraglutide reduced BP and blood sugar but did not affect the body weight of the hypertensive mice. Liraglutide also inhibited collagen accumulation, AT1R expression, and ROS generation in the hearts of the hypertensive mice. In in vitro studies, pretreatment with liraglutide and losartan (as control) markedly inhibited Ang II-induced ROS production and collagen expression in the cultured cardiac fibroblasts. CONCLUSION Liraglutide reduces myocardial fibrosis in the hypertensive mice, which appears to be dependent on at least in part inhibition of ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fen Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenya Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Dongling Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yongxi Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Guotian Yin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fenghua Lv
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Zhikun Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, 91593Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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28
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Kalra RS, Tomar D, Meena AS, Kandimalla R. SARS-CoV-2, ACE2, and Hydroxychloroquine: Cardiovascular Complications, Therapeutics, and Clinical Readouts in the Current Settings. Pathogens 2020; 9:E546. [PMID: 32645974 PMCID: PMC7400328 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapidly evolving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2- SARS-CoV-2), has greatly burdened the global healthcare system and led it into crisis in several countries. Lack of targeted therapeutics led to the idea of repurposing broad-spectrum drugs for viral intervention. In vitro analyses of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)'s anecdotal benefits prompted its widespread clinical repurposing globally. Reports of emerging cardiovascular complications due to its clinical prescription are revealing the crucial role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which serves as a target receptor for SARS-CoV-2. In the present settings, a clear understanding of these targets, their functional aspects and physiological impact on cardiovascular function are critical. In an up-to-date format, we shed light on HCQ's anecdotal function in stalling SARS-CoV-2 replication and immunomodulatory activities. While starting with the crucial role of ACE2, we here discuss the impact of HCQ on systemic cardiovascular function, its associated risks, and the scope of HCQ-based regimes in current clinical settings. Citing the extent of HCQ efficacy, the key considerations and recommendations for the use of HCQ in clinics are further discussed. Taken together, this review provides crucial insights into the role of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2-led cardiovascular activity, and concurrently assesses the efficacy of HCQ in contemporary clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Singh Kalra
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational & Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305 8565, Japan
| | - Dhanendra Tomar
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Avtar Singh Meena
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Habsiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, Telangana State, India;
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana State, India;
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal 506007, Telangana State, India
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Manavalan B, Basith S, Shin TH, Wei L, Lee G. mAHTPred: a sequence-based meta-predictor for improving the prediction of anti-hypertensive peptides using effective feature representation. Bioinformatics 2020; 35:2757-2765. [PMID: 30590410 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of death globally accounting for approximately 17.7 million deaths per year. One of the stakes linked with cardiovascular diseases and other complications is hypertension. Naturally derived bioactive peptides with antihypertensive activities serve as promising alternatives to pharmaceutical drugs. So far, there is no comprehensive analysis, assessment of diverse features and implementation of various machine-learning (ML) algorithms applied for antihypertensive peptide (AHTP) model construction. RESULTS In this study, we utilized six different ML algorithms, namely, Adaboost, extremely randomized tree (ERT), gradient boosting (GB), k-nearest neighbor, random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) using 51 feature descriptors derived from eight different feature encodings for the prediction of AHTPs. While ERT-based trained models performed consistently better than other algorithms regardless of various feature descriptors, we treated them as baseline predictors, whose predicted probability of AHTPs was further used as input features separately for four different ML-algorithms (ERT, GB, RF and SVM) and developed their corresponding meta-predictors using a two-step feature selection protocol. Subsequently, the integration of four meta-predictors through an ensemble learning approach improved the balanced prediction performance and model robustness on the independent dataset. Upon comparison with existing methods, mAHTPred showed superior performance with an overall improvement of approximately 6-7% in both benchmarking and independent datasets. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The user-friendly online prediction tool, mAHTPred is freely accessible at http://thegleelab.org/mAHTPred. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaherin Basith
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Shin
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Leyi Wei
- School of Computer Science and Technology, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gwang Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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30
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Szczepanska-Sadowska E, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A, Sadowski B. Differential role of specific cardiovascular neuropeptides in pain regulation: Relevance to cardiovascular diseases. Neuropeptides 2020; 81:102046. [PMID: 32284215 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In many instances, the perception of pain is disproportionate to the strength of the algesic stimulus. Excessive or inadequate pain sensation is frequently observed in cardiovascular diseases, especially in coronary ischemia. The mechanisms responsible for individual differences in the perception of cardiovascular pain are not well recognized. Cardiovascular disorders may provoke pain in multiple ways engaging molecules released locally in the heart due to tissue ischemia, inflammation or cellular stress, and through neurogenic and endocrine mechanisms brought into action by hemodynamic disturbances. Cardiovascular neuropeptides, namely angiotensin II (Ang II), angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], vasopressin, oxytocin, and orexins belong to this group. Although participation of these peptides in the regulation of circulation and pain has been firmly established, their mutual interaction in the regulation of pain in cardiovascular diseases has not been profoundly analyzed. In the present review we discuss the regulation of the release, and mechanisms of the central and systemic actions of these peptides on the cardiovascular system in the context of their central and peripheral nociceptive (Ang II) and antinociceptive [Ang-(1-7), vasopressin, oxytocin, orexins] properties. We also consider the possibility that they may play a significant role in the modulation of pain in cardiovascular diseases. The rationale for focusing attention on these very compounds was based on the following premises (1) cardiovascular disturbances influence the release of these peptides (2) they regulate vascular tone and cardiac function and can influence the intensity of ischemia - the factor initiating pain signals in the cardiovascular system, (3) they differentially modulate nociception through peripheral and central mechanisms, and their effect strongly depends on specific receptors and site of action. Accordingly, an altered release of these peptides and/or pharmacological blockade of their receptors may have a significant but different impact on individual sensation of pain and comfort of an individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczepanska-Sadowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bogdan Sadowski
- School of Engineering and Health, Bitwy Warszawskiej 1920 r. 18, Warsaw, Poland
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31
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Cao DY, Saito S, Veiras LC, Okwan-Duodu D, Bernstein EA, Giani JF, Bernstein KE, Khan Z. Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme in myeloid cell immune responses. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:31. [PMID: 32508938 PMCID: PMC7249647 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a dicarboxypeptidase, plays a major role in the regulation of blood pressure by cleaving angiotensin I into angiotensin II (Ang II), a potent vasoconstrictor. Because of its wide substrate specificity and tissue distribution, ACE affects many diverse biological processes. In inflammatory diseases, including granuloma, atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease and bacterial infection, ACE expression gets upregulated in immune cells, especially in myeloid cells. With increasing evidences connecting ACE functions to the pathogenesis of these acquired diseases, it is suggested that ACE plays a vital role in immune functions. Recent studies with mouse models of bacterial infection and tumor suggest that ACE plays an important role in the immune responses of myeloid cells. Inhibition of ACE suppresses neutrophil immune response to bacterial infection. In contrast, ACE overexpression in myeloid cells strongly induced bacterial and tumor resistance in mice. A detailed biochemical understanding of how ACE activates myeloid cells and which ACE peptide(s) (substrate or product) mediate these effects could lead to the development of novel therapies for boosting immunity against a variety of stimuli, including bacterial infection and tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo-Yao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Luciana C Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Res. Bldg., Rm. 2014, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Res. Bldg., Rm. 2014, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Res. Bldg., Rm. 2014, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Res. Bldg., Rm. 2014, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
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32
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Gilbert G, Demydenko K, Dries E, Puertas RD, Jin X, Sipido K, Roderick HL. Calcium Signaling in Cardiomyocyte Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a035428. [PMID: 31308143 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rhythmic increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration underlie the contractile function of the heart. These heart muscle-wide changes in intracellular Ca2+ are induced and coordinated by electrical depolarization of the cardiomyocyte sarcolemma by the action potential. Originating at the sinoatrial node, conduction of this electrical signal throughout the heart ensures synchronization of individual myocytes into an effective cardiac pump. Ca2+ signaling pathways also regulate gene expression and cardiomyocyte growth during development and in pathology. These fundamental roles of Ca2+ in the heart are illustrated by the prevalence of altered Ca2+ homeostasis in cardiovascular diseases. Indeed, heart failure (an inability of the heart to support hemodynamic needs), rhythmic disturbances, and inappropriate cardiac growth all share an involvement of altered Ca2+ handling. The prevalence of these pathologies, contributing to a third of all deaths in the developed world as well as to substantial morbidity makes understanding the mechanisms of Ca2+ handling and dysregulation in cardiomyocytes of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gilbert
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kateryna Demydenko
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eef Dries
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rosa Doñate Puertas
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xin Jin
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karin Sipido
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Llewelyn Roderick
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Sansoè G, Aragno M, Wong F. Pathways of hepatic and renal damage through non-classical activation of the renin-angiotensin system in chronic liver disease. Liver Int 2020; 40:18-31. [PMID: 31580514 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In liver cirrhosis, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation sustains renal sodium retention and hepatic fibrogenesis. New information has recently enlivened the traditional concept of RAS. For instance, renin and prorenin bind their ubiquitous receptors, resulting in the local production of angiotensin (Ang) II; increased serum calcium and calcimimetic agents, through stimulation of extracellular calcium-sensing receptors (CaSR), blunt renin production and lead to natriuretic effects in human and experimental cirrhosis. Alongside systemic production, there is Ang II tissue production within various organs through RAS enzymes different from angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), that is chymase, tissue plasminogen activator and several cathepsins. In experimental cirrhosis, inhibition of chymase leads to natriuretic and hepatic antifibrotic effects, without changes in systemic haemodynamics. In the kidney, local RAS coordinates proximal and distal tubular sodium reabsorption. However, renalase, whose plasma and tissue levels are severely altered in experimental cirrhosis, degrades systemic and renal tubule catecholamines, antagonizing the effects of renal RAS. Angiotensinogen-derived natriuretic and vasodilating peptides (Ang1-9, Ang1-7, Ang3-8) and their receptors have been described. Receptor agonists or antagonists are available to affect portal hypertension and sodium retention in cirrhosis. ACE2-dependent generation of Ang1-7 may inhibit experimental liver fibrosis. inhibition of Ang1-7 clearance by means of neprilysin blockade has portal hypotensive and natriuretic effects. Ang1-12, whose production renin does not regulate, is converted to several different angiotensin peptides via chymase. Finally, Ang II behaves as either an antinatriuretic or a natriuretic agent, based on the tissue content of AT1 R and AT2 R receptors, their ratio being prone to pharmacological modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sansoè
- Division of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Manuela Aragno
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Florence Wong
- Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Shigemura N, Takai S, Hirose F, Yoshida R, Sanematsu K, Ninomiya Y. Expression of Renin-Angiotensin System Components in the Taste Organ of Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092251. [PMID: 31546789 PMCID: PMC6770651 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The systemic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important regulator of body fluid and sodium homeostasis. Angiotensin II (AngII) is a key active product of the RAS. We previously revealed that circulating AngII suppresses amiloride-sensitive salt taste responses and enhances the responses to sweet compounds via the AngII type 1 receptor (AT1) expressed in taste cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of taste function by AngII remain uncharacterized. Here we examined the expression of three RAS components, namely renin, angiotensinogen, and angiotensin-converting enzyme-1 (ACE1), in mouse taste tissues. We found that all three RAS components were present in the taste buds of fungiform and circumvallate papillae and co-expressed with αENaC (epithelial sodium channel α-subunit, a salt taste receptor) or T1R3 (taste receptor type 1 member 3, a sweet taste receptor component). Water-deprived mice exhibited significantly increased levels of renin expression in taste cells (p < 0.05). These results indicate the existence of a local RAS in the taste organ and suggest that taste function may be regulated by both locally-produced and circulating AngII. Such integrated modulation of peripheral taste sensitivity by AngII may play an important role in sodium/calorie homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriatsu Shigemura
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
- Division of Sensory Physiology, Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Shingo Takai
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Fumie Hirose
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Division of Oral Health, Growth, and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Ryusuke Yoshida
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Sanematsu
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
- Division of Sensory Physiology, Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Yuzo Ninomiya
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
- Division of Sensory Physiology, Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Yan W, Abu-El-Rub E, Saravanan S, Kirshenbaum LA, Arora RC, Dhingra S. Inflammation in myocardial injury: mesenchymal stem cells as potential immunomodulators. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H213-H225. [PMID: 31125258 PMCID: PMC6732476 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00065.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is a growing worldwide epidemic. Improvements in medical and surgical therapies have reduced early mortality after acute myocardial infarction and increased the number of patients living with chronic heart failure. The irreversible loss of functional cardiomyocytes puts these patients at significant risk of ongoing morbidity and mortality after their index event. Recent evidence suggests that inflammation is a key mediator of postinfarction adverse remodeling in the heart. In this review, we discuss the cardioprotective and deleterious effects of inflammation and its mediators during acute myocardial infarction. We also explore the role of mesenchymal stem cell therapy to limit secondary injury and promote myocardial healing after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiang Yan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Saint Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
| | - Ejlal Abu-El-Rub
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Saint Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
| | - Sekaran Saravanan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Bioengineering, SASTRA University , Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Lorrie A Kirshenbaum
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Saint Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
| | - Rakesh C Arora
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Saint Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
| | - Sanjiv Dhingra
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Saint Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
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Kilic A, Ustunova S, Usta C, Bulut H, Meral I, Demirci Tansel C, Gurel Gurevin E. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor blocker PD123319 has more beneficial effects than losartan on ischemia-reperfusion injury and oxidative damage in isolated rat heart. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:1124-1131. [PMID: 31361968 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Our study aimed to determine the effects of losartan and PD123319 in ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in isolated perfused rat heart. The study used 40 male Wistar albino rats that were grouped as Control, IR, and IR treatment groups that received losartan (20 mg/kg), PD123319 (20 mg/kg), and losartan+PD123319. The hearts were attached to Langendorff isolated heart system by employing in situ cannulation method, and cardiodynamic parameters were recorded during the experiment. At the end of experiment, hearts were retained for biochemical analysis and all data were statistically evaluated. A partial recovery of cardiodynamic parameters was observed in all treatment groups. A significant increase in oxidative stress parameters were seen in the IR group, whereas all treatment groups exhibited lower increase. Furthermore, levels of all antioxidant parameters were significantly lower in the IR group, but higher in the treatment groups. Effects on all parameters were much more remarkable in the PD123319 group. Levels of angiotensin II and renin were increased (P < 0.001) with IR application and decreased (P < 0.001) with the treatment of both antagonists. In conclusion, treatment of losartan and PD123319 played a cardioprotective role against IR injury, PD123319 being more effective in this protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysu Kilic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Savas Ustunova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cansu Usta
- Institute of Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering, Istanbul University, 34134 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huri Bulut
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Meral
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cihan Demirci Tansel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Gurel Gurevin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
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Radiological assessment of effectiveness of soluble RAGE in attenuating Angiotensin II-induced LVH mouse model using in vivo 9.4T MRI. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8475. [PMID: 31186521 PMCID: PMC6559980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44933-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effectiveness of soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (sRAGE) in attenuating angiotensin II (AngII)-induced left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) using in vivo 9.4T cine-magnetic resonance imaging (CINE-MRI). Mice were divided into four groups: AngII (n = 9), saline (n = 10), sRAGE (n = 10), and AngII + sRAGE (n = 10). CINE-MRI was performed in each group after administration of the AngII or sRAGE, and CINE-MR images were analyzed to obtain parameters indicating cardiac anatomical and functional changes including end-diastolic and end-systolic blood volume, end-diastolic and end-systolic myocardial volume, ejection fraction, end-diastolic and end-systolic myocardial mass, and LV wall thickness. LVH observed in AngII group was significantly attenuated by sRAGE. These trends were also observed in histological analysis, demonstrating that cardiac function tracking using in vivo and real-time 9.4T MR imaging provides valuable information about the cardiac remodeling induced by AngII and sRAGE in an AngII-induced LV hypertrophy mice model.
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Jaimes L, Vinet R, Knox M, Morales B, Benites J, Laurido C, Martínez JL. A Review of the Actions of Endogenous and Exogenous Vasoactive Substances during the Estrous Cycle and Pregnancy in Rats. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E288. [PMID: 31146394 PMCID: PMC6617363 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelium plays a key role in regulating cardiovascular homeostasis by controlling the vascular tone. Variations in sex hormones during the reproductive cycle of females affect the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. Also, the evidence shows that estrogens show a cardioprotective effect. On this basis, this study describes some vascular responses induced by vasoactive substances during the estrous cycle in rats. We obtained the information available on this topic from the online databases that included scientific articles published in the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scielo. Many investigations have evaluated the vasoactive response of substances such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine during the estrous cycle. In this review, we specifically described the vascular response to vasoactive substances in rats during the estrous cycle, pregnancy, and in ovariectomized rats. In addition, we discussed the existence of different signaling pathways that modulate vascular function. The knowledge of these effects is relevant for the optimization and development of new treatments for some vascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisauris Jaimes
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University de Santiago de Chile, Estación Central 9160020, Chile; (L.J.); (B.M.)
| | - Raúl Vinet
- CMBi, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile; (R.V.); (M.K.)
- Regional Centre for Studies in Food and Health (CREAS, Grant R17A10001), Valparaíso 2362696, Chile
| | - Marcela Knox
- CMBi, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile; (R.V.); (M.K.)
| | - Bernardo Morales
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University de Santiago de Chile, Estación Central 9160020, Chile; (L.J.); (B.M.)
| | - Julio Benites
- Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1100000, Chile;
| | - Claudio Laurido
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University de Santiago de Chile, Estación Central 9160020, Chile; (L.J.); (B.M.)
| | - José L. Martínez
- Vice Chancellor of Investigation, Development and Innovation, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Estación Central 9160020, Chile
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Pharmacological properties of marine macroalgae-associated heterotrophic bacteria. Arch Microbiol 2018; 201:505-518. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang Y, Huang X, Ma Z, Wang Y, Chen X, Gao Y. Ophiopogonin D alleviates cardiac hypertrophy in rat by upregulating CYP2J3 in vitro and suppressing inflammation in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1011-1019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Szczepanska-Sadowska E, Czarzasta K, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A. Dysregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin System and the Vasopressinergic System Interactions in Cardiovascular Disorders. Curr Hypertens Rep 2018; 20:19. [PMID: 29556787 PMCID: PMC5859051 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-018-0823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review In many instances, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the vasopressinergic system (VPS) are jointly activated by the same stimuli and engaged in the regulation of the same processes. Recent Findings Angiotensin II (Ang II) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), which are the main active compounds of the RAS and the VPS, interact at several levels. Firstly, Ang II, acting on AT1 receptors (AT1R), plays a significant role in the release of AVP from vasopressinergic neurons and AVP, stimulating V1a receptors (V1aR), regulates the release of renin in the kidney. Secondly, Ang II and AVP, acting on AT1R and V1aR, respectively, exert vasoconstriction, increase cardiac contractility, stimulate the sympathoadrenal system, and elevate blood pressure. At the same time, they act antagonistically in the regulation of blood pressure by baroreflex. Thirdly, the cooperative action of Ang II acting on AT1R and AVP stimulating both V1aR and V2 receptors in the kidney is necessary for the appropriate regulation of renal blood flow and the efficient resorption of sodium and water. Furthermore, both peptides enhance the release of aldosterone and potentiate its action in the renal tubules. Summary In this review, we (1) point attention to the role of the cooperative action of Ang II and AVP for the regulation of blood pressure and the water-electrolyte balance under physiological conditions, (2) present the subcellular mechanisms underlying interactions of these two peptides, and (3) provide evidence that dysregulation of the cooperative action of Ang II and AVP significantly contributes to the development of disturbances in the regulation of blood pressure and the water-electrolyte balance in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczepanska-Sadowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Czarzasta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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Jesus ICGD, Scalzo S, Alves F, Marques K, Rocha-Resende C, Bader M, Santos RAS, Guatimosim S. Alamandine acts via MrgD to induce AMPK/NO activation against ANG II hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 314:C702-C711. [PMID: 29443552 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00153.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. New members of this system have been characterized and shown to have biologically relevant actions. Alamandine and its receptor MrgD are recently identified components of RAS. In the cardiovascular system, alamandine actions included vasodilation, antihypertensive, and antifibrosis effects. Currently, the actions of alamandine on cardiomyocytes are unknown. Here our goal was twofold: 1) to unravel the signaling molecules activated by the alamandine/MrgD axis in cardiomyocytes; and 2) to evaluate the ability of this axis to prevent angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertrophy. In cardiomyocytes from C57BL/6 mice, alamandine treatment induced an increase in nitric oxide (NO) production, which was blocked by d-Pro7-ANG-(1-7), a MrgD antagonist. This NO rise correlated with increased phosphorylation of AMPK. Alamandine-induced NO production was preserved in Mas-/- myocytes and lost in MrgD-/- cells. Binding of fluorescent-labeled alamandine was observed in wild-type cells, but it was dramatically reduced in MrgD-/- myocytes. We also assessed the consequences of prolonged alamandine exposure to cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) treated with ANG II. Treatment of NRCMs with alamandine prevented ANG II-induced hypertrophy. Moreover, the antihypertrophic actions of alamandine were mediated via MrgD and NO, since they could be prevented by d-Pro7-ANG-(1-7) or inhibitors of NO synthase or AMPK. β-Alanine, a MrgD agonist, recapitulated alamandine's cardioprotective effects in cardiomyocytes. Our data show that alamandine via MrgD induces AMPK/NO signaling to counterregulate ANG II-induced hypertrophy. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of the alamandine/MrgD axis in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Couto Guedes de Jesus
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Sérgio Scalzo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Fabiana Alves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Kariny Marques
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Cibele Rocha-Resende
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Robson A Souza Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Silvia Guatimosim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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Fakhruddin S, Alanazi WA, Alhamami HN, Briski KP, Jackson KE. Hyperglycaemia induced by chronic i.p. and oral glucose loading leads to hypertension through increased Na + retention in proximal tubule. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:236-249. [PMID: 29114945 DOI: 10.1113/ep086604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of the study? Chronic glucose feeding accompanied by glucose injection (i.p.) causes sustained hyperglycaemia and hypertension in rats. The exact reason for the hypertension is not known. We explore some molecular pathways of the renal proximal tubule that might promote Na+ retention. What is the main finding and its importance? Development of hypertension was mediated by upregulation of the renal renin-angiotensin system and oxidative stress, acting via the Na+ -K+ -ATPase α1 -subunit in the proximal tubule, which appears to pump intracellular Na+ into the extracellular space, increasing Na+ reabsorption and blood pressure. Targeting the Na+ -K+ -ATPase α1 -subunit might provide a therapeutic strategy for treatment of hypertension. Feeding animals glucose-, fructose-, sucrose- and fat-enriched diets can lead to diet-induced hyperglycaemia, the severity of which largely depends on the types and concentrations of the nutrients used and duration of the dietary intervention. As a dietary intervention strategy, we adopted glucose-enriched diet and drinking water, with i.p. glucose injection at a dose previously determined to be effective to establish a sustained hyperglycaemia over a period of 2 weeks. We used four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats: control; glucose treated; glucose plus tempol treated; and glucose plus captopril treated. Blood glucose concentrations started to increase gradually from day 3, peaked (321 mg dl-1 ) at day 12 and remained at similar levels until the end of the study on day 14 in the glucose treated-group compared with the control group. In contrast, the tempol- and captopril-treated groups showed significantly high glucose concentrations only in the second week. The plasma insulin concentration was significantly increased in glucose-treated animals but not in tempol- and captopril-treated groups when compared with the control rats. We also observed elevated blood pressure in the glucose-treated group compared with the control group, which can be attributed to the increase in angiotensin II concentrations from 46.67 to 99 pg ml-1 (control versus glucose), increased oxidative stress in the cortical proximal tubule (PT), decreased urine flow, and increased expression and activity of the PT-specific α1 -subunit of Na+ -K+ -ATPase in the renal cortex, which is responsible for increased sodium reabsorption from epithelial cells of PT into the peritubular capillaries, leading to increased blood volume and eventual blood pressure. All these events were reversed in captopril- and tempol-treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Fakhruddin
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe (ULM), Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Wael A Alanazi
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe (ULM), Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Hussain N Alhamami
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe (ULM), Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Karen P Briski
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe (ULM), Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Keith E Jackson
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe (ULM), Monroe, LA, USA
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Xue L, Wang X, Hu Z, Wu Z, Wang L, Wang H, Yang M. Identification and characterization of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide derived from bovine casein. Peptides 2018; 99:161-168. [PMID: 28987277 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we identified a novel angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide, YQKFPQYLQY (YQK), derived from bovine casein. Casein was hydrolyzed using pepsin and trypsin. The target peptide, YQK, was separated from the hydrolysate by ultrafiltration and Sephadex G-15chromatography. The IC50 value of YQK was 11.1μM. YQK retained its ACE inhibitory activity under various temperature and pH conditions. It was also stable against the digestive enzymes pepsin and trypsin. The Lineweaver-Burk plot suggested that the inhibitory mode of YQK was competitive. Furthermore, its antihypertensive effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) also revealed that oral administration of YQK can significantly decrease systolic blood pressure. These results suggested that YQK may have potential applications in functional foods or pharmaceuticals as an antihypertensive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China.
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Zhihe Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Zijian Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China
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Sousa IRD, Pereira ICC, Morais LJD, Teodoro LDGVL, Rodrigues MLP, Gomes RADS. Pericardial Parietal Mesothelial Cells: Source of the Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme of the Bovine Pericardial Fluid. Arq Bras Cardiol 2017; 109:425-431. [PMID: 29267626 PMCID: PMC5729778 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20170155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiotensin II (Ang II), the primary effector hormone of the
renin-angiotensin system (RAS), acts systemically or locally, being produced
by the action of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) on angiotensin I.
Although several tissue RASs, such as cardiac RAS, have been described,
little is known about the presence of an RAS in the pericardial fluid and
its possible sources. Locally produced Ang II has paracrine and autocrine
effects, inducing left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, heart failure and
cardiac dysfunction. Because of the difficulties inherent in human
pericardial fluid collection, appropriate experimental models are useful to
obtain data regarding the characteristics of the pericardial fluid and
surrounding tissues. Objectives To evidence the presence of constituents of the Ang II production paths in
bovine pericardial fluid and parietal pericardium. Methods Albumin-free crude extracts of bovine pericardial fluid, immunoprecipitated
with anti-ACE antibody, were submitted to electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and
gels stained with coomassie blue. Duplicates of gels were probed with
anti-ACE antibody. In the pericardial membranes, ACE was detected by use of
immunofluorescence. Results Immunodetection on nitrocellulose membranes showed a 146-KDa ACE isoform in
the bovine pericardial fluid. On the pericardial membrane sections, ACE was
immunolocalized in the mesothelial layer. Conclusions The ACE isoform in the bovine pericardial fluid and parietal pericardium
should account at least partially for the production of Ang II in the
pericardial space, and should be considered when assessing the cardiac
RAS.
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46
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The clinical significance of endocardial endothelial dysfunction. Medicina (B Aires) 2017; 53:295-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medici.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Ahmad S, Sun X, Lin M, Varagic J, Zapata-Sudo G, Ferrario CM, Groban L, Wang H. Blunting of estrogen modulation of cardiac cellular chymase/RAS activity and function in SHR. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3330-3342. [PMID: 28888034 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The relatively low efficacy of ACE-inhibitors in the treatment of heart failure in women after estrogen loss may be due to their inability to reach the intracellular sites at which angiotensin (Ang) II is generated and/or the existence of cell-specific mechanisms in which ACE is not the essential processing pathway for Ang II formation. We compared the metabolic pathway for Ang II formation in freshly isolated myocytes (CMs) and non-myocytes (NCMs) in cardiac membranes extracted from hearts of gonadal-intact and ovariectomized (OVX) adult WKY and SHR rats. Plasma Ang II levels were higher in WKY vs. SHR (strain effect: WKY: 62 ± 6 pg/ml vs. SHR: 42 ± 9 pg/ml; p < 0.01), independent of OVX. The enzymatic activities of chymase, ACE, and ACE2 were higher in NCMs versus CMs, irrespective of whether assays were performed in cardiac membranes from WKY or SHR or in the presence or absence of OVX. E2 depletion increased chymase activity, but not ACE activity, in both CMs and NCMs. Moreover, cardiac myocyte chymase activity associated with diastolic function in WKYs and cardiac structure in SHRs while no relevant functional and structural relationships between the classic enzymatic pathway of Ang II formation by ACE or the counter-regulatory Ang-(1-7) forming path from Ang II via ACE2 were apparent. The significance of these novel findings is that targeted cell-specific chymase rather than ACE inhibition may have a greater benefit in the management of HF in women after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Departments of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Xuming Sun
- Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Marina Lin
- Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jasmina Varagic
- Departments of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Gisele Zapata-Sudo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- Departments of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Department of Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Leanne Groban
- Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Hao Wang
- Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Zhu Y, Matsumura Y, Wagner WR. Ventricular wall biomaterial injection therapy after myocardial infarction: Advances in material design, mechanistic insight and early clinical experiences. Biomaterials 2017; 129:37-53. [PMID: 28324864 PMCID: PMC5827941 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intramyocardial biomaterial injection therapy for myocardial infarction has made significant progress since concept initiation more than 10 years ago. The interim successes and progress in the first 5 years have been extensively reviewed. During the last 5 years, two phase II clinical trials have reported their long term follow up results and many additional biomaterial candidates have reached preclinical and clinical testing. Also in recent years deeper investigations into the mechanisms behind the beneficial effects associated with biomaterial injection therapy have been pursued, and a variety of process and material parameters have been evaluated for their impact on therapeutic outcomes. This review explores the advances made in this biomaterial-centered approach to ischemic cardiomyopathy and discusses potential future research directions as this therapy seeks to positively impact patients suffering from one of the world's most common sources of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhu
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Yasumoto Matsumura
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - William R Wagner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
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Dorri Mashhadi F, Zavvar Reza J, Jamhiri M, Hafizi Z, Zare Mehrjardi F, Safari F. The effect of resveratrol on angiotensin II levels and the rate of transcription of its receptors in the rat cardiac hypertrophy model. J Physiol Sci 2017; 67:303-309. [PMID: 27324786 PMCID: PMC10717376 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of resveratrol on serum and cardiac levels of angiotensin II and transcription of its main receptors following pressure overload induced-hypertrophy. Rats were divided into untreated (Hyp) and resveratrol treated hypertrophied groups (H + R). Intact animals served as the control (Ctl). Cardiac hypertrophy was induced by abdominal aortic banding. Blood pressure (BP) was recorded via left carotid artery cannula. Fibrosis was confirmed by Masson trichrome staining. Angiotensin II level was measured using an ELIZA test. Gene expression was assessed by a real time PCR (RT-PCR) technique. We observed that in the H + R group BP and heart weight/body weight were decreased significantly (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, respectively vs Hyp). The cardiac levels of angiotensin II and AT1a mRNA were increased in the Hyp group (p < 0.01 vs Ctl). In the H + R group the AT1a mRNA level was decreased significantly (p < 0.05 vs Hyp). It could be concluded that resveratrol protects the heart against hypertrophy progression in part by affecting cardiac AT1a transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Dorri Mashhadi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Javad Zavvar Reza
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohabbat Jamhiri
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zeinab Hafizi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zare Mehrjardi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Feng Q, Lu C, Wang L, Song L, Li C, Uppada RC. Effects of renal denervation on cardiac oxidative stress and local activity of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin system in acute myocardial infracted dogs. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2017; 17:65. [PMID: 28212603 PMCID: PMC5316157 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-017-0498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study sought to evaluate the therapeutic effects of renal denervation (RDN) on acute myocardial infarction (MI) in canines and explore its possible mechanisms of action. Methods Eighteen healthy mongrel dogs were randomly assigned to either the control group, the MI group or the MI + RDN group. To assess cardiac function, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD) and fraction shortening (FS) were recorded. Additionally, haemodynamic parameters such as left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and heart rate (HR) were measured. Cardiac oxidative stress levels were evaluated based on the expression of p47phox mRNA, malondialdehyde (MDA), anti-superoxide anion free radical (ASAFR) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). To measure the local activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and renin-angiotensin system (RAS), the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), angiotensin II (AngII), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin (1–7) [Ang(1–7)] and Mas receptor (MasR) in myocardial tissues were recorded. The expression of TH in renal tissue and serum creatinine were used to assess the effectiveness of the RDN procedure and renal function, respectively. Results We found that MI deteriorated heart function and activated cardiac oxidative stress and the local neurohumoral system, while RDN partially reversed these changes. Compared with the control group, parameters including LVEDD, LVESD, LVEDP and the levels of ASAFR, MDA, p47phox,ACE2, Ang(1–7), MasR, AngII and TH-positive nerves were increased (all P < 0.05) in myocardial infracted dogs; meanwhile, LVEF, FS, LVSP and SOD expression were decreased (all P < 0.05). However, after RDN therapy, these changes were significantly improved (P < 0.05), except that there were no significant differences observed in FS or LVSP between the two groups (P = 0.092 and 0.931, respectively). Importantly, the expression of TH, AngII and Ang(1–7) was positively correlated with MDA and negatively correlated with SOD. Between-group comparisons demonstrated no differences in serum creatinine (P = 0.706). Conclusions RDN attenuated cardiac remodelling and improved heart function by decreasing the level of cardiac oxidative stress and the local activity of the SNS and RAS in cardiac tissues. Additionally, the safety of the RDN procedure was established, as no significant decrease in LVSP or rise in serum creatinine was observed in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Feng
- First Center Clinic College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengzhi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, 24 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, 24 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Lijun Song
- Department of Digestion, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, 24 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Ravi Chandra Uppada
- First Center Clinic College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
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