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Qiu Y, Zhang X, Li SS, Li YL, Mao BY, Fan JX, Shuang-Guo, Yin YL, Li P. Citronellal can alleviate vascular endothelial dysfunction by reducing ectopic miR-133a expression. Life Sci 2024; 339:122382. [PMID: 38154610 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is the initial cause of atherosclerosis (AS) and an early marker of many cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Citronellal (CT), a monoterpenoid natural product extracted from grass plant Citronella, has been shown to have anti-thrombotic, anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic cardiomyopathy activities. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of citronellal on vascular endothelial dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The left common carotid artery was subjected to one-time balloon injury to cause vascular endothelial injury, and the AS model was established by feeding with high-fat diet. Use of HUVECs H2O2 treatment induced HUVECs oxidative stress damage model. The blood lipid level, histopathology, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, ELISA and in situ fluorescence hybridization of common carotid artery tissues and HUVECs were studied. KEY FINDINGS CT significantly reduced vascular plate area and endothelial lipid and cholesterol deposition in the common carotid artery of mice in a dose-dependent manner. CT increased the expression of activated protein 2α (AP-2α/TFAP2A) and circRNA_102979, and inhibited the ectopic expression level of miR-133a. However, the constructed lentivirus with AP-2α silencing and circRNA_102979 silencing reversed this phenomenon. SIGNIFICANCE The current study verifies CT can increase the expression levels of AP-2α and circRNA_102979 in vascular endothelium, increase the adsorption effect of circRNA_102979 on miR-133a and relieve the inhibitory effect of miR-133a on target genes, thereby alleviating AS-induced ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Renhe Hospital, Beijing 102600, China; Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Shan-Shan Li
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yin-Lan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Bing-Yan Mao
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Jia-Xin Fan
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Shuang-Guo
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Ya-Ling Yin
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Renhe Hospital, Beijing 102600, China; Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China.
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Huang L, Xie S, Zhang Y, Du W, Liang X, Pan W, Yang F, Niu R, Chen H, Geng L, Xiang L, Gong S, Xu W. The novel mechanism of human norovirus induced diarrhea: Activation of PKD2 caused by HuNoVs destroyed AQP3 expression through AP2γ in intestinal epithelial cells. Life Sci 2024; 337:122348. [PMID: 38103725 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Our previous work has demonstrated protein kinase D2 (PKD2) played a critical influence in experimental colitis in animal. However, the role of PKD2 in human norovirus (HuNoVs)-induced diarrhea remained unknown. Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) expression, a critical protein mediating diarrhea, was assessed by western blot, qRT-PCR in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Luciferase, IF, IP and ChIP assay were used to explore the mechanism through which HuNoVs regulated AQP3. Herein, we found that AQP3 expression was drastically decreased in IECs in response to VP1 transfection, the major capsid protein of HuNoVs, or HuNoVs infection. Mechanistically, HuNoVs triggered phosphorylation of PKD2 through TLR2/MyD88/IRAK4, which further inhibited AP2γ activation and nuclear translocation, leading to suppress AQP3 transactivation in IECs. Most importantly, PKD2 interacted with MyD88/IRAK4, and VP1 overexpression enhanced this complex form, which, in turn, to increase PKD2 phosphorylation. In addition, endogenous PKD2 interacted with AP2γ, and this interaction was enhanced in response to HuNoVs treatment, and subsequently resulting in AP2γ phosphorylation inhibition. Moreover, inhibition of PKD2 activation could reverse the inhibitory effect of HuNoVs on AQP3 expression. In summary, we established a novel mechanism that HuNoV inhibited AQP3 expression through TLR2/MyD88/IRAK4/PKD2 signaling pathway, targeting PKD2 activity could be a promising strategy for prevention of HuNoVs-induced gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Shuping Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Putian Ninety-Five Hospital, Putian 351100, China
| | - Wenjun Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Xinhua Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Wenxu Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Fangying Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Rongwei Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Lanlan Geng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Sitang Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Wanfu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China.
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ABCA7 links sterol metabolism to the host defense system: Molecular background for potential management measure of Alzheimer's disease. Gene 2020; 768:145316. [PMID: 33221536 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) A7 is a membrane protein that belongs to the large family of ABC transporters. It is 54% homologous in amino acid residue sequence to ABCA1 which mediates biogenesis of plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) from cellular phospholipid and cholesterol with extracellular helical apolipoproteins such as apolipoprotein (apo) A-I. When transfected and expressed, ABCA7 also mediates generation of HDL-like particles but small and of less cholesterol content. However, endogenous ABCA7 is unlikely involved in HDL biogenesis and rather to regulate the host-defense system such as phagocytotic function of the cells. ABCA1 expression is regulated by cellular cholesterol levels, positively by the liver X receptor (LXR) in extrahepatic peripheral cells. However, it is modulated dually in the liver being relevant to transport of cholesterol for its catabolism; positively by LXR and negatively by sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) or hepatic nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α). In contrast, ABCA7 expression was shown to be regulated negatively by the SREBP system so that decrease of cell cholesterol enhances ABCA7 function such as cellular phagocytotic reaction, suggesting that it links cholesterol metabolism to the host defense system. The interest is being build up in ABCA7 as its genomic diversity has been found related to a risk for late-onset Alzheimer's diseases. More recent findings indicate that ABCA7 is involved in metabolism of amyloid β peptide including its phagocytotic clearance. Accordingly, modulation of ABCA7 activity by manipulating cholesterol metabolism may open a new path for management of Alzheimer's disease.
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Frambach SJCM, de Haas R, Smeitink JAM, Rongen GA, Russel FGM, Schirris TJJ. Brothers in Arms: ABCA1- and ABCG1-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux as Promising Targets in Cardiovascular Disease Treatment. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:152-190. [PMID: 31831519 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide, and hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor. Preventive treatments mainly focus on the effective reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but their therapeutic value is limited by the inability to completely normalize atherosclerotic risk, probably due to the disease complexity and multifactorial pathogenesis. Consequently, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol gained much interest, as it appeared to be cardioprotective due to its major role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). RCT facilitates removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues, including atherosclerotic plaques, and its subsequent hepatic clearance into bile. Therefore, RCT is expected to limit plaque formation and progression. Cellular cholesterol efflux is initiated and propagated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1. Their expression and function are expected to be rate-limiting for cholesterol efflux, which makes them interesting targets to stimulate RCT and lower atherosclerotic risk. This systematic review discusses the molecular mechanisms relevant for RCT and ABCA1 and ABCG1 function, followed by a critical overview of potential pharmacological strategies with small molecules to enhance cellular cholesterol efflux and RCT. These strategies include regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression, degradation, and mRNA stability. Various small molecules have been demonstrated to increase RCT, but the underlying mechanisms are often not completely understood and are rather unspecific, potentially causing adverse effects. Better understanding of these mechanisms could enable the development of safer drugs to increase RCT and provide more insight into its relation with atherosclerotic risk. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Hypercholesterolemia is an important risk factor of atherosclerosis, which is a leading pathological mechanism underlying cardiovascular disease. Cholesterol is removed from atherosclerotic plaques and subsequently cleared by the liver into bile. This transport is mediated by high-density lipoprotein particles, to which cholesterol is transferred via ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1. Small-molecule pharmacological strategies stimulating these transporters may provide promising options for cardiovascular disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne J C M Frambach
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ria de Haas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Smeitink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard A Rongen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J J Schirris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Lu R, Ishikawa T, Tanaka M, Tsuboi T, Yokoyama S. Zinc Increases ABCA1 by Attenuating Its Clearance Through the Modulation of Calmodulin Activity. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 28:261-270. [PMID: 32581187 PMCID: PMC8049148 DOI: 10.5551/jat.55384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We previously revealed that Ca++-activated calmodulin binds to ABCA1 by the region near the PEST sequence and retards its calpain-mediated degradation to increase HDL biogenesis. Calmodulin activity is reportedly modulated also by other nutritional divalent cations; thus, we attempted to determine whether Zn++ is involved in the regulation of ABCA1 stability through the modulation of calmodulin activity. Methods: The effects of Zn++ on ABCA1 expression was investigated in J774 mouse macrophage cell-line cells and HepG2 human hepatoma cell-line cells. Results: Zn++ increased ABCA1 expression, not by increasing the mRNA but by attenuating its decay rate, more prominently in the presence of cAMP. Accordingly, it enhanced cell cholesterol release with extracellular apolipo-protein A-I. Calmodulin binding to ABCA1 was increased by Zn++ and Ca++. Zn++ suppressed calpain-mediated hydrolysis of the peptide of ABCA1 cytosolic loop, including the PEST sequence and the calmodulin-binding site, in a calmodulin-dependent fashion, in the presence of the minimum amount of Ca++ to activate calpain, but not calmodulin. Calpain activity was not directly inhibited by Zn++ at the concentration for enhancing calmodulin binding to ABCA1. Conclusion: Nutritional divalent cation Zn++ is involved in the regulation of ABCA1 activity and biogenesis of HDL through the modulation of calmodulin activity. The results were consistent with previous clinical findings that Zn++ increased plasma HDL in the conditions of sympathetic activation, such as type 2 diabetes and chronic hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lu
- Food and Nutritional Sciences,Chubu University
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Wang Y, Hoeppner LH, Angom RS, Wang E, Dutta S, Doeppler HR, Wang F, Shen T, Scarisbrick IA, Guha S, Storz P, Bhattacharya R, Mukhopadhyay D. Protein kinase D up-regulates transcription of VEGF receptor-2 in endothelial cells by suppressing nuclear localization of the transcription factor AP2β. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15759-15767. [PMID: 31492751 PMCID: PMC6816101 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) signals primarily through its cognate receptor VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) to control vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, key physiological processes in cardiovascular disease and cancer. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), knockdown of protein kinase D-1 (PKD1) or PKD2 down-regulates VEGFR-2 expression and inhibits VEGF-induced cell proliferation and migration. However, how PKD regulates VEGF signaling is unclear. Previous bioinformatics analyses have identified binding sites for the transcription factor activating enhancer-binding protein 2 (AP2) in the VEGFR-2 promoter. Using ChIP analyses, here we found that PKD knockdown in HUVECs increases binding of AP2β to the VEGFR-2 promoter. Luciferase reporter assays with serial deletions of AP2-binding sites within the VEGFR-2 promoter revealed that its transcriptional activity negatively correlates with the number of these sites. Next we demonstrated that AP2β up-regulation decreases VEGFR-2 expression and that loss of AP2β enhances VEGFR-2 expression in HUVECs. In vivo experiments confirmed increased VEGFR-2 immunostaining in the spinal cord of AP2β knockout mouse embryos. Mechanistically, we observed that PKD phosphorylates AP2β at Ser258 and Ser277 and suppresses its nuclear accumulation. Inhibition of PKD activity with a pan-PKD inhibitor increased AP2β nuclear localization, and overexpression of both WT and constitutively active PKD1 or PKD2 reduced AP2β nuclear localization through a Ser258- and Ser277-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, substitution of Ser277 in AP2β increased its binding to the VEGFR-2 promoter. Our findings uncover evidence of a molecular pathway that regulates VEGFR-2 expression, insights that may shed light on the etiology of diseases associated with aberrant VEGF/VEGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Luke H Hoeppner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Ramcharan Singh Angom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Enfeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Shamit Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Heike R Doeppler
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650221, China
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Sushovan Guha
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona 85004
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
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Liang WJ, Zhou SN, Shan MR, Wang XQ, Zhang M, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Wang SX, Guo T. AMPKα inactivation destabilizes atherosclerotic plaque in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice through AP-2α/miRNA-124 axis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:403-412. [PMID: 29502204 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1627-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of risk factors of cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis. Whether and how diabetes promotes the formation of unstable atherosclerotic plaque is not fully understood. Here, we show that streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes reduced collagen synthesis, leading to the formation of unstable atherosclerotic plaque induced by collar placement around carotid in apolipoprotein E knockout (Apoe-/-) mice. These detrimental effects of hyperglycemia on plaque stability were reversed by metformin in vivo without altering the levels of blood glucose and lipids. Mechanistically, we found that high glucose reduced the phosphorylated level of AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα) and the transcriptional activity of activator protein 2 alpha (AP-2α), increased the expression of miR-124 expression, and downregulated prolyl-4-hydroxylase alpha 1 (P4Hα1) protein expression and collagen biosynthesis in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Importantly, these in vitro effects produced by high glucose were abolished by AMPKα pharmacological activation or adenovirus-mediated AMPKα overexpression. Further, adenovirus-mediated AMPKα gain of function remitted the process of diabetes-induced plaque destabilization in Apoe-/- mice injected with streptozotocin. Administration of metformin enhanced pAP-2α level, reduced miR-124 expression, and increased P4Hα1 and collagens in carotid atherosclerotic plaque in diabetic Apoe-/- mice. We conclude that streptozotocin-induced toxic diabetes promotes the formation of unstable atherosclerotic plaques based on the vulnerability index in Apoe-/- mice, which is related to the inactivation of AMPKα/AP-2α/miRNA-124/P4Hα1 axis. Clinically, targeting AMPKα/AP-2α/miRNA-124/P4Hα1 signaling should be considered to increase the plaque stability in patients with atherosclerosis. KEY MESSAGES Hyperglycemia reduced collagen synthesis, leading to the formation of unstable atherosclerotic plaque induced by collar placement around carotid in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Hyperglycemia destabilizes atherosclerotic plaque in vivo through an AMPKα/AP-2α/miRNA-124/P4Hα1-dependent collagen synthesis. Metformin functions as a stabilizer of atherosclerotic plaque to reduce acute coronary accent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University School of Medicine, No. 107 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University School of Medicine, No. 107 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Mei-Rong Shan
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University School of Medicine, No. 107 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xue-Qin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University School of Medicine, No. 107 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University School of Medicine, No. 107 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University School of Medicine, No. 107 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University School of Medicine, No. 107 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Shuang-Xi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University School of Medicine, No. 107 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Tao Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University School of Medicine, No. 107 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Yang JJ, Li P, Wang F, Liang WJ, Ma H, Chen Y, Ma ZM, Li QZ, Peng QS, Zhang Y, Wang SX. Activation of activator protein 2 alpha by aspirin alleviates atherosclerotic plaque growth and instability in vivo. Oncotarget 2018; 7:52729-52739. [PMID: 27391154 PMCID: PMC5288144 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Aspirin has been used for the secondary prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease for several decades. We investigated the roles of transcriptional factor activator protein 2α (AP-2α) in the beneficial effects of aspirin in the growth and vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaque. METHODS AND RESULTS In mice deficient of apolipoprotein E (Apoe-/-), aspirin (20, 50 mg/kg/day) suppressed the progression of atherosclerosis in aortic roots and increased the plaque stability in carotid atherosclerotic plaques induced by collar-placement. In vivo lentivirus-mediated RNA interference of AP-2α reversed the inhibitory effects of aspirin on atherosclerosis in Apoe-/- mice. Mechanically, aspirin increased AP-2α phosphorylation and its activity, upregulated IkBα mRNA and protein levels, and reduced oxidative stress in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, deficiency of AP-2α completely abolished aspirin-induced upregulation of IkBα levels and inhibition of oxidative stress in Apoe-/- mice. Clinically, conventional doses of aspirin increased AP-2α phosphorylation and IkBα protein expression in humans subjects. CONCLUSION Aspirin activates AP-2α to upregulate IkBα gene expression, resulting in attenuations of plaque development and instability in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Jing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhi-Min Ma
- Division of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Quan-Zhong Li
- Division of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Peng
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Caveolin-1 facilitates internalization and degradation of ABCA1 and probucol oxidative products interfere with this reaction to increase HDL biogenesis. Atherosclerosis 2016; 253:54-60. [PMID: 27579791 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Expression of ATP binding cassette transporter (ABC) A1, a key membrane protein for biogenesis of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), is regulated not only by its gene transcription but also by its intracellular degradation to modulate plasma HDL concentration. We previously showed that inhibition of ABCA1 degradation by probucol oxidative products, spiroquinone (SQ) and diphenoquinone (DQ), increased HDL biogenesis and reverse cholesterol transport, and achieved reduction of atherosclerosis in animal models. The background mechanism has thus been investigated. METHODS Involvement of caveolin-1, a protein of multiple functions in cell biology, particularly in cholesterol trafficking, has been examined for its roles in ABCA1 degradation as well as the effects of SQ and DQ on the reaction. RESULTS ABCA1 protein was increased in caveolin-1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts, not by increase of transcription but by decrease in its internalization and degradation. Transfection and expression of caveolin-1 normalized the protein level and the rate of degradation of ABCA1. Immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated association between ABCA1 and caveolin-1 and SQ and DQ disrupted this interaction. The effects of SQ and DQ to increase ABCA1 and cell cholesterol release induced by apolipoprotein A-I were dependent on expression of caveolin-1. Fluorescence imaging of ABCA1 and caveolin-1 in cultured cells demonstrated their co-localization as well as its disruption by SQ and DQ, being consistent with the biochemical findings. CONCLUSIONS Caveolin-1 enhances internalization and degradation of ABCA1 by its association with ABCA1. Interference of this interaction by probucol oxidative products suppresses ABCA1 degradation and increase HDL biogenesis.
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Dang XY, Chu WW, Shi HC, Yu SG, Han HY, Gu SH, Chen J. Genetic variants in ABCA1 promoter affect transcription activity and plasma HDL level in pigs. Gene 2014; 555:414-20. [PMID: 25445391 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Excess accumulation of cholesterol in plasma may result in coronary artery disease. Numerous studies have demonstrated that ATP-binding cassette protein A1 (ABCA1) mediates the efflux of cholesterol and phospholipids to apolipoproteins, a process necessary for plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) formation. Higher plasma levels of HDL are associated with lower risk for cardiovascular disease. Studies of human disease and animal models had shown that an increased hepatic ABCA1 activity relates to an enhanced plasma HDL level. In this study, we hypothesized that functional mutations in the ABCA1 promoter in pigs may affect gene transcription activity, and consequently the HDL level in plasma. The promoter region of ABCA1 was comparatively scanned by direct sequencing with pool DNA of high- and low-HDL groups (n=30 for each group). Two polymorphisms, c. - 608A>G and c. - 418T>A, were revealed with reverse allele distribution in the two groups. The two polymorphisms were completely linked and formed only G-A or A-T haplotypes when genotyped in a larger population (n=526). Furthermore, we found that the G-A/G-A genotype was associated with higher HDL and ABCA1 mRNA level than A-T/A-T genotype. Luciferase assay also revealed that G-A haplotype promoter had higher activity than A-T haplotype. Single-nucleotide mutant assay showed that c.-418T>A was the causal mutation for ABCA1 transcription activity alteration. Conclusively, we identified two completely linked SNPs in porcine ABCA1 promoter region which have influence on the plasma HDL level by altering ABCA1 gene transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-yong Dang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wei-wei Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Heng-chuan Shi
- Laboratory Department, Jiangsu Province Official Hospital, Nanjing 210024, PR China
| | - Shi-gang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hai-yin Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Shu-Hua Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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11
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Tsunemi A, Ueno T, Fukuda N, Watanabe T, Tahira K, Haketa A, Hatanaka Y, Tanaka S, Matsumoto T, Matsumoto Y, Nagase H, Soma M. A novel gene regulator, pyrrole-imidazole polyamide targeting ABCA1 gene increases cholesterol efflux from macrophages and plasma HDL concentration. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:509-21. [PMID: 24463557 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pyrrole-imidazole (PI) polyamides are nuclease-resistant novel compounds that inhibit transcription factors by binding to the minor groove of DNA. A PI polyamide that targets mouse ABCA1 and increases ABCA1 gene expression was designed and evaluated as an agent to increase plasma HDL concentration. A PI polyamide was designed to bind the activator protein-2 binding site of the mouse ABCA1 promoter. The effect of this PI polyamide on ABCA1 expression was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting using RAW264 cells. In vivo effects of this polyamide on ABCA1 gene expression and plasma HDL level were examined in C57B6 mice. One milligram per kilogram of body weight of PI polyamide was injected via the tail veins every 2 days for 1 week, and plasma lipid profiles were evaluated. PI polyamide showed a specific binding to the target DNA in gel mobility shift assay. Treatment of RAW264 cells with 1.0 μM PI polyamide significantly increased ABCA1 mRNA expression. PI polyamide also significantly increased apolipoprotein AI-mediated HDL biogenesis in RAW264 cells. Cellular cholesterol efflux mediated by apolipoprotein AI was significantly increased by the PI polyamide treatment. PI polyamide significantly increased expression of ABCA1 mRNA in the liver of C57B6 mice. Plasma HDL concentration was increased by PI polyamide administration. All of the HDL sub-fractions showed a tendency to increase after PI polyamide administration. The designed PI polyamide that targeted ABCA1 successfully increased ABCA1 expression and HDL biogenesis. This novel gene-regulating agent is promising as a useful compound to increase plasma HDL concentration. KEY MESSAGES A novel pyrrole-imidazole (PI) polyamide binds to ABCA1. PI polyamide interfered with binding of AP-2ɑ protein to the ABCA1 gene promoter. PI polyamide inhibited the AP-2ɑ-mediated reduction of ABCA1 gene and protein expression. PI polyamide increased ABCA1 protein and apolipoprotein AI mediated HDL biogenesis. PI polyamide is a new gene regulator for the prevention of atherosclerotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Tsunemi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kami, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Li H, Sheridan R, Williams T. Analysis of TFAP2A mutations in Branchio-Oculo-Facial Syndrome indicates functional complexity within the AP-2α DNA-binding domain. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3195-206. [PMID: 23578821 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence indicate that the AP-2 transcription factor family has an important regulatory function in human craniofacial development. Notably, mutations in TFAP2A, the gene encoding AP-2α, have been identified in patients with Branchio-Oculo-Facial Syndrome (BOFS). BOFS is an autosomal-dominant trait that commonly presents with facial clefting, eye defects and branchial skin anomalies. Examination of multiple cases has suggested either simple haploinsufficiency or more complex genetic causes for BOFS, especially as the clinical manifestations are variable, with no clear genotype-phenotype correlation. Mutations occur throughout TFAP2A, but mostly within conserved sequences within the DNA contact domain of AP-2α. However, the consequences of the various mutations for AP-2α protein function have not been evaluated. Therefore, it remains unclear if all BOFS mutations result in similar changes to the AP-2α protein or if they each produce specific alterations that underlie the spectrum of phenotypes. Here, we have investigated the molecular consequences of the mutations that localize to the DNA-binding region. We show that although individual mutations have different effects on DNA binding, they all demonstrate significantly reduced transcriptional activities. Moreover, all mutant derivatives have an altered nuclear:cytoplasmic distribution compared with the predominantly nuclear localization of wild-type AP-2α and several can exert a dominant-negative activity on the wild-type AP-2α protein. Overall, our data suggest that the individual TFAP2A BOFS mutations can generate null, hypomorphic or antimorphic alleles and that these differences in activity, combined with a role for AP-2α in epigenetic events, may influence the resultant pathology and the phenotypic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Craniofacial Biology and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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NCKX5, a natural regulator of human skin colour variation, regulates the expression of key pigment genes MC1R and alpha-MSH and alters cholesterol homeostasis in normal human melanocytes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 961:95-107. [PMID: 23224873 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4756-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Natural human skin colour is determined both by environmental exposure to ultraviolet light and through inherited genetic variation in a very limited number of genes. Variation of a non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (nsSNP; rs1426654) in the gene (SLC24A5) encoding the NCKX5 protein is associated with differences in constitutive skin colour in South Asians. The nsSNP encodes the substitution of alanine for threonine at residue 111 (A111T) near a transmembrane region required for exchanger activity, a region which is highly conserved across different species and between NCKX family members. We have shown that NCKX5 is located at the trans-Golgi network of melanocytes and functions as a potassium-dependent sodium-calcium exchanger. When heterologously expressed, the 111T variant of NCKX5 shows significantly lower exchanger activity than the A111 variant. We have postulated that lower exchanger activity causes the reduced melanogenesis and lighter skin in Thr111-positive individuals. We used gene expression microarrays with qPCR replication and validation to assess the impact of siRNA-mediated knockdown of SLC24A5 on the transcriptome of cultured normal human melanocytes (NHM). Very few genes associated with melanogenesis were altered at the transcript level except for MC1R, suggesting that SLC24A5 interacts with at least one well-characterized melanogenic signalling pathway. More surprisingly, the expression of a number of cholesterol homeostatic genes was altered after SLC24A5 knockdown, and the total cholesterol content of NHM was increased. Cholesterol has previously been identified as a potential melanogenic regulator, and our data imply that NCKX5 exchanger function influences natural variation in skin pigmentation via a novel, unknown mechanism affecting cellular sterol levels.
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Ren K, Xiang S, He F, Zhang W, Ding X, Wu Y, Yang L, Zhou J, Gao X, Zhang J. CK2 phosphorylates AP-2α and increases its transcriptional activity. BMB Rep 2011; 44:490-5. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.7.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Calpain-mediated ABCA1 degradation: post-translational regulation of ABCA1 for HDL biogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:547-51. [PMID: 21835264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Helical apolipoproteins remove cellular phospholipid and cholesterol to generate nascent HDL and this reaction is the major source of plasma HDL. ABCA1 is mandatory and rate-limiting for this reaction. Besides regulation of the gene expression by transcriptional factors including LXR, AP2 and SREBP, the ABCA1 activity is regulated post-translationally by calpain-mediated proteolytic degradation of ABCA1 protein that occurs in the early endosome after its endocytosis. When the HDL biogenesis reaction is ongoing as helical apolipoproteins interact with ABCA1, ABCA1 becomes resistant to calpain and is recycled to cell surface after endocytosis. Biogenesis of HDL is most likely to take place on cell surface. Clearance rate of ABCA1 by this mechanism is also retarded by various factors that interact with ABCA1, such as α1-syntrophin, LXRβ and calmodulin. Physiological relevance of the retardation by these factors is not entirely clear. Pharmacological inhibition of the calpain-mediated ABCA1 degradation results in the increase of the ABCA1 activity and HDL biogenesis in vitro and in vivo, and potentially suppresses atherogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in High Density Lipoprotein Formation and Metabolism: A Tribute to John F. Oram (1945-2010).
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Iwamoto N, Yokoyama S. Protein kinase D regulates the adiponectin gene expression through phosphorylation of AP-2: A common pathway to the ABCA1 gene regulation. Atherosclerosis 2011; 216:90-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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