1
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Jang MH, Song J. Adenosine and adenosine receptors in metabolic imbalance-related neurological issues. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:116996. [PMID: 38897158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndromes (e.g., obesity) are characterized by insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, impaired glucose metabolism, and dyslipidemia. Recently, patients with metabolic syndromes have experienced not only metabolic problems but also neuropathological issues, including cognitive impairment. Several studies have reported blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and insulin resistance in the brain of patients with obesity and diabetes. Adenosine, a purine nucleoside, is known to regulate various cellular responses (e.g., the neuroinflammatory response) by binding with adenosine receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). Adenosine has four known receptors: A1R, A2AR, A2BR, and A3R. These receptors play distinct roles in various physiological and pathological processes in the brain, including endothelial cell homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, microglial activation, lipid metabolism, immune cell infiltration, and synaptic plasticity. Here, we review the recent findings on the role of adenosine receptor-mediated signaling in neuropathological issues related to metabolic imbalance. We highlight the importance of adenosine signaling in the development of therapeutic solutions for neuropathological issues in patients with metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyeon Jang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Cai Y, Zhou Y, Yang Q, Xu J, Da Q, Ma Q, Zhao D, Lu T, Kim HW, Fulton D, Jiang X, Weintraub NL, Dong K, Xu S, Hong M, Liu Z, Huo Y. Blockade of endothelial adenosine receptor 2 A suppresses atherosclerosis in vivo through inhibiting CREB-ALK5-mediated endothelial to mesenchymal transition. Pharmacol Res 2024; 203:107156. [PMID: 38522762 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, and morbidity and mortality rates continue to rise. Atherosclerosis constitutes the principal etiology of CVDs. Endothelial injury, inflammation, and dysfunction are the initiating factors of atherosclerosis. Recently, we reported that endothelial adenosine receptor 2 A (ADORA2A), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), plays critical roles in neovascularization disease and cerebrovascular disease. However, the precise role of endothelial ADORA2A in atherosclerosis is still not fully understood. Here, we showed that ADORA2A expression was markedly increased in the aortic endothelium of humans with atherosclerosis or Apoe-/- mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. In vivo studies unraveled that endothelial-specific Adora2a deficiency alleviated endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and prevented the formation and instability of atherosclerotic plaque in Apoe-/- mice. Moreover, pharmacologic inhibition of ADORA2A with KW6002 recapitulated the anti-atherogenic phenotypes observed in genetically Adora2a-deficient mice. In cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), siRNA knockdown of ADORA2A or KW6002 inhibition of ADORA2A decreased EndMT, whereas adenoviral overexpression of ADORA2A induced EndMT. Mechanistically, ADORA2A upregulated ALK5 expression via a cAMP/PKA/CREB axis, leading to TGFβ-Smad2/3 signaling activation, thereby promoting EndMT. In conclusion, these findings, for the first time, demonstrate that blockade of ADORA2A attenuated atherosclerosis via inhibition of EndMT induced by the CREB1-ALK5 axis. This study discloses a new link between endothelial ADORA2A and EndMT and indicates that inhibiting endothelial ADORA2A could be an effective novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Cai
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yaqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qiuhua Yang
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jiean Xu
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qingen Da
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Dingwei Zhao
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Tammy Lu
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ha Won Kim
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - David Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kunzhe Dong
- Immunology Center of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Mei Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Zhiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Purinergic receptors mediate endothelial dysfunction and participate in atherosclerosis. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:265-272. [PMID: 34981330 PMCID: PMC9984579 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main pathological basis of cardiovascular disease and involves damage to vascular endothelial cells (ECs) that results in endothelial dysfunction (ED). The vascular endothelium is the key to maintaining blood vessel health and homeostasis. ED is a complex pathological process involving inflammation, shear stress, vascular tone, adhesion of leukocytes to ECs, and platelet aggregation. The activation of P2X4, P2X7, and P2Y2 receptors regulates vascular tone in response to shear stress, while activation of the A2A, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y6, and P2Y12 receptors promotes the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Finally, P2X1, P2Y1, and P2Y12 receptor activation regulates platelet activity. These purinergic receptors mediate ED and participate in atherosclerosis. In short, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, and P2Y12 receptors are potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis.
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4
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Cai Y, Chen X, Yi B, Li J, Wen Z. Pathophysiology roles for adenosine 2A receptor in obesity and related diseases. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13490. [PMID: 35796566 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, a burgeoning worldwide health system challenge, is associated with several comorbidities, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), diabetes, atherosclerosis, and osteoarthritis, leading to serious problems to people's health. Adenosine is a critical extracellular signaling molecule that has essential functions in regulating most organ systems by binding to four G-protein-coupled adenosine receptors, denoted A1 , A2A , A2B , and A3 . Among the receptors, a growing body evidence highlights the key roles of the adenosine 2A receptor (A2A R) in obesity and related diseases. In the current review, we summarize the effects of A2A R in obesity and obesity-associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and osteoarthritis, to clarify the complicated impacts of A2A R on obesity and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Yi
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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5
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Strassheim D, Sullivan T, Irwin DC, Gerasimovskaya E, Lahm T, Klemm DJ, Dempsey EC, Stenmark KR, Karoor V. Metabolite G-Protein Coupled Receptors in Cardio-Metabolic Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:3347. [PMID: 34943862 PMCID: PMC8699532 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have originally been described as a family of receptors activated by hormones, neurotransmitters, and other mediators. However, in recent years GPCRs have shown to bind endogenous metabolites, which serve functions other than as signaling mediators. These receptors respond to fatty acids, mono- and disaccharides, amino acids, or various intermediates and products of metabolism, including ketone bodies, lactate, succinate, or bile acids. Given that many of these metabolic processes are dysregulated under pathological conditions, including diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity, receptors of endogenous metabolites have also been recognized as potential drug targets to prevent and/or treat metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. This review describes G protein-coupled receptors activated by endogenous metabolites and summarizes their physiological, pathophysiological, and potential pharmacological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Strassheim
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA; (D.S.); (T.S.); (D.C.I.); (E.G.); (D.J.K.); (E.C.D.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Timothy Sullivan
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA; (D.S.); (T.S.); (D.C.I.); (E.G.); (D.J.K.); (E.C.D.); (K.R.S.)
| | - David C. Irwin
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA; (D.S.); (T.S.); (D.C.I.); (E.G.); (D.J.K.); (E.C.D.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Evgenia Gerasimovskaya
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA; (D.S.); (T.S.); (D.C.I.); (E.G.); (D.J.K.); (E.C.D.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Tim Lahm
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health Denver, Denver, CO 80206, USA;
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dwight J. Klemm
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA; (D.S.); (T.S.); (D.C.I.); (E.G.); (D.J.K.); (E.C.D.); (K.R.S.)
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Edward C. Dempsey
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA; (D.S.); (T.S.); (D.C.I.); (E.G.); (D.J.K.); (E.C.D.); (K.R.S.)
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kurt R. Stenmark
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA; (D.S.); (T.S.); (D.C.I.); (E.G.); (D.J.K.); (E.C.D.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Vijaya Karoor
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA; (D.S.); (T.S.); (D.C.I.); (E.G.); (D.J.K.); (E.C.D.); (K.R.S.)
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health Denver, Denver, CO 80206, USA;
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Murugan M, Fedele D, Millner D, Alharfoush E, Vegunta G, Boison D. Adenosine kinase: An epigenetic modulator in development and disease. Neurochem Int 2021; 147:105054. [PMID: 33961946 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine kinase (ADK) is the key regulator of adenosine and catalyzes the metabolism of adenosine to 5'-adenosine monophosphate. The enzyme exists in two isoforms: a long isoform (ADK-long, ADK-L) and a short isoform (ADK-short, ADK-S). The two isoforms are developmentally regulated and are differentially expressed in distinct subcellular compartments with ADK-L localized in the nucleus and ADK-S localized in the cytoplasm. The nuclear localization of ADK-L and its biochemical link to the transmethylation pathway suggest a specific role for gene regulation via epigenetic mechanisms. Recent evidence reveals an adenosine receptor-independent role of ADK in determining the global methylation status of DNA and thereby contributing to epigenomic regulation. Here we summarize recent progress in understanding the biochemical interactions between adenosine metabolism by ADK-L and epigenetic modifications linked to transmethylation reactions. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of ADK-associated changes in DNA methylation in developmental, as well as in pathological conditions including brain injury, epilepsy, vascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes. Challenges in investigating the epigenetic role of ADK for therapeutic gains are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuvika Murugan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Denise Fedele
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - David Millner
- Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Enmar Alharfoush
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Geetasravya Vegunta
- Department of Biology, Albert Dorman Honors College, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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7
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Dannenberg L, Trojovsky K, Ayhan A, Helten C, Zako S, M'Pembele R, Mourikis P, Benkhoff M, Ignatov D, Sarabhai T, Petzold T, Huhn-Wientgen R, Zeus T, Kelm M, Levkau B, Polzin A. MTX Treatment Does Not Improve Outcome in Mice with AMI. Pharmacology 2020; 106:225-232. [PMID: 33221800 DOI: 10.1159/000511279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease and/or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a matter of debate. Methotrexate (MTX) is one of the most widely used immunosuppressants. Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial (CIRT) recently failed to demonstrate reduced cardiovascular events in MTX-treated patients. However, it is not known if long-term MTX treatment improves cardiac outcome in AMI. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the postischemic phase in MTX-treated mice undergoing AMI. METHODS Wild-type mice received MTX medication intraperitoneally for 2 weeks. Afterward, AMI was induced by transient left anterior ascending artery ligation. Postischemic cardiac damage after 24 h was assessed. RESULTS MTX treatment did not affect infarct size as compared to control (IS/AAR: Con 76.20% ± 12.37%/AAR vs. MTX 73.51 ± 11.72%/AAR, p = 0.64). Moreover, systolic function and structural parameters did not differ between groups (24hejection fraction: Con 36.49 ± 3.23% vs. MTX 32.77 ± 2.29%, p = 0.41; 24hLVID; d: Con 3.57 ± 0.17 mm vs. MTX 3.19 ± 0.13 mm, p = 0.14). Platelets were increased by MTX (Con 1,442 ± 69.20 × 103/mm3 vs. MTX 1,920 ± 68.68 × 103/mm3, p < 0.0001). White blood cell and RBC as well as rate of monocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes, and serum amyloid P levels were equal. CONCLUSION MTX medication did not improve postischemic cardiac damage in a murine model of AMI. Future trials are needed to identify and investigate other anti-inflammatory targets to improve cardiovascular outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Dannenberg
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kajetan Trojovsky
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aysel Ayhan
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carolin Helten
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Saif Zako
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - René M'Pembele
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Mourikis
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Benkhoff
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Denis Ignatov
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Theresia Sarabhai
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Petzold
- Department of Cardiology, LMU München, Munich, Germany, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Ragnar Huhn-Wientgen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Zeus
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Malte Kelm
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bodo Levkau
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Amin Polzin
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany,
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Vairo D, Giacobbe C, Guiol C, Chaptal MC, Di Taranto MD, Bruzzese L, Ruf J, Guieu R, Fortunato G, Fenouillet E, Mottola G. Correlation between low adenosine A 2A receptor expression and hypercholesterolemia: A new component of the cardiovascular risk? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1866:158850. [PMID: 33161070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donato Vairo
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Carola Giacobbe
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE S.C.a r.l, Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Claire Guiol
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | | | - Maria Donata Di Taranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE S.C.a r.l, Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Laurie Bruzzese
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Ruf
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Régis Guieu
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Hôpital de La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Giuliana Fortunato
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE S.C.a r.l, Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Emmanuel Fenouillet
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France; INSB, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Giovanna Mottola
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Hôpital de La Timone, Marseille, France.
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9
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Cekic C. Modulation of myeloid cells by adenosine signaling. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 53:134-145. [PMID: 33022543 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia, metabolic activity, cell death and immune responses influence the adenosine concentrations in the extracellular space. Cellular responses to hypoxia and inflammation in myeloid cells promote activation of adenosine sensing circuit, which involves increased expression of ectoenzymes that converts phospho-nucleotides such as ATP to adenosine and increased expression of G protein-coupled adenosine receptors. Adenosine sensing circuitry also involves feedforward signaling, which leads to increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1 and feedback signaling, which leads to the suppression of inflammatory transcription factor, the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation. In this review we will discuss how different subsets of myeloid cells sense adenosine accumulation and how adenosine sensing by myeloid cells influence progression of different immune-related conditions including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Cekic
- Bilkent University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ankara, Turkey; UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
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10
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Joolharzadeh P, St Hilaire C. CD73 (Cluster of Differentiation 73) and the Differences Between Mice and Humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:339-348. [PMID: 30676071 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As vascular disease is complex and the various manifestations are influenced by differences in vascular bed architecture, exposure to shear and mechanical forces, cell types involved, and inflammatory responses, in vivo models are necessary to recapitulate the complex physiology and dynamic cellular interactions during pathogenesis. Murine knockout models are commonly used tools for investigators to study the role of a specific gene or pathway in multifaceted disease traits. Although valuable, these models are not perfect, and this is particularly true in regard to CD73 (cluster of differentiation 73), the extracellular enzyme that generates adenosine from AMP. At baseline, CD73-deficient mice do not present with an overt phenotype, whereas CD73-deficient humans present with the complex phenotype of vascular calcification, arteriomegaly and tortuosity, and calcification in small joints. In this review, we highlight the differences between the mouse and human systems and discuss the potential to leverage findings in mice to inform us on the human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Joolharzadeh
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; and Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Cynthia St Hilaire
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA; and Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA
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11
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He Z, Xu X, Chen C, Li H, Wang DW. Adenosine 2A Receptor Activation Contributes to Ang II–Induced Aortic Remodeling by Promoting Macrophage Retention. Hypertension 2020; 75:119-130. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The A
2A
R (adenosine 2A receptor) plays a crucial role in the pathophysiological process of cardiovascular diseases, yet its effect on aortic remodeling remains unclear. We observed elevated adenosine and A
2A
R levels following infusion of mice with Ang II (angiotensin II), suggesting a potential role for the adenosine-A
2A
R system in macrophage accumulation and subsequent aortic remodeling. The effects and mechanisms of A
2A
R on macrophage dynamics during aortic remodeling were further investigated using mice with macrophage knockout of A
2A
R and by transplantation of A
2A
R
−/−
bone marrow. We demonstrated that macrophage knockout of A
2A
R inhibited macrophage accumulation and subsequent aortic remodeling by inhibiting macrophage retention. This was shown to occur via promotion of macrophage emigration to the draining lymph node. These effects correlated with restoration of the expression and surface content of CCR7 (CC chemokine receptor 7). Consistently, A
2A
R
−/−
bone marrow transplantation relieved Ang II–induced aortic remodeling, macrophage retention, and CCR7 downregulation and internalization, all of which were rescued by A
2A
R
+
/
+
bone marrow transplantation. In addition, CCR7 antibody treatment blocked all the protective effects observed in A
2A
R-cKO mice, including attenuation of aortic remodeling and decreased macrophage retention. In in vitro studies, A
2A
R activation induced by Ang II suppressed macrophage migration to CCL19 (CC-chemokine ligand) 19 through downregulation and internalization of CCR7. In summary, A
2A
R activation contributes to Ang II–induced macrophage retention and subsequent aortic remodeling by inhibiting migration of macrophages to the draining lymph node through regulating CCR7 expression and internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuowen He
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.H., X.X., C.C., H.L., D.W.W.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China (Z.H., X.X., C.C., H.L., D.W.W.)
| | - Xizhen Xu
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.H., X.X., C.C., H.L., D.W.W.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China (Z.H., X.X., C.C., H.L., D.W.W.)
| | - Chen Chen
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.H., X.X., C.C., H.L., D.W.W.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China (Z.H., X.X., C.C., H.L., D.W.W.)
| | - Huaping Li
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.H., X.X., C.C., H.L., D.W.W.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China (Z.H., X.X., C.C., H.L., D.W.W.)
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Z.H., X.X., C.C., H.L., D.W.W.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China (Z.H., X.X., C.C., H.L., D.W.W.)
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12
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Sutton NR, Bouïs D, Mann KM, Rashid IM, McCubbrey AL, Hyman MC, Goldstein DR, Mei A, Pinsky DJ. CD73 Promotes Age-Dependent Accretion of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:61-71. [PMID: 31619062 PMCID: PMC7956240 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD73 is an ectonucleotidase which catalyzes the conversion of AMP (adenosine monophosphate) to adenosine. Adenosine has been shown to be anti-inflammatory and vasorelaxant. The impact of ectonucleotidases on age-dependent atherosclerosis remains unclear. Our aim was to investigate the role of CD73 in age-dependent accumulation of atherosclerosis. Approach and results: Mice doubly deficient in CD73 and ApoE (apolipoprotein E; (cd73-/-/apoE-/-) were generated, and the extent of aortic atherosclerotic plaque was compared with apoE-/- controls at 12, 20, 32, and 52 weeks. By 12 weeks of age, cd73-/-/apoE-/- mice exhibited a significant increase in plaque (1.4±0.5% of the total vessel surface versus 0.4±0.1% in apoE-/- controls, P<0.005). By 20 weeks of age, this difference disappeared (2.9±0.4% versus 3.3±0.7%). A significant reversal in phenotype emerged at 32 weeks (9.8±1.2% versus 18.3±1.4%; P<0.0001) and persisted at the 52 week timepoint (22.4±2.1% versus 37.0±2.1%; P<0.0001). The inflammatory response to aging was found to be comparable between cd73-/-/apoE-/- mice and apoE-/- controls. A reduction in lipolysis in CD73 competent mice was observed, even with similar plasma lipid levels (cd73-/-/apoE-/- versus apoE-/- at 12 weeks [16.2±0.7 versus 9.5±1.4 nmol glycerol/well], 32 weeks [24.1±1.5 versus 7.4±0.4 nmol/well], and 52 weeks [13.8±0.62 versus 12.7±2.0 nmol/well], P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS At early time points, CD73 exerts a subtle antiatherosclerotic influence, but with age, the pattern reverses, and the presence of CD73 promoted suppression of lipid catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia R. Sutton
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.R.S., D.B., K.M.M., A.M., I.M.R., D.R.G., D.J.P.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Diane Bouïs
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.R.S., D.B., K.M.M., A.M., I.M.R., D.R.G., D.J.P.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Kris M. Mann
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.R.S., D.B., K.M.M., A.M., I.M.R., D.R.G., D.J.P.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Imran M. Rashid
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.R.S., D.B., K.M.M., A.M., I.M.R., D.R.G., D.J.P.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Alexandra L. McCubbrey
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (A.L.M.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Matt C. Hyman
- the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.C.H., D.J.P.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Daniel R. Goldstein
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.R.S., D.B., K.M.M., A.M., I.M.R., D.R.G., D.J.P.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Annie Mei
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.R.S., D.B., K.M.M., A.M., I.M.R., D.R.G., D.J.P.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - David J. Pinsky
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.R.S., D.B., K.M.M., A.M., I.M.R., D.R.G., D.J.P.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
- the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.C.H., D.J.P.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
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13
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Simard T, Jung R, Labinaz A, Faraz MA, Ramirez FD, Di Santo P, Perry-Nguyen D, Pitcher I, Motazedian P, Gaudet C, Rochman R, Marbach J, Boland P, Sarathy K, Alghofaili S, Russo JJ, Couture E, Promislow S, Beanlands RS, Hibbert B. Evaluation of Plasma Adenosine as a Marker of Cardiovascular Risk: Analytical and Biological Considerations. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012228. [PMID: 31379241 PMCID: PMC6761640 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Adenosine is a ubiquitous regulatory molecule known to modulate signaling in many cells and processes vital to vascular homeostasis. While studies of adenosine receptors have dominated research in the field, quantification of adenosine systemically and locally remains limited owing largely to technical restrictions. Given the potential clinical implications of adenosine biology, there is a need for adequately powered studies examining the role of plasma adenosine in vascular health. We sought to describe the analytical and biological factors that affect quantification of adenosine in humans in a large, real‐world cohort of patients undergoing evaluation for coronary artery disease. Methods and Results Between November 2016 and April 2018, we assessed 1141 patients undergoing angiography for evaluation of coronary artery disease. High‐performance liquid chromatography was used for quantification of plasma adenosine concentration, yielding an analytical coefficient of variance (CVa) of 3.2%, intra‐subject variance (CVi) 35.8% and inter‐subject variance (CVg) 56.7%. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors, medications, and clinical presentation had no significant impact on adenosine levels. Conversely, increasing age (P=0.027) and the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (P=0.026) were associated with lower adenosine levels. Adjusted multivariable analysis supported only age being inversely associated with adenosine levels (P=0.039). Conclusions Plasma adenosine is not significantly impacted by traditional cardiovascular risk factors; however, advancing age and presence of obstructive coronary artery disease may be associated with lower adenosine levels. The degree of intra‐ and inter‐subject variance of adenosine has important implications for biomarker use as a prognosticator of cardiovascular outcomes and as an end point in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Simard
- CAPITAL Research Group Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Ottawa Canada
| | - Richard Jung
- CAPITAL Research Group Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Ottawa Canada
| | - Alisha Labinaz
- CAPITAL Research Group Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa Canada
| | | | - F Daniel Ramirez
- CAPITAL Research Group Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa Canada
| | - Pietro Di Santo
- CAPITAL Research Group Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa Canada
| | | | - Ian Pitcher
- CAPITAL Research Group Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa Canada
| | | | - Chantal Gaudet
- CAPITAL Research Group Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Ottawa Canada
| | - Rebecca Rochman
- CAPITAL Research Group Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa Canada
| | - Jeffrey Marbach
- CAPITAL Research Group Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa Canada
| | - Paul Boland
- CAPITAL Research Group Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa Canada
| | - Kiran Sarathy
- CAPITAL Research Group Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa Canada
| | - Saleh Alghofaili
- CAPITAL Research Group Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa Canada
| | - Juan J Russo
- CAPITAL Research Group Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa Canada
| | - Etienne Couture
- CAPITAL Research Group Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa Canada
| | - Steven Promislow
- CAPITAL Research Group Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa Canada
| | - Rob S Beanlands
- CAPITAL Research Group Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Ottawa Canada
| | - Benjamin Hibbert
- CAPITAL Research Group Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Ottawa Canada
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14
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Simard T, Jung R, Labinaz A, Faraz MA, Ramirez FD, Di Santo P, Pitcher I, Motazedian P, Gaudet C, Rochman R, Marbach J, Boland P, Sarathy K, Alghofaili S, Russo JJ, Couture E, Beanlands RS, Hibbert B. Adenosine as a Marker and Mediator of Cardiovascular Homeostasis: A Translational Perspective. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:109-131. [PMID: 30318008 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x18666181011103719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine, a purine nucleoside, is produced broadly and implicated in the homeostasis of many cells and tissues. It signals predominantly via 4 purinergic adenosine receptors (ADORs) - ADORA1, ADORA2A, ADORA2B and ADOosine signaling, both through design as specific ADOR agonists and antagonists and as offtarget effects of existing anti-platelet medications. Despite this, adenosine has yet to be firmly established as either a therapeutic or a prognostic tool in clinical medicine to date. Herein, we provide a bench-to-bedside review of adenosine biology, highlighting the key considerations for further translational development of this proRA3 in addition to non-ADOR mediated effects. Through these signaling mechanisms, adenosine exerts effects on numerous cell types crucial to maintaining vascular homeostasis, especially following vascular injury. Both in vitro and in vivo models have provided considerable insights into adenosine signaling and identified targets for therapeutic intervention. Numerous pharmacologic agents have been developed that modulate adenmising molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Simard
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Richard Jung
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alisha Labinaz
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | | | - F Daniel Ramirez
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Pietro Di Santo
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Ian Pitcher
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Pouya Motazedian
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, ON, Canada
| | - Chantal Gaudet
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Rebecca Rochman
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Marbach
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Paul Boland
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Kiran Sarathy
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Saleh Alghofaili
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Juan J Russo
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Etienne Couture
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Rob S Beanlands
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Benjamin Hibbert
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
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15
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Borea PA, Gessi S, Merighi S, Vincenzi F, Varani K. Pharmacology of Adenosine Receptors: The State of the Art. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1591-1625. [PMID: 29848236 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid whose effects are triggered through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Due to the rapid generation of adenosine from cellular metabolism, and the widespread distribution of its receptor subtypes in almost all organs and tissues, this nucleoside induces a multitude of physiopathological effects, regulating central nervous, cardiovascular, peripheral, and immune systems. It is becoming clear that the expression patterns of adenosine receptors vary among cell types, lending weight to the idea that they may be both markers of pathologies and useful targets for novel drugs. This review offers an overview of current knowledge on adenosine receptors, including their characteristic structural features, molecular interactions and cellular functions, as well as their essential roles in pain, cancer, and neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. Finally, we highlight the latest findings on molecules capable of targeting adenosine receptors and report which stage of drug development they have reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
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16
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Rybakowska IM, Kutryb-Zając B, Milczarek R, Łukasz B, Slominska EM, Smolenski RT. Activities of purine converting enzymes in heart, liver and kidney mice LDLR-/- and Apo E-/. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 37:340-347. [PMID: 29781767 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2018.1460482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide metabolism plays a major role in a number of vital cellular processes such as energetics. This, in turn, is important in pathologies such as atherosclerosis. Three month old atherosclerotic mice with knock outs for LDLR and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) were used for the experiments. Activities of AMP-deaminase (AMPD), ecto5'-nucleotidase (e5NT), adenosine deaminase (ADA), purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) were measured in heart, liver and kidney cortex and medulla by analysing conversion of substrates into products using HPLC. The activity of ecto5'-nucleotidase differ in hearts of LDLR-/- and ApoE-/- mice with no differences in ADA and AMPD activity. We noticed highest activity of e5NT in kidney medulla of the models. This model of atherosclerosis characterize with an inhibition of enzyme responsible for production of protective adenosine in heart but not in other organs and different metabolism of nucleotides in kidney medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Rybakowska
- a Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Physiology , Medical University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland
| | - B Kutryb-Zając
- b Department of Biochemistry , Medical University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland
| | - R Milczarek
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry , Medical University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland
| | - B Łukasz
- a Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Physiology , Medical University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland
| | - E M Slominska
- b Department of Biochemistry , Medical University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland
| | - R T Smolenski
- b Department of Biochemistry , Medical University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland
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17
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Robichaux WG, Cheng X. Intracellular cAMP Sensor EPAC: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics Development. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:919-1053. [PMID: 29537337 PMCID: PMC6050347 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on one family of the known cAMP receptors, the exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs), also known as the cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (cAMP-GEFs). Although EPAC proteins are fairly new additions to the growing list of cAMP effectors, and relatively "young" in the cAMP discovery timeline, the significance of an EPAC presence in different cell systems is extraordinary. The study of EPACs has considerably expanded the diversity and adaptive nature of cAMP signaling associated with numerous physiological and pathophysiological responses. This review comprehensively covers EPAC protein functions at the molecular, cellular, physiological, and pathophysiological levels; and in turn, the applications of employing EPAC-based biosensors as detection tools for dissecting cAMP signaling and the implications for targeting EPAC proteins for therapeutic development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Robichaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
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18
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Wei SJ, Cheng L, Liang ES, Wang Q, Zhou SN, Xu H, Hui LH, Ge ZM, Zhang MX. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 deficiency increases nitric oxide production and attenuates aortic atherogenesis through downregulation of arginase II. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:114-122. [PMID: 27757983 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) plays an important role in endothelial dysfunction, leading to atherogenesis and vascular-related diseases. However, whether PARP regulates nitric oxide (NO), a key regulator of endothelial function, is unclear so far. We investigated whether inhibition of PARP-1, the most abundant PARP isoform, prevents atherogenesis by regulating NO production and tried to elucidate the possible mechanisms involved in this phenomenon. In apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/- ) mice fed a high-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks, PARP-1 inhibition via treatment with 3,4-dihydro-54-(1-piperindinyl) butoxy-1(2H)-isoquinoline (DPQ) or PARP-1 gene knockout reduced aortic atherosclerotic plaque areas (49% and 46%, respectively). Both the groups showed restored NO production in mouse aortas with reduced arginase II (Arg II) expression compared to that in the controls. In mouse peritoneal macrophages and aortic endothelial cells (MAECs), PARP-1 knockout resulted in lowered Arg II expression. Moreover, phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) was preserved in the aortas and MAECs when PARP-1 was inhibited. Reduced NO production in vitro due to PARP-1 deficiency could be restored by treating the MAECs with oxidized low-density lipoprotein treatment, but this effect could not be achieved with peritoneal macrophages, which was likely due to a reduction in the expression of induced NOS expression. Our findings indicate that PARP-1 inhibition may attenuate atherogenesis by restoring NO production in endothelial cells and thus by reducing Arg II expression and consequently arginase the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jian Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Ultrasound, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Er-Shun Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Long-Hua Hui
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,The First Sanatorium of Jinan Military Region, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Ge
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ming-Xiang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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19
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Peleli M, Carlstrom M. Adenosine signaling in diabetes mellitus and associated cardiovascular and renal complications. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:62-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Silva L, Subiabre M, Araos J, Sáez T, Salsoso R, Pardo F, Leiva A, San Martín R, Toledo F, Sobrevia L. Insulin/adenosine axis linked signalling. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:45-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Leiva A, Guzmán-Gutiérrez E, Contreras-Duarte S, Fuenzalida B, Cantin C, Carvajal L, Salsoso R, Gutiérrez J, Pardo F, Sobrevia L. Adenosine receptors: Modulators of lipid availability that are controlled by lipid levels. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:26-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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De Giorgi M, Enjyoji K, Jiang G, Csizmadia E, Mitsuhashi S, Gumina RJ, Smolenski RT, Robson SC. Complete deletion of Cd39 is atheroprotective in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1292-1305. [PMID: 28487312 PMCID: PMC5496028 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m072132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cd39 scavenges extracellular ATP and ADP, ultimately generating adenosine, a nucleoside, which has anti-inflammatory effects in the vasculature. We have evaluated the role of Cd39 in the development of atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. ApoE KO (Cd39+/+/ApoE−/−) and Cd39/ApoE double KO (DKO) (Cd39−/−/ApoE−/−) mice were maintained on chow or Western diet for up to 20 weeks before evaluation of atherosclerotic lesions. We found that DKO mice exhibited significantly fewer atherosclerotic lesions than ApoE KO mice, irrespective of diet. Analyses of plaque composition revealed diminished foam cells in the fatty streaks and smaller necrotic cores in advanced lesions of DKO mice, when compared with those in ApoE KO mice. This atheroprotective phenotype was associated with impaired platelet reactivity to ADP in vitro and prolonged platelet survival, suggesting decreased platelet activation in vivo. Further studies with either genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of Cd39 in macrophages revealed increased cholesterol efflux mediated via ABCA1 to ApoA1. This phenomenon was associated with elevated plasma HDL levels in DKO mice. Our findings indicate that complete deletion of Cd39 paradoxically attenuates development of atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. We propose that this phenotype occurs, at least in part, from diminished platelet activation, increased plasma HDL levels, and enhanced cholesterol efflux and indicates the complexity of purinergic signaling in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Giorgi
- Transplant Institute and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Keiichi Enjyoji
- Transplant Institute and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gordon Jiang
- Transplant Institute and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Transplant Institute and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shuji Mitsuhashi
- Transplant Institute and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Richard J Gumina
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Simon C Robson
- Transplant Institute and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Chu M, Wu R, Qin S, Hua W, Shan Z, Rong X, Zeng J, Hong L, Sun Y, Liu Y, Li W, Wang S, Zhang C. Bone Marrow-Derived MicroRNA-223 Works as an Endocrine Genetic Signal in Vascular Endothelial Cells and Participates in Vascular Injury From Kawasaki Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.004878. [PMID: 28196816 PMCID: PMC5523776 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Kawasaki disease (KD) is now the most common cause of acquired cardiac disease in children due to permanent coronary artery damage with unknown etiology. The study sought to determine the role of blood microRNA miR‐223 in KD and KD‐induced injuries in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) as well as the mechanisms involved. Methods and Results MicroRNA profiles in serum from patients with KD and from healthy controls were assessed by microarray analysis. We noted that multiple serum microRNAs were aberrantly expressed in KD, among them miR‐223, which was the most upregulated abundant serum microRNA. We found that bone marrow–derived blood cells (leukocytes and platelets) were able to secrete miR‐223 into serum. Vascular ECs had no endogenous miR‐223; however, the blood cell–secreted serum miR‐223 could enter into the vascular ECs in the vascular walls. The exogenous miR‐223 had strong biological effects on EC functions via its target genes such as IGF1R. Interestingly, KD‐induced EC injuries were related to increased miR‐223 because they were inhibited by miR‐223 knockdown. Finally, these observations were verified using miR‐223 knockout mice and the chimeric mice generated by transplantation of bone marrow from miR‐223 knockout mice into wild‐type mice. Conclusions In KD patients, the levels of blood cell–derived miR‐223 in ECs are significantly increased. The increased miR‐223 in ECs could work as a novel endocrine genetic signal and participate in vascular injury of KD. MiR‐223 may provide a novel mechanism and a new therapeutic target for vascular complication of KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoping Chu
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongzhou Wu
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shanshan Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Wenfeng Hua
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Shan
- Division of Vascular Surgery and the Laboratory of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Rong
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Zeng
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lanlan Hong
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yeying Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Wen Li
- Division of Vascular Surgery and the Laboratory of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenming Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery and the Laboratory of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
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Faas MM, Sáez T, de Vos P. Extracellular ATP and adenosine: The Yin and Yang in immune responses? Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:9-19. [PMID: 28093236 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine molecules are intimately involved in immune responses. ATP is mostly a pro-inflammatory molecule and is released during hypoxic condition and by necrotic cells, as well as by activated immune cells and endothelial cells. However, under certain conditions, for instance at low concentrations or at prolonged exposure, ATP may also have anti-inflammatory properties. Extracellular ATP can activate both P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors. Extracellular ATP can be hydrolyzed into adenosine in a two-step enzymatic process involving the ectonucleotidases CD39 (ecto-apyrase) and CD73. These enzymes are expressed by many cell types, including endothelial cells and immune cells. The counterpart of ATP is adenosine, which is produced by breakdown of intra- or extracellular ATP. Adenosine has mainly anti-inflammatory effects by binding to the adenosine, or P1, receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). These receptors are also expressed in many cells, including immune cells. The final effect of ATP and adenosine in immune responses depends on the fine regulatory balance between the 2 molecules. In the present review, we will discuss the current knowledge on the role of these 2 molecules in the immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Faas
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - T Sáez
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P de Vos
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Zhu CZ, Gopalakrishnan S, Doyle K, Nikkel AL, Olson L, Abraham VC, Leys L, Widomski D, Salte K, Putman B, Pratt S, Ma J, Su Z, Gopalakrishnan M, Lee CH, McGaraughty SP. A-306989, an inhibitor of adenosine kinase, is renoprotective in rodent models of podocyte, basement membrane, and obstructive injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 788:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Wasiak S, Gilham D, Tsujikawa LM, Halliday C, Norek K, Patel RG, McLure KG, Young PR, Gordon A, Kulikowski E, Johansson J, Sweeney M, Wong NC. Data on gene and protein expression changes induced by apabetalone (RVX-208) in ex vivo treated human whole blood and primary hepatocytes. Data Brief 2016; 8:1280-8. [PMID: 27570805 PMCID: PMC4990638 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Apabetalone (RVX-208) inhibits the interaction between epigenetic regulators known as bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins and acetyl-lysine marks on histone tails. Data presented here supports the manuscript published in Atherosclerosis “RVX-208, a BET-inhibitor for Treating Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease, Raises ApoA-I/HDL and Represses Pathways that Contribute to Cardiovascular Disease” (Gilham et al., 2016) [1]. It shows that RVX-208 and a comparator BET inhibitor (BETi) JQ1 increase mRNA expression and production of apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), the main protein component of high density lipoproteins, in primary human and African green monkey hepatocytes. In addition, reported here are gene expression changes from a microarray-based analysis of human whole blood and of primary human hepatocytes treated with RVX-208.
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Nylander S, Schulz R. Effects of P2Y12 receptor antagonists beyond platelet inhibition--comparison of ticagrelor with thienopyridines. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1163-78. [PMID: 26758983 PMCID: PMC5341337 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect and clinical benefit of P2Y12 receptor antagonists may not be limited to platelet inhibition and the prevention of arterial thrombus formation. Potential additional effects include reduction of the pro-inflammatory role of activated platelets and effects related to P2Y12 receptor inhibition on other cells apart from platelets. P2Y12 receptor antagonists, thienopyridines and ticagrelor, differ in their mode of action being prodrugs instead of direct acting and irreversibly instead of reversibly binding to P2Y12 . These key differences may provide different potential when it comes to additional effects. In addition to P2Y12 receptor blockade, ticagrelor is unique in having the only well-documented additional target of inhibition, the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1. The current review will address the effects of P2Y12 receptor antagonists beyond platelets and the protection against arterial thrombosis. The discussion will include the potential for thienopyridines and ticagrelor to mediate anti-inflammatory effects, to conserve vascular function, to affect atherosclerosis, to provide cardioprotection and to induce dyspnea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of PhysiologyJustus‐Liebig University GiessenGiessenGermany
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28
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Hamidzadeh K, Mosser DM. Purinergic Signaling to Terminate TLR Responses in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2016; 7:74. [PMID: 26973651 PMCID: PMC4773587 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages undergo profound physiological alterations when they encounter pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These alterations can result in the elaboration of cytokines and mediators that promote immune responses and contribute to the clearance of pathogens. These innate immune responses by myeloid cells are transient. The termination of these secretory responses is not due to the dilution of stimuli, but rather to the active downregulation of innate responses induced by the very PAMPs that initiated them. Here, we describe a purinergic autoregulatory program whereby TLR-stimulated macrophages control their activation state. In this program, TLR-stimulated macrophages undergo metabolic alterations that result in the production of ATP and its release through membrane pannexin channels. This purine nucleotide is rapidly hydrolyzed to adenosine by ectoenzymes on the macrophage surface, CD39 and CD73. Adenosine then signals through the P1 class of seven transmembrane receptors to induce a regulatory state that is characterized by the downregulation of inflammatory cytokines and the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. This purinergic autoregulatory system mitigates the collateral damage that would be caused by the prolonged activation of macrophages and rather allows the macrophage to maintain homeostasis. The transient activation of macrophages can be prolonged by treating macrophages with IFN-γ. IFN-γ-treated macrophages become less sensitive to the regulatory effects of adenosine, allowing them to sustain macrophage activation for the duration of an adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Hamidzadeh
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, The Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland , College Park, MD , USA
| | - David M Mosser
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, The Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland , College Park, MD , USA
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29
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Yang J, Jian R, Yu J, Zhi X, Liao X, Yu J, Zhou P. CD73 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell functions and facilitates atherosclerotic plaque formation. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:853-60. [PMID: 26506509 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine, generated by ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) via enzymatic catalyzation, has been found to facilitate atherosclerosis (AS). Thus, suppressing CD73 may attenuate AS. In this study, we evaluated the role of CD73 during AS development and further explored cellular and molecular mechanism in smooth muscle cells (SMCs). In a mouse model of carotid artery ligation, inactivation of CD73 inhibited migration and proliferation of vascular SMCs. In in vitro experiments, RNA interference of CD73 inhibited migration, proliferation, and foam cell transformation of human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells. Further, we established an atherosclerotic model using ApoE-/- mice fed with a western diet for 16 weeks. Inactivation of CD73-attenuated AS and hyperlipidemia in ApoE-/- mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that CD73 facilitates AS by promoting migration, proliferation, and foam cell transformation of vascular SMCs and elevating serum lipid levels. Thus, inhibition of CD73 may be beneficial for prevention and treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Division of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongrong Jian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology, Shanghai Institute of Health Sciences, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangang Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuling Zhi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Liao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jerry Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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30
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Merighi S, Borea PA, Gessi S. Adenosine receptors and diabetes: Focus on the A2B adenosine receptor subtype. Pharmacol Res 2015; 99:229-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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An Endocrine Genetic Signal Between Blood Cells and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: Role of MicroRNA-223 in Smooth Muscle Function and Atherogenesis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65:2526-37. [PMID: 26065992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA-223 (miR-223) is a hematopoietic lineage cell-specific microRNA. However, a significant amount of miR-223 has been identified in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and vascular walls that should not have endogenous miR-223. OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine the sources of miR-223 in normal and atherosclerotic arteries and the role of miR-223 in atherogenesis. METHODS The levels and sources of miR-223 in blood cells (leukocytes and platelets), serum, blood microparticles, VSMCs, and vascular walls were determined. Both in vivo and in vitro studies were conducted to evaluate miR-223 secretion by blood cells and the ability of miR-223 to enter VSMCs and vascular walls. Subsequent changes in and the effects of miR-223 levels on serum and arteries in atherosclerotic animals and patients were investigated. RESULTS Blood cells were able to secrete miR-223 into serum. MicroRNA-223 from blood cells was the most abundant cell-free miRNA in blood. Blood cell-secreted miR-223 could enter VSMCs and vascular walls, which produced strong biological effects via its target genes. In both atherosclerotic apolipoprotein-E knockout mice and patients with atherosclerosis, miR-223 levels were significantly increased in serum and atherosclerotic vascular walls. The atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein-E knockout mice were exacerbated by miR-223 knockdown. The effect of miR-223 on atherogenesis was verified using miR-223 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS Blood cell-secreted miR-223 enters vascular cells and walls, and appears to play important roles in VSMC function and atherogenesis. As a novel endocrine genetic signal between blood cells and vascular cells, miR-223 may provide a novel mechanism and new therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Wang HT, Shan Z, Li W, Chu M, Yang J, Yi D, Zhan J, Yuan ZY, Raikwar S, Wang S, Zhang C. Guidelines for assessing mouse endothelial function via ultrasound imaging: a report from the International Society Of Cardiovascular Translational Research. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2015; 8:89-95. [PMID: 25701375 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-015-9614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The study is to establish a novel method to determine the endothelial function in mouse carotid arteries in vivo by using high-resolution ultrasound images. Atherosclerosis in carotid arteries is induced in ApoE(-/-) mice with a Western diet. The ultrasound of the ventral neck generates clear pictures of the common carotid arteries. Acetylcholine at the range from 5 to 20 μg/kg/min (iv) is able to induce a dose-dependent relaxation as shown by the increased diameter of these normal mouse carotid arteries, which is impaired in atherosclerotic arteries. The endothelial function determined by ultrasound images in vivo matches well with that determined in isolated carotid arterial rings in vitro. All animals survived after the endothelial function measurement. In this study, we have established a standard method to determine the mouse endothelial function in vivo. It is a reliable, safe, and survival method that could be used repetitively in mouse arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Cohn Building, Suite 406, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Mahmut A, Boulanger MC, Bouchareb R, Hadji F, Mathieu P. Adenosine derived from ecto-nucleotidases in calcific aortic valve disease promotes mineralization through A2a adenosine receptor. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:109-20. [PMID: 25644539 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In this study, we sought to determine the role of ecto-nucleotidases and adenosine receptors in calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). The expression of ecto-nucleotidases, which modify the levels of extracellular nucleotides/nucleosides, may control the mineralization of valve interstitial cells (VICs). We hypothesized that expression of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1), which generates AMP, and 5'-nucleotidase (CD73), an enzyme using AMP as a substrate to produce adenosine, may co-regulate the mineralization of the aortic valve. METHODS AND RESULTS We have investigated the expression of NPP1 and 5'-nucleotidase in CAVD tissues and determined the role of these ecto-nucleotidases on the mineralization of isolated VICs. In CAVD tissues (stenotic and sclerotic), we documented that NPP1 and 5'-nucleotidase were overexpressed by VICs. In isolated VICs, we found that mineralization induced by adenosine triphosphate was decreased by silencing NPP1 and 5'-nucleotidase, suggesting a role for adenosine. Adenosine and specific A2a adenosine receptor (A2aR) agonist increased the mineralization of VICs. Silencing of A2aR in human VICs and the use of A2aR(-/-) mouse VICs confirmed that A2aR promotes the mineralization of cells. Also, A2aR-mediated mineralization was negated by the transfection of a mutant dominant-negative Gαs vector. Through several lines of evidence, we next documented that adenosine stimulated the mineralization of VICs through a cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway, and found that CREB positively regulated the expression of NPP1 in a positive feedback loop by physically interacting with the promoter. CONCLUSION Expression of NPP1 and 5'-nucleotidase by VICs promotes the mineralization of the aortic valve through A2aR and a cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ablajan Mahmut
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V-4G5
| | - Marie-Chloé Boulanger
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V-4G5
| | - Rihab Bouchareb
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V-4G5
| | - Fayez Hadji
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V-4G5
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V-4G5
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Ferrari D, Vitiello L, Idzko M, la Sala A. Purinergic signaling in atherosclerosis. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:184-92. [PMID: 25637413 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface expression of specific receptors and ecto-nucleotidases makes extracellular nucleotides such as ATP, ADP, UTP, and adenosine suitable as signaling molecules for physiological and pathological events, including tissue stress and damage. Recent data have revealed the participation of purinergic signaling in atherosclerosis, depicting a scenario in which, in addition to some exceptions reflecting dual effects of individual receptor subtypes, adenosine and most P1 receptors, as well as ecto-nucleotidases, show a protective, anti-atherosclerotic function. By contrast, P2 receptors promote atherosclerosis. In consideration of these findings, modulation of purinergic signaling would represent an innovative and valuable tool to counteract atherosclerosis. We summarize recent developments on the participation of the purinergic network in atheroma formation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biotechnology Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Laura Vitiello
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Idzko
- Department of Pneumology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea la Sala
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy
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Teng B, Smith JD, Rosenfeld ME, Robinet P, Davis ME, Morrison RR, Mustafa SJ. A₁ adenosine receptor deficiency or inhibition reduces atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:157-65. [PMID: 24525840 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The goal of this study was to determine whether the A1 adenosine receptor (AR) plays a role in atherosclerosis development and to explore its potential mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Double knockout (DKO) mice, deficient in the genes encoding A1 AR and apolipoprotein E (apoE), demonstrated reduced atherosclerotic lesions in aortic arch (en face), aortic root, and innominate arteries when compared with apoE-deficient mice (APOE-KO) of the same age. Treating APOE-KO with an A1 AR antagonist (DPCPX) also led to a concentration-dependent reduction in lesions. The total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were not different between DKO and APOE-KO; however, higher triglyceride was observed in DKO fed a high-fat diet. DKO also had higher body weights than APOE-KO. Plasma cytokine concentrations (IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13) were significantly lower in DKO. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression was also significantly reduced in the aorta from DKO. Despite smaller lesions in DKO, the composition of the innominate artery lesion and cholesterol loading and efflux from bone marrow-derived macrophages of DKO were not different from APOE-KO. CONCLUSION The A1 AR may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis, possibly due to its pro-inflammatory and mitogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunyen Teng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Burnstock G, Ralevic V. Purinergic signaling and blood vessels in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:102-92. [PMID: 24335194 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling plays important roles in control of vascular tone and remodeling. There is dual control of vascular tone by ATP released as a cotransmitter with noradrenaline from perivascular sympathetic nerves to cause vasoconstriction via P2X1 receptors, whereas ATP released from endothelial cells in response to changes in blood flow (producing shear stress) or hypoxia acts on P2X and P2Y receptors on endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, which dilates vessels. ATP is also released from sensory-motor nerves during antidromic reflex activity to produce relaxation of some blood vessels. In this review, we stress the differences in neural and endothelial factors in purinergic control of different blood vessels. The long-term (trophic) actions of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides in promoting migration and proliferation of both vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells via P1 and P2Y receptors during angiogenesis and vessel remodeling during restenosis after angioplasty are described. The pathophysiology of blood vessels and therapeutic potential of purinergic agents in diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemia, thrombosis and stroke, diabetes, and migraine, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK; and Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Zhang P, Xu X, Hu X, Wang H, Fassett J, Huo Y, Chen Y, Bache RJ. DDAH1 deficiency attenuates endothelial cell cycle progression and angiogenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79444. [PMID: 24260221 PMCID: PMC3832548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS). ADMA is eliminated largely by the action of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase1 (DDAH1). Decreased DDAH activity is found in several pathological conditions and is associated with increased risk of vascular disease. Overexpression of DDAH1 has been shown to augment endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis. To better understand the mechanism by which DDAH1 influences endothelial proliferation, this study examined the effect of DDAH1 deficiency on cell cycle progression and the expression of some cell cycle master regulatory proteins. DDAH1 KO decreased in vivo Matrigel angiogenesis and depressed endothelial repair in a mouse model of carotid artery wire injury. DDAH1 deficiency decreased VEGF expression in HUVEC and increased NF1 expression in both HUVEC and DDAH1 KO mice. The expression of active Ras could overcome the decreased VEGF expression caused by the DDAH1 depletion. The addition of VEGF and knockdown NF1 could both restore proliferation in cells with DDAH1 depletion. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that DDAH1 sRNAi knockdown in HUVEC caused G1 and G2/M arrest that was associated with decreased expression of CDC2, CDC25C, cyclin D1 and cyclin E. MEF cells from DDAH1 KO mice also demonstrated G2/M arrest that was associated with decreased cyclin D1 expression and Akt activity. Our findings indicate that DDAH1 exerts effects on cyclin D1 and cyclin E expression through multiple mechanisms, including VEGF, the NO/cGMP/PKG pathway, the Ras/PI3K/Akt pathway, and NF1 expression. Loss of DDAH1 effects on these pathways results in impaired endothelial cell proliferation and decreased angiogenesis. The findings provide background information that may be useful in the development of therapeutic strategies to manipulate DDAH1 expression in cardiovascular diseases or tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Xin Xu
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Xinli Hu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - John Fassett
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yingjie Chen
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Bache
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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38
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Liu X, Cheng Y, Yang J, Qin S, Chen X, Tang X, Zhou X, Krall TJ, Zhang C. Flank sequences of miR-145/143 and their aberrant expression in vascular disease: mechanism and therapeutic application. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000407. [PMID: 24166492 PMCID: PMC3886745 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many microRNAs (miRNAs) are downregulated in proliferative vascular disease. Thus, upregulation of these miRNAs has become a major focus of research activity. However, there is a critical barrier in gene therapy to upregulate some miRNAs such as miR-145 and miR-143 because of their significant downregulation by the unclear endogenous mechanisms under disease conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the molecular mechanisms responsible for their downregulation and to overcome the therapeutic barrier. METHODS AND RESULTS In cultured proliferative rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vitro and in diseased rat and mouse arteries in vivo, we have identified that the impairment of pri-miR-145 into pre-miR-145 is the critical step related to the downregulation of miR-145, in which the PI3-kinase/Akt/p53 pathway is involved. We further identified that the flank sequences of pri-miR-145 are the critical structural components responsible for the aberrant miR-145 expression. Switching of the flank sequence of downregulated miR-145 and miR-143 to the flank sequence of miR-31 confers resistance to their downregulation. The genetically engineered miR-145 (smart miR-145) restored the downregulated miR-145 in proliferative rat VSMCs and in rat carotid arteries with balloon injury and mouse atherosclerotic aortas and demonstrated much better therapeutic effects on the abnormal growth of VSMCs, expression of its target gene, KLF5 expression, VSMC marker gene expression, and vascular neointimal growth. CONCLUSIONS The flank sequences of miR-145 and miR-143 play a critical role in their aberrant expression in VSMCs and vascular walls. The genetically engineered "smart" miRNAs based on their flank sequences may have broadly therapeutic applications for many vascular diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/therapy
- Carotid Artery Injuries/genetics
- Carotid Artery Injuries/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA, Intergenic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- MicroRNAs/therapeutic use
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction
- Transfection
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (X.L., Y.C., J.Y., S.Q., X.C., X.T., X.Z., T.J.K., C.Z.)
| | - Yunhui Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (X.L., Y.C., J.Y., S.Q., X.C., X.T., X.Z., T.J.K., C.Z.)
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (X.L., Y.C., J.Y., S.Q., X.C., X.T., X.Z., T.J.K., C.Z.)
| | - Shanshan Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (X.L., Y.C., J.Y., S.Q., X.C., X.T., X.Z., T.J.K., C.Z.)
| | - Xiuwei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (X.L., Y.C., J.Y., S.Q., X.C., X.T., X.Z., T.J.K., C.Z.)
| | - Xiaojun Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (X.L., Y.C., J.Y., S.Q., X.C., X.T., X.Z., T.J.K., C.Z.)
| | - Xiangyu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (X.L., Y.C., J.Y., S.Q., X.C., X.T., X.Z., T.J.K., C.Z.)
| | - Thomas J. Krall
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (X.L., Y.C., J.Y., S.Q., X.C., X.T., X.Z., T.J.K., C.Z.)
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (X.L., Y.C., J.Y., S.Q., X.C., X.T., X.Z., T.J.K., C.Z.)
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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40
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Cardiovascular adenosine receptors: Expression, actions and interactions. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:92-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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41
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Regulation of atherosclerosis and associated risk factors by adenosine and adenosine receptors. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2013; 14:460-8. [PMID: 22850979 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-012-0263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous metabolite that has an anti-inflammatory effect across the vasculature. Extracellular adenosine activates 4 G-protein coupled receptors (A1, A3, A2A, and A2B) whose expression varies in different cells and tissues, including the vasculature and blood cells. Higher levels of adenosine are generated during stress, inflammation, and upon tissue damage. Some of the adenosine receptors (AR), such as the A2BAR, are further up-regulated following such stresses. This review discusses the role of adenosine and adenosine receptors in the development of atherosclerosis and some of the risk factors associated with this pathology. These include adenosine receptor-regulated changes in atherosclerosis, blood pressure, thrombosis, and myocardial infarction. Potential therapeutic applications are reviewed, as well as reasons for phenotypic differences occasionally observed between receptor knockout and pharmacological inhibition via drug administration.
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42
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Koupenova M, Ravid K. Adenosine, adenosine receptors and their role in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1703-1712. [PMID: 23460239 PMCID: PMC3849123 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous metabolite that is released from all tissues and cells including liver, pancreas, muscle and fat, particularly under stress, intense exercise, or during cell damage. The role of adenosine in glucose homeostasis has been attributed to its ability to regulate, through its membrane receptors, processes such as insulin secretion, glucose release and clearance, glycogenolysis, and glycogenesis. Additionally, adenosine and its multiple receptors have been connected to lipid metabolism by augmenting insulin-mediated inhibition of lipolysis, and the subsequent increase in free fatty acids and glycerol levels. Furthermore, adenosine was reported to control liver cholesterol synthesis, consequently affecting plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, and the amount of fat tissue. Alterations in the balance of glucose and lipid homeostasis have implications in both cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The ability of different adenosine receptors to activate and inhibit the same signaling cascades has made it challenging to study the influence of adenosine, adenosine analogs and their receptors in health and disease. This review focuses on the role and significance of different adenosine receptors in mediating the effect of adenosine on glucose and lipid homeostasis. J. Cell. Physiol. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milka Koupenova
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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43
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Grandoch M, Hoffmann J, Röck K, Wenzel F, Oberhuber A, Schelzig H, Fischer JW. Novel effects of adenosine receptors on pericellular hyaluronan matrix: implications for human smooth muscle cell phenotype and interactions with monocytes during atherosclerosis. Basic Res Cardiol 2013; 108:340. [PMID: 23440385 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-013-0340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is responsive to pro-atherosclerotic growth factors and cytokines and is thought to contribute to neointimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis. However, the specific function of the pericellular HA matrix is likely depend on the respective stimuli. Adenosine plays an important role in the phenotypic regulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and is thought to inhibit inflammatory responses during atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to examine the regulation and function of HA matrix in response to adenosine in human coronary artery SMC (HCASMC). The adenosine receptor agonist NECA (10 μM) caused a strong induction of HA synthase (HAS)1 at 6 h and a weaker induction again after 24 h. Use of selective adenosine receptor antagonists revealed that adenosine A2(B) receptors (A2(B)R) mediate the early HAS1 induction, whereas late HAS1 induction was mediated via A2(A)R and A3R. The strong response after 6 h was mediated in part via phosphoinositide-3 kinase- and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and was inhibited by Epac. Functionally, NECA increased cell migration, which was abolished by shRNA-mediated knock down of HAS1. In addition to HA secretion, NECA also stimulated the formation of pronounced pericellular HA matrix in HCASMC and increased the adhesion of monocytes. The adenosine-induced monocyte adhesion was sensitive to hyaluronidase. In conclusion, the current data suggest that adenosine via adenosine A2(B)R and A2(A)R/A3R induces HAS1. In turn a HA-rich matrix is formed by HCASMC which likely supports the migratory HCASMC phenotype and traps monocytes/macrophages in the interstitial matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grandoch
- Institut für Pharmakologie u. Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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44
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Abstract
A number of widespread and devastating chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease, have a pathophysiologically important inflammatory component. In these diseases, the precise identity of the inflammatory stimulus is often unknown and, if known, is difficult to remove. Thus, there is interest in therapeutically targeting the inflammatory response. Although there has been success with anti-inflammatory therapy in chronic diseases triggered by primary inflammation dysregulation or autoimmunity, there are considerable limitations. In particular, the inflammatory response is critical for survival. As a result, redundancy, compensatory pathways, and necessity narrow the risk:benefit ratio of anti-inflammatory drugs. However, new advances in understanding inflammatory signaling and its links to resolution pathways, together with new drug development, offer promise in this area of translational biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christopher K. Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093–0651, USA
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45
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Riksen NP, Rongen GA. Targeting adenosine receptors in the development of cardiovascular therapeutics. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 5:199-218. [PMID: 22390562 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.12.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptor stimulation has negative inotropic and dromotropic actions, reduces cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury and remodeling, and prevents cardiac arrhythmias. In the vasculature, adenosine modulates vascular tone, reduces infiltration of inflammatory cells and generation of foam cells, and may prevent the development of atherosclerosis as a result. Modulation of insulin sensitivity may further add to the anti-atherosclerotic properties of adenosine signaling. In the kidney, adenosine plays an important role in tubuloglomerular feedback and modulates tubular sodium reabsorption. The challenge is to take advantage of the beneficial actions of adenosine signaling while preventing its potential adverse effects, such as salt retention and sympathoexcitation. Drugs that interfere with adenosine formation and elimination or drugs that allosterically enhance specific adenosine receptors seem to be most promising to meet this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels P Riksen
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology 149 and Internal Medicine 463, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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46
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Reiss AB, Cronstein BN. Regulation of foam cells by adenosine. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:879-86. [PMID: 22423040 PMCID: PMC3306592 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.226878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages rely on reverse cholesterol transport mechanisms to rid themselves of excess cholesterol. By reducing accumulation of cholesterol in the artery wall, reverse cholesterol transport slows or prevents development of atherosclerosis. In stable macrophages, efflux mechanisms balance influx mechanisms, and accumulating lipids do not overwhelm the cell. Under atherogenic conditions, inflow of cholesterol exceeds outflow, and the cell is ultimately transformed into a foam cell, the prototypical cell in the atherosclerotic plaque. Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside released from metabolically active cells by facilitated diffusion and generated extracellularly from adenine nucleotides. Under stress conditions, such as hypoxia, a depressed cellular energy state leads to an acute increase in the extracellular concentration of adenosine. Extracellular adenosine interacts with 1 or more of a family of G protein-coupled receptors (A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3)) to modulate the function of nearly all cells and tissues. Modulation of adenosine signaling participates in regulation of reverse cholesterol transport. Of particular note for the development of atherosclerosis, activation of A(2A) receptors dramatically inhibits inflammation and protects against tissue injury. Potent antiatherosclerotic effects of A(2A) receptor stimulation include inhibition of macrophage foam cell transformation and upregulation of the reverse cholesterol transport proteins cholesterol 27-hydroxylase and ATP binding cassette transporter A1. Thus, A(2A) receptor agonists may correct or prevent the adverse effects of inflammatory processes on cellular cholesterol homeostasis. This review focuses on the importance of extracellular adenosine acting at specific receptors as a regulatory mechanism to control the formation of foam cells under conditions of lipid loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B. Reiss
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, Winthrop-University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Suite 502A, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Bruce N. Cronstein
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, NBV16N-1, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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47
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Johnston-Cox HA, Koupenova M, Ravid K. A2 adenosine receptors and vascular pathologies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:870-8. [PMID: 22423039 PMCID: PMC5755359 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.246181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of death and morbidity, is regulated, among various factors, by inflammation. The level of the metabolite adenosine is augmented under stress, including inflammatory, hypoxic, or injurious events. Adenosine has been shown to affect various physiological and pathological processes, largely through 1 or more of its 4 types of receptors: the A1 and A3 adenylyl cyclase inhibitory receptors and the A2A and A2B adenylyl cyclase stimulatory receptors. This article focuses on reviewing common and distinct effects of the 2 A2-type adenosine receptors on vascular disease and the mechanisms involved. Understanding the pathogenesis of vascular disease mediated by these receptors is important to the development of therapeutics and to the prevention and management of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A. Johnston-Cox
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, and Evans Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Milka Koupenova
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, and Evans Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Katya Ravid
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, and Evans Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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48
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Haskó G, Pacher P. Regulation of macrophage function by adenosine. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:865-9. [PMID: 22423038 PMCID: PMC3387535 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.226852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Following its release into the extracellular space in response to metabolic disturbances, the endogenous nucleoside adenosine exerts a range of immunomodulatory effects and cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system are among its major targets. Adenosine governs mononuclear phagocyte functions via 4 G-protein-coupled cell membrane receptors, which are denoted A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3) receptors. Adenosine promotes osteoclast differentiation via A(1) receptors and alters monocyte to dendritic cell differentiation through A(2B) receptors. Adenosine downregulates classical macrophage activation mainly through A(2A) receptors. In contrast A(2B) receptor activation upregulates alternative macrophage activation. Adenosine promotes angiogenesis, which is mediated by inducing the production of vascular endothelial growth factor by mononuclear phagocytes through A(2A), A(2B), and A(3) receptors. By regulating mononuclear phagocyte function adenosine dictates the course of inflammatory and vascular diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Haskó
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07103, USA.
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49
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Koupenova M, Johnston-Cox H, Vezeridis A, Gavras H, Yang D, Zannis V, Ravid K. A2b adenosine receptor regulates hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Circulation 2011; 125:354-63. [PMID: 22144568 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.057596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cAMP-elevating A(2b) adenosine receptor (A(2b)AR) controls inflammation via its expression in bone marrow cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Atherosclerosis induced by a high-fat diet in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice was more pronounced in the absence of the A(2b)AR. Bone marrow transplantation experiments indicated that A(2b)AR bone marrow cell signals alone were not sufficient to elicit this effect. Intriguingly, liver expression of the A(2b)AR in wild-type mice was vastly augmented by a high-fat diet, raising the possibility that this upregulation is of functional significance. A(2b)AR genetic ablation led to elevated levels of liver and plasma cholesterol and triglycerides and to fatty liver pathology typical of steatosis, assessed by enzymatic assays and analysis of liver sections. Western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed elevated expression of the following molecules in the liver of A(2b)AR-null mice: the transcription factor sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) and its 2 downstream targets and regulators of lipogenesis, acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase. Pharmacological activation or inhibition of A(2b)AR in primary hepatocytes confirmed the regulation of SREBP-1 by this receptor. A(2b)AR-mediated changes in cAMP were found to regulate levels of the transcriptionally active form of SREBP-1. Finally, adenovirally mediated restoration of the A(2b)AR in the liver of A(2b)AR-null mice reduced the lipid profile and atherosclerosis. Similarly, in vivo administration of the A(2b)AR ligand BAY 60-6853 in control mice on a high-fat diet reduced the lipid profile and atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence that the A(2b)AR regulates liver SREBP-1, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis, suggesting that this receptor may be an effective therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milka Koupenova
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany St, CVI, W-601, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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50
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Buchheiser A, Ebner A, Burghoff S, Ding Z, Romio M, Viethen C, Lindecke A, Köhrer K, Fischer JW, Schrader J. Inactivation of CD73 promotes atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 92:338-47. [PMID: 21955554 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase) is expressed by a broad range of immune cells and attenuates inflammation in several acute disease models. This study therefore explored the role of CD73-derived adenosine in a model of chronic vascular inflammation such as atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS CD73(-/-) mice were backcrossed into the apolipoprotein E (ApoE(-/-)) background. In CD73(-/-)/ApoE(-/-) double mutants, atherosclerotic lesion formation was increased by ∼50% compared with ApoE(-/-). However, the cellular composition and extracellular matrix of the plaques did not differ. Surprisingly, we found significant activity and expression of CD73 in the plaque of ApoE(-/-) mice which increased over time. CD73 co-localized with macrophages, Tregs, and cells of mesenchymal origin. Genome-wide microarray analysis of the aorta lacking CD73 revealed upregulation of endothelin-1 (Edn1) mRNA together with changes of genes in lipid metabolism and the Wnt and nuclear factor kappa B pathways. Measurement of plasma levels verified the upregulation of Edn1 in CD73(-/-) and double mutants. Plasma triglycerides (TG) were also found to be significantly elevated in the CD73(-/-)/ApoE(-/-) mice compared with ApoE(-/-) controls. CONCLUSION Lack of CD73 promotes atherogenesis most likely by de-inhibition of resident macrophages and T cells. Elevated Edn1 and TG levels may have contributed. This establishes CD73-derived adenosine as a direct or indirect regulator of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Buchheiser
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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