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Siracusa C, Carino A, Carabetta N, Manica M, Sabatino J, Cianflone E, Leo I, Strangio A, Torella D, De Rosa S. Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Calcification and Experimental Models: Impact of Vitamin K Antagonists. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1405. [PMID: 38592207 PMCID: PMC10932386 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular calcification is a multifactorial and complex process involving an array of molecular mechanisms eventually leading to calcium deposition within the arterial walls. This process increases arterial stiffness, decreases elasticity, influences shear stress events and is related to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease. In numerous in vivo and in vitro models, warfarin therapy has been shown to cause vascular calcification in the arterial wall. However, the exact mechanisms of calcification formation with warfarin remain largely unknown, although several molecular pathways have been identified. Circulating miRNA have been evaluated as biomarkers for a wide range of cardiovascular diseases, but their exact role in cardiovascular calcification is limited. This review aims to describe the current state-of-the-art research on the impact of warfarin treatment on the development of vascular calcification and to highlight potential molecular targets, including microRNA, within the implicated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Siracusa
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.S.); (A.C.); (N.C.); (M.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Annarita Carino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.S.); (A.C.); (N.C.); (M.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Nicole Carabetta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.S.); (A.C.); (N.C.); (M.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Marzia Manica
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.S.); (A.C.); (N.C.); (M.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Jolanda Sabatino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (J.S.); (I.L.); (A.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Eleonora Cianflone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.S.); (A.C.); (N.C.); (M.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Isabella Leo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (J.S.); (I.L.); (A.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Antonio Strangio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (J.S.); (I.L.); (A.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Daniele Torella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (J.S.); (I.L.); (A.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Salvatore De Rosa
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.S.); (A.C.); (N.C.); (M.M.); (E.C.)
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Wang X, Peng L, Ma J, Zhang L, Liu J. Warfarin-Induced Calcification: Potential Prevention and Treatment Strategies. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2022; 23:322. [PMID: 39077691 PMCID: PMC11262346 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2309322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Warfarin is clinically used as the first choice for long-term anticoagulant therapy, and for the prevention of thromboembolic events. However, when used at low doses in the long term or high doses in the short term, warfarin treatment may result in tissue calcifications-such as calcifications in the coronary arteries, peripheral vascular system, blood vessels of patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease, and vascular valves-and atherosclerotic plaque calcification. These warfarin-induced calcifications may affect cardiovascular function and exacerbate diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. Studies have shown that quercetin, osteoprotegerin, sclerosin, and sodium thiosulfate may alleviate these effects by interfering in the Wnt/ β -catenin, TG2/ β -catenin, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP2), and Eicosapentaenoic Acid/Matrix Metallopeptidase-9 (EPA/MMP-9) pathways, respectively. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying warfarin-induced calcification remains unknown. Therefore, the question as to how to effectively attenuate the calcification induced by warfarin and ensure its anticoagulant effect remains an urgent clinical problem that needs to be resolved. To utilize warfarin rationally and to effectively attenuate the calcifications, we focused on the clinical phenomena, molecular mechanisms, and potential strategies to prevent calcification. Highlighting these aspects could provide new insights into the effective utilization of warfarin and the reduction of its associated calcification effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Wang
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Langang Peng
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jipeng Ma
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jincheng Liu
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Childs BG, Zhang C, Shuja F, Sturmlechner I, Trewartha S, Fierro Velasco R, Baker D, Li H, van Deursen JM. Senescent cells suppress innate smooth muscle cell repair functions in atherosclerosis. NATURE AGING 2021; 1:698-714. [PMID: 34746803 PMCID: PMC8570576 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Senescent cells (SNCs) degenerate the fibrous cap that normally prevents atherogenic plaque rupture, a leading cause of myocardial infarction and stroke. Here we explored the underlying mechanism using pharmacological or transgenic approaches to clear SNCs in the Ldlr -/- mouse model of atherosclerosis. SNC clearance reinforced fully deteriorated fibrous caps in highly advanced lesions, as evidenced by restored vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) numbers, elastin content, and overall cap thickness. We found that SNCs inhibit VSMC promigratory phenotype switching in the first interfiber space of the arterial wall directly beneath atherosclerotic plaque, thereby limiting lesion entry of medial VSMCs for fibrous cap assembly or reinforcement. SNCs do so by antagonizing IGF-1 through the secretion of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (Igfbp3). These data indicate that the intermittent use of senolytic agents or IGFBP-3 inhibition in combination with lipid lowering drugs may provide therapeutic benefit in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett G. Childs
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Fahad Shuja
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Ines Sturmlechner
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shawn Trewartha
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Raul Fierro Velasco
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Darren Baker
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Jan M. van Deursen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
- Correspondence:
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Prat-Duran J, Pinilla E, Nørregaard R, Simonsen U, Buus NH. Transglutaminase 2 as a novel target in chronic kidney disease - Methods, mechanisms and pharmacological inhibition. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 222:107787. [PMID: 33307141 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem with a prevalence of 10-15%. Progressive fibrosis of the renal tissue is a main feature of CKD, but current treatment strategies are relatively unspecific and delay, but do not prevent, CKD. Exploration of novel pharmacological targets to inhibit fibrosis development are therefore important. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is known to be central for extracellular collagenous matrix formation, but TG2 is a multifunctional enzyme and novel research has broadened our view on its extra- and intracellular actions. TG2 exists in two conformational states with different catalytic properties as determined by substrate availability and local calcium concentrations. The open conformation of TG2 depends on calcium and has transamidase activity, central for protein modification and cross-linking of extracellular protein components, while the closed conformation is a GTPase involved in transmembrane signaling processes. We first describe different methodologies to assess TG2 activity in renal tissue and cell cultures such as biotin cadaverine incorporation. Then we systematically review animal CKD models and preliminary studies in humans (with diabetic, IgA- and chronic allograft nephropathy) to reveal the role of TG2 in renal fibrosis. Mechanisms behind TG2 activation, TG2 externalization dependent on Syndecan-4 and interactions between TG and profibrotic molecules including transforming growth factor β and the angiotensin II receptor are discussed. Pharmacological TG2 inhibition shows antifibrotic effects in CKD. However, the translation of TG2 inhibition to treat CKD in patients is a challenge as clinical information is limited, and further studies on pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the individual compounds are required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ulf Simonsen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Niels Henrik Buus
- Institute of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
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Li M, Wang Z, Shao J, Li S, Xia H, Yu L, Hu Z. Captopril Attenuates the Upregulated Connexin 43 Expression in Artery Calcification. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:215-223. [PMID: 32111501 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular calcification is commonly observed in atherosclerosis and diabetes. The renin-angiotensin II system is associated with the regulation of arterial stiffening. The aim of this study was to examine whether the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors captopril attenuates artery calcification. METHODS The rat model of arterial calcification was established by a combination of warfarin and vitamin K1. Two weeks after the induction of arterial calcification, captopril treatment was initiated. One week after captopril treatment, aortic arteries were examined to determine the calcification morphology and the connexin 43 expression. Matrix Gla protein (MGP), receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathways were examined. RESULTS The morphology of the calcified arteries was significantly attenuated after captopril treatment. Consistently, captopril inhibited the increased connexin 43 expression and enhanced the decreased MGP expression in calcification arteries. Furthermore, captopril enhanced the decreased SM22 expression in calcified arteries by fluorescence assay. Finally, the calcification arteries increased the p38, p-ERK and RANKL expression, which were downregulated by captopril treatment. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that captopril attenuated the increased connexin 43 expression and enhanced the MGP and SM22 expression levels, which are associated with the inactivation of p-ERK, p38 and RANKL pathways in rat aortic arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mincai Li
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Zexia Wang
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Juan Shao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Suqin Li
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Hongli Xia
- The Central Hospital of Xianning, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Liangzhu Yu
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China.
| | - Zhenwu Hu
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China.
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Chao CT, Yeh HY, Tsai YT, Chuang PH, Yuan TH, Huang JW, Chen HW. Natural and non-natural antioxidative compounds: potential candidates for treatment of vascular calcification. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:145. [PMID: 31754473 PMCID: PMC6853969 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is highly prevalent in patients with advanced age, or those with chronic kidney disease and diabetes, accounting for substantial global cardiovascular burden. The pathophysiology of VC involves active mineral deposition by transdifferentiated vascular smooth muscle cells exhibiting osteoblast-like behavior, building upon cores with or without apoptotic bodies. Oxidative stress drives the progression of the cellular phenotypic switch and calcium deposition in the vascular wall. In this review, we discuss potential compounds that shield these cells from the detrimental influences of reactive oxygen species as promising treatment options for VC. A comprehensive summary of the current literature regarding antioxidants for VC is important, as no effective therapy is currently available for this disease. We systematically searched through the existing literature to identify original articles investigating traditional antioxidants and novel compounds with antioxidant properties with regard to their effectiveness against VC in experimental or clinical settings. We uncovered 36 compounds with antioxidant properties against VC pathology, involving mechanisms such as suppression of NADPH oxidase, BMP-2, and Wnt/β-catenin; anti-inflammation; and activation of Nrf2 pathways. Only two compounds have been tested clinically. These findings suggest that a considerable opportunity exists to harness these antioxidants for therapeutic use for VC. In order to achieve this goal, more translational studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ter Chao
- Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital BeiHu Branch, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yuan Yeh
- School of Big Data Management, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Tien Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Huan Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hang Yuan
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jenq-Wen Huang
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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The Emerging Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Vascular Calcification. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:2875189. [PMID: 31065272 PMCID: PMC6466855 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2875189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC), characterized by hydroxyapatite crystal depositing in the vessel wall, is a common pathological condition shared by many chronic diseases and an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. Recently, VC is regarded as an active, dynamic cell-mediated process, during which calcifying cell transition is critical. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), with a multidirectional differentiation ability and great potential for clinical application, play a duplex role in the VC process. MSCs facilitate VC mainly through osteogenic transformation and apoptosis. Meanwhile, several studies have reported the protective role of MSCs. Anti-inflammation, blockade of the BMP2 signal, downregulation of the Wnt signal, and antiapoptosis through paracrine signaling are possible mechanisms. This review displays the evidence both on the facilitating role and on the protective role of MSCs, then discusses the key factors determining this divergence.
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Tuffaha R, Voelkl J, Pieske B, Lang F, Alesutan I. Role of PKB/SGK-dependent phosphorylation of GSK-3α/β in vascular calcification during cholecalciferol overload in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2068-2074. [PMID: 30119888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Medial vascular calcification is a highly regulated process involving osteo-/chondrogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Both, protein kinase B (PKB) and serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) are involved in the intracellular signaling of vascular calcification and both phosphorylate and inactivate glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). The present study explored whether PKB/SGK-dependent phosphorylation of GSK-3α/β is involved in vascular calcification. Experiments were performed in Gsk-3α/β double knockin mice lacking functional PKB/SGK phosphorylation sites (gsk-3KI) and corresponding wild-type mice (gsk-3WT) following high-dosed cholecalciferol treatment as well as ex vivo in aortic ring explants from gsk-3KI and gsk-3WT mice treated without and with phosphate. In gsk-3WT mice, high-dosed cholecalciferol induced vascular calcification and aortic osteo-/chondrogenic signaling, shown by increased expression of osteogenic markers Msx2, Cbfa1 and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (Alpl). All these effects were suppressed in aortic tissue from gsk-3KI mice. Cholecalciferol decreased aortic Gsk-3α/β phosphorylation (Ser21/9) in gsk-3WT mice, while no phosphorylation was observed in gsk-3KI mice. Moreover, the mRNA expression of type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporter (Pit1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (Pai1) was increased following cholecalciferol treatment in aortic tissue of gsk-3WT mice, effects again blunted in gsk-3KI mice. In addition, phosphate treatment induced mineral deposition and osteogenic markers expression in aortic ring explants from gsk-3WT mice, effects reduced in aortic ring explants from gsk-3KI mice. In conclusion, vascular PKB/SGK-dependent phosphorylation of GSK-3α/β contributes to the osteoinductive signaling leading to vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Tuffaha
- Department of Physiology I, Eberhard-Karls University, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jakob Voelkl
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Str. 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology I, Eberhard-Karls University, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ioana Alesutan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Str. 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany
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Beazley KE, Nurminskaya M. Effects of dietary quercetin on female fertility in mice: implication of transglutaminase 2. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 28:974-981. [PMID: 25557047 DOI: 10.1071/rd14155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of the dietary supplement quercetin is on the rise. Because previous studies imply an inhibitory effect of quercetin on male fertility, we explored the effects of this flavonoid on fertility in female mice. Birth outcomes, and ovarian morphology in 4-week-old offspring, were assessed in mice receiving dietary quercetin (5mgkg-1day-1) for 9 months during two breeding periods: from 2 to 6 months (prime reproductive age) and 8 to11 months of age. Quercetin increased birth spacing, leading to a 60% reduction in the number of litters, but enhanced folliculogenesis in ovaries of female offspring. While in young females quercetin caused an almost 70% increase in litter size, in older animals this effect was reversed. Consistent with the inhibitory activity of quercetin on the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2), genetic ablation of TG2 in mice mirrors the effects of quercetin on birth outcomes and follicular development. Further, TG2-null mice lack responsiveness to quercetin ingestion. Our study shows for the first time that dietary quercetin can cause reduced reproductive potential in female mice and implies that TG2 may regulate ovarian ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Beazley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 108 N Greene St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Maria Nurminskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 108 N Greene St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Szondy Z, Korponay-Szabó I, Király R, Sarang Z, Tsay GJ. Transglutaminase 2 in human diseases. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2017; 7:15. [PMID: 28840829 PMCID: PMC5571667 DOI: 10.1051/bmdcn/2017070315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an inducible transamidating acyltransferase that catalyzes Ca(2+)-dependent protein modifications. In addition to being an enzyme, TG2 also serves as a G protein for several seven transmembrane receptors and acts as a co-receptor for integrin β1 and β3 integrins distinguishing it from other members of the transglutaminase family. TG2 is ubiquitously expressed in almost all cell types and all cell compartments, and is also present on the cell surface and gets secreted to the extracellular matrix via non-classical mechanisms. TG2 has been associated with various human diseases including inflammation, cancer, fibrosis, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, celiac disease in which it plays either a protective role, or contributes to the pathogenesis. Thus modulating the biological activities of TG2 in these diseases will have a therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Szondy
- Dental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary
| | - Ilma Korponay-Szabó
- Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary - Celiac Disease Center, Heim Pál Children's Hospital, Budapest 1089, Hungary
| | - Robert Király
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Sarang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary
| | - Gregory J Tsay
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan - School of medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Siltari A, Vapaatalo H. Vascular Calcification, Vitamin K and Warfarin Therapy - Possible or Plausible Connection? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017. [PMID: 28639365 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a pathological process underpinning many cardiovascular diseases; it is the main cause of global mortality. Atherosclerosis is characterized by an invasion of inflammatory cells, accumulation of lipids and the formation of fatty streaks (plaques) which subsequently allow accumulation of calcium and other minerals leading to a disturbance in the vascular endothelium and its regulatory role in arterial function. Vascular calcification is a different process, stringently regulated mainly by local factors, in which osteoblast-like cells accumulate in the muscular layer of arteries ultimately taking on the physiological appearance of bone. The elevated stiffness of the arteries leads to severe vascular complications in brain, heart and kidneys. Recently, evidence from animal experiments as well as clinical and epidemiological results suggests that long-term treatment with warfarin, but not with the novel direct anticoagulants, can increase the risk or even induce vascular calcification in some individuals. Gamma-carboxylation is an enzymatic process not only needed for activation of vitamin K but also other proteins which participate in bone formation and vascular calcification. Thus, reduced expression of the vitamin K-dependent proteins which physiologically inhibit calcification of cellular matrix could be postulated to lead to vascular calcification. Published clinical data, describing at present a few thousand patients, need to be supplemented with controlled studies to confirm this interesting hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino Siltari
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Vapaatalo
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Borrás T. A single gene connects stiffness in glaucoma and the vascular system. Exp Eye Res 2017; 158:13-22. [PMID: 27593913 PMCID: PMC6067113 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Arterial calcification results in arterial stiffness and higher systolic blood pressure. Arterial calcification is prevented by the high expression of the Matrix-Gla gene (MGP) in the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) of the arteries' tunica media. Originally, MGP, a gene highly expressed in cartilage and VSMC, was found to be one of the top expressed genes in the trabecular meshwork. The creation of an Mgp-lacZ Knock-In mouse and the use of mouse genetics revealed that in the eye, Mgp's abundant expression is localized and restricted to glaucoma-associated tissues from the anterior and posterior segments. In particular, it is specifically expressed in the regions of the trabecular meshwork and of the peripapillary sclera that surrounds the optic nerve. Because stiffness in these tissues would significantly alter outflow facility and biomechanical scleral stress in the optic nerve head (ONH), we propose MGP as a strong candidate for the regulation of stiffness in glaucoma. MGP further illustrates the presence of a common function affecting key glaucomatous parameters in the front and back of the eye, and thus offers the possibility for a sole therapeutic target for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Borrás
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 4109C Neuroscience Research Building CB 7041, 105 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7041, USA.
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Lui PPY. Tendinopathy in diabetes mellitus patients-Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 27:776-787. [PMID: 28106286 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic tendinopathy is a frequent and disabling musculo-skeletal problem affecting the athletic and general populations. The affected tendon is presented with local tenderness, swelling, and pain which restrict the activity of the individual. Tendon degeneration reduces the mechanical strength and predisposes it to rupture. The pathogenic mechanisms of chronic tendinopathy are not fully understood and several major non-mutually exclusive hypotheses including activation of the hypoxia-apoptosis-pro-inflammatory cytokines cascade, neurovascular ingrowth, increased production of neuromediators, and erroneous stem cell differentiation have been proposed. Many intrinsic and extrinsic risk/causative factors can predispose to the development of tendinopathy. Among them, diabetes mellitus is an important risk/causative factor. This review aims to appraise the current literature on the epidemiology and pathology of tendinopathy in diabetic patients. Systematic reviews were done to summarize the literature on (a) the association between diabetes mellitus and tendinopathy/tendon tears, (b) the pathological changes in tendon under diabetic or hyperglycemic conditions, and (c) the effects of diabetes mellitus or hyperglycemia on the outcomes of tendon healing. The potential mechanisms of diabetes mellitus in causing and exacerbating tendinopathy with reference to the major non-mutually exclusive hypotheses of the pathogenic mechanisms of chronic tendinopathy as reported in the literature are also discussed. Potential strategies for the management of tendinopathy in diabetic patients are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Y Lui
- Headquarter, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong SAR, China
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14
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Cheng E, Thorpe E. A Unique Surgical Technique for Tracheostomy in Heterotopic Ossification: A Case Report. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2016; 125:943-946. [PMID: 27553594 DOI: 10.1177/0003489416665193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a technique for tracheostomy in heterotopic ossification that has not yet been described in the literature. METHODS We report a case of difficult tracheostomy while using conventional techniques in a 68-year-old patient who underwent mitral valve replacement requiring warfarin therapy three months prior. Imaging revealed heterotopic ossification overlying the trachea. A literature review was performed to identify similar cases or techniques. RESULTS Extensive surgical planning was pursued after the initial attempted tracheostomy failed, and the airway was eventually accessed using a lighted intubation stylet for guidance and a drill. Heterotopic ossification has been described after orthopedic and abdominal surgeries. We identified one case report in the literature of tracheostomy performed in the setting of heterotopic ossification by an unspecified mechanism. There are few reported cases of tracheobronchial calcification in cardiac patients receiving warfarin therapy; however, these patients had characteristic imaging findings that were not consistent with those of our patient. CONCLUSIONS We illustrate a safe and effective technique for tracheostomy in heterotopic ossification that has not been reported. Coordination with the anesthesia service was paramount for a successful operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Eric Thorpe
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
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15
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Oh YJ, Pau VC, Steppan J, Sikka G, Bead VR, Nyhan D, Levine BD, Berkowitz DE, Santhanam L. Role of tissue transglutaminase in age-associated ventricular stiffness. Amino Acids 2016; 49:695-704. [PMID: 27438265 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with increased cardiomyocyte loss, left-ventricular hypertrophy, and the accumulation of extracellular matrix, which results in declining cardiac function. The role of the matrix crosslinking enzyme, tissue transglutaminase (TG2), in age-related myocardial stiffness, and contractile function remains incompletely understood. In this study, we examined the role of TG2 in cardiac function, and determined whether TG2 inhibition can prevent age-associated changes in cardiac function. Male Fisher rats (18-month-old) were administered the transglutaminase inhibitor cystamine (study group) or saline (age-matched controls) for 12 weeks via osmotic mini-pumps. Cardiac function was determined by echocardiography and invasive pressure-volume loops. Rat hearts were dissected out, and TG2 expression, activity, and S-nitrosation were determined. Young (6-month-old) males were used as controls. TG2 activity significantly increased in the saline-treated but not in the cystamine-treated aging rat hearts. TG2 expression also increased with age and was unaltered by cystamine treatment. Aged rats showed increased left ventricular (LV) end-systolic dimension and a decrease in fractional shortening compared with young, which was not affected by cystamine. However, cystamine treatment preserved the preload-independent index of LV filling pressure and restored end-diastolic pressure, end-diastolic pressure-volume relationships, and arterial elastance toward young. An increase in TG2 activity contributes to age-associated increase in diastolic stiffness, thereby contributing to age-associated diastolic dysfunction. TG2 may thus represent a novel target for age-associated diastolic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Oh
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 1150, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Vanessa C Pau
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 1150, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jochen Steppan
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 1150, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Gautam Sikka
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 1150, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Valeriani R Bead
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 1150, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniel Nyhan
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 1150, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Dan E Berkowitz
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 1150, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 1150, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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16
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Beazley KE, Nurminsky D, Lima F, Gandhi C, Nurminskaya MV. Wnt16 attenuates TGFβ-induced chondrogenic transformation in vascular smooth muscle. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:573-9. [PMID: 25614285 PMCID: PMC4344425 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phenotypic plasticity of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contributes to cardiovascular disease. Chondrocyte-like transformation of VSMCs associates with vascular calcification and underlies the formation of aortic cartilaginous metaplasia induced in mice by genetic loss of matrix Gla protein (MGP). Previous microarray analysis identified a dramatic downregulation of Wnt16 in calcified MGP-null aortae, suggesting an antagonistic role for Wnt16 in the chondrogenic transformation of VSMCs. APPROACH AND RESULTS Wnt16 is significantly downregulated in MGP-null aortae, before the histological appearance of cartilaginous metaplasia, and in primary MGP-null VSMCs. In contrast, intrinsic TGFβ is activated in MGP-null VSMCs and is necessary for spontaneous chondrogenesis of these cells in high-density micromass cultures. TGFβ3-induced chondrogenic transformation in wild-type VSMCs associates with Smad2/3-dependent Wnt16 downregulation, but Wnt16 does not suppress TGFβ3-induced Smad activation. In addition, TGFβ3 inhibits Notch signaling in wild-type VSMCs, and this pathway is downregulated in MGP-null aortae. Exogenous Wnt16 stimulates Notch activity and attenuates TGFβ3-induced downregulation of Notch in wild-type VSMCs, prevents chondrogenesis in MGP-null and TGFβ3-treated wild-type VSMCs, and stabilizes expression of contractile markers of differentiated VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS We describe a novel TGFβ-Wnt16-Notch signaling conduit in the chondrocyte-like transformation of VSMCs and identify endogenous TGFβ activity in MGP-null VSMCs as a critical mediator of chondrogenesis. Our proposed model suggests that the activated TGFβ pathway inhibits expression of Wnt16, which is a positive regulator of Notch signaling and a stabilizer of VSMC phenotype. These data advance the comprehensive mechanistic understanding of VSMC transformation and may identify a novel potential therapeutic target in vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Beazley
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Dmitry Nurminsky
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Florence Lima
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Chintan Gandhi
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Maria V Nurminskaya
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore.
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17
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Nurminskaya M, Beazley KE, Smith EP, Belkin AM. Transglutaminase 2 promotes PDGF-mediated activation of PDGFR/Akt1 and β-catenin signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells and supports neointima formation. J Vasc Res 2015; 51:418-28. [PMID: 25612735 DOI: 10.1159/000369461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) accompanies neointima formation and associates with vascular diseases. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced activation of PDGFR/Akt1 and β-catenin signaling pathways in VSMCs has been implicated in vessel occlusion. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) regulates these pathways and its levels are increased in the neointima. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of TG2 in PDGF/β-catenin signaling cross-talk and assess its contribution to neointima. METHODS Aortic VSMCs from wild-type and TG2 knockout mice were tested in vitro for levels of VSMC markers, proliferation, migration and PDGF-induced activation of PDGFR/Akt1 and β-catenin pathways. Neointima in these mice was studied ex vivo in coronary vessels using a heart slice model and in vivo using a carotid artery ligation model. RESULTS Genetic deletion of TG2 attenuated the PDGF-induced phenotypic switch of aortic VSMCs, reduced their proliferation and migration rates, and inhibited PDGF-induced activation of PDGFR/Akt1 and β-catenin pathways in both ex vivo and in vivo neointima models. Importantly, genetic deletion of TG2 also markedly attenuated vessel occlusion. CONCLUSIONS TG2 promotes neointima formation by mediating the PDGF-induced activation of the PDGFR/Akt1 and β-catenin pathways in VSMCs. This study identifies TG2 as a potential therapeutic target for blocking neointima in blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nurminskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., USA
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18
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Two cases of warfarin-induced tracheobronchial calcification after Fontan surgery. Pediatr Cardiol 2014; 35:954-8. [PMID: 24584210 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-014-0880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study identified tracheobronchial cartilage calcification in children with congenital heart disease. Calcification of the tracheobronchial airways has been found previously in adults receiving warfarin and in children receiving warfarin after mitral valve replacement. A 9-year-old girl who had received a Fontan repair 6 years previously underwent a cardiac computed tomography (CT) scan to evaluate pulmonary artery size. The result was an incidental finding of extensive tracheobronchial cartilage calcification. A retrospective review of all pediatric Fontan patients who had undergone cardiac CT was conducted to search for calcification of the tracheobronchial cartilage. The study investigated ten pediatric Fontan patients who had undergone cardiac CT scanning. Two patients with extensive calcification of the tracheobronchial airways were identified. The index case had hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and the patient had undergone a staged repair with the Fontan at the age of 3 years. A 16-year-old boy with tricuspid atresia had undergone staged repair and Fontan at the age of 3.5 years. These two patients had received continuous warfarin therapy for 6 and 13 years, respectively. Other common causes of airway calcification were excluded from the study. This report describes warfarin-induced tracheobronchial calcification in patients after the Fontan procedure. This finding has possible implications for airway growth and vascular calcification.
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Abstract
This review centers on updating the active research area of vascular calcification. This pathology underlies substantial cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, through adverse mechanical effects on vascular compliance, vasomotion, and, most likely, plaque stability. Biomineralization is a complex, regulated process occurring widely throughout nature. Decades ago, its presence in the vasculature was considered a mere curiosity and an unregulated, dystrophic process that does not involve biological mechanisms. Although it remains controversial whether the process has any adaptive value or past evolutionary advantage, substantial advances have been made in understanding the biological mechanisms driving the process. Different types of calcific vasculopathy, such as inflammatory versus metabolic, have parallel mechanisms in skeletal bone calcification, such as intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Recent work has identified important regulatory roles for inflammation, oxidized lipids, elastin, alkaline phosphatase, osteoprogenitor cells, matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein, transglutaminase, osteoclastic regulatory factors, phosphate regulatory hormones and receptors, apoptosis, prelamin A, autophagy, and microvesicles or microparticles similar to the matrix vesicles of skeletal bone. Recent work has uncovered fascinating interactions between matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein, vitamin K, warfarin, and transport proteins. And, lastly, recent breakthroughs in inherited forms of calcific vasculopathy have identified the genes responsible as well as an unexpected overlap of phenotypes. Until recently, vascular calcification was considered a purely degenerative, unregulated process. Since then, investigative groups around the world have identified a wide range of causative mechanisms and regulatory pathways, and some of the recent developments are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L. Demer
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
- Department of Physiology and Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Yin Tintut
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
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20
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Siltari A, Wickholm N, Kivimäki AS, Olli K, Salli K, Tiihonen K, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. Effects of Vitamin K-1 and Menaquinone-7 on Vascular Function and Blood Pressure in Warfarin-Induced Calcification-Model in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2014.512119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Helin TA, Wickholm N, Kautiainen H, Vapaatalo H. Possible Correlation between INR and Serum Calcium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2014.513129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Staiculescu MC, Foote CA, Polo-Parada L, Martinez-Lemus LA. The obligatory role of the actin cytoskeleton on inward remodeling induced by dithiothreitol activation of endogenous transglutaminase in isolated arterioles. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 306:H485-95. [PMID: 24337457 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00557.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inward remodeling is the most prevalent structural change found in the resistance arteries and arterioles of hypertensive individuals. Separate studies have shown that the inward remodeling process requires transglutaminase activation and the polymerization of actin. Therefore, we hypothesize that inward remodeling induced via endogenous transglutaminase activation requires and depends on actin cytoskeletal structures. To test this hypothesis, isolated and cannulated rat cremaster arterioles were exposed to dithiothreitol (DTT) to activate endogenous transglutaminases. DTT induced concentration-dependent vasoconstriction that was suppressed by coincubation with cystamine or cytochalasin-D to inhibit tranglutaminase activity or actin polymerization, respectively. Prolonged (4 h) exposure to DTT caused arteriolar inward remodeling that was also blocked by the presence of cystamine or cytochalasin-D. DTT inwardly remodeled arterioles had reduced passive diameters, augmented wall thickness-to-lumen ratios and altered elastic characteristics that were reverted upon disruption of the actin cytoskeleton with mycalolide-B. In freshly isolated arterioles, exposure to mycalolide-B caused no changes in their passive diameters or their elastic characteristics. These results suggest that, in arterioles, the early stages of the inward remodeling process induced by prolonged endogenous transglutaminase activation require actin dynamics and depend on changes in actin cytoskeletal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Castorena-Gonzalez
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri; and
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23
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Beazley KE, Reckard S, Nurminsky D, Lima F, Nurminskaya M. Two sides of MGP null arterial disease: chondrogenic lesions dependent on transglutaminase 2 and elastin fragmentation associated with induction of adipsin. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31400-8. [PMID: 24036114 PMCID: PMC3829453 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.495556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in matrix Gla protein (MGP) have been correlated with vascular calcification. In the mouse model, MGP null vascular disease presents as calcifying cartilaginous lesions and mineral deposition along elastin lamellae (elastocalcinosis). Here we examined the mechanisms underlying both of these manifestations. Genetic ablation of enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in Mgp(-/-) mice dramatically reduced the size of cartilaginous lesions in the aortic media, attenuated calcium accrual more than 2-fold, and doubled longevity as compared with control Mgp(-/-) animals. Nonetheless, the Mgp(-/-);Tgm2(-/-) mice still died prematurely as compared with wild-type and retained the elastocalcinosis phenotype. This pathology in Mgp(-/-) animals was developmentally preceded by extensive fragmentation of elastic lamellae and associated with elevated serine elastase activity in aortic tissue and vascular smooth muscle cells. Systematic gene expression analysis followed by an immunoprecipitation study identified adipsin as the major elastase that is induced in the Mgp(-/-) vascular smooth muscle even in the TG2 null background. These results reveal a central role for TG2 in chondrogenic transformation of vascular smooth muscle and implicate adipsin in elastin fragmentation and ensuing elastocalcinosis. The importance of elastin calcification in MGP null vascular disease is highlighted by significant residual vascular calcification and mortality in Mgp(-/-);Tgm2(-/-) mice with reduced cartilaginous lesions. Our studies identify two potential therapeutic targets in vascular calcification associated with MGP dysfunction and emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to this multifaceted disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E. Beazley
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Steven Reckard
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Dmitry Nurminsky
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Florence Lima
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Maria Nurminskaya
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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24
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Beazley KE, Lima F, Borras T, Nurminskaya M. Attenuation of chondrogenic transformation in vascular smooth muscle by dietary quercetin in the MGP-deficient mouse model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76210. [PMID: 24098781 PMCID: PMC3786963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Cartilaginous metaplasia of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) is characteristic for arterial calcification in diabetes and uremia and in the background of genetic alterations in matrix Gla protein (MGP). A better understanding of the molecular details of this process is critical for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to VSM transformation and arterial calcification. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify the effects of bioflavonoid quercetin on chondrogenic transformation and calcification of VSM in the MGP-null mouse model and upon TGF-β3 stimulation in vitro, and to characterize the associated alterations in cell signaling. METHODS AND RESULTS Molecular analysis revealed activation of β-catenin signaling in cartilaginous metaplasia in Mgp-/- aortae in vivo and during chondrogenic transformation of VSMCs in vitro. Quercetin intercepted chondrogenic transformation of VSM and blocked activation of β-catenin both in vivo and in vitro. Although dietary quercetin drastically attenuated calcifying cartilaginous metaplasia in Mgp-/- animals, approximately one-half of total vascular calcium mineral remained as depositions along elastic lamellae. CONCLUSION Quercetin is potent in preventing VSM chondrogenic transformation caused by diverse stimuli. Combined with the demonstrated efficiency of dietary quercetin in preventing ectopic chondrogenesis in the MGP-null vasculature, these findings indicate a potentially broad therapeutic applicability of this safe for human consumption bioflavonoid in the therapy of cardiovascular conditions linked to cartilaginous metaplasia of VSM. Elastocalcinosis is a major component of MGP-null vascular disease and is controlled by a mechanism different from chondrogenic transformation of VSM and not sensitive to quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E. Beazley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Florence Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Teresa Borras
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maria Nurminskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Takahashi-Yanaga F. Activator or inhibitor? GSK-3 as a new drug target. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:191-9. [PMID: 23643839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a cytoplasmic serine/threonine protein kinase that phosphorylates and inhibits glycogen synthase, thereby inhibiting glycogen synthesis from glucose. However, this serine/threonine kinase is now known to regulate numerous cellular processes through a number of signaling pathways important for cell proliferation, stem cell renewal, apoptosis and development. Because of these diverse roles, malfunction of this kinase is also known to be involved in the pathogenesis of human diseases, such as nervous system disorders, diabetes, bone formation, inflammation, cancer and heart failure. Therefore, GSK-3 is recognized as an attractive target for the development of new drugs. The present review summarizes the roles of GSK-3 in the insulin, Wnt/β-catenin and hedgehog signaling pathways including the regulation of their activities. The roles of GSK-3 in the development of human diseases within the context of its participation in various signaling pathways are also summarized. Finally, the possibility of new drug development targeting this kinase is discussed with recent information about inhibitors and activators of GSK-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Takahashi-Yanaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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