1
|
Asghari G, Nikparast A, Mahdavi M, Dehghan P, Valizadeh M, Hosseinpanah F, Azizi F, Hadaegh F. Diagnostic performance of different anthropometric indices among Iranian adolescents for intima media thickness in early adulthood: A prospective study and literature review. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1098010. [PMID: 36925962 PMCID: PMC10012864 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1098010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is debate regarding which anthropometric indices is the most appropriate predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in adolescents with high carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in early adulthood, as the surrogate marker of CVD in a cohort study. Methods A total of 875 Iranian adolescents (female = 421) aged 10-17 years old were entered the study. The cIMT was measured in early adulthood (20-38 years old) after 18.2 (median) years of follow-up and defined as > 90th percentile for sex and age groups. The gender specific association between a 1-SD increase in each anthropometric measures with high cIMT was examined using multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, smoking, family history of CVD, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and fasting blood sugar. In the multivariable analysis, the interaction between sex and age groups with anthropometric measures were significant (all p-values < 0.05). Results Among males, all anthropometric measures including BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR were associated with high cIMT; the corresponding odds ratios were 1.43 (1.05-1.94), 1.63 (1.22-2.19), 1.33 (1.03-1.71), and 1.41 (1.07-1.87), respectively. However, after considering the related adulthood anthropometric measurements, the association remained significant for WC 1.48 (1.04-2.10) and WHR [1.28 (0.99-1.66), P = 0.06]. Moreover, among early adolescent boys aged 10-14 years, all of the anthropometric measures were significantly associated with high cIMT in the multivariate analysis that included the related adulthood anthropometric measures. The area under the curve (AUC) for the anthropometric measurements among males ranged from 0.576 for WHtR up to 0.632 for WC, without any superiority between them. Among females, only in linear regression analysis, a significant association were found between the higher value of WC and WHtR with cIMT measurement in adulthood; however, the risk reached to null after considering adult anthropometric measures. Conclusion General and central obesity measures were significantly associated with high cIMT only among Iranian male adolescents, the relationship that were more prominent among pre-pubertal males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Golaleh Asghari
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Nikparast
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahdavi
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooneh Dehghan
- Department of Imaging, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Valizadeh
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Hosseinpanah
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Hadaegh
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bander A, Murphy-Alford AJ, Owino VO, Loechl CU, Wells JC, Gluning I, Kerac M. Childhood BMI and other measures of body composition as a predictor of cardiometabolic non-communicable diseases in adulthood: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr 2022; 26:1-28. [PMID: 36274635 DOI: 10.1017/s136898002200235x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is growing evidence that childhood malnutrition is associated with non-communicable diseases (NCD) in adulthood and that body composition mediates some of this association. This review aims to determine if childhood body composition can be used to predict later-life cardiometabolic NCD and which measures of body composition predicts future NCD. DESIGN Electronic databases were searched for articles where: children aged under 5 years had body composition measured; cardiometabolic health outcomes were measured a minimum of 10 years later. SETTING The databases Embase, Medline and Global Health were searched through July 2020. PARTICIPANTS Children aged under 5 years with a follow-up of minimum 10 years. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Though a poor proxy measure of body composition, body mass index (BMI) was commonly reported (n 28, 97 %). 25 % of these studies included an additional measure (ponderal index or skinfold thickness). Few studies adjusted for current body size (n 11, 39 %). CONCLUSIONS Many studies reported that low infant BMI and high childhood BMI were associated with an increased risk of NCD-related outcomes in later life but no conclusions can be made about the exact timing of child malnutrition and consequent impact on NCD. Because studies focussed on BMI rather than direct measures of body composition, nothing can be said about which measures of body composition in childhood are most useful. Future research on child nutrition and long-term outcomes is urgently needed and should include validated body composition assessments as well as standard anthropometric and BMI measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amela Bander
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Alexia J Murphy-Alford
- Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victor O Owino
- Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia U Loechl
- Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan Ck Wells
- Population, Policy and Practice Research Teaching Department, University College London, London, UK
| | - Imara Gluning
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Marko Kerac
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, UK
- Centre for Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive & Child Health (MARCH), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao M, Wells JC, Johnson W, Li L. Socio-economic disparities in child-to-adolescent growth trajectories in China: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 1991–2015. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH - WESTERN PACIFIC 2022; 21:100399. [PMID: 35540561 PMCID: PMC9079352 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Backgrounds Socio-economic disparities in growth trajectories of children from low-/middle-income countries are poorly understood, especially those experiencing rapid economic growth. We investigated socio-economic disparities in child growth in recent decades in China. Methods Using longitudinal data on 5095 children/adolescents (7–18 years) from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991–2015), we estimated mean height and BMI trajectories by socio-economic position (SEP) and sex for cohorts born in 1981–85, 1986–90, 1991–95, 1996–2000, using random-effects models. We estimated differences between high (urbanization index ≥median, household income per capita ≥median, parental education ≥high school, or occupational classes I–IV) and low SEP groups. Findings Mean height and BMI trajectories have shifted upwards across cohorts. In all cohorts, growth trajectories for high SEP groups were above those for low SEP groups across SEP indicators. For height, socio-economic differences persisted across cohorts (e.g. 3.8cm and 2.9cm in earliest and latest cohorts by urbanization index for boys at 10 year, and 3.6cm and 3.1cm respectively by household income). For BMI, trends were greater in high than low SEP groups, thus socio-economic differences increased across cohorts (e.g. 0.5 to 0.8kg/m2 by urbanization index, 0.4 to 1.1kg/m2 by household income for boys at 10 year). Similar trends were found for stunting and overweight/obesity by SEP. There was no association between SEP indicators and thinness. Interpretation Socio-economic disparities in physical growth persist among Chinese youth. Short stature was associated with lower SEP, but high BMI with higher SEP. Public health interventions should be tailored by SEP, in order to improve children's growth while reducing overweight/obesity. Funding MG is supported by UCL Overseas Research Scholarship and China Scholarship Council for her PhD study. WJ is supported by a UK Medical Research Council (MRC) New Investigator Research Grant (MR/P023347/1) and acknowledges support from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, which is a partnership between University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Loughborough University, and the University of Leicester.
Collapse
|
4
|
Pool LR, Aguayo L, Brzezinski M, Perak AM, Davis MM, Greenland P, Hou L, Marino BS, Van Horn L, Wakschlag L, Labarthe D, Lloyd-Jones D, Allen NB. Childhood Risk Factors and Adulthood Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review. J Pediatr 2021; 232:118-126.e23. [PMID: 33516680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on childhood risk factors and their associations with adulthood subclinical and clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). STUDY DESIGN A systematic search was performed using the MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases to identify English-language articles published through June 2018. Articles were included if they were longitudinal studies in community-based populations, the primary exposure occurred during childhood, and the primary outcome was either a measure of subclinical CVD or a clinical CVD event occurring in adulthood. Two independent reviewers screened determined whether eligibility criteria were met. RESULTS There were 210 articles that met the predefined criteria. The greatest number of publications examined associations of clinical risk factors, including childhood adiposity, blood pressure, and cholesterol, with the development of adult CVD. Few studies examined childhood lifestyle factors including diet quality, physical activity, and tobacco exposure. Domains of risk beyond "traditional" cardiovascular risk factors, such as childhood psychosocial adversity, seemed to have strong published associations with the development of CVD. CONCLUSIONS Although the evidence was fairly consistent in direction and magnitude for exposures such as childhood adiposity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, significant gaps remain in the understanding of how childhood health and behaviors translate to the risk of adulthood CVD, particularly in lesser studied exposures like glycemic indicators, physical activity, diet quality, very early life course exposure, and population subgroups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R Pool
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
| | - Liliana Aguayo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Michal Brzezinski
- Department of Public Health and Social Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Amanda M Perak
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Matthew M Davis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Philip Greenland
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Bradley S Marino
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Linda Van Horn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Lauren Wakschlag
- Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Darwin Labarthe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Donald Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Norrina B Allen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun J, Xi B, Yang L, Zhao M, Juonala M, Magnussen CG. Weight change from childhood to adulthood and cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in adulthood: A systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13138. [PMID: 32875696 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude of the associations between life-course change in weight status and health outcomes in adulthood has been inconsistent. This study aims to examine the associations between weight change from childhood to adulthood and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and outcomes in adulthood. PubMed, Embase and ISI Web of Science between 1 August 1953 and 13 July 2020 were searched, and a total of 52 eligible articles were included. The systematic review supported significant associations between the life-course increase in BMI and high odds of markers in adulthood. In the meta-analyses, normal weight in childhood but excess weight in adulthood or persistent excess weight was associated with increased odds of adult markers. However, those who had excess weight in childhood but were normal weight in adulthood did not have increased odds of nearly all adult markers. This systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that individuals who developed excess weight in adulthood or had excess weight in both periods had higher odds of developing CVD risk factors and outcomes in adulthood. In contrast, the probability of these adult markers could be limited or eliminated for children with excess weight who are able to become adults with normal weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Xi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Markus Juonala
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Costan G Magnussen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wade KH, Chiesa ST, Hughes AD, Chaturvedi N, Charakida M, Rapala A, Muthurangu V, Khan T, Finer N, Sattar N, Howe LD, Fraser A, Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Deanfield JE, Timpson NJ. Assessing the causal role of body mass index on cardiovascular health in young adults: Mendelian randomization and recall-by-genotype analyses. Circulation 2018; 138:2187-2201. [PMID: 30524135 PMCID: PMC6250296 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.033278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Body mass index (BMI) has been suggested to be causally related to cardiovascular health in mid-to-late life, but this has not been explored systematically at younger ages - nor with detailed cardiovascular phenotyping. Recall-by-Genotype (RbG) is an approach that enables the collection of precise phenotypic measures in smaller studies, whilst maintaining statistical power and ability for causal inference. Methods In this study, we used a combination of conventional multivariable regression analysis, Mendelian randomization (MR) and sub-sample RbG methodologies to estimate the causal effect of BMI on gross-level and detailed cardiovascular health in healthy participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children at age 17 (N=1420-3108 for different outcomes) and an independent sample from the same cohort (for RbG) study at age 21 (N=386-418). Results In both MR and RbG analyses, results suggested that higher BMI causes higher blood pressure (BP) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in young adults (e.g., difference in LVMI per kg/m2 using MR: 1.07g/m2.7; 95% CI: 0.62, 1.52; P=3.87x10-06 and per 3.58kg/m2 using RbG: 1.65g/m2.7 95% CI: 0.83, 2.47; P=0.0001). Additionally, RbG results suggested a causal role of higher BMI on higher stroke volume (SV: difference per 3.58kg/m2: 1.49ml/m2.04; 95% CI: 0.62, 2.35; P=0.001) and cardiac output (CO: difference per 3.58kg/m2: 0.11l/min/m1.83; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.19; P=0.01) but no strong evidence for a causal role on systemic vascular resistance or total arterial compliance. Neither analysis supported a causal role of higher BMI on heart rate. Conclusions Complementary MR and RbG causal methodologies, together with a range of sensitivity analyses, suggest that higher BMI is likely to cause worse cardiovascular health, specifically higher BP and LVMI, even in youth. Higher BMI also resulted in increased CO in the RbG study, which appeared to be solely driven by SV, as neither MR nor RbG analyses suggested a causal effect of BMI on heart rate. These consistent results support efforts to reduce BMI from a young age to prevent later adverse cardiovascular health and illustrate the potential for phenotypic resolution with maintained analytical power using RbG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin H. Wade
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (K.H.W., L.D.H., A.F., D.A.L., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, UK (K.H.W., L.D.H., D.A.L., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
| | - Scott T. Chiesa
- Vascular Physiology Unit, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK (S.T.C, M.C., A.R., V.M., T.K., N.F., J.E.D.)
| | - Alun D. Hughes
- Cardiometabolic Phenotyping Group, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK (A.D.H., A.R., N.C.)
| | - Nish Chaturvedi
- Cardiometabolic Phenotyping Group, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK (A.D.H., A.R., N.C.)
| | - Marietta Charakida
- Vascular Physiology Unit, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK (S.T.C, M.C., A.R., V.M., T.K., N.F., J.E.D.)
| | - Alicja Rapala
- Vascular Physiology Unit, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK (S.T.C, M.C., A.R., V.M., T.K., N.F., J.E.D.)
- Cardiometabolic Phenotyping Group, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK (A.D.H., A.R., N.C.)
| | - Vivek Muthurangu
- Vascular Physiology Unit, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK (S.T.C, M.C., A.R., V.M., T.K., N.F., J.E.D.)
| | - Tauseef Khan
- Vascular Physiology Unit, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK (S.T.C, M.C., A.R., V.M., T.K., N.F., J.E.D.)
| | - Nicholas Finer
- Vascular Physiology Unit, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK (S.T.C, M.C., A.R., V.M., T.K., N.F., J.E.D.)
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation (BHF) Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, UK (N.S.)
| | - Laura D. Howe
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (K.H.W., L.D.H., A.F., D.A.L., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, UK (K.H.W., L.D.H., D.A.L., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
| | - Abigail Fraser
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (K.H.W., L.D.H., A.F., D.A.L., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, UK (K.H.W., L.D.H., D.A.L., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
| | - Debbie A. Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (K.H.W., L.D.H., A.F., D.A.L., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, UK (K.H.W., L.D.H., D.A.L., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (K.H.W., L.D.H., A.F., D.A.L., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, UK (K.H.W., L.D.H., D.A.L., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
| | - John E. Deanfield
- Vascular Physiology Unit, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK (S.T.C, M.C., A.R., V.M., T.K., N.F., J.E.D.)
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (K.H.W., L.D.H., A.F., D.A.L., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, UK (K.H.W., L.D.H., D.A.L., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Johnson W, Bann D, Hardy R. Infant weight gain and adolescent body mass index: comparison across two British cohorts born in 1946 and 2001. Arch Dis Child 2018; 103:974-980. [PMID: 29674515 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-314079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate how the relationship of infant weight gain with adolescent body mass index (BMI) differs for individuals born during and before the obesity epidemic era. DESIGN Data from two British birth cohorts, the 1946 National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD, n=4199) and the 2001 Millennium Cohort Study (MCS, n=9417), were used to estimate and compare associations of infant weight gain between ages 0 and 3 years with adolescent outcomes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES BMI Z-scores and overweight/obesity at ages 11 and 14 years. RESULTS Infant weight gain, in Z-scores, was positively associated with adolescent BMI Z-scores in both cohorts. Non-linearity in the MCS meant that associations were only stronger than in the NSHD when infant weight gain was above -1 Z-score. Using decomposition analysis, between-cohort differences in association accounted for 20%-30% of the differences (secular increases) in BMI Z-scores, although the underlying estimates were not precise with 95% CIs crossing 0. Conversely, between-cohort differences in the distribution of infant weight gain accounted for approximately 9% of the differences (secular increases) in BMI Z-scores, and the underlying estimates were precise with 95% CI not crossing 0. Relative to normal weight gain (change of -0.67 to +0.67 Z-scores between ages 0 and 3 years), very rapid infant weight gain (>1.34), but not rapid weight gain (+0.67 to +1.34), was associated with higher BMI Z-scores more strongly in the MCS (β=0.790; 95% CI 0.717 to 0.862 at age 11 years) than in the NSHD (0.573; 0.466 to 0.681) (p<0.001 for between-cohort difference). The relationship of slow infant weight gain (<-0.67) with lower adolescent BMI was also stronger in the MCS. Very rapid or slow infant weight gain was not, however, more strongly associated with increased risk of adolescent overweight/obesity or thinness, respectively, in the more recently born cohort. CONCLUSIONS Greater infant weight gain, at the middle/upper end of the distribution, was more strongly associated with higher adolescent BMI among individuals born during (compared with before) the obesity epidemic. Combined with a secular change towards greater infant weight gain, these results suggest that there are likely to be associated negative consequences for population-level health and well-being in the future, unless effective interventions are developed and implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Johnson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - David Bann
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ronque ERV, Werneck AO, Bueno MRO, Cyrino ES, Stanganelli LCR, Arruda M. Tracking of body adiposity indicators from childhood to adolescence: Mediation by BMI. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191908. [PMID: 29408914 PMCID: PMC5800694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to verify the tracking of body adiposity indicators from childhood to adolescence and analyze the mediation effects of BMI on the stability of body adiposity. Our sample was composed by 375 children (197 boys). The children were followed-up over 3 years. Body mass and stature were measured as anthropometric indicators. Body adiposity was estimated through the subcutaneous skinfold method, with measures of triceps (TRSF) and subscapular skinfolds (SSSF). Skinfolds were analyzed singly and agglutinated through the sum of skinfolds (∑SF). The sample was categorized into tertiles, and thereafter, the kappa coefficient and McNemar test were adopted to verify stability. For continuous measures, the Intra-Class Correlation coefficient (ICC) was used. Moreover, mediation analyzes were used according to Baron and Kenny with the Sobel test to verify mediation effects. The significance level adopted was 5%. Adiposity indicators increased during the 3 years of follow-up in both sexes (p<0.05). ICCs in all indicators of adiposity were between 0.84 and 0.94 for boys and 0.86 and 0.94 for girls, indicating high tracking. Moreover, 70% of subjects remained in the highest tertile of body adiposity. However, no differences were observed in tertile changes (p>0.05). BMI at the age of adiposity rebound partially mediated all indicators of adiposity from childhood (baseline) to adolescence (3 years later) in both sexes (p<0.001). Thus, moderate to high tracking of body adiposity indicators between childhood and adolescence was verified. Moreover, BMI at the age of adiposity rebound partially mediated the relationship between adiposity in childhood (baseline) and in adolescence (3 years of follow-up).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enio R. V. Ronque
- Study and Research Group in Physical Activity and Exercise–GEPAFE. State University of Londrina–UEL, Londrina, Brazil
- Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise–GEPEMENE. State University of Londrina–UEL, Londrina, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - André O. Werneck
- Study and Research Group in Physical Activity and Exercise–GEPAFE. State University of Londrina–UEL, Londrina, Brazil
- Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise–GEPEMENE. State University of Londrina–UEL, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Maria R. O. Bueno
- Study and Research Group in Physical Activity and Exercise–GEPAFE. State University of Londrina–UEL, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Edilson S. Cyrino
- Study and Research Group in Physical Activity and Exercise–GEPAFE. State University of Londrina–UEL, Londrina, Brazil
- Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise–GEPEMENE. State University of Londrina–UEL, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Miguel Arruda
- Study and Research Group in Physical Activity and Exercise–GEPAFE. State University of Londrina–UEL, Londrina, Brazil
- Faculty of Physical Education, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Childhood body mass index and blood pressure in prediction of subclinical vascular damage in adulthood: Beijing blood pressure cohort. J Hypertens 2017; 35:47-54. [PMID: 27648721 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness predict cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We aimed to investigate the influence of BMI and blood pressure (BP) in childhood, and change in BMI and BP, on the development of subclinical atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness in adulthood. METHODS The study consisted of 1252 individuals aged 27-42 years who had 2-10 measurements of BMI and BP from childhood. In the final survey (2010-2011), subclinical markers of vascular damage, including carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), were measured. RESULTS Pearson correlation analyses showed that BMI and BP in childhood and adulthood, and also cumulative and incremental values from childhood to adulthood, were all significantly associated with adult cIMT, cfPWV, and baPWV in males and in females (all P < 0.05). In the multivariate logistical analyses, for both sexes, childhood BMI and systolic BP (SBP) predicted high cIMT in adulthood, and childhood SBP predicted high cfPWV and high baPWV in adulthood. However, these associations were largely attenuated and became nonsignificant after additional adjustment for adult BMI and SBP, except that childhood SBP showed a borderline significant association with high cfPWV in adulthood for males. In addition, for both sexes, incremental BMI and SBP from childhood to adulthood predicted high cIMT in adulthood, and incremental SBP predicted high cfPWV and high baPWV in adulthood, independent of childhood values. CONCLUSION The adverse influence of high BMI and high BP on subclinical vascular damage begins in childhood. This study enhances the importance of early prevention and lifelong treatment of excessive weight and elevated BP.
Collapse
|
10
|
Daily meal frequency and associated variables in children and adolescents. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
11
|
Daily meal frequency and associated variables in children and adolescents. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2017; 93:79-86. [PMID: 27393685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the frequency distribution of daily meals and its relation to demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, anthropometric and biochemical factors in children and adolescents. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 708 schoolchildren aged 7-14 years. Data on personal information, socioeconomic status, physical activity and number of meals were obtained through semi-structured questionnaire and consumption by 24-h recall and food record. Weight and height measurements were also performed to calculate the body mass index. Finally, blood samples were collected for analysis of total cholesterol, high- and low density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and glucose levels. Descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney test, and Poisson regression were used in statistical analysis. RESULTS Meal frequency <4 was associated in children, family income <3 Brazilian minimum wages (PR=5.42; 95% CI: 1.29-22.77; p=0.021) and adolescents, the number of sons in the family >2 (PR=1.53; 95% CI: 1.11-2.11; p=0.010). Even in the age group of 10-14 years, <4 meals was related to higher prevalence of body mass index (PR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.02-1.74; p=0.032) and low-density lipoprotein (PR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.03-1.87; p=0.030) higher after adjustments. CONCLUSION Lower frequency of meals was related to lower income in children and adolescents, larger number of sons in the family, and increased values of body mass index and low-density lipoprotein.
Collapse
|
12
|
Antonisamy B, Vasan SK, Geethanjali FS, Gowri M, Hepsy YS, Richard J, Raghupathy P, Karpe F, Osmond C, Fall CHD. Weight Gain and Height Growth during Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence as Predictors of Adult Cardiovascular Risk. J Pediatr 2017; 180:53-61.e3. [PMID: 27823768 PMCID: PMC5179199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate independent relationships of childhood linear growth (height gain) and relative weight gain to adult cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk traits in Asian Indians. STUDY DESIGN Data from 2218 adults from the Vellore Birth Cohort were examined for associations of cross-sectional height and body mass index (BMI) and longitudinal growth (independent conditional measures of height and weight gain) in infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood with adult waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]), and plasma glucose and lipid concentrations. RESULTS Higher BMI/greater conditional relative weight gain at all ages was associated with higher adult WC, after 3 months with higher adult BP, HOMA-IR, and lipids, and after 15 years with higher glucose concentrations. Taller adult height was associated with higher WC (men β = 2.32 cm per SD, women β = 1.63, both P < .001), BP (men β = 2.10 mm Hg per SD, women β = 1.21, both P ≤ .001), and HOMA-IR (men β = 0.08 log units per SD, women β = 0.12, both P ≤ .05) but lower glucose concentrations (women β = -0.03 log mmol/L per SD P = .003). Greater height or height gain at all earlier ages were associated with higher adult CVD risk traits. These positive associations were attenuated when adjusted for adult BMI and height. Shorter length and lower BMI at birth were associated with higher glucose concentration in women. CONCLUSIONS Greater height or weight gain relative to height during childhood or adolescence was associated with a more adverse adult CVD risk marker profile, and this was mostly attributable to larger adult size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Senthil K Vasan
- Oxford Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Mahasampath Gowri
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Y S Hepsy
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Joseph Richard
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - P Raghupathy
- Department of Child Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Osmond
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline H D Fall
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Derakhshan A, Eslami A, Bozorgmanesh M, Sheikholeslami F, Azizi F, Hadaegh F. Wrist circumference as a novel negative risk factor for cardiovascular disease among adult men: a median follow-up of 9 years. J Endocrinol Invest 2016; 39:763-8. [PMID: 26809978 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wrist circumference is an easy to measure anthropometric index of body frame and bone size. The aim of this study was to examine the association of wrist circumference with incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among adult men. METHODS For this study 2531 male participants aged ≥30 years, without any history of CVD were selected and followed from 1999 to 2011. Cox proportional hazard models and logistic regression were used to examine the relation of wrist circumference with incident CVD. RESULTS A total of 339 cases of CVD were reported throughout a median follow-up of 9.4 years. In the multi-variable Cox model, 1 unit increase of wrist circumference was inversely associated with incident CVD with a HR (95 % CI) of 0.84 (0.72-0.98, P value = 0.02). The receiver operating characteristics curve in a logistic regression model for wrist circumference in prediction of CVD showed a cutoff of 17.75 cm, beyond which was associated with a lower risk for CVD. CONCLUSION In a population with a high prevalence of CVD risk factors, it was shown that a higher wrist circumference was associated with lower risk for incident CVD. Further studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms of this inverse relation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Derakhshan
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - A Eslami
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - M Bozorgmanesh
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - F Sheikholeslami
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - F Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - F Hadaegh
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li S, Liu R, Arguelles L, Wang G, Zhang J, Shen X, Wang X. Adiposity trajectory and its associations with plasma adipokine levels in children and adolescents-A prospective cohort study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:408-16. [PMID: 26704698 PMCID: PMC4731239 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the associations of longitudinal adiposity measures with two adipokines, leptin and adiponectin, and their ratio in children and adolescents. METHODS A total of 953 children and adolescents participated in a 6-year longitudinal study. Body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat (%BF), and fat mass index (FMI) were used to assess adiposity status. RESULTS After adjusting for possible confounders, our regression models revealed that BMI, %BF, and FMI, in both the baseline and follow-up surveys were independently associated with a higher level of leptin and the leptin/adiponectin ratio at the follow-up survey, whereas the significant association with adiponectin only partly existed in adiposity measures at the follow-up visit. Moreover, the longitudinal change in adiposity measures was found to be a significant predictor for follow-up plasma adipokine levels. Compared with the low→low group, the medium→medium group, up-trend group, and high→high group all showed a significantly increased level of leptin and leptin/adiponectin ratio. The up-trend group and high→high group also had significantly decreased adiponectin levels. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the importance of adiposity surveillance and the utility of adipokines as biomarkers for adverse metabolic consequences of childhood adiposity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Li
- MOE - Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Mary Ann & J. Milburn Smith Child Health Research Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Memorial Hospital of Chicago and Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute (formerly Children’s Memorial Hospital and Children’s Memorial Research Center), Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lester Arguelles
- Mary Ann & J. Milburn Smith Child Health Research Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Memorial Hospital of Chicago and Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute (formerly Children’s Memorial Hospital and Children’s Memorial Research Center), Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guoying Wang
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- MOE - Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Shen
- MOE - Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
A life course approach in epidemiology investigates the biological, behavioral and social pathways that link physical and social exposures and experiences during gestation, childhood, adolescence and adult life, and across generations, to later-life health and disease risk. We illustrate how a life course approach has been applied to cardiovascular disease, highlighting the evidence in support of the early origins of disease risk. We summarize how trajectories of cardiometabolic risk factors change over the life course and suggest that understanding underlying 'normal' or 'healthy' trajectories and the characteristics that drive deviations from such trajectories offer the potential for early prevention and for identifying means of preventing future disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ceponiene I, Klumbiene J, Tamuleviciute-Prasciene E, Motiejunaite J, Sakyte E, Ceponis J, Slapikas R, Petkeviciene J. Associations between risk factors in childhood (12-13 years) and adulthood (48-49 years) and subclinical atherosclerosis: the Kaunas Cardiovascular Risk Cohort Study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2015; 15:89. [PMID: 26282122 PMCID: PMC4539717 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-015-0087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The data on the childhood determinants of adult cardiovascular disease (CVD) are lacking in populations of Eastern Europe that are characterised by substantially high CVD mortality. From a public health perspective, it is important to identify high-risk individuals as early as possible in order to have the greatest benefit of preventive interventions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of childhood and adulthood traditional risk factors with subclinical atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness in a Lithuanian cohort followed up for 35 years. Methods The study cohort consisted of 380 adults aged 48–49 from Kaunas Cardiovascular Risk Cohort study, who were followed up since childhood (12–13 years). The baseline survey (1977) included blood pressure (BP) and anthropometric measurements and sexual maturity scale. In the follow-up survey (2012), BP, anthropometric and lipids measurements, interview about smoking, measurement of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and determination of pulse wave velocity (PWV) were performed. Two types of general linear models were applied to test the associations of childhood and adulthood risk factors with IMT and PWV. Model 1 included only childhood variables. In model 2, adulthood variables were added to childhood variables. Results In linear regression model with childhood variables childhood systolic BP (β = 0.014; p = 0.016) and BMI (β = 0.006; p = 0.003) were directly associated with IMT only in women. When adulthood variables were included into regression model, the association between childhood systolic BP and IMT remained significant (β = 0.013; p = 0.021), while childhood BMI was not associated with IMT (β = 0.003; p = 0.143). Additionally, association of adult smoking and IMT was found in women (β = 0.033; p = 0.018). IMT of men was directly related to adult systolic BP (β = 0.022; p = 0.018) and inversely to HDL cholesterol level (β = −0.044; p = 0.021). PWV was directly associated only with adult systolic BP in both genders (β = 0.729 for men and β = 0.476 for women; p = 0.001). Conclusions Sex differences in the associations between childhood and adulthood risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis were found. The results of the study support efforts to reduce conventional risk factors both in childhood and adulthood for the primary prevention of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indre Ceponiene
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2, Kaunas, LT-50009, Lithuania.
| | - Jurate Klumbiene
- Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Siaures av. 57, Kaunas, LT-49264, Lithuania.
| | - Egle Tamuleviciute-Prasciene
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2, Kaunas, LT-50009, Lithuania.
| | - Justina Motiejunaite
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2, Kaunas, LT-50009, Lithuania.
| | - Edita Sakyte
- Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Siaures av. 57, Kaunas, LT-49264, Lithuania.
| | - Jonas Ceponis
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2, Kaunas, LT-50009, Lithuania.
| | - Rimvydas Slapikas
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2, Kaunas, LT-50009, Lithuania.
| | - Janina Petkeviciene
- Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Siaures av. 57, Kaunas, LT-49264, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schmidt AM. The growing problem of obesity: mechanisms, consequences, and therapeutic approaches. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:e19-23. [PMID: 25995044 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marie Schmidt
- From the Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, NY.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Joint scientific statement of the European Association for the Study of Obesity and the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2015; 33:425-34. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|