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Yu MG, Gordin D, Fu J, Park K, Li Q, King GL. Protective Factors and the Pathogenesis of Complications in Diabetes. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:227-252. [PMID: 37638875 PMCID: PMC10911956 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic complications of diabetes are due to myriad disorders of numerous metabolic pathways that are responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Traditionally, diabetes complications are divided into those of microvascular and macrovascular origin. We suggest revising this antiquated classification into diabetes complications of vascular, parenchymal, and hybrid (both vascular and parenchymal) tissue origin, since the profile of diabetes complications ranges from those involving only vascular tissues to those involving mostly parenchymal organs. A major paradigm shift has occurred in recent years regarding the pathogenesis of diabetes complications, in which the focus has shifted from studies on risks to those on the interplay between risk and protective factors. While risk factors are clearly important for the development of chronic complications in diabetes, recent studies have established that protective factors are equally significant in modulating the development and severity of diabetes complications. These protective responses may help explain the differential severity of complications, and even the lack of pathologies, in some tissues. Nevertheless, despite the growing number of studies on this field, comprehensive reviews on protective factors and their mechanisms of action are not available. This review thus focused on the clinical, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms that support the idea of endogenous protective factors, and their roles in the initiation and progression of chronic complications in diabetes. In addition, this review also aimed to identify the main needs of this field for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gregory Yu
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel Gordin
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Stenbäckinkatu 9, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jialin Fu
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kyoungmin Park
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - George Liang King
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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2
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Oganov AC, Seddon I, Zein M, Yazdanpanah G, Fonoudi H, Jabbehdari S. Composition of the gut microbiome, role of diet, lifestyle, and antioxidant therapies in diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy. Eur J Ophthalmol 2024; 34:367-383. [PMID: 37150930 DOI: 10.1177/11206721231174490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem in the gastrointestinal tract composed of trillions of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Disruption of this delicate ecosystem, formally called "dysbiosis", has been linked to a variety of metabolic and inflammatory pathologies. Several studies have focused on abnormal microbiome composition and correlated these findings with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, given the complexity of this ecosystem, the current studies are narrow in design and present variable findings. Composition of the gut microbiome in patients with DR significantly differs from patients with diabetes without retinopathy as well as from healthy controls. Additionally, the gut microbiome has been shown to modify effects of medication, diet, exercise, and antioxidant use on the development and progression of DR. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of literature on the effect of oxidative stress, antioxidant therapies, and dysbiosis on DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Oganov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ian Seddon
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Mike Zein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cook County Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ghasem Yazdanpanah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hossein Fonoudi
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Sayena Jabbehdari
- Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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3
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Trammell CE, Rowe EH, Char AB, Jones BJ, Fawcett S, Ahlers LRH, Goodman AG. Insulin-mediated endothelin signaling is antiviral during West Nile virus infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0111223. [PMID: 37796127 PMCID: PMC10617537 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01112-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Arboviruses, particularly those transmitted by mosquitoes, pose a significant threat to humans and are an increasing concern because of climate change, human activity, and expanding vector-competent populations. West Nile virus is of significant concern as the most frequent mosquito-borne disease transmitted annually within the continental United States. Here, we identify a previously uncharacterized signaling pathway that impacts West Nile virus infection, namely endothelin signaling. Additionally, we demonstrate that we can successfully translate results obtained from D. melanogaster into the more relevant human system. Our results add to the growing field of insulin-mediated antiviral immunity and identify potential biomarkers or intervention targets to better address West Nile virus infection and severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chasity E. Trammell
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Evelyn H. Rowe
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Aditya B. Char
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Brianne J. Jones
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen Fawcett
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Laura R. H. Ahlers
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan G. Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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4
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Bellavite P, Fazio S, Affuso F. A Descriptive Review of the Action Mechanisms of Berberine, Quercetin and Silymarin on Insulin Resistance/Hyperinsulinemia and Cardiovascular Prevention. Molecules 2023; 28:4491. [PMID: 37298967 PMCID: PMC10254920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) and the associated hyperinsulinemia are early pathophysiological changes which, if not well treated, can lead to type 2 diabetes, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. While diabetes care is fairly well standardized, the prevention and treatment of IR lacks a single pharmaceutical approach and many lifestyle and dietary interventions have been proposed, including a wide range of food supplements. Among the most interesting and well-known natural remedies, alkaloid berberine and the flavonol quercetin have particular relevance in the literature, while silymarin-the active principle of the Silybum marianum thistle-was traditionally used for lipid metabolism disorders and to sustain liver function. This review describes the major defects of insulin signaling leading to IR and the main properties of the three mentioned natural substances, their molecular targets and synergistic action mechanisms. The actions of berberine, quercetin and silymarin are partially superimposable as remedies against reactive oxygen intermediates generated by a high-lipid diet and by NADPH oxidase, which is triggered by phagocyte activation. Furthermore, these compounds inhibit the secretion of a battery of pro-inflammatory cytokines, modulate intestinal microbiota and are especially able to control the various disorders of the insulin receptor and post-receptor signaling systems. Although most of the evidence on the effects of berberine, quercetin and silymarin in modulating insulin resistance and preventing cardiovascular disease derive from experimental studies on animals, the amount of pre-clinical knowledge strongly suggests the need to investigate the therapeutic potential of these substances in human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bellavite
- Pathophysiology Chair, Homeopathic Medical School of Verona, 37121 Verona, Italy
| | - Serafino Fazio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy;
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5
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Mima A, Murakami A, Lee R, Lee S. Predictive significance of glomerular insulin receptor substrate-1 in patients with diabetic kidney disease. Metabol Open 2023; 18:100240. [PMID: 37025096 PMCID: PMC10070893 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2023.100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In rodents, glomerular expression of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) is decreased in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and reduced associated functioning is involved in the development and progression of DKD. This study aimed to evaluate the significance of glomerular IRS1 expression in DKD patients, and investigated whether glomerular IRS1 expression can reflect renal pathology and predict renal outcomes. Methods This study included 10 patients who underwent renal biopsy and were diagnosed with DKD or minor glomerular abnormality (MGA). IRS1-positive cells were determined based on renal biopsy and immunostaining, and the associations of the number of these cells with baseline and prognostic parameters were analyzed. Results IRS1-positive cells were significantly decreased in DKD than in MGA. IRS1 positivity tended to be negatively correlated with global glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The rate of change in estimated glomerular filtration rate before and 12 months after renal biopsy was positively correlated to the number of IRS1-positive cells. Furthermore, a tendency towards negative correlation was observed between the number of glomerular IRS1-positive cells and the proteinuria. Conclusions This study shows the glomerular IRS1-positive cell count was significantly decreased in DKD, and that the degree IRS1 positivity was partially correlated with renal pathology and function.
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6
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Tsuchiya K. Cardiovascular complications in insulin resistance and endocrine diseases. Endocr J 2023; 70:249-257. [PMID: 36754416 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej22-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular diseases, such as stroke and cardiovascular disease, are one of the leading causes of death in Japan. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes and an important risk factor for these diseases. Among various pathological conditions associated with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance has already been reported to be an important risk factor for diabetic complications. The major sites of insulin action in glucose metabolism in the body include the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. However, insulin signaling molecules are also constitutively expressed in vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle, and monocytes/macrophages. Forkhead box class O family member proteins (FoxOs) of transcription factors play important roles in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress response and redox signaling, and cell cycle progression and apoptosis. FoxOs in vascular endothelial cells strongly promote arteriosclerosis by suppressing nitric oxide production, enhancing inflammatory response, and promoting cellular senescence. In addition, primary aldosteronism and Cushing's syndrome are known to have adverse effects on the cardiovascular system, apart from hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. In the treatment of endocrine disorders, hormonal normalization by surgical treatment and receptor antagonists play an important role in preventing cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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7
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Trammell CE, Rowe EH, Jones BJ, Char AB, Fawcett S, Ahlers LR, Goodman AG. Insulin-mediated endothelin signaling is antiviral during West Nile virus infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.17.524426. [PMID: 36712090 PMCID: PMC9882177 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.524426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is the most prevalent mosquito-borne virus in the United States with approximately 2,000 cases each year. There are currently no approved human vaccines and a lack of prophylactic and therapeutic treatments. Understanding host responses to infection may reveal potential intervention targets to reduce virus replication and disease progression. The use of Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism to understand innate immunity and host antiviral responses is well established. Previous studies revealed that insulin-mediated signaling regulates WNV infection in invertebrates by regulating canonical antiviral pathways. Because insulin signaling is well-conserved across insect and mammalian species, we sought to determine if results using D. melanogaster can be extrapolated for the analysis of orthologous pathways in humans. Here, we identify insulin-mediated endothelin signaling using the D. melanogaster model and evaluate an orthologous pathway in human cells during WNV infection. We demonstrate that endothelin signaling reduces WNV replication through the activation of canonical antiviral signaling. Taken together, our findings show that endothelin-mediated antiviral immunity is broadly conserved across species and reduces replication of viruses that can cause severe human disease. IMPORTANCE Arboviruses, particularly those transmitted by mosquitoes, pose a significant threat to humans and are an increasing concern because of climate change, human activity, and expanding vector-competent populations. West Nile virus is of significant concern as the most frequent mosquito-borne disease transmitted annually within the continental United States. Here, we identify a previously uncharacterized signaling pathway that impacts West Nile virus infection, namely endothelin signaling. Additionally, we demonstrate that we can successfully translate results obtained from D. melanogaster into the more relevant human system. Our results add to the growing field of insulin-mediated antiviral immunity and identifies potential biomarkers or intervention targets to better address West Nile virus infection and severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chasity E. Trammell
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Evelyn H. Rowe
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Brianne J. Jones
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Aditya B. Char
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Stephen Fawcett
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Laura R.H. Ahlers
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alan G. Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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8
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Chen Z, Wang Z, Liu D, Zhao X, Ning S, Liu X, Wang G, Zhang F, Luo F, Yao J, Tian X. Critical role of caveolin-1 in intestinal ischemia reperfusion by inhibiting protein kinase C βII. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 194:62-70. [PMID: 36410585 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) is a common clinical pathological process. We previously reported that pharmacological inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) βII with a specific inhibitor attenuated gut I/R injury. However, the endogenous regulatory mechanism of PKCβII inactivation is still unclear. Here, we explored the critical role of caveolin-1 (Cav1) in protecting against intestinal I/R injury by regulating PKCβII inactivation. PKCβII translocated to caveolae and bound with Cav1 after intestinal I/R. Cav1 was highly expressed in the intestine of mice with I/R and IEC-6 cells stimulated with hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Cav1-knockout (KO) mice suffered from worse intestinal injury after I/R than wild-type (WT) mice and showed extremely low survival due to exacerbated systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and remote organ (lung and liver) injury. Cav1 deficiency resulted in excessive PKCβII activation and increased oxidative stress and apoptosis after intestinal I/R. Full-length Cav1 scaffolding domain peptide (CSP) suppressed excessive PKCβII activation and protected the gut against oxidative stress and apoptosis due to I/R injury. In summary, Cav1 could regulate PKCβII endogenous inactivation to alleviate intestinal I/R injury. This finding may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of intestinal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Zhecheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, 116044, Dalian, China
| | - Deshun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Xuzi Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Shili Ning
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Xingming Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Guangzhi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Fuwen Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Jihong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, 116044, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 116023, Dalian, China.
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9
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Special Considerations for Management of Diabetes in Adult Patients with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Adv Med 2023; 2023:2955772. [PMID: 36755896 PMCID: PMC9902153 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2955772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic health condition that is very prevalent worldwide. It has been demonstrated that individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) are at a disproportionately high risk for developing diabetes. Persons with IDDs are estimated to be 2-3 times more likely to develop DM compared to the general population. The elevated risk of developing diabetes within the population of adults with IDDs is multifactorial and includes contributions from genetics, lifestyle, medication use and misuse, boundaries to appropriate medical care, a higher incidence of comorbid mental health disorders, and others. Further, inadequate screening for and management of diabetes for these patients results in heightened risk for adverse cardiovascular events and inferior health care outcomes. To improve patient outcomes for this unique patient population, health care providers need to be well trained in the optimal modalities of screening, diagnosis, and management of diabetes in adults with IDDs. This requires the development of effective diabetes intervention and health promotion programs aimed at patients with IDDs, utilizing a patient-centered approach to screening and management, and conducting further research to assess the impact of these interventions.
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10
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Genome-Wide Transcriptional Profiling Reveals PHACTR1 as a Novel Molecular Target of Resveratrol in Endothelial Homeostasis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214518. [DOI: 10.3390/nu14214518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease in which endothelial cells play an important role in maintaining vascular homeostasis. Endotheliitis caused by endothelial dysfunction (ED) is the key cause for the development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases as well as other vascular system diseases. Resveratrol (RES), a multi-functional polyphenol present in edible plants and fruits, prevents cardiovascular disease by regulating a variety of athero-relevant signaling pathways. By transcriptome profiling of RES-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in-depth bioinformatic analysis, we observed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in KEGG pathways of fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, suggesting that the RES may serve as a good template for a shear stress mimetic drug that hold promise in combating atherosclerosis. A heat map and multiple datasets superimposed screening revealed that RES significantly down-regulated phosphatase and actin modulator 1 (PHACTR1), a pivotal coronary artery disease risk gene associated with endothelial inflammation and polyvascular diseases. We further demonstrate that RES down-regulated the gene and protein expression of PHACTR1 and inhibited TNF-α-induced adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to activated endothelial cells via suppressing the expression of PHACTR1. Taken together, our study reveals that PHACTR1 represents a new molecular target for RES to maintain endothelial cell homeostasis and prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Park K, Li Q, Lynes MD, Yokomizo H, Maddaloni E, Shinjo T, St-Louis R, Li Q, Katagiri S, Fu J, Clermont A, Park H, Wu IH, Yu MG, Shah H, Tseng YH, King GL. Endothelial Cells Induced Progenitors Into Brown Fat to Reduce Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2022; 131:168-183. [PMID: 35642564 PMCID: PMC9308716 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance (IR) can increase atherosclerotic and cardiovascular risk by inducing endothelial dysfunction, decreasing nitric oxide (NO) production, and accelerating arterial inflammation. The aim is to determine the mechanism by which insulin action and NO production in endothelial cells can improve systemic bioenergetics and decrease atherosclerosis via differentiation of perivascular progenitor cells (PPCs) into brown adipocytes (BAT). METHODS Studies used various endothelial transgenic and deletion mutant ApoE-/- mice of insulin receptors, eNOS (endothelial NO synthase) and ETBR (endothelin receptor type B) receptors for assessments of atherosclerosis. Cells were isolated from perivascular fat and micro-vessels for studies on differentiation and signaling mechanisms in responses to NO, insulin, and lipokines from BAT. RESULTS Enhancing insulin's actions on endothelial cells and NO production in ECIRS1 transgenic mice reduced body weight and increased systemic energy expenditure and BAT mass and activity by inducing differentiation of PPCs into beige/BAT even with high-fat diet. However, positive changes in bioenergetics, BAT differentiation from PPCs and weight loss were inhibited by N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of eNOS, in ECIRS1 mice and eNOSKO mice. The mechanism mediating NO's action on PPC differentiation into BAT was identified as the activation of solubilized guanylate cyclase/PKGIα (cGMP protein-dependent kinase Iα)/GSK3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3β) pathways. Plasma lipidomics from ECIRS1 mice with NO-induced increased BAT mass revealed elevated 12,13-diHOME production. Infusion of 12,13-diHOME improved endothelial dysfunction and decreased atherosclerosis, whereas its reduction had opposite effects in ApoE-/-mice. CONCLUSIONS Activation of eNOS and endothelial cells by insulin enhanced the differentiation of PPC to BAT and its lipokines and improved systemic bioenergetics and atherosclerosis, suggesting that endothelial dysfunction is a major contributor of energy disequilibrium in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmin Park
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Qian Li
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Matthew D. Lynes
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Hisashi Yokomizo
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Ernesto Maddaloni
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Takanori Shinjo
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Ronald St-Louis
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Qin Li
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Sayaka Katagiri
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jialin Fu
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Allen Clermont
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Hyunseok Park
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - I-Hsien Wu
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Marc Gregory. Yu
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Hetal Shah
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - George L. King
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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12
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Huang H, Wang L, Qian F, Chen X, Zhu H, Yang M, Zhang C, Chu M, Wang X, Huang X. Liraglutide via Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase-Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α-Heme Oxygenase-1 Signaling Promotes Wound Healing by Preventing Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetic Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:660263. [PMID: 34483951 PMCID: PMC8415222 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.660263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) present a major challenge in clinical practice, and hyperglycemia-induced angiogenesis disturbance and endothelial dysfunction likely exacerbate DFUs. The long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog liraglutide (Lira) is a potential activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) that appears to enhance endothelial function and have substantial pro-angiogenesis and antioxidant stress effects. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate whether the protective role of Lira in diabetic wound healing acts against the mechanisms underlying hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and angiogenesis disturbance. Methods: Accordingly, db/db mice were assessed after receiving subcutaneous Lira injections. We also cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in either normal or high glucose (5.5 or 33 mM glucose, respectively) medium with or without Lira for 72 h. Results: An obvious inhibition of hyperglycemia-triggered endothelial dysfunction and angiogenesis disturbance was observed; follow by a promotion of diabetic wound healing under Lira treatment combined with restored hyperglycemia-impaired AMPK signaling pathway activity. AMPKα1/2 siRNA and Compound C (Cpd C), an inhibitor of AMPK, abolished both Lira-mediated endothelial protection and pro-angiogenesis action, as well as the diabetic wound healing promoted by Lira. Furthermore, hypoxia inducible factor-1α (Hif-1α; transcription factors of AMPK substrates) knockdown in HUVECs and db/db mice demonstrated that Lira activated AMPK to prevent hyperglycemia-triggered endothelial dysfunction and angiogenesis disturbance, with a subsequent promotion of diabetic wound healing that was Hif-1α-heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) axis-dependent. Taken together, these findings reveal that the promotion of diabetic wound healing by Lira occurs via its AMPK-dependent endothelial protection and pro-angiogenic effects, which are regulated by the Hif-1α-HO-1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiya Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fanyu Qian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiong Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haiping Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mei Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Maoping Chu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhong Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Mima A. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Patients with Non-Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease. Adv Ther 2021; 38:2201-2212. [PMID: 33860925 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors can reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, recent clinical studies have revealed that SGLT2 inhibitors decrease the risk of renal function impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on non-diabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unclear. Regarding long-term clinical outcomes, the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure (DAPA-HF) trial explicitly showed improvements in cardiovascular outcomes in patients presenting with heart failure, even in the absence of diabetes. The reduction in heart failure in patients without diabetes was confirmed following empagliflozin administration in the EMPagliflozin outcomE tRial in patients with chrOnic heart failure with Reduced ejection fraction (EMPEROR-Reduced) trial. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of DAPA-HF and EMPEROR-Reduced showed improvements in the composite renal endpoint regardless of the presence of diabetes or baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate. The Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease (DAPA-CKD) trial evaluated patients with CKD with or without type 2 diabetes, irrespective of whether SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin was added for renin-angiotensin system blockade as background renoprotective therapy. In this trial, dapagliflozin reduced the hazard ratio for a composite renal and cardiovascular death endpoint in patients with CKD attributed to various causes, with or without type 2 diabetes.
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14
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Fu J, Yu MG, Li Q, Park K, King GL. Insulin's actions on vascular tissues: Physiological effects and pathophysiological contributions to vascular complications of diabetes. Mol Metab 2021; 52:101236. [PMID: 33878400 PMCID: PMC8513152 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin has been demonstrated to exert direct and indirect effects on vascular tissues. Its actions in vascular cells are mediated by two major pathways: the insulin receptor substrate 1/2-phosphoinositide-3 kinase/Akt (IRS1/2/PI3K/Akt) pathway and the Src/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, both of which contribute to the expression and distribution of metabolites, hormones, and cytokines. Scope of review In this review, we summarize the current understanding of insulin's physiological and pathophysiological actions and associated signaling pathways in vascular cells, mainly in endothelial cells (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), and how these processes lead to selective insulin resistance. We also describe insulin's potential new signaling and biological effects derived from animal studies and cultured capillary and arterial EC, VSMC, and pericytes. We will not provide a detailed discussion of insulin's effects on the myocardium, insulin's structure, or its signaling pathways' various steps, since other articles in this issue discuss these areas in depth. Major conclusions Insulin mediates many important functions on vascular cells via its receptors and signaling cascades. Its direct actions on EC and VSMC are important for transporting and communicating nutrients, cytokines, hormones, and other signaling molecules. These vascular actions are also important for regulating systemic fuel metabolism and energetics. Inhibiting or enhancing these pathways leads to selective insulin resistance, exacerbating the development of endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, restenosis, poor wound healing, and even myocardial dysfunction. Targeted therapies to improve selective insulin resistance in EC and VSMC are thus needed to specifically mitigate these pathological processes. Insulin's actions in vascular cells have a significant influence on systemic metabolism. Insulin exerts its vascular effects through its receptors and signaling cascades. Inhibition or enhancement of different insulin signaling leads to selective insulin resistance. Loss of insulin's actions causes endothelial dysfunction and vascular complications in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Fu
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Marc Gregory Yu
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kyoungmin Park
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - George L King
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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15
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Diabetic atherosclerosis: is there a role for the hypoxia-inducible factors? Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226002. [PMID: 32816039 PMCID: PMC7441368 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cause of mortality worldwide and is driven by multiple risk factors, including diabetes. Diabetes is associated with either an insulin deficiency in its juvenile form or with insulin resistance and obesity in Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the latter is clustered with other comorbidities to define the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes and metabolic syndrome are complex pathologies and are associated with cardiovascular risk via vascular inflammation and other mechanisms. Several transcription factors are activated upon diabetes-driven endothelial dysfunction and drive the progression of atherosclerosis. In particular, the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription factor family is a master regulator of endothelial biology and is raising interest in the field of atherosclerosis. In this review, we will present an overview of studies contributing to the understanding of diabetes-driven atherosclerosis, integrating the role of HIF in this disease with the knowledge of its functions in metabolic syndrome and diabetic scenario.
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Fickweiler W, Wolfson EA, Paniagua SM, Yu MG, Adam A, Bahnam V, Sampani K, Wu IH, Musen G, Aiello LP, Shah H, Sun JK, King GL. Association of Cognitive Function and Retinal Neural and Vascular Structure in Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1139-1149. [PMID: 33378459 PMCID: PMC7993575 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cognitive dysfunction is a growing and understudied public health issue in the aging type 1 diabetic population and is difficult and time-consuming to diagnose. Studies in long duration type 1 diabetes have reported the presence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy was associated with cognitive dysfunction. OBJECTIVE This study assessed whether structural and vascular abnormalities of the retina, representing an extension of the central nervous system, are associated with cognitive impairment and other complications of type 1 diabetes. METHODS An observational cross-sectional study of individuals with 50 or more years of type 1 diabetes (Joslin Medalist Study) was conducted at a university hospital in the United States. The study included 129 participants with complete cognitive testing. Validated cognitive testing measures included psychomotor speed, and immediate, and delayed memory. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) were performed to obtain neural retinal layer thicknesses and vascular density for superficial (SCP) and deep retinal capillary plexus (DCP). Multivariable modeling was adjusted for potential confounders associated with outcomes in unadjusted analyses. RESULTS Decreased vessel density of the SCP and DCP was associated with worse delayed memory (DCP: P = .002) and dominant hand psychomotor speed (SCP: P = .01). Thinning of the retinal outer nuclear layer was associated with worse psychomotor speed both in nondominant and dominant hands (P = .01 and P = .05, respectively). Outer plexiform layer thickness was associated with delayed memory (P = .04). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that noninvasive retinal imaging using OCT and OCTA may assist in estimating the risks for cognitive dysfunction in people with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward Fickweiler
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily A Wolfson
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Marc Gregory Yu
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Atif Adam
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vanessa Bahnam
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Konstantina Sampani
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - I-Hsien Wu
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gail Musen
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lloyd P Aiello
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hetal Shah
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer K Sun
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George L King
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Correspondence: George L. King, MD, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, 1 Joslin Pl, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Insulin Resistance in Association with Thyroid Function, Psychoemotional State, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073388. [PMID: 33805872 PMCID: PMC8036436 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Individuals with insulin resistance (IR) have a high risk of diabetes or metabolic syndrome, and they are more likely to have depression. Furthermore, IR by itself is a major cardiovascular risk factor in healthy persons. Thus, we aimed to investigate IR in association with thyroid function, psychoemotional state, and cardiovascular risk factors among 45–84-year-old citizens of Palanga. Methods: A randomized epidemiological study was performed with 850 subjects. All participants were evaluated for sociodemographic, clinical, and cardiovascular risk factors and biochemical analysis. IR was evaluated by the homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR). Results: All study participants were stratified into groups without IR (HOMA-IR ≤ 2.7) and with IR (HOMA-IR > 2.7). The analysis of parameters between the two study groups showed some statistically significant relationships between IR and cardiovascular risk factors. The predictable accuracy was presented using receiver performance characteristic curves for HOMA-IR scores in women and men separately. If the HOMA-IR score is higher than 3.45, individuals are significantly more likely to have type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Conclusions: An increase of fasting glucose and more frequent incidence of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases in subjects with IR are associated with the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. There was no significant association between thyroid function and HOMA-IR. HOMA-IR cut-offs could predict the presence of T2DM.
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Lin S, Zhang Q, Li S, Zhang T, Wang L, Qin X, Zhang M, Shi S, Cai X. Antioxidative and Angiogenesis-Promoting Effects of Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids in Diabetic Wound Healing with Activation of the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:11397-11408. [PMID: 32083455 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Songhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Lang Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, P. R. China
| | - Xin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Sirong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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20
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Wang Y, Zhou L, Su W, Huang F, Zhang Y, Xia ZY, Xia Z, Lei S. Selective Inhibition of PKC β2 Restores Ischemic Postconditioning-Mediated Cardioprotection by Modulating Autophagy in Diabetic Rats. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:2408240. [PMID: 32337288 PMCID: PMC7157806 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2408240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic hearts are more susceptible to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and less sensitive to ischemic postconditioning (IPostC), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. PKCβ2 is preferentially overactivated in diabetic myocardium, in which autophagy status is abnormal. This study determined whether hyperglycemia-induced PKCβ2 activation resulted in autophagy abnormality and compromised IPostC cardioprotection in diabetes. We found that diabetic rats showed higher cardiac PKCβ2 activation and lower autophagy than control at baseline. However, myocardial I/R further increased PKCβ2 activation and promoted autophagy status in diabetic rats. IPostC significantly attenuated postischemic infarct size and CK-MB, accompanied with decreased PKCβ2 activation and autophagy in control but not in diabetic rats. Pretreatment with CGP53353, a selective inhibitor of PKCβ2, attenuated myocardial I/R-induced infarction and autophagy and restored IPostC-mediated cardioprotection in diabetes. Similarly, CGP53353 could restore hypoxic postconditioning (HPostC) protection against hypoxia reoxygenation- (HR-) induced injury evidenced by decreased LDH release and JC-1 monomeric cells and increased cell viability. These beneficial effects of CGP53353 were reversed by autophagy inducer rapamycin, but could be mimicked by autophagy inhibitor 3-MA. It is concluded that selective inhibition of PKCβ2 could attenuate myocardial I/R injury and restore IPostC-mediated cardioprotection possibly through modulating autophagy in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wating Su
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengnan Huang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong-yuan Xia
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Shaoqing Lei
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Sutton G, Pugh D, Dhaun N. Developments in the Role of Endothelin-1 in Atherosclerosis: A Potential Therapeutic Target? Am J Hypertens 2019; 32:813-815. [PMID: 31145445 PMCID: PMC6694011 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpz091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Greg Sutton
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dan Pugh
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Yuan T, Yang T, Chen H, Fu D, Hu Y, Wang J, Yuan Q, Yu H, Xu W, Xie X. New insights into oxidative stress and inflammation during diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis. Redox Biol 2019; 20:247-260. [PMID: 30384259 PMCID: PMC6205410 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation interact in the development of diabetic atherosclerosis. Intracellular hyperglycemia promotes production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased formation of intracellular advanced glycation end-products, activation of protein kinase C, and increased polyol pathway flux. ROS directly increase the expression of inflammatory and adhesion factors, formation of oxidized-low density lipoprotein, and insulin resistance. They activate the ubiquitin pathway, inhibit the activation of AMP-protein kinase and adiponectin, decrease endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, all of which accelerate atherosclerosis. Changes in the composition of the gut microbiota and changes in microRNA expression that influence the regulation of target genes that occur in diabetes interact with increased ROS and inflammation to promote atherosclerosis. This review highlights the consequences of the sustained increase of ROS production and inflammation that influence the acceleration of atherosclerosis by diabetes. The potential contributions of changes in the gut microbiota and microRNA expression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yuan
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Ting Yang
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Huan Chen
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China.
| | - Danli Fu
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Yangyang Hu
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Hong Yu
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Wenfeng Xu
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Xiang Xie
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW To summarize current clinical data investigating the link between diabetes and heart failure pathophysiology, the association of glucose control with heart failure, and the impact of current antihyperglycemic drugs on heart failure. RECENT FINDINGS Although heart failure is one of the most prevalent outcomes occurring in real life and cardiovascular outcome trials, insufficient attention was given to this condition in diabetes research over the last decades. With both beneficial and detrimental findings for heart failure hospitalization in the health authority-mandated outcome trials for new antihyperglycemic agents, research on heart failure and its interplay with diabetes mellitus gained momentum. Diabetes mellitus and heart failure are both prevalent and intertwined conditions. While currently available heart failure therapies have a similar degree of effectiveness in patients with and without diabetes, the choice of glucose-lowering agents can substantially affect heart failure-related outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wallner
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- 0000 0001 2248 3398grid.264727.2Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBmed, Graz, Austria
| | - Deborah M. Eaton
- 0000 0001 2248 3398grid.264727.2Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Dirk von Lewinski
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Sourij
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBmed, Graz, Austria
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
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Li W, Abdul Y, Ward R, Ergul A. Endothelin and diabetic complications: a brain-centric view. Physiol Res 2018; 67:S83-S94. [PMID: 29947530 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The global epidemic of diabetes is of significant concern. Diabetes associated vascular disease signifies the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. It is also the most rapidly increasing risk factor for cognitive impairment, a silent disease that causes loss of creativity, productivity, and quality of life. Small vessel disease in the cerebral vasculature plays a major role in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment in diabetes. Endothelin system, including endothelin-1 (ET-1) and the receptors (ET(A) and ET(B)), is a likely candidate that may be involved in many aspects of the diabetes cerebrovascular disease. In this review, we took a brain-centric approach and discussed the role of the ET system in cerebrovascular and cognitive dysfunction in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA, Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
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Dziubak A, Wójcicka G, Wojtak A, Bełtowski J. Metabolic Effects of Metformin in the Failing Heart. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102869. [PMID: 30248910 PMCID: PMC6213955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that metformin is an insulin-sensitizing antidiabetic drug widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which can exert favorable effects on cardiovascular risk and may be safely used in patients with heart failure (HF), and even able to reduce the incidence of HF and to reduce HF mortality. In failing hearts, metformin improves myocardial energy metabolic status through the activation of AMP (adenosine monophosphate)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. By increasing nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, limiting interstitial fibrosis, reducing the deposition of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), and inhibiting myocardial cell apoptosis metformin reduces cardiac remodeling and hypertrophy, and thereby preserves left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions. While a lot of preclinical and clinical studies showed the cardiovascular safety of metformin therapy in diabetic patients and HF, to confirm observed benefits, the specific large-scale trials configured for HF development in diabetic patients as a primary endpoints are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Dziubak
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Grażyna Wójcicka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Wojtak
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Lubin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Bełtowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
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Theodorou K, Boon RA. Endothelial Cell Metabolism in Atherosclerosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:82. [PMID: 30131957 PMCID: PMC6090045 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its sequelae, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, are the leading cause of death worldwide. Vascular endothelial cells (EC) play a critical role in vascular homeostasis and disease. Atherosclerosis as well as its independent risk factors including diabetes, obesity, and aging, are hallmarked by endothelial activation and dysfunction. Metabolic pathways have emerged as key regulators of many EC functions, including angiogenesis, inflammation, and barrier function, processes which are deregulated during atherogenesis. In this review, we highlight the role of glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism in EC functions during physiological and pathological states, specifically atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosta Theodorou
- Centre of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Reinier A Boon
- Centre of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research DZHK, Partner Site Rhine-Main, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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27
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Xue W, Li Y, Li J, Yan L, Yang F. Endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by etomidate in the aortas of insulin-resistant rats. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:1155-1162. [PMID: 30154900 PMCID: PMC6111356 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.77256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few reports have mentioned the effect of etomidate on the aortas of insulin-resistant (IR) rats. In this study, we investigated the effect of etomidate on isolated IR aortas of rats, and explored its underlying mechanism. MATERIAL AND METHODS The IR rat model was established through feeding with a high-fructose diet. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by the tail-cuff method before grouping and at the end of the 8-week feeding; blood samples were also obtained for analysis. Thoracic aorta rings of IR rats were isolated and suspended in a tissue bath. The tensile force was recorded isometrically. The effect of etomidate on provoked contraction of the rings was assessed with or without a potassium channel blocker or NO synthase inhibitor. RESULTS Etomidate-induced relaxation in IR rings was greater than normal control (NC) rings (all p < 0.001 with etomidate log M of -4 to -6). NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, an NO synthase inhibitors) inhibited etomidate-induced relaxation in NC rings, but had no effect on the IR rings (all p < 0.001 with etomidate log M of -4 to -6). Pre-incubation with glibenclamide (Gli, a potassium channel blocker) significantly inhibited etomidate-induced relaxation in NC and IR rings (all p < 0.001 with etomidate log M of -4 to -6), and had no inhibited effect on endothelial denuded aortic rings. CONCLUSIONS Insulin resistance increased etomidate-induced relaxation in rat aortas. Etomidate causes vasodilation in IR rat aortas via both endothelium-dependent and independent ways; impaired NO-mediated relaxation was disrupted and ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel-mediated relaxation may be involved in the endothelium-dependent relaxation of etomidate in IR rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, Meitan General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Meitan General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Meitan General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Meitan General Hospital, Beijing, China
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28
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Sawada N, Arany Z. Metabolic Regulation of Angiogenesis in Diabetes and Aging. Physiology (Bethesda) 2018; 32:290-307. [PMID: 28615313 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00039.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired angiogenesis and endothelial dysfunction are hallmarks of diabetes and aging. Clinical efforts at promoting angiogenesis have largely focused on growth factor pathways, with mixed results. Recently, a new repertoire of endothelial intracellular molecules critical to endothelial metabolism has emerged as playing an important role in regulating angiogenesis. This review thus focuses on the emerging importance and therapeutic potential of these proteins and of endothelial bioenergetics in diabetes and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sawada
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.,Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; and
| | - Zolt Arany
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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29
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Mima A. Renal protection by sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and its underlying mechanisms in diabetic kidney disease. J Diabetes Complications 2018; 32:720-725. [PMID: 29880432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most frequent cause of mortality and morbidity, leading a global health burden. This review will focus on the potential therapeutic interventions using Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors that could prevent the development and progression of DKD. RESULTS SGLT2 inhibitors have been widely used as anti-diabetic drugs. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that these drugs, which improve glycemic control and hypertension and decrease body weight, decrease the risk of renal function impairment and heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes. With regard to long-term clinical outcomes, the Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes (EMPA-REG OUTCOME), the EMPA-REG Renal OUTCOME, and the CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study (CANVAS) program which have been integrated from CANVAS and CANVAS-Renal (CANVAS-R) trials reported significant risk reductions in primary combined major adverse cardiovascular events. Furthermore, regarding renal outcomes, the EMPA-REG Renal OUTCOME and CANVAS program clearly showed improvements in renal outcomes, including decreases in albuminuria and progression of nephropathy, doubling of serum creatinine levels, and initiation of renal replacement therapy. CONCLUSIONS Potential mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors related to renoprotection can be divided into two categories: hemodynamic actions and metabolic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mima
- Department of Nephrology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University Nara Hospital, Nara, Japan.
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30
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The following is a review of the current concepts on the relationship between hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus with a focus on the epidemiology and cardiovascular prognostic implications of coexistent HTN and diabetes mellitus, shared mechanisms underlying both conditions and pathophysiology of increased risk of cardiovascular disease, treatment of HTN in individuals with diabetes mellitus, and effects of anti-diabetic medications on blood pressure (BP). RECENT FINDINGS Diabetes mellitus and HTN often coexist in the same individual. They share numerous risk factors and underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms, most important of which are insulin resistance and inappropriate activation of the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Recently updated guidelines recommend a BP goal of 140/90 mmHg in most individuals with diabetes mellitus. A new class of anti-diabetic medications, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, has shown favorable effects on BP. SUMMARY HTN affects the majority of individuals with diabetes mellitus. Coexistence of diabetes mellitus and HTN, especially if BP is not well controlled, dramatically increases the risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. BP control is an essential part of management of patients with diabetes mellitus, because it is one of the most effective ways to prevent vascular complications and death.
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31
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Eelen G, de Zeeuw P, Treps L, Harjes U, Wong BW, Carmeliet P. Endothelial Cell Metabolism. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:3-58. [PMID: 29167330 PMCID: PMC5866357 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are more than inert blood vessel lining material. Instead, they are active players in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) both in health and (life-threatening) diseases. Recently, a new concept arose by which EC metabolism drives angiogenesis in parallel to well-established angiogenic growth factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor). 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3-driven glycolysis generates energy to sustain competitive behavior of the ECs at the tip of a growing vessel sprout, whereas carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a-controlled fatty acid oxidation regulates nucleotide synthesis and proliferation of ECs in the stalk of the sprout. To maintain vascular homeostasis, ECs rely on an intricate metabolic wiring characterized by intracellular compartmentalization, use metabolites for epigenetic regulation of EC subtype differentiation, crosstalk through metabolite release with other cell types, and exhibit EC subtype-specific metabolic traits. Importantly, maladaptation of EC metabolism contributes to vascular disorders, through EC dysfunction or excess angiogenesis, and presents new opportunities for anti-angiogenic strategies. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of established as well as newly uncovered aspects of EC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Eelen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pauline de Zeeuw
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucas Treps
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ulrike Harjes
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brian W Wong
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
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32
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Park K, Li Q, Evcimen ND, Rask-Madsen C, Maeda Y, Maddaloni E, Yokomizo H, Shinjo T, St-Louis R, Fu J, Gordin D, Khamaisi M, Pober D, Keenan H, King GL. Exogenous Insulin Infusion Can Decrease Atherosclerosis in Diabetic Rodents by Improving Lipids, Inflammation, and Endothelial Function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 38:92-101. [PMID: 29162603 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate whether exogenously induced hyperinsulinemia may increase the development of atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Hyperinsulinemia, induced by exogenous insulin implantation in high-fat fed (60% fat HFD) apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (ApoE-/-) mice, exhibited insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia. Atherosclerosis was measured by the accumulation of fat, macrophage, and extracellular matrix in the aorta. After 8 weeks on HFD, ApoE-/- mice were subcutaneously implanted with control (sham) or insulin pellet, and phlorizin, a sodium glucose cotransporters inhibitor (1/2)inhibitor, for additional 8 weeks. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test showed that plasma glucose levels were lower and insulin and IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) levels were 5.3- and 3.3-fold higher, respectively, in insulin-implanted compared with sham-treated ApoE-/- mice. Plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, and lipoprotein levels were decreased in mice with insulin implant, in parallel with increased lipoprotein lipase activities. Atherosclerotic plaque by en face and complexity staining showed significant reductions of fat deposits and expressions of vascular adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6, and macrophages in arterial wall while exhibiting increased activation of pAKT and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (P<0.05) comparing insulin-implanted versus sham HFD ApoE-/- mice. No differences were observed in atherosclerotic plaques between phlorizin-treated and sham HFD ApoE-/- mice, except phlorizin significantly lowered plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels while increased glucosuria. Endothelial function was improved only by insulin treatment through endothelial nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide activations and reduced proinflammatory (M1) and increased anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages, which were inhibited by endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous insulin decreased atherosclerosis by lowering inflammatory cytokines, macrophages, and plasma lipids in HFD-induced hyperlipidemia, insulin resistant and mildly diabetic ApoE-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmin Park
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Qian Li
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Net Daş Evcimen
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christian Rask-Madsen
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yasutaka Maeda
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ernesto Maddaloni
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hisashi Yokomizo
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Takanori Shinjo
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ronald St-Louis
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jialin Fu
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel Gordin
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mogher Khamaisi
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David Pober
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hillary Keenan
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - George L King
- From the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Long Y, Xia JY, Chen SW, Gao CL, Liang GN, He XM, Wu J, Jiang CX, Liu X, Huang W, Wan Q, Xu Y. ATP2B1 gene Silencing Increases Insulin Sensitivity through Facilitating Akt Activation via the Ca 2+/calmodulin Signaling Pathway and Ca 2+-associated eNOS Activation in Endothelial Cells. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1203-1212. [PMID: 29104511 PMCID: PMC5666335 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.19666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell insulin resistance may be partially responsible for the higher risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in populations with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A genome-wide association study revealed a significant association between the ATPase plasma membrane Ca2+ transporting 1 (ATP2B1) gene and T2DM in two community-based cohorts from the Korea Association Resource Project. However, little is known about the implication of the ATP2B1 gene on T2DM. In the present study, we investigated the role of the ATP2B1 gene in endothelial cell insulin sensitivity. ATP2B1 gene silencing resulted in enhanced intracellular calcium concentrations and increased insulin-induced Akt activation compared to that in the negative siRNA-transfected HUVECs (Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells). The elevated insulin sensitivity mediated by ATP2B1 gene silencing was Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent, as verified by administration of the calcium chelator BAPTA-AM or the calmodulin-specific antagonist W7. Moreover, higher levels of phosphorylation of eNOS (Ser1177) were observed in ATP2B1-silenced HUVECs. In addition to BAPTA-AM and W7, L-NAME, an eNOS antagonist, abolished insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 in both si-Neg and si-ATP2B1-transfected endothelial cells. These results indicate that the enhanced insulin sensitivity in ATP2B1-silenced endothelial cells is alternatively dependent on an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and the subsequent activation of the Ca2+/calmodulin/eNOS/Akt signaling pathway. In summary, ATP2B1 gene silencing increased insulin sensitivity in endothelial cells by directly modulating the Ca2+/calmodulin signaling pathway and via the Ca2+/calmodulin/eNOS/Akt signaling pathway alternatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Long
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China.,Laboratory of Endocrinology, Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Ji-Yi Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Shao-Wei Chen
- Medical Reproduction Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Chen-Lin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Guan-Nan Liang
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Xue-Mei He
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Jian Wu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Chun-Xia Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Xin Liu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Qin Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, P R China
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Ku YH, Cho BJ, Kim MJ, Lim S, Park YJ, Jang HC, Choi SH. Rosiglitazone increases endothelial cell migration and vascular permeability through Akt phosphorylation. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:62. [PMID: 28854981 PMCID: PMC5577739 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonists, exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and inhibit endothelial inflammation and dysfunction, which is anti-atherogenic. However, fluid retention, which may lead to congestive heart failure and peripheral edema, is also a concern, which may result from endothelial cell leakage. In the current study, we examined the effects of PPAR-γ agonists on vascular endothelial cell migration and permeability in order to determine its underlying mechanisms. Methods We used rosiglitazone and conducted cell migration assay and permeability assay using HUVEC cells and measured vascular permeability and leakage in male C57BL/6 mice. Results Rosiglitazone significantly promoted endothelial cell migration and induced permeability via activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) – Akt or protein kinase C (PKC)β. In addition, rosiglitazone increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and suppressed expression of tight junction proteins (JAM-A and ZO-1), which might promote neovascularization and vascular leakage. These phenomena were reduced by Akt inhibition. Conclusions Vascular endothelial cell migration and permeability change through Akt phosphorylation might be a mechanism of induced fluid retention and peripheral tissue edema by TZD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hyi Ku
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bong-Jun Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Min Joo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hak C Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sung Hee Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea. .,, 166 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Suppression of GRK2 expression reduces endothelial dysfunction by restoring glucose homeostasis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8436. [PMID: 28814745 PMCID: PMC5559446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the associations between diabetic complications and vascular endothelial dysfunction, a direct therapeutic method targeting endothelial dysfunction remains poorly characterized. We have previously shown that chemical inhibition of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) slightly enhances insulin sensitivity and reduces endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice. In this study, we identified GRK2 as a novel therapeutic target of diabetic endothelial dysfunction and investigated the effect on diabetic endothelial dysfunction through the systemic administration of GRK2 siRNA using a hydrodynamic-based procedure, resulting in suppression of increased GRK2 protein levels in the liver. Suppressed GRK2 levels in the liver markedly improved glucose homeostasis, as well as improved the impaired endothelial Akt/eNOS-dependent signal activation (insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS) and vascular responses (clonidine-induced and insulin-induced endothelial-dependent relaxation response and phenylephrine-induced contractile response) in type 2 diabetic aortas. Interestingly, insulin-stimulated Akt/eNOS signaling was increased only by normalizing the glucose concentration in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with GRK2 overexpression, suggesting of an important role of hepatic GRK2. Our results clarified the relationship among hepatic GRK2, glucose homeostasis, and vascular endothelial function. Liver-targeting GRK2 siRNA delivery represents a novel therapeutic tool to restore glucose homeostasis and reduce endothelial dysfunction.
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36
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Joo HK, Lee YR, Choi S, Park MS, Kang G, Kim CS, Jeon BH. Protein kinase C beta II upregulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 via mitochondrial activation in cultured endothelial cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 21:377-384. [PMID: 28706451 PMCID: PMC5507776 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.4.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) is closely linked with endothelial dysfunction. However, the effect of PKCβII on endothelial dysfunction has not been characterized in cultured endothelial cells. Here, using adenoviral PKCβII gene transfer and pharmacological inhibitors, the role of PKCβII on endothelial dysfucntion was investigated in cultured endothelial cells. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), p66shc phosphorylation, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, and monocyte adhesion, which were inhibited by PKCβi (10 nM), a selective inhibitor of PKCβII. PMA increased the phosphorylation of CREB and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), which were also inhibited by PKCβi. Gene silencing of CREB inhibited PMA-induced MnSOD expression, suggesting that CREB plays a key role in MnSOD expression. Gene silencing of PKCβII inhibited PMA-induced mitochondrial ROS, MnSOD, and ICAM-1 expression. In contrast, overexpression of PKCβII using adenoviral PKCβII increased mitochondrial ROS, MnSOD, ICAM-1, and p66shc phosphorylation in cultured endothelial cells. Finally, PKCβII-induced ICAM-1 expression was inhibited by Mito-TEMPO, a mitochondrial ROS scavenger, suggesting the involvement of mitochondrial ROS in PKC-induced vascular inflammation. Taken together, the results suggest that PKCβII plays an important role in PMA-induced endothelial dysfunction, and that the inhibition of PKCβII-dependent p66shc signaling acts as a therapeutic target for vascular inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Kyoung Joo
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Yu Ran Lee
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Sunga Choi
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Myoung Soo Park
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Gun Kang
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Cuk-Seong Kim
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Byeong Hwa Jeon
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
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Shah MS, Brownlee M. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Disorders in Diabetes. Circ Res 2017; 118:1808-29. [PMID: 27230643 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.306923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The clinical correlations linking diabetes mellitus with accelerated atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, and increased post-myocardial infarction fatality rates are increasingly understood in mechanistic terms. The multiple mechanisms discussed in this review seem to share a common element: prolonged increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in diabetic cardiovascular cells. Intracellular hyperglycemia causes excessive ROS production. This activates nuclear poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, which inhibits GAPDH, shunting early glycolytic intermediates into pathogenic signaling pathways. ROS and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase also reduce sirtuin, PGC-1α, and AMP-activated protein kinase activity. These changes cause decreased mitochondrial biogenesis, increased ROS production, and disturbed circadian clock synchronization of glucose and lipid metabolism. Excessive ROS production also facilitates nuclear transport of proatherogenic transcription factors, increases transcription of the neutrophil enzyme initiating NETosis, peptidylarginine deiminase 4, and activates the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome. Insulin resistance causes excessive cardiomyocyte ROS production by increasing fatty acid flux and oxidation. This stimulates overexpression of the nuclear receptor PPARα and nuclear translocation of forkhead box O 1, which cause cardiomyopathy. ROS also shift the balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission in favor of increased fission, reducing the metabolic capacity and efficiency of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. Mitochondrial oxidative stress also plays a central role in angiotensin II-induced gap junction remodeling and arrhythmogenesis. ROS contribute to sudden death in diabetics after myocardial infarction by increasing post-translational protein modifications, which cause increased ryanodine receptor phosphorylation and downregulation of sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(++)-ATPase transcription. Increased ROS also depress autonomic ganglion synaptic transmission by oxidizing the nAch receptor α3 subunit, potentially contributing to the increased risk of fatal cardiac arrhythmias associated with diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi S Shah
- From the Diabetes Research Center (M.S.S., M.B.), Departments of Medicine (M.S.S., M.B.), and Pathology (M.B.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY
| | - Michael Brownlee
- From the Diabetes Research Center (M.S.S., M.B.), Departments of Medicine (M.S.S., M.B.), and Pathology (M.B.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY.
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Rask-Madsen C, Park K, Li Q, King GL. Letter by Rask-Madsen et al Regarding Article, “Selective Enhancement of Insulin Sensitivity in the Endothelium In Vivo Reveals a Novel Proatherosclerotic Signaling Loop”. Circ Res 2017; 120:e2-e3. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyoungmin Park
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Qian Li
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - George L. King
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Viswambharan H, Kearney MT. Response by Viswambharan and Kearney to Letter Regarding Article, "Selective Enhancement of Insulin Sensitivity in the Endothelium In Vivo Reveals a Novel Proatherosclerotic Signaling Loop". Circ Res 2017; 120:e4-e5. [PMID: 28209800 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hema Viswambharan
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T Kearney
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1(11β-HSD1) mediates insulin resistance through JNK activation in adipocytes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37160. [PMID: 27841334 PMCID: PMC5107914 DOI: 10.1038/srep37160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are used to treat a number of human diseases but often lead to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the intracellular conversion of cortisone to physiologically active cortisol. Despite the known role of 11β-HSD1 and active glucocorticoid in causing insulin resistance, the molecular mechanisms by which insulin resistance is induced remain elusive. The aim of this study is to identify these mechanisms in high fat diet (HFD) experimental models. Mice on a HFD were treated with 11β-HSD1 inhibitor as well as a JNK inhibitor. We then treated 3T3-L1-derived adipocytes with prednisone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, and cells with 11β-HSD1 overexpression to study insulin resistance. Our results show that 11β-HSD1 and JNK inhibition mitigated insulin resistance in HFD mice. Prednisone stimulation or overexpression of 11β-HSD1 also caused JNK activation in cultured adipocytes. Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 blocked the activation of JNK in adipose tissue of HFD mice as well as in cultured adipocytes. Furthermore, prednisone significantly impaired the insulin signaling pathway, and these effects were reversed by 11β-HSD1 and JNK inhibition. Our study demonstrates that glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance was dependent on 11β-HSD1, resulting in the critical activation of JNK signaling in adipocytes.
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Heo KS, Berk BC, Abe JI. Disturbed Flow-Induced Endothelial Proatherogenic Signaling Via Regulating Post-Translational Modifications and Epigenetic Events. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:435-50. [PMID: 26714841 PMCID: PMC5076483 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hemodynamic shear stress, the frictional force exerted onto the vascular endothelial cell (EC) surface, influences vascular EC functions. Atherosclerotic plaque formation in the endothelium is known to be site specific: disturbed blood flow (d-flow) formed at the lesser curvature of the aortic arch and branch points promotes plaque formation, and steady laminar flow (s-flow) at the greater curvature is atheroprotective. RECENT ADVANCES Post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation and SUMOylation, and epigenetic events, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, provide a new perspective on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, elucidating how gene expression is altered by d-flow. Activation of PKCζ and p90RSK, SUMOylation of ERK5 and p53, and DNA hypermethylation are uniquely induced by d-flow, but not by s-flow. CRITICAL ISSUES Extensive cross talk has been observed among the phosphorylation, SUMOylation, acetylation, and methylation PTMs, as well as among epigenetic events along the cascade of d-flow-induced signaling, from the top (mechanosensory systems) to the bottom (epigenetic events). In addition, PKCζ activation plays a role in regulating SUMOylation-related enzymes of PIAS4, p90RSK activation plays a role in regulating SUMOylation-related enzymes of Sentrin/SUMO-specific protease (SENP)2, and DNA methyltransferase SUMOylation may play a role in d-flow signaling. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Although possible contributions of DNA events such as histone modification and the epigenetic and cytosolic events of PTMs in d-flow signaling have become clearer, determining the interplay of each PTM and epigenetic event will provide a new paradigm to elucidate the difference between d-flow and s-flow and lead to novel therapeutic interventions to inhibit plaque formation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 435-450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Sun Heo
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bradford C. Berk
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Jun-ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Katagiri S, Park K, Maeda Y, Rao TN, Khamaisi M, Li Q, Yokomizo H, Mima A, Lancerotto L, Wagers A, Orgill DP, King GL. Overexpressing IRS1 in Endothelial Cells Enhances Angioblast Differentiation and Wound Healing in Diabetes and Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2016; 65:2760-71. [PMID: 27217486 PMCID: PMC5001189 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effect of enhancing insulin's actions in endothelial cells (ECs) to improve angiogenesis and wound healing was studied in obesity and diabetes. Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) was overexpressed in ECs using the VE-cadherin promoter to create ECIRS1 TG mice, which elevated pAkt activation and expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Flk1, and VE-cadherin in ECs and granulation tissues (GTs) of full-thickness wounds. Open wound and epithelialization rates and angiogenesis significantly improved in normal mice and high fat (HF) diet-induced diabetic mice with hyperinsulinemia in ECIRS1 TG versus wild type (WT), but not in insulin-deficient diabetic mice. Increased angioblasts and EC numbers in GT of ECIRS1 mice were due to proliferation in situ rather than uptake. GT in HF-fed diabetic mice exhibited parallel decreases in insulin and VEGF-induced pAkt and EC numbers by >50% without changes in angioblasts versus WT mice, which were improved in ECIRS1 TG mice on normal chow or HF diet. Thus, HF-induced diabetes impaired angiogenesis by inhibiting insulin signaling in GT to decrease the differentiation of angioblasts to EC, which was normalized by enhancing insulin's action targeted to EC, a potential target to improve wound healing in diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Katagiri
- Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kyoungmin Park
- Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yasutaka Maeda
- Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tata Nageswara Rao
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Havard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mogher Khamaisi
- Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Qian Li
- Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hisashi Yokomizo
- Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Akira Mima
- Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Luca Lancerotto
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Amy Wagers
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Havard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dennis P Orgill
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - George L King
- Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Abstract
Heart failure is associated with generalized insulin resistance. Moreover, insulin-resistant states such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity increases the risk of heart failure even after adjusting for traditional risk factors. Insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes mellitus alters the systemic and neurohumoral milieu, leading to changes in metabolism and signaling pathways in the heart that may contribute to myocardial dysfunction. In addition, changes in insulin signaling within cardiomyocytes develop in the failing heart. The changes range from activation of proximal insulin signaling pathways that may contribute to adverse left ventricular remodeling and mitochondrial dysfunction to repression of distal elements of insulin signaling pathways such as forkhead box O transcriptional signaling or glucose transport, which may also impair cardiac metabolism, structure, and function. This article will review the complexities of insulin signaling within the myocardium and ways in which these pathways are altered in heart failure or in conditions associated with generalized insulin resistance. The implications of these changes for therapeutic approaches to treating or preventing heart failure will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Riehle
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - E Dale Abel
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
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King GL, Park K, Li Q. Selective Insulin Resistance and the Development of Cardiovascular Diseases in Diabetes: The 2015 Edwin Bierman Award Lecture. Diabetes 2016; 65:1462-71. [PMID: 27222390 PMCID: PMC4878431 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Edwin Bierman Award Lecture is presented in honor of the memory of Edwin L. Bierman, MD, an exemplary scientist, mentor, and leader in the field of diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. The award and lecture recognizes a leading scientist in the field of macrovascular complications and contributing risk factors in diabetes. George L. King, MD, of the Section of Vascular Cell Biology and Complications, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, received the prestigious award at the American Diabetes Association's 75th Scientific Sessions, 5-9 June 2015, in Boston, MA. He presented the Edwin Bierman Award Lecture, "Selective Insulin Resistance and the Development of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes," on Sunday, 7 June 2015.This review is focused on the factors and potential mechanisms that are causing various cardiovascular pathologies. In diabetes, insulin's actions on the endothelium and other vascular cells have significant influence on systemic metabolisms and the development of cardiovascular pathologies. Our studies showed that insulin receptors on the endothelium are important for insulin transport across the endothelial barrier and mediate insulin's actions in muscle, heart, fat, and the brain. Insulin actions on the vascular cells are mediated by two pathways involving the actions of either IRS/PI3K/Akt or Grb/Shc/MAPK. Insulin's activation of IRS/PI3K/Akt results in mostly antiatherogenic actions, as this pathway induces activation of eNOS, the expressions of HO-1 and VEGF, and the reduction of VCAM-1. In contrast, insulin's activation of the Grb/Shc/MAPK pathway mediates the expressions of ET-1 and PAI-1 and migration and proliferation of contractile cells, which have proatherogenic actions. Elevated levels of glucose, free fatty acids, and inflammatory cytokines due to diabetes and insulin resistance selectively inhibit insulin's antiatherogenic actions via the IRS/PI3K/Akt pathway. This review provides evidence to support the importance of insulin actions in preventing cardiovascular pathology that can be selectively inhibited via the IRS/PI3K/Akt cascade in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George L King
- Section of Vascular Cell Biology and Complications, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kyoungmin Park
- Section of Vascular Cell Biology and Complications, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Qian Li
- Section of Vascular Cell Biology and Complications, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Park K, Mima A, Li Q, Rask-Madsen C, He P, Mizutani K, Katagiri S, Maeda Y, Wu IH, Khamaisi M, Preil SR, Maddaloni E, Sørensen D, Rasmussen LM, Huang PL, King GL. Insulin decreases atherosclerosis by inducing endothelin receptor B expression. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e86574. [PMID: 27200419 PMCID: PMC4869734 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) insulin resistance and dysfunction, caused by diabetes, accelerates atherosclerosis. It is unknown whether specifically enhancing EC-targeted insulin action can decrease atherosclerosis in diabetes. Accordingly, overexpressing insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1) in the endothelia of Apoe-/- mice (Irs1/Apoe-/-) increased insulin signaling and function in the aorta. Atherosclerosis was significantly reduced in Irs1/ApoE-/- mice on diet-induced hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. The mechanism of insulin's enhanced antiatherogenic actions in EC was related to remarkable induction of NO action, which increases endothelin receptor B (EDNRB) expression and intracellular [Ca2+]. Using the mice with knockin mutation of eNOS, which had Ser1176 mutated to alanine (AKI), deleting the only known mechanism for insulin to activate eNOS/NO pathway, we observed that IRS1 overexpression in the endothelia of Aki/ApoE-/- mice significantly decreased atherosclerosis. Interestingly, endothelial EDNRB expression was selectively reduced in intima of arteries from diabetic patients and rodents. However, endothelial EDNRB expression was upregulated by insulin via P13K/Akt pathway. Finally EDNRB deletion in EC of Ldlr-/- and Irs1/Ldlr-/- mice decreased NO production and accelerated atherosclerosis, compared with Ldlr-/- mice. Accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes may be reduced by improving insulin signaling selectively via IRS1/Akt in the EC by inducing EDNRB expression and NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmin Park
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akira Mima
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Rask-Madsen
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pingnian He
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Koji Mizutani
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sayaka Katagiri
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yasutaka Maeda
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - I-Hsien Wu
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mogher Khamaisi
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simone Rordam Preil
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ernesto Maddaloni
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ditte Sørensen
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Paul L. Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George L. King
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Wen Y, Alshikho MJ, Herbert MR. Pathway Network Analyses for Autism Reveal Multisystem Involvement, Major Overlaps with Other Diseases and Convergence upon MAPK and Calcium Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153329. [PMID: 27055244 PMCID: PMC4824422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We used established databases in standard ways to systematically characterize gene ontologies, pathways and functional linkages in the large set of genes now associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). These conditions are particularly challenging—they lack clear pathognomonic biological markers, they involve great heterogeneity across multiple levels (genes, systemic biological and brain characteristics, and nuances of behavioral manifestations)—and yet everyone with this diagnosis meets the same defining behavioral criteria. Using the human gene list from Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative (SFARI) we performed gene set enrichment analysis with the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Pathway Database, and then derived a pathway network from pathway-pathway functional interactions again in reference to KEGG. Through identifying the GO (Gene Ontology) groups in which SFARI genes were enriched, mapping the coherence between pathways and GO groups, and ranking the relative strengths of representation of pathway network components, we 1) identified 10 disease-associated and 30 function-associated pathways 2) revealed calcium signaling pathway and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction as the most enriched, statistically significant pathways from the enrichment analysis, 3) showed calcium signaling pathways and MAPK signaling pathway to be interactive hubs with other pathways and also to be involved with pervasively present biological processes, 4) found convergent indications that the process “calcium-PRC (protein kinase C)-Ras-Raf-MAPK/ERK” is likely a major contributor to ASD pathophysiology, and 5) noted that perturbations associated with KEGG’s category of environmental information processing were common. These findings support the idea that ASD-associated genes may contribute not only to core features of ASD themselves but also to vulnerability to other chronic and systemic problems potentially including cancer, metabolic conditions and heart diseases. ASDs may thus arise, or emerge, from underlying vulnerabilities related to pleiotropic genes associated with pervasively important molecular mechanisms, vulnerability to environmental input and multiple systemic co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wen
- TRANSCEND Research, Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Higher Synthesis Foundation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YW); (MRH)
| | - Mohamad J. Alshikho
- TRANSCEND Research, Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martha R. Herbert
- TRANSCEND Research, Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Higher Synthesis Foundation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YW); (MRH)
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Victor VM, Rovira-Llopis S, Bañuls C, Diaz-Morales N, Martinez de Marañon A, Rios-Navarro C, Alvarez A, Gomez M, Rocha M, Hernández-Mijares A. Insulin Resistance in PCOS Patients Enhances Oxidative Stress and Leukocyte Adhesion: Role of Myeloperoxidase. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151960. [PMID: 27007571 PMCID: PMC4805297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases and oxidative stress are related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and insulin resistance (IR). We have evaluated the relationship between myeloperoxidase (MPO) and leukocyte activation in PCOS patients according to homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR), and have explored a possible correlation between these factors and endocrine and inflammatory parameters. This was a prospective controlled study conducted in an academic medical center. The study population consisted of 101 PCOS subjects and 105 control subjects. We divided PCOS subjects into PCOS non-IR (HOMA-IR<2.5) and PCOS IR (HOMA-IR>2.5). Metabolic and anthropometric parameters, total and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, MPO levels, interactions between human umbilical vein endothelial cells and leukocytes, adhesion molecules (E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) were evaluated. Oxidative stress was observed in PCOS patients, in whom there was an increase in total and mitochondrial ROS production and MPO levels. Enhanced rolling flux and adhesion, and a decrease in polymorphonuclear cell rolling velocity were also detected in PCOS subjects. Increases in IL-6 and TNF-α and adhesion molecules (E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) were also observed, particularly in the PCOS IR group, providing evidence that inflammation and oxidative stress are related in PCOS patients. HOMA-IR was positively correlated with hsCRP (p<0.001, r = 0.304), ROS production (p<0.01, r = 0.593), leukocyte rolling flux (p<0.05, r = 0.446), E-selectin (p<0.01, r = 0.436) and IL-6 (p<0.001, r = 0.443). The results show an increase in the rate of ROS and MPO levels in PCOS patients in general, and particularly in those with IR. Inflammation in PCOS induces leukocyte-endothelium interactions and a simultaneous increase in IL-6, TNF-α, E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. These conditions are aggravated by the presence of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. Victor
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd - Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: (AH-M); (MR); (VMV)
| | - Susana Rovira-Llopis
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Bañuls
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Noelia Diaz-Morales
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Arantxa Martinez de Marañon
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Cesar Rios-Navarro
- CIBERehd - Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angeles Alvarez
- CIBERehd - Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- General Foundation of the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcelino Gomez
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Milagros Rocha
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd - Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: (AH-M); (MR); (VMV)
| | - Antonio Hernández-Mijares
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: (AH-M); (MR); (VMV)
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Imbalanced insulin action in chronic over nutrition: Clinical harm, molecular mechanisms, and a way forward. Atherosclerosis 2016; 247:225-82. [PMID: 26967715 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The growing worldwide prevalence of overnutrition and underexertion threatens the gains that we have made against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other maladies. Chronic overnutrition causes the atherometabolic syndrome, which is a cluster of seemingly unrelated health problems characterized by increased abdominal girth and body-mass index, high fasting and postprandial concentrations of cholesterol- and triglyceride-rich apoB-lipoproteins (C-TRLs), low plasma HDL levels, impaired regulation of plasma glucose concentrations, hypertension, and a significant risk of developing overt type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition, individuals with this syndrome exhibit fatty liver, hypercoagulability, sympathetic overactivity, a gradually rising set-point for body adiposity, a substantially increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and--crucially--hyperinsulinemia. Many lines of evidence indicate that each component of the atherometabolic syndrome arises, or is worsened by, pathway-selective insulin resistance and responsiveness (SEIRR). Individuals with SEIRR require compensatory hyperinsulinemia to control plasma glucose levels. The result is overdrive of those pathways that remain insulin-responsive, particularly ERK activation and hepatic de-novo lipogenesis (DNL), while carbohydrate regulation deteriorates. The effects are easily summarized: if hyperinsulinemia does something bad in a tissue or organ, that effect remains responsive in the atherometabolic syndrome and T2DM; and if hyperinsulinemia might do something good, that effect becomes resistant. It is a deadly imbalance in insulin action. From the standpoint of human health, it is the worst possible combination of effects. In this review, we discuss the origins of the atherometabolic syndrome in our historically unprecedented environment that only recently has become full of poorly satiating calories and incessant enticements to sit. Data are examined that indicate the magnitude of daily caloric imbalance that causes obesity. We also cover key aspects of healthy, balanced insulin action in liver, endothelium, brain, and elsewhere. Recent insights into the molecular basis and pathophysiologic harm from SEIRR in these organs are discussed. Importantly, a newly discovered oxide transport chain functions as the master regulator of the balance amongst different limbs of the insulin signaling cascade. This oxide transport chain--abbreviated 'NSAPP' after its five major proteins--fails to function properly during chronic overnutrition, resulting in this harmful pattern of SEIRR. We also review the origins of widespread, chronic overnutrition. Despite its apparent complexity, one factor stands out. A sophisticated junk food industry, aided by subsidies from willing governments, has devoted years of careful effort to promote overeating through the creation of a new class of food and drink that is low- or no-cost to the consumer, convenient, savory, calorically dense, yet weakly satiating. It is past time for the rest of us to overcome these foes of good health and solve this man-made epidemic.
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Khamaisi M, Katagiri S, Keenan H, Park K, Maeda Y, Li Q, Qi W, Thomou T, Eschuk D, Tellechea A, Veves A, Huang C, Orgill DP, Wagers A, King GL. PKCδ inhibition normalizes the wound-healing capacity of diabetic human fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:837-53. [PMID: 26808499 DOI: 10.1172/jci82788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal fibroblast function underlies poor wound healing in patients with diabetes; however, the mechanisms that impair wound healing are poorly defined. Here, we evaluated fibroblasts from individuals who had type 1 diabetes (T1D) for 50 years or more (Medalists, n = 26) and from age-matched controls (n = 7). Compared with those from controls, Medalist fibroblasts demonstrated a reduced migration response to insulin, lower VEGF expression, and less phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), but not p-ERK, activation. Medalist fibroblasts were also functionally less effective at wound closure in nude mice. Activation of the δ isoform of protein kinase C (PKCδ) was increased in postmortem fibroblasts from Medalists, fibroblasts from living T1D subjects, biopsies of active wounds of living T1D subjects, and granulation tissues from mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Diabetes-induced PKCD mRNA expression was related to a 2-fold increase in the mRNA half-life. Pharmacologic inhibition and siRNA-mediated knockdown of PKCδ or expression of a dominant-negative isoform restored insulin signaling of p-AKT and VEGF expression in vitro and improved wound healing in vivo. Additionally, increasing PKCδ expression in control fibroblasts produced the same abnormalities as those seen in Medalist fibroblasts. Our results indicate that persistent PKCδ elevation in fibroblasts from diabetic patients inhibits insulin signaling and function to impair wound healing and suggest PKCδ inhibition as a potential therapy to improve wound healing in diabetic patients.
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Gleißner CA. The vulnerable vessel. Vascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Hamostaseologie 2015; 35:267-71. [PMID: 25990316 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-11-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes represents one of the most important risk factors for atherosclerosis, which is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Recent imaging studies employing intravascular ultrasound or computed coronary angiography tomography clearly confirm that diabetes is associated with larger plaque burden and with more lesions displaying features of instability. Various molecular mechanisms promoting atherogenesis and plaque destabilization in diabetics have been described in the past. The current review specifically focuses on recent papers that have addressed the effects of diabetes and hyperglycemia (i) on myeloid cells, (ii) on oxidative stress, and (iii) on protein kinase C (PKC) activation. Thus, it has been demonstrated that hyperglycemia may promote myelopoiesis and differentiation of pro-inflammatory macrophages. Furthermore, novel studies emphasize the interplay between inflammation and oxidative stress at both the molecular and the genetic level. Finally, experimental studies shed light on the role of PKC-β in diabetes-associated atherosclerosis. Several of these recent studies suggest that atherogenesis and plaque destabilization in diabetic individuals may be mediated by diabetes-specific mechanisms. This may open the door for developing tailored anti-atherosclerotic therapies for diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Gleißner
- Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. Christian A. Gleißner, Abteilung für Kardiologie, Angiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Tel. 062 21/56 86 11, Fax 062 21/56 55 15,
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