1
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Zhang R, Wuerch E, Yong VW, Xue M. LXR agonism for CNS diseases: promises and challenges. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:97. [PMID: 38627787 PMCID: PMC11022383 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The unfavorable prognosis of many neurological conditions could be attributed to limited tissue regeneration in central nervous system (CNS) and overwhelming inflammation, while liver X receptor (LXR) may regulate both processes due to its pivotal role in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory response, and thus receives increasing attentions from neuroscientists and clinicians. Here, we summarize the signal transduction of LXR pathway, discuss the therapeutic potentials of LXR agonists based on preclinical data using different disease models, and analyze the dilemma and possible resolutions for clinical translation to encourage further investigations of LXR related therapies in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Emily Wuerch
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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2
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Alnaaim SA, Al-Kuraishy HM, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Saad HM, Batiha GES. Role of Brain Liver X Receptor in Parkinson's Disease: Hidden Treasure and Emerging Opportunities. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:341-357. [PMID: 37606719 PMCID: PMC10791998 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03561-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease due to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons (DNs) in the substantia nigra (SN). The liver X receptor (LXR) is involved in different neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the objective of the present review was to clarify the possible role of LXR in PD neuropathology. LXRs are the most common nuclear receptors of transcription factors that regulate cholesterol metabolism and have pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory effects and reducing intracellular cholesterol accumulation. LXRs are highly expressed in the adult brain and act as endogenous sensors for intracellular cholesterol. LXRs have neuroprotective effects against the development of neuroinflammation in different neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. LXRs play an essential role in mitigating PD neuropathology by reducing the expression of inflammatory signaling pathways, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and enhancement of BDNF signaling.In conclusion, LXRs, through regulating brain cholesterol homeostasis, may be effectual in PD. Also, inhibition of node-like receptor pyrin 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) by LXRs could effectively prevent neuroinflammation in PD. Taken together, LXRs play a crucial role in PD neuropathology by inhibiting neuroinflammation and associated degeneration of DNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud A Alnaaim
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, 14132, Iraq
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
- AFNP Med, 1030, Wien, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, University of Witten-Herdecke, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matruh, 51744, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira, 22511, Egypt
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3
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Vacondio D, Nogueira Pinto H, Coenen L, Mulder IA, Fontijn R, van Het Hof B, Fung WK, Jongejan A, Kooij G, Zelcer N, Rozemuller AJ, de Vries HE, de Wit NM. Liver X receptor alpha ensures blood-brain barrier function by suppressing SNAI2. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:781. [PMID: 38016947 PMCID: PMC10684660 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) more than 50% of the patients are affected by capillary cerebral amyloid-angiopathy (capCAA), which is characterized by localized hypoxia, neuro-inflammation and loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Moreover, AD patients with or without capCAA display increased vessel number, indicating a reactivation of the angiogenic program. The molecular mechanism(s) responsible for BBB dysfunction and angiogenesis in capCAA is still unclear, preventing a full understanding of disease pathophysiology. The Liver X receptor (LXR) family, consisting of LXRα and LXRβ, was reported to inhibit angiogenesis and particularly LXRα was shown to secure BBB stability, suggesting a major role in vascular function. In this study, we unravel the regulatory mechanism exerted by LXRα to preserve BBB integrity in human brain endothelial cells (BECs) and investigate its role during pathological conditions. We report that LXRα ensures BECs identity via constitutive inhibition of the transcription factor SNAI2. Accordingly, deletion of brain endothelial LXRα is associated with impaired DLL4-NOTCH signalling, a critical signalling pathway involved in vessel sprouting. A similar response was observed when BECs were exposed to hypoxia, with concomitant LXRα decrease and SNAI2 increase. In support of our cell-based observations, we report a general increase in vascular SNAI2 in the occipital cortex of AD patients with and without capCAA. Importantly, SNAI2 strongly associated with vascular amyloid-beta deposition and angiopoietin-like 4, a marker for hypoxia. In hypoxic capCAA vessels, the expression of LXRα may decrease leading to an increased expression of SNAI2, and consequently BECs de-differentiation and sprouting. Our findings indicate that LXRα is essential for BECs identity, thereby securing BBB stability and preventing aberrant angiogenesis. These results uncover a novel molecular pathway essential for BBB identity and vascular homeostasis providing new insights on the vascular pathology affecting AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vacondio
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H Nogueira Pinto
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L Coenen
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Department of Neurobiology and Aging, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - I A Mulder
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Fontijn
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B van Het Hof
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W K Fung
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Jongejan
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Methodology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Kooij
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N Zelcer
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam Department of Medical Biochemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A J Rozemuller
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H E de Vries
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N M de Wit
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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4
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Xu J, Huang X, Guo Y, Ma X, Li P, Zhou S, Zhang C, Chen R, Van Halm-Lutterodt N, Yuan L. Discrepant modulating effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on cerebral lipids, fatty acid transporter expression and soluble beta-amyloid levels in ApoE -/- and C57BL/6J mice. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2023; 49:e12855. [PMID: 36259948 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study was designed to explore the role of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficiency concomitant with dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) treatment on brain β-amyloid (Aβ) and lipid levels. METHOD A 5-month dietary DHA intervention was conducted in ApoE-deficient (ApoE-/- ) mice and wild-type C57BL/6J (C57 wt) mice. The Morris water maze test was performed to assess the behaviour of the animals. The cortical contents of soluble Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cortical fatty acid levels were detected by gas chromatography. Gene and protein expression of molecules associated with cerebral Aβ and lipid metabolism were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot and histological methods. RESULTS DHA treatment increased the content of cortical DHA and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) but decreased the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs in ApoE-/- mice; whereas the content of cortical DHA and n-3 PUFAs in C57 wt mice remained unchanged after DHA treatment. Cerebral Fabp5 and Cd36 gene expression were significantly downregulated in DHA-fed C57 wt mice; cerebral Cd36 and Scarb1 gene expression were significantly upregulated, whereas Fabp5 gene expression was downregulated in DHA-fed ApoE-/- mice. In comparison with C57 wt mice, the content of cortical soluble Aβ1-42 , total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) increased, whereas the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased in ApoE-/- mice. Interestingly, these differences were significantly reversed by DHA dietary treatment. CONCLUSION DHA intervention has discrepant impacts on cerebral lipids, fatty acid transporter expression and soluble Aβ levels in ApoE-/- and C57 wt mice, suggesting the modifying role of ApoE status on the responses of cerebral lipids and Aβ metabolism to DHA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochen Huang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Nutrition Department, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaobo Zhou
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Linhong Yuan
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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5
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Wang M, Yang Y, Xu Y. Brain nuclear receptors and cardiovascular function. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:14. [PMID: 36670468 PMCID: PMC9854230 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-heart interaction has raised up increasing attentions. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are abundantly expressed in the brain, and emerging evidence indicates that a number of these brain NRs regulate multiple aspects of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including hypertension, heart failure, atherosclerosis, etc. In this review, we will elaborate recent findings that have established the physiological relevance of brain NRs in the context of cardiovascular function. In addition, we will discuss the currently available evidence regarding the distinct neuronal populations that respond to brain NRs in the cardiovascular control. These findings suggest connections between cardiac control and brain dynamics through NR signaling, which may lead to novel tools for the treatment of pathological changes in the CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wang
- grid.508989.50000 0004 6410 7501Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Yongjie Yang
- grid.508989.50000 0004 6410 7501Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Yong Xu
- grid.508989.50000 0004 6410 7501Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
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6
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Li J, Zhu P, Li Y, Xiao K, Tang J, Liang X, Luo Y, Wang J, Deng Y, Jiang L, Xiao Q, Guo Y, Tang Y, Huang C. The liver X receptors agonist GW3965 attenuates depressive-like behaviors and suppresses microglial activation and neuroinflammation in hippocampal subregions in a mouse depression model. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:2852-2867. [PMID: 35758275 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) have recently been reported to be novel and potential targets for the reversal of depressive-like behaviors, but the mechanism remains unclear. Hippocampal neuroinflammation and impairment of the normal structure and function of microglia are closely associated with depression. To investigate the effects of LXRs agonist (GW3965) on neuroinflammation and microglia in the hippocampal formation of mice with chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced depression, depressive-like behaviors were evaluated by behavioral tests, hippocampal LXRs gene expression were evaluated by qRT-PCR, the protein expression levels of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor kappa B, and cluster of differentiation 206 were estimated by western blotting, modern stereological methods were used to precisely quantify the total number of microglia in each hippocampal subregion, and immunofluorescence was used to detect the density of activated microglia and the morphology of microglia. We found that GW3965 alleviated the depressive-like behavior induced by CUS, reversed the decrease in hippocampal LXRα and LXRβ induced by CUS, increased the protein expression of pro-inflammatory factors, and decreased the protein expression of antiinflammatory factors induced by CUS. Moreover, CUS intervention significantly increased the number of microglia in the CA1 region, CA2/3 region, and dentate gyrus and the density of activated microglia in the CA2/3 region and dentate gyrus and significantly decreased the endpoints of microglial branches and process length of microglia in the dentate gyrus, while 4 weeks of injections with GW3965 reversed these changes. These findings suggest that regulating the number, activated state, and morphology of microglia in hippocampal subregions might be an important basis for the antidepressant effects of LXRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peilin Zhu
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanmin Luo
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhui Deng
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Radioactive Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yijing Guo
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunxia Huang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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7
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Deshwal S, Baidya AT, Kumar R, Sandhir R. Structure-based virtual screening for identification of potential non-steroidal LXR modulators against neurodegenerative conditions. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 223:106150. [PMID: 35787453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Liver X Receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulate cholesterol metabolism. LXRs have been suggested as promising targets against many neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). The present study was aimed to identify novel non-steroidal molecules that may potentially modulate LXR activity. The structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) was used to search for suitable compounds from the Asinex library. The top hits were selected and filtered based on their binding affinity for LXR α and β isoforms. Based on molecular docking and scoring results, 24 compounds were selected that had binding energy in the range of - 13.9 to - 12 for LXRα and - 12.5 to - 11 for LXRβ, which were higher than the reference ligands (GW3965 and TO901317). Further, the five hits referred to as model 29, 64, 202, 250, 313 were selected by virtue of their binding interactions with amino acid residues at the active site of LXRs. The selected hits were then subjected to absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) analysis and blood-brain permeability prediction. It was observed that the selected hits had better pharmacokinetic properties with no toxicity and could cross blood-brain barrier. Further, the selected hits were analysed for dynamic evolution of the system with LXRs by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation at 100 ns using GROMACS. The MD simulation results validated that selected hits possess a remarkable amount of flexibility, stability, compactness, binding energy and exhibited limited conformational modification. The root mean square deviation (RMSD) values of the top-scoring hits complexed with LXRα and LXRβ were 0.05-0.6 nm and 0.05-0.45 nm respectively, which is greater than the protein itself. Altogether the study identified potential non-steroidal LXR modulators that appear to be effective against various neurodegenerative conditions involving perturbed cholesterol and lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Deshwal
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Sciences, Block-II, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Anurag Tk Baidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Sciences, Block-II, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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8
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Zhu P, Tang J, Liang X, Luo Y, Wang J, Li Y, Xiao K, Li J, Deng Y, Jiang L, Xiao Q, Qi Y, Xie Y, Yang H, Zhu L, Tang Y, Huang C. Activation of liver X receptors protects oligodendrocytes in CA3 of stress-induced mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:936045. [PMID: 35959443 PMCID: PMC9358133 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.936045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a complex disorder that is associated with various structural abnormalities. Oligodendrocyte (OL) dysfunction is associated with the pathogenesis of depression and the promotion of hippocampal oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination could be a novel therapeutic strategy for ameliorating depressive behaviors. Recent studies have shown that activation of liver X receptors (LXRs) by GW3965 improves depressive phenotypes, but the effects of GW3965 on OL function and myelination in the hippocampus of depression remain relatively unclear. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of GW3965 on mature OL in the hippocampus and on the myelin sheaths of mice subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Behavioral tests were performed to assess depressive behaviors. Then, the number of mature OLs (CC1+) in each hippocampal subregion was precisely quantified with immunohistochemical and stereological methods, and the density of newborn mature OLs (BrdU+/Olig2+/CC1+ cells) in each hippocampal subregion was quantified with immunofluorescence. In addition, myelin basic protein (MBP) staining intensity in the cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) region was assessed by using immunofluorescence. We found that both the number of CC1+ OLs and the density of BrdU+/Olig2+/CC1+ cells were obviously decreased in each hippocampal subregion of mice subjected to CUS, and 4 weeks of GW3965 treatment reversed these effects only in the CA3 region. Furthermore, the decreased MBP expression in the CA3 region of mice subjected to CUS was ameliorated by GW3965 treatment. Collectively, these results suggested that improvement of OL maturation and enhancement of myelination may be structural mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of LXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanmin Luo
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Physiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Physiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhui Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Lab Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Radioactive Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingqiang Qi
- Department of Electron Microscope, Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhan Xie
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunxia Huang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Physiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Kacher R, Mounier C, Caboche J, Betuing S. Altered Cholesterol Homeostasis in Huntington’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:797220. [PMID: 35517051 PMCID: PMC9063567 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.797220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by an expansion of the CAG repeat in the first exon of Huntingtin’s gene. The associated neurodegeneration mainly affects the striatum and the cortex at early stages and progressively spreads to other brain structures. Targeting HD at its earlier stages is under intense investigation. Numerous drugs were tested, with a rate of success of only 3.5% approved molecules used as symptomatic treatment. The restoration of cholesterol metabolism, which is central to the brain homeostasis and strongly altered in HD, could be an interesting disease-modifying strategy. Cholesterol is an essential membrane component in the central nervous system (CNS); alterations of its homeostasis have deleterious consequences on neuronal functions. The levels of several sterols, upstream of cholesterol, are markedly decreased within the striatum of HD mouse model. Transcription of cholesterol biosynthetic genes is reduced in HD cell and mouse models as well as post-mortem striatal and cortical tissues from HD patients. Since the dynamic of brain cholesterol metabolism is complex, it is essential to establish the best method to target it in HD. Cholesterol, which does not cross the blood-brain-barrier, is locally synthesized and renewed within the brain. All cell types in the CNS synthesize cholesterol during development but as they progress through adulthood, neurons down-regulate their cholesterol synthesis and turn to astrocytes for their full supply. Cellular levels of cholesterol reflect the dynamic balance between synthesis, uptake and export, all integrated into the context of the cross talk between neurons and glial cells. In this review, we describe the latest advances regarding the role of cholesterol deregulation in neuronal functions and how this could be a determinant factor in neuronal degeneration and HD progression. The pathways and major mechanisms by which cholesterol and sterols are regulated in the CNS will be described. From this overview, we discuss the main clinical strategies for manipulating cholesterol metabolism in the CNS, and how to reinstate a proper balance in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhia Kacher
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute (ICM), AP-HP, INSERM, CNRS, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Coline Mounier
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Betuing
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Sandrine Betuing,
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10
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Chiang MC, Nicol CJB, Chen SJ, Huang RN. TO901317 activation of LXR-dependent pathways mitigate amyloid-beta peptide-induced neurotoxicity in 3D human neural stem cell culture scaffolds and AD mice. Brain Res Bull 2021; 178:57-68. [PMID: 34801648 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the major cause of neurodegeneration worldwide and is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain, which is associated with neuronal loss and cognitive impairment. Liver X receptor (LXR), a critical nuclear receptor, and major regulator in lipid metabolism and inflammation, is suggested to play a protective role against the mitochondrial dysfunction noted in AD. In our study, our established 3D gelatin scaffold model and a well characterized in vivo (APP/PS1) murine model of AD were used to directly investigate the molecular, biochemical and behavioral effects of neuronal stem cell exposure to Aβ to improve understanding of the in vivo etiology of AD. Herein, human neural stem cells (hNSCs) in our 3D model were exposed to Aβ, and had significantly decreased cell viability, which correlated with decreased mRNA and protein expression of LXR, Bcl-2, CREB, PGC1α, NRF-1, and Tfam, and increased caspase 3 and 9 activities. Cotreatment with a synthetic agonist of LXR (TO901317) significantly abrogated these Aβ-mediated effects in hNSCs. Moreover, TO901317 cotreatment both significantly rescues hNSCs from Aβ-mediated decreases in ATP levels and mitochondrial mass, and significantly restores Aβ-induced fragmented mitochondria to almost normal morphology. TO901317 cotreatment also decreases tau aggregates in Aβ-treated hNSCs. Importantly, TO901317 treatment significantly alleviates the impairment of memory, decreases Aβ aggregates and increases proteasome activity in APP/PS1 mice; whereas, these effects were blocked by cotreatment with an LXR antagonist (GSK2033). Together, these novel results improve our mechanistic understanding of the central role of LXR in Aβ-mediated hNSC dysfunction. We also provide preclinical data unveiling the protective effects of using an LXR-dependent agonist, TO901317, to block the toxicity observed in Aβ-exposed hNSCs, which may guide future treatment strategies to slow or prevent neurodegeneration in some AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chang Chiang
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Christopher J B Nicol
- Departments of Pathology & Molecular Medicine and Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, and Cancer Biology and Genetics Division, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Shiang-Jiuun Chen
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Nan Huang
- Department of Entomology and Research Center for Plant-Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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11
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Eskandari M, Mellati AA. Liver X Receptor as a Possible Drug Target for Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity. Adv Pharm Bull 2021; 12:466-475. [PMID: 35935038 PMCID: PMC9348539 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2022.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: blood-brain barrier (BBB) is made of specialized cells that are responsible for the selective passage of substances directed to the brain. The integrated BBB is essential for precise controlling of the different substances passage as well as protecting the brain from various damages. In this article, we attempted to explain the role of liver X receptor (LXR) in maintaining BBB integrity as a possible drug target.
Methods: In this study, various databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were searched using the following keywords: blood-brain barrier, BBB, liver X receptor, and LXR until July, 2020. Additionally, contents close to the subject of our study were surveyed.
Results: LXR is a receptor the roles of which in various diseases have been investigated. LXR can affect maintaining BBB by affecting various ways such as ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), tight junction molecules, both signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), Wnt/β-catenin Signaling, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, and expressions of Smad 2/3 and Snail.
Conclusion: LXR could possibly be used either as a target for drug delivery to brain tissue or as a target for maintaining the BBB integrity in different diseases; thereby the drug will be conducted to tissues, other than the brain. If it is verified that only LXRα is necessary for protecting BBB, some specific LXRα ligands must be found and then used in medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Eskandari
- Medical school, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Awsat Mellati
- Zanjan Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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12
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Mai CT, Zheng DC, Li XZ, Zhou H, Xie Y. Liver X receptors conserve the therapeutic target potential for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105747. [PMID: 34186192 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic multi-system autoimmune disease with extremely complex pathogenesis. Significantly altered lipid paradox related to the inflammatory burden is reported in RA patients, inducing 50% higher cardiovascular risks. Recent studies have also demonstrated that lipid metabolism can regulate many functions of immune cells in which metabolic pathways have altered. The nuclear liver X receptors (LXRs), including LXRα and LXRβ, play a central role in regulating lipid homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Undoubtedly, LXRs have been considered as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of RA. However, there are some contradictory effects of LXRs agonists observed in previous animal studies where both pro-inflammatory role and anti-inflammatory role were revealed for LXRs activation in RA. Therefore, in addition to updating the knowledge of LXRs as the prominent regulators of lipid homeostasis, the purpose of this review is to summarize the effects of LXRs agonists in RA-associated immune cells, to explore the underlying reasons for the contradictory therapeutic effects of LXRs agonists observed in RA animal models, and to discuss future strategy for the treatment of RA with LXRs modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Tian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau; Faculty of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - De-Chong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau; Faculty of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Xin-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau; Faculty of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Ying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau.
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13
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T0901317, an Agonist of Liver X Receptors, Attenuates Neuronal Apoptosis in Early Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats via Liver X Receptors/Interferon Regulatory Factor/P53 Upregulated Modulator of Apoptosis/Dynamin-1-Like Protein Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8849131. [PMID: 34194609 PMCID: PMC8181056 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8849131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Methods Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) models of Sprague-Dawley rats were established with perforation method. T0901317 was injected intraperitoneally 1-hour post-SAH. GSK2033, an inhibitor of LXRs, and interferon regulatory factor (IRF-1) CRISPR activation were injected intracerebroventricularly to evaluate potential signaling pathway. The severity of SAH, neurobehavior test in both short- and long-term and apoptosis was measured with Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Results Expression of LXR-α and IRF-1 increased and peaked at 24 h post-SAH, while LXR-β remained unaffected in SAH+vehicle group compared with Sham group. Post-SAH T0901317 treatment attenuated neuronal impairments in both short- and long-term and decreased neuronal apoptosis, the expression of IRF-1, P53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), dynamin-1-like protein (Drp1), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and cleaved caspase-3, and increasing B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) at 24 h from modeling. GSK2033 inhibited LXRs and reversed T0901317's neuroprotective effects. IRF-1 CRISPR activation upregulated the expression of IRF-1 and abolished the treatment effects of T0901317. Conclusion T0901317 attenuated neuronal apoptosis via LXRs/IRF-1/PUMA/Drp1 pathway in SAH rats.
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14
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Navas Guimaraes M, Lopez-Blanco R, Correa J, Fernandez-Villamarin M, Bistué MB, Martino-Adami P, Morelli L, Kumar V, Wempe MF, Cuello AC, Fernandez-Megia E, Bruno MA. Liver X Receptor Activation with an Intranasal Polymer Therapeutic Prevents Cognitive Decline without Altering Lipid Levels. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4678-4687. [PMID: 33666411 PMCID: PMC8488954 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The progressive accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in specific areas of the brain is a common prelude to late-onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although activation of liver X receptors (LXR) with agonists decreases Aβ levels and ameliorates contextual memory deficit, concomitant hypercholesterolemia/hypertriglyceridemia limits their clinical application. DMHCA (N,N-dimethyl-3β-hydroxycholenamide) is an LXR partial agonist that, despite inducing the expression of apolipoprotein E (main responsible of Aβ drainage from the brain) without increasing cholesterol/triglyceride levels, shows nil activity in vivo because of a low solubility and inability to cross the blood brain barrier. Herein, we describe a polymer therapeutic for the delivery of DMHCA. The covalent incorporation of DMHCA into a PEG-dendritic scaffold via carboxylate esters produces an amphiphilic copolymer that efficiently self-assembles into nanometric micelles that exert a biological effect in primary cultures of the central nervous system (CNS) and experimental animals using the intranasal route. After CNS biodistribution and effective doses of DMHCA micelles were determined in nontransgenic mice, a transgenic AD-like mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis was treated with the micelles for 21 days. The benefits of the treatment included prevention of memory deterioration and a significant reduction of hippocampal Aβ oligomers without affecting plasma lipid levels. These results represent a proof of principle for further clinical developments of DMHCA delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- María
Eugenia Navas Guimaraes
- Instituto
de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Cuyo, Av. José Ignacio de la Roza
1516, Rivadavia, 5400, San Juan, Argentina
- National
Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Roi Lopez-Blanco
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago
de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan Correa
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago
de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marcos Fernandez-Villamarin
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago
de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Beatriz Bistué
- Instituto
de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Cuyo, Av. José Ignacio de la Roza
1516, Rivadavia, 5400, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Pamela Martino-Adami
- Laboratory
of Brain Aging and Neurodegeneration, Fundación
Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 C1405BWE, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Morelli
- Laboratory
of Brain Aging and Neurodegeneration, Fundación
Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 C1405BWE, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vijay Kumar
- School
of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045 United States
| | - Michael F. Wempe
- School
of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045 United States
| | - A. C. Cuello
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill
University, McIntyre
Medical Building 3655 Prom. Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Eduardo Fernandez-Megia
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago
de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Eduardo Fernandez-Megia,
| | - Martin A. Bruno
- Instituto
de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Cuyo, Av. José Ignacio de la Roza
1516, Rivadavia, 5400, San Juan, Argentina
- National
Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
- Martin A. Bruno,
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15
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Fan S, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Luo L, Wang H, Chen G, Xing L, Zheng P, Huang C. LXRα/β Antagonism Protects against Lipid Accumulation in the Liver but Increases Plasma Cholesterol in Rhesus Macaques. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:833-838. [PMID: 33647205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by lipid accumulation in the liver and associates with obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. NAFLD could lead to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even cancers. The development of therapy for NAFLD has been proven difficult. Emerging evidence suggests that liver X receptor (LXR) antagonist is a potential treatment for fatty liver disease. However, concerns about the cholesterol-increasing effects make it questionable for the development of LXR antagonists. Here, the overweight monkeys were fed with LXRβ-selective antagonist sophoricoside or LXRα/β dual-antagonist morin for 3 months. The morphology of punctured liver tissues was examined by H&E staining. The liver, heart, and kidney damage indices were analyzed using plasma. The blood index was assayed using complete blood samples. We show that LXRβ-selective antagonist sophoricoside and LXRα/β dual-antagonist morin alleviated lipid accumulation in the liver in overweight monkeys. The compounds resulted in higher plasma TC or LDL-c contents, increased white blood cell and lymphocyte count, and decreased neutrophile granulocyte count in the monkeys. The compounds did not alter plasma glucose, apolipoprotein A (ApoA), ApoB, ApoE, lipoprotein (a) (LPA), nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), aspartate transaminases (AST), creatinine (CREA), urea nitrogen (UN), and creatine kinase (CK) levels. Our data suggest that LXRβ-selective and LXRα/β dual antagonism may lead to hypercholesterolemia in nonhuman primates, which calls into question the development of LXR antagonist as a therapy for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yahui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lingling Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongrun Wang
- Hengshu Bio-Technology Company, Yibin HighTech Park, Yibin, Sichuan 644601, China
| | - Gen Chen
- Hengshu Bio-Technology Company, Yibin HighTech Park, Yibin, Sichuan 644601, China
| | - Lianjun Xing
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Peiyong Zheng
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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16
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Zhao L, Lei W, Deng C, Wu Z, Sun M, Jin Z, Song Y, Yang Z, Jiang S, Shen M, Yang Y. The roles of liver X receptor α in inflammation and inflammation-associated diseases. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4807-4828. [PMID: 33305467 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptor α (LXRα; also known as NR1H3), an isoform of LXRs, is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors and plays essential roles in the transcriptional control of cholesterol homeostasis. Previous in-depth phenotypic analyses of mouse models with deficient LXRα have also demonstrated various physiological functions of this receptor within inflammatory responses. LXRα activation exerts a combination of metabolic and anti-inflammatory actions resulting in the modulation and the amelioration of inflammatory disorders. The tight "repercussions" between LXRα and inflammation, as well as cholesterol homeostasis, have suggested that LXRα could be pharmacologically targeted in pathologies such as atherosclerosis, acute lung injury, and Alzheimer's disease. This review gives an overview of the recent advances in understanding the roles of LXRα in inflammation and inflammation-associated diseases, which will help in the design of future experimental researches on the potential of LXRα and advance the investigation of LXRα as pharmacological inflammatory targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education Life of Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wangrui Lei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education Life of Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education Life of Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhenxiao Jin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanbin Song
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital, Yan'an University, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education Life of Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education Life of Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingzhi Shen
- Hainan Hospital of PLA General Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Sanya, Hainan, China.,Hainan Branch of National Clinical Reasearch Center of Geriatrics Disease, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education Life of Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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17
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Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Lysophosphatidic Acid Mediates Inflammation by Decreasing the Expression of Liver X Receptor. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1376-1384. [PMID: 32424512 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a ubiquitous phospholipid, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and pathophysiological process of neurological diseases, which constitute the pathological course after cerebral ischemia. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms associated with the pathogenic roles of LPA remain elusive. In this study, we evaluated the expression of the liver X receptor (LXR) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) by Western blotting, quantified the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and LPA by ELISA, and evaluated apoptosis and infarct by TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling) and TTC (triphenyltetrazolium chloride) staining respectively in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The levels of LPA, an extracellular signaling molecule, increased after ischemia and caused neurological injury effect, decreased the expression level of LXR, and increased the expression level of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) via the NFκB signaling pathway. This elevated LPA-induced pathological process is one of the pathological reactions associated with ischemic brain injury. We present a direct or indirect connection between LPA and LXR in the pathophysiological process. In conclusion, we speculate that the inhibition of LPA generation and administration of LXR agonist may be explored as potential cerebral infarction treatment strategies.
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18
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Honsho M, Dorninger F, Abe Y, Setoyama D, Ohgi R, Uchiumi T, Kang D, Berger J, Fujiki Y. Impaired plasmalogen synthesis dysregulates liver X receptor-dependent transcription in cerebellum. J Biochem 2019; 166:353-361. [PMID: 31135054 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of ethanolamine plasmalogen (PlsEtn) is regulated by modulating the stability of fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 (Far1) on peroxisomal membrane, a rate-limiting enzyme in plasmalogen synthesis. Dysregulation of plasmalogen homeostasis impairs cholesterol biosynthesis in cultured cells by altering the stability of squalene epoxidase (SQLE). However, regulation of PlsEtn synthesis and physiological consequences of plasmalogen homeostasis in tissues remain unknown. In the present study, we found that the protein but not the transcription level of Far1 in the cerebellum of the Pex14 mutant mouse expressing Pex14p lacking its C-terminal region (Pex14ΔC/ΔC) is higher than that from wild-type mouse, suggesting that Far1 is stabilized by the lowered level of PlsEtn. The protein level of SQLE was increased, whereas the transcriptional activity of the liver X receptors (LXRs), ligand-activated transcription factors of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is lowered in the cerebellum of Pex14ΔC/ΔC and the mice deficient in dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase, the initial enzyme for the synthesis of PlsEtn. These results suggest that the reduction of plasmalogens in the cerebellum more likely compromises the cholesterol homeostasis, thereby reducing the transcriptional activities of LXRs, master regulators of cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Honsho
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yuichi Abe
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daiki Setoyama
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ohgi
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uchiumi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Dongchon Kang
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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19
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Li YJ, Zhang K, Sun T, Wang J, Guo YY, Yang L, Yang Q, Li YJ, Liu SB, Zhao MG, Wu YM. Epigenetic suppression of liver X receptor β in anterior cingulate cortex by HDAC5 drives CFA-induced chronic inflammatory pain. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:132. [PMID: 31255170 PMCID: PMC6599528 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liver X receptors (LXRs), including LXRα and LXRβ, are key regulators of transcriptional programs for both cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation in the brain. Here, the modes of action of LXRs and the epigenetic mechanisms regulating LXRβ expression in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of chronic inflammatory pain (CIP) are investigated. Methods The deficit of LXR isoform and analgesic effect of LXR activation by GW3965 were evaluated using the mouse model of CIP induced by hindpaw injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). The mechanisms involved in GW-mediated analgesic effects were analyzed with immunohistochemical methods, ELISA, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), Western blot, and electrophysiological recording. The epigenetic regulation of LXRβ expression was investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation, quantitative real-time PCR, and sequencing. Results We revealed that CFA insult led to LXRβ reduction in ACC, which was associated with upregulated expression of histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), and knockdown of LXRβ by shRNA led to thermal hyperalgesia. Co-IP showed that LXRβ interacted with NF-κB p65 physically. LXRβ activation by GW3965 exerted analgesic effects by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, reducing the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in ACC, and decreasing the promoted input-output and enhanced mEPSC frequency in ACC neurons after CFA exposure. In vitro experiments confirmed that HDAC5 triggered histone deacetylation on the promoter region of Lxrβ, resulting in downregulation of Lxrβ transcription. Conclusion These findings highlight an epigenetic mechanism underlying LXRβ deficits linked to CIP, and LXRβ activation may represent a potential novel target for the treatment of CIP with an alteration in inflammation responses and synaptic transmission in ACC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1507-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jiao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Ambulatorium, 94750 Army Hospital, Liancheng, 366200, FuJian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Jiao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui-Bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Mei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Liu J, Qi YB. Activation of LXRβ inhibits proliferation, promotes apoptosis, and increases chemosensitivity of gastric cancer cells by upregulating the expression of ATF4. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14336-14347. [PMID: 31210377 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, great advances have been achieved in both surgery and chemotherapy for the treatment of gastric cancer, but there is still poor prognosis for this disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of liver X receptor β (LXRβ) in chemosensitivity of gastric cancer SGC7901 cells. From 171 patients with gastric cancer, the gastric cancer and paracancerous tissues were selected to measure the expression of LXRβ and ATF4. Gastric cancer cell lines were cultured and screened to figure out the proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer SGC7901 cells with the treatment of LXRβ agonist (GW3965), ATF4 short hairpin RNA (shRNA), and chemotherapy drug paclitaxel. The expression of apoptosis-related gene cleaved caspase-3 was detected by Western blot analysis. First, we found that the expressions of LXRβ and ATF4 in gastric cancer tissues and cells were significantly lower than those in their paracancerous tissues and gastric mucosal epithelial cells. In addition, activation of LXRβ and paclitaxel treatment suppressed proliferation of SGC7901 cells, and the expression of ATF4 was upregulated in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, shRNA significantly inhibited the expression of ATF4 and blocked the chemosensitivity of SGC7901 cells to LXRβ activation. Our study demonstrates that the expression of LXRβ was low in gastric cancer. In addition, activation of LXRβ may inhibit the proliferation of gastric cancer cells, promote apoptosis, and increase chemosensitivity by upregulating the expression of ATF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jiaozhou Central Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya-Bin Qi
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Affiliated to Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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21
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Mohan S, Koller EJ, Fazal JA, De Oliveria G, Pawlowicz AI, Doré S. Genetic Deletion of PGF 2α-FP Receptor Exacerbates Brain Injury Following Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:556. [PMID: 30233287 PMCID: PMC6134069 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The release of inflammatory molecules such as prostaglandins (e.g., PGF2α) is associated with brain damage following an intracerebral hemorrhagic (ICH) stroke; however, the role of PGF2α and its cognate FP receptor in ICH remains unclear. This study focused on investigating the role of the FP receptor as a target for novel neuroprotective drugs in a preclinical model of ICH, aiming to investigate the contribution of the PGF2α-FP axis in modulating functional recovery and anatomical outcomes following ICH. Results: Neurological deficit scores in FP−/− mice were significantly higher compared to WT mice 72 h after ICH (6.1 ± 0.7 vs. 3.1 ± 0.8; P < 0.05). Assessing motor skills, the total time mice stayed on the rotating rod was significantly less in FP−/−mice compared to WT mice 24 h after ICH (27.0 ± 7.5 vs. 52.4 ± 11.2 s; P < 0.05). Using grip strength to quantify forepaw strength, results showed that the FP−/− mice had significantly less strength compared to WT mice 72 h after ICH (96.4 ± 17.0 vs. 129.6 ± 5.9 g; P < 0.01). In addition to the behavioral outcomes, histopathological measurements were made. In Cresyl violet stained brain sections, the FP−/− mice showed a significantly larger lesion volume compared to the WT (15.0 ± 2.2 vs. 3.2 ± 1.7 mm3; P < 0.05 mice.) To estimate the presence of ferric iron in the peri-hematoma area, Perls' staining was performed, which revealed that FP−/− mice had significantly greater staining than the WT mice (186.3 ± 34.4% vs. 86.9 ± 13.0% total positive pixel counts, P < 0.05). Immunoreactivity experiments on brain sections from FP−/− and WT mice post-ICH were performed to monitor changes in microgliosis and astrogliosis using antibodies against Iba1 and GFAP respectively. These experiments showed that FP−/− mice had a trend toward greater astrogliosis than WT mice post-ICH. Conclusion: We showed that deletion of the PGF2α FP receptor exacerbates behavioral impairments and increases lesion volumes following ICH compared to WT-matched controls.Detailed mechanisms responsible for these novel results are actively being pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekher Mohan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manchester University, College of Pharmacy, Natural and Health Sciences, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Emily J Koller
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jawad A Fazal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gabriela De Oliveria
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Anna I Pawlowicz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Psychology, Pharmaceutics and Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
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22
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Liver X receptor β in the hippocampus: A potential novel target for the treatment of major depressive disorder? Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:514-528. [PMID: 29654801 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs), including LXRα and LXRβ isoforms, have been implicated in multiple physiological functions including promoting neurogenesis, improving synaptic plasticity, preventing neurodegeneration, inhibiting inflammation as well as regulating cholesterol metabolism. However, a potential role of LXRs in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) has never been investigated previously. Our present results demonstrated that levels of hippocampal LXRβ but not LXRα were down-regulated in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and were negatively correlated with the severity of CUS-induced depressive-like behaviors. Furthermore, rats with LXRβ knockdown by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in hippocampus displayed depressive-like behaviors and impaired hippocampal neurogenesis similar to those observed after CUS exposure. Conversely, LXRs activation by GW3965 (GW), a synthetic dual agonist for both LXRα and LXRβ isoforms, could improve depression-like behaviors and reverse the impaired hippocampal neurogenesis in rats exposed to CUS. LXRβ knockdown by shRNA completely abrogated the antidepressant and hippocampal neurogenesis-promoting effects of GW, suggesting that LXRβ isoform mediated the antidepressant and hippocampal neurogenesis-promoting effects of the LXRα/β dual agonist. However, ablation of hippocampal neurogenesis with x-irradiation only partly but not completely abolished the antidepressant effects of GW in the behavioral tests, implying that the antidepressant effects mediated by LXRβ isoform are likely through both neurogenesis-dependent and -independent pathways. Thus, our findings suggest that LXRβ activation may represent a potential novel target for the treatment of MDD and also provide a novel insight into the underlying mechanisms of MDD.
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23
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Sun T, Li YJ, Tian QQ, Wu Q, Feng D, Xue Z, Guo YY, Yang L, Zhang K, Zhao MG, Wu YM. Activation of liver X receptor β-enhancing neurogenesis ameliorates cognitive impairment induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Exp Neurol 2018; 304:21-29. [PMID: 29447944 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH), a leading cause of various cerebrovascular diseases, leads to cognitive dysfunction due to neuron loss and impaired neurogenesis. Liver X receptors (LXRs), including LXRα and LXRβ isoforms, are crucial for cholesterol metabolism, synaptic plasticity as well as neurogenesis. However, it is not clear the potential roles of LXRs in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment induced by CCH. In this study, we demonstrated that LXRβ expression decreased in hippocampus of CCH mice. GW3965, a synthetic dual agonist for both LXRα and LXRβ, ameliorated impairment of learning and memory in CCH mice by promoting neuronal survival and neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferation in dentate gyrus (DG) of CCH mice. The proliferative effects of GW3965 were further confirmed in cultured neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and showed in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, GW3965 phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt) at Ser473 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in NPCs. Furthermore, both LY294002, an inhibitor for phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), and short hairpin RNAs for LXRβ knockdown, abrogated GW3965-induced Akt phosphorylation, and therefore abolished GW3965-mediated proliferation-promoting of NPCs. All the data suggested that GW3965 ameliorated impaired cognitive functions in CCH by promoting NSC proliferation through PI3K/Akt pathway followed LXRβ activation. This study correlates a deficit of LXRβ in cognitive dysfunction in CCH with impaired neurogenesis in hippocampus, and LXRs may serve as a potential therapeutic target for chronic cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Sun
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Yu-Jiao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Qin-Qin Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Qi Wu
- Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Zhe Xue
- Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Yan-Yan Guo
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Le Yang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Yu-Mei Wu
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
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24
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Mohácsik P, Erdélyi F, Baranyi M, Botz B, Szabó G, Tóth M, Haltrich I, Helyes Z, Sperlágh B, Tóth Z, Sinkó R, Lechan RM, Bianco AC, Fekete C, Gereben B. A Transgenic Mouse Model for Detection of Tissue-Specific Thyroid Hormone Action. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1159-1171. [PMID: 29253128 PMCID: PMC6283413 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is present in the systemic circulation and thus should affect all cells similarly in the body. However, tissues have a complex machinery that allows tissue-specific optimization of local TH action that calls for the assessment of TH action in a tissue-specific manner. Here, we report the creation of a TH action indicator (THAI) mouse model to study tissue-specific TH action. The model uses a firefly luciferase reporter readout in the context of an intact transcriptional apparatus and all elements of TH metabolism and transport and signaling. The THAI mouse allows the assessment of the changes of TH signaling in tissue samples or in live animals using bioluminescence, both in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Beyond pharmacologically manipulated TH levels, the THAI mouse is sufficiently sensitive to detect deiodinase-mediated changes of TH action in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) that preserves thermal homeostasis during cold stress. The model revealed that in contrast to the cold-induced changes of TH action in the BAT, the TH action in this tissue, at room temperature, is independent of noradrenergic signaling. Our data demonstrate that the THAI mouse can also be used to test TH receptor isoform-specific TH action. Thus, THAI mouse constitutes a unique model to study tissue-specific TH action within a physiological/pathophysiological context and test the performance of thyromimetics. In conclusion, THAI mouse provides an in vivo model to assess a high degree of tissue specificity of TH signaling, allowing alteration of tissue function in health and disease, independently of changes in circulating levels of TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mohácsik
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai PhD School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdélyi
- Medical Gene Technology Unit, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Baranyi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Botz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Pécs, Hungary
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Team, János Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Medical Gene Technology Unit, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mónika Tóth
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Irén Haltrich
- Second Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Pécs, Hungary
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Team, János Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, Hungary
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences–University of Pécs, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Tóth
- Second Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Richárd Sinkó
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai PhD School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ronald M Lechan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Csaba Fekete
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Correspondence: Csaba Fekete, MD, PhD, or Balázs Gereben, DVM, PhD, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 43 Szigony Street, Budapest, Hungary H-1083. E-mail: ; or
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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25
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de Wit NM, Vanmol J, Kamermans A, Hendriks JJA, de Vries HE. Inflammation at the blood-brain barrier: The role of liver X receptors. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 107:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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26
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Sex differences in somatic and sensory motor development after neonatal anoxia in Wistar rats. Behav Brain Res 2017; 333:242-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Fessler MB. The challenges and promise of targeting the Liver X Receptors for treatment of inflammatory disease. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 181:1-12. [PMID: 28720427 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Liver X Receptors (LXRs) are oxysterol-activated transcription factors that upregulate a suite of genes that together promote coordinated mobilization of excess cholesterol from cells and from the body. The LXRs, like other nuclear receptors, are anti-inflammatory, inhibiting signal-dependent induction of pro-inflammatory genes by nuclear factor-κB, activating protein-1, and other transcription factors. Synthetic LXR agonists have been shown to ameliorate atherosclerosis and a wide range of inflammatory disorders in preclinical animal models. Although this has suggested potential for application to human disease, systemic LXR activation is complicated by hepatic steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia, consequences of lipogenic gene induction in the liver by LXRα. The past several years have seen the development of multiple advanced LXR therapeutics aiming to avoid hepatic lipogenesis, including LXRβ-selective agonists, tissue-selective agonists, and transrepression-selective agonists. Although several synthetic LXR agonists have made it to phase I clinical trials, none have progressed due to unforeseen adverse reactions or undisclosed reasons. Nonetheless, several sophisticated pharmacologic strategies, including structure-guided drug design, cell-specific drug targeting, as well as non-systemic drug routes have been initiated and remain to be comprehensively explored. In addition, recent studies have identified potential utility for targeting the LXRs during therapy with other agents, such as glucocorticoids and rexinoids. Despite the pitfalls encountered to date in translation of LXR agonists to human disease, it appears likely that this accelerating field will ultimately yield effective and safe applications for LXR targeting in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Fessler
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12233, MD D2-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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28
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Boyce G, Button E, Soo S, Wellington C. The pleiotropic vasoprotective functions of high density lipoproteins (HDL). J Biomed Res 2017; 32:164. [PMID: 28550271 PMCID: PMC6265396 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20160103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic functions of circulating high density lipoprotein (HDL) on peripheral vascular health are well established. HDL plays a pivotal role in reverse cholesterol transport and is also known to suppress inflammation, endothelial activation and apoptosis in peripheral vessels. Although not expressed in the central nervous system, HDL has nevertheless emerged as a potential resilience factor for dementia in multiple epidemiological studies. Animal model data specifically support a role for HDL in attenuating the accumulation of β-amyloid within cerebral vessels concomitant with reduced neuroinflammation and improved cognitive performance. As the vascular contributions to dementia are increasingly appreciated, this review seeks to summarize recent literature focused on the vasoprotective properties of HDL that may extend to cerebral vessels, discuss potential roles of HDL in dementia relative to brain-derived lipoproteins, identify gaps in current knowledge, and highlight new opportunities for research and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilaine Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Emily Button
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sonja Soo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Cheryl Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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29
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Komati R, Spadoni D, Zheng S, Sridhar J, Riley KE, Wang G. Ligands of Therapeutic Utility for the Liver X Receptors. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010088. [PMID: 28067791 PMCID: PMC5373669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) have been increasingly recognized as a potential therapeutic target to treat pathological conditions ranging from vascular and metabolic diseases, neurological degeneration, to cancers that are driven by lipid metabolism. Amidst intensifying efforts to discover ligands that act through LXRs to achieve the sought-after pharmacological outcomes, several lead compounds are already being tested in clinical trials for a variety of disease interventions. While more potent and selective LXR ligands continue to emerge from screening of small molecule libraries, rational design, and empirical medicinal chemistry approaches, challenges remain in minimizing undesirable effects of LXR activation on lipid metabolism. This review provides a summary of known endogenous, naturally occurring, and synthetic ligands. The review also offers considerations from a molecular modeling perspective with which to design more specific LXRβ ligands based on the interaction energies of ligands and the important amino acid residues in the LXRβ ligand binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Komati
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Dominick Spadoni
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Shilong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Jayalakshmi Sridhar
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Kevin E Riley
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Guangdi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
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Cui X, Chopp M, Zhang Z, Li R, Zacharek A, Landschoot-Ward J, Venkat P, Chen J. ABCA1/ApoE/HDL Pathway Mediates GW3965-Induced Neurorestoration After Stroke. Stroke 2016; 48:459-467. [PMID: 28028143 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.015592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is a major reverse cholesterol transporter and plays critical role in the formation of brain high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is the most abundant apolipoprotein and transports cholesterol into cells in brain. ABCA1 and ApoE are upregulated by liver-X receptors. Activation of liver-X receptors has neurorestorative benefit for stroke. The current study investigates whether ABCA1/ApoE/HDL pathway mediates GW3965, a synthetic dual liver-X receptor agonist, induced neurorestoration after stroke. METHODS Middle-aged male specific brain ABCA1-deficient (ABCA1-B/-B) and floxed-control (ABCA1fl/fl) mice were subjected to distal middle-cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAo) and gavaged with saline or GW3965 (10 mg/kg) or intracerebral infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid or human plasma HDL3 in ABCA1-B/-B stroke mice, starting 24 hours after dMCAo and daily until euthanization 14 days after dMCAo. RESULTS No differences in the blood level of total cholesterol and triglyceride and lesion volume were found among the groups. Compared with ABCA1fl/fl ischemic mice, ABCA1-B/-B ischemic mice exhibited impairment functional outcome and decreased ABCA1/ApoE expression and decreased gray/white matter densities in the ischemic boundary zone 14 days after dMCAo. GW3965 treatment of ABCA1fl/fl ischemic mice led to increased brain ABCA1/ApoE expression, concomitantly to increased blood HDL, gray/white matter densities and oligodendrocyte progenitor cell numbers in the ischemic boundary zone, as well as improved functional outcome 14 days after dMCAo. GW3965 treatment had negligible beneficial effects in ABCA1-B/-B ischemic mice. However, intracerebral infusion of human plasma HDL3 significantly attenuated ABCA1-B/-B-induced deficits. In vitro, GW3965 treatment (5 μM) increased ABCA1/synaptophysin level and neurite/axonal outgrowth in primary cortical neurons derived from ABCA1fl/fl embryos, but not in neurons derived from ABCA1-B/-B embryos. HDL treatment (80 μg/mL) attenuated the reduction of neurite/axonal outgrowth in neurons derived from ABCA1-B/-B embryos. CONCLUSIONS ABCA1/ApoE/HDL pathway, at least partially, contributes to GW3965-induced neurorestoration after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cui
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., Z.Z., R.L., A.Z., J.L.-W., P.V., J.C.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.).
| | - Michael Chopp
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., Z.Z., R.L., A.Z., J.L.-W., P.V., J.C.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
| | - Zhenggang Zhang
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., Z.Z., R.L., A.Z., J.L.-W., P.V., J.C.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
| | - Rongwen Li
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., Z.Z., R.L., A.Z., J.L.-W., P.V., J.C.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
| | - Alex Zacharek
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., Z.Z., R.L., A.Z., J.L.-W., P.V., J.C.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
| | - Julie Landschoot-Ward
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., Z.Z., R.L., A.Z., J.L.-W., P.V., J.C.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
| | - Poornima Venkat
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., Z.Z., R.L., A.Z., J.L.-W., P.V., J.C.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
| | - Jieli Chen
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI (X.C., M.C., Z.Z., R.L., A.Z., J.L.-W., P.V., J.C.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
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Wang JZ, Fang Y, Ji WD, Xu H. LXR agonists promote the proliferation of neural progenitor cells through MEK-ERK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 483:216-222. [PMID: 28034754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXRs) are transcriptional regulators of lipid homeostasis and may be critical for neurodegeneration and neurogenesis in vivo. However, it remains largely unknown about the role of LXRs and its agonists in the in vitro proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Here we revealed for the first time that LXRs were markedly expressed in mouse NPCs and were critical for the in vitro proliferation. LXR agonists GW3965 and LXR623 promoted the proliferation of wildtype NPCs, but not NPCs from LXR double-knockout mice. Mechanistically, phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 in NPCs was enhanced upon LXR agonist treatment, while abrogation of MEK/ERK phosphorylation by the inhibitors PD98059 and U0126 impaired the proliferation of wildtype NPCs in the presence or absence of LXR agonists. Collectively, our findings suggest that LXR agonists GW3965 and LXR623 can stimulate the NPC proliferation in LXR- and MEK/ERK-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu City, No 292, South Kaixuan Rd., Shangqiu 476100, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu City, No 292, South Kaixuan Rd., Shangqiu 476100, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Dong Ji
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu City, No 292, South Kaixuan Rd., Shangqiu 476100, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu City, No 292, South Kaixuan Rd., Shangqiu 476100, Henan, People's Republic of China
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32
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Yu SX, Chen W, Hu XZ, Feng SY, Li KY, Qi S, Lei QQ, Hu GQ, Li N, Zhou FH, Ma CY, Du CT, Yang YJ. Liver X receptors agonists suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Cytokine 2016; 91:30-37. [PMID: 27987394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that control the production of IL-1β and IL-18. NLRP3 inflammasome, the most characterized inflammasome, plays prominent roles in defense against infection, however aberrant activation is deleterious and leads to diseases. Therefore, its tight control offers therapeutic promise. Liver X receptors (LXRs) have significant anti-inflammatory properties. Whether LXRs regulate inflammasome remains unresolved. We thus tested the hypothesis that LXR's anti-inflammatory properties may result from its ability to suppress inflammasome activation. In this study, LXRs agonists inhibited the induction of IL-1β production, caspase-1 cleavage and ASC oligomerization by NLRP3 inflammasome. The agonists also inhibited inflammasome-associated mtROS production. Importantly, the agonists inhibited the priming of inflammasome activation. In vivo data also showed that LXRs agonist prevented NLRP3-dependent peritonitis. In conclusion, LXRs agonists are identified to potently suppress NLRP3 inflammasome and the regulation of LXRs signaling is a potential therapeutic for inflammasome-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Xing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiao-Zhu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shi-Yuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Kun-Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shuai Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Qian-Qian Lei
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Gui-Qiu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Feng-Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chao-Ying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chong-Tao Du
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yong-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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Courtney R, Landreth GE. LXR Regulation of Brain Cholesterol: From Development to Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:404-414. [PMID: 27113081 PMCID: PMC4986614 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are master regulators of cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). The brain, which contains a disproportionately large amount of the body's total cholesterol (∼25%), requires a complex and delicately balanced cholesterol metabolism to maintain neuronal function. Dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism has been implicated in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). Due to their cholesterol-sensing and anti-inflammatory activities, LXRs are positioned centrally in the everyday maintenance of CNS function. This review focuses on recent research into the role of LXRs in the CNS during normal development and homeostasis and in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Courtney
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Wu CH, Chen CC, Lai CY, Hung TH, Lin CC, Chao M, Chen SF. Treatment with TO901317, a synthetic liver X receptor agonist, reduces brain damage and attenuates neuroinflammation in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:62. [PMID: 26968836 PMCID: PMC4788882 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) induces a series of inflammatory processes that contribute to neuronal damage and neurological deterioration. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors that negatively regulate transcriptional processes involved in inflammatory responses, but their role in the pathology following ICH remains unclear. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects and anti-inflammatory actions of TO901317, a synthetic LXR agonist, in a model of collagenase-induced ICH and in microglial cultures. Methods Mice subjected to collagenase-induced ICH injury were injected with either TO901317 (30 mg/kg) or vehicle 10 min after ICH and subsequently daily for 2 days. Behavioral studies, histology analysis, and assessments of hematoma volumes, brain water content, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability were performed. The protein expression of LXR-α, LXR-β, ATP binding cassette transporter-1 (ABCA-1), and inflammatory molecules was analyzed. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of TO901317 was investigated in cultured microglia that were stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or thrombin. Results ICH induced an increase in LXR-α protein levels in the hemorrhagic hemisphere at 6 h whereas LXR-β expression remained unaffected. Both LXR-α and LXR-β were expressed in neurons and microglia in the peri-ICH region and but rarely in astrocytes. TO901317 significantly attenuated functional deficits and brain damage up to 28 days post-ICH. TO901317 also reduced neuronal death, BBB disruption, and brain edema at day 4 post-ICH. These changes were associated with marked reductions in microglial activation, neutrophil infiltration, and expression levels of inflammatory mediators at 4 and 7 days. However, TO901317 had no effect on matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity. In BV2 microglial cultures, TO901317 attenuated LPS- and thrombin-stimulated nitric oxide production and reduced LPS-induced p38, JNK, MAPK, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. Moreover, delaying administration of TO901317 to 3 h post-ICH reduced brain tissue damage and neuronal death. Conclusions Our results suggest that enhancing LXR activation may provide a potential therapy for ICH by modulating the cytotoxic functions of microglia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0524-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hu Wu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Cheng Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chai-You Lai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tai-Ho Hung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taipei and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chao-Chang Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Min Chao
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Szu-Fu Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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35
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Ingberg E, Dock H, Theodorsson E, Theodorsson A, Ström JO. Method parameters' impact on mortality and variability in mouse stroke experiments: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21086. [PMID: 26876353 PMCID: PMC4753409 DOI: 10.1038/srep21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hundreds of promising substances have been tested in clinical trials,
thrombolysis currently remains the only specific pharmacological treatment for
ischemic stroke. Poor quality, e.g. low statistical power, in the preclinical
studies has been suggested to play an important role in these failures. Therefore,
it would be attractive to use animal models optimized to minimize unnecessary
mortality and outcome variability, or at least to be able to power studies more
exactly by predicting variability and mortality given a certain experimental setup.
The possible combinations of methodological parameters are innumerous, and an
experimental comparison of them all is therefore not feasible. As an alternative
approach, we extracted data from 334 experimental mouse stroke articles and, using a
hypothesis-driven meta-analysis, investigated the method parameters’
impact on infarct size variability and mortality. The use of Swiss and C57BL6 mice
as well as permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery rendered the lowest
variability of the infarct size while the emboli methods increased variability. The
use of Swiss mice increased mortality. Our study offers guidance for researchers
striving to optimize mouse stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Ingberg
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Hua Dock
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Annette Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Neurosurgery, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Jakob O Ström
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Vårdvetenskapligt Forskningscentrum/Centre for Health Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, County Council of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden.,School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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36
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Wang Y, Li C, Cheng K, Zhang R, Narsinh K, Li S, Li X, Qin X, Zhang R, Li C, Su T, Chen J, Cao F. Activation of liver X receptor improves viability of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells to attenuate myocardial ischemia injury through TLR4/NF-κB and Keap-1/Nrf-2 signaling pathways. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:2543-57. [PMID: 24915051 PMCID: PMC4245883 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Clinical application of cellular therapy for cardiac regeneration is significantly hampered by the low retention of engrafted cells, mainly attributable to the poor microenvironment dominated by inflammation and oxidative stress in the host's infarcted myocardium. This study aims at investigating whether liver X receptor (LXR) agonist T0901317 will improve survival of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) after transplantation into infarcted hearts. RESULTS Noninvasive in vivo bioluminescence imaging and histological staining showed that LXR agonist T0901317 improved the retention and survival of intramyocardially injected AD-MSCs. Moreover, combined therapy of LXR agonist and AD-MSCs inhibited host cardiomyocyte apoptosis, reduced fibrosis, and improved cardiac function, while it concomitantly decreased inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6) and increased growth factor (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor) expression in infarct myocardium. To reveal possible mechanisms, AD-MSCs were subjected to hypoxia/serum deprivation (H/SD) injury to simulate ischemic conditions in vivo. The LXR agonist (10(-7) mM) improved AD-MSC survival under H/SD condition. Western blot revealed that the LXR agonist reduced TLR4, TRAF-6, and MyD88 protein expression, inhibited IκBα phosphorylation and NF-κB-p65 nuclear translocation, which resulted in accelerated Keap-1 protein degradation, enhanced Nrf-2 nuclear translocation, and increased HO-1 protein expression. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION LXR agonist can enhance the functional survival of transplanted AD-MSCs in infarcted myocardium, at least partially, via modulation of the TLR4/NF-κB and Keap-1/Nrf-2 signaling pathways. Moreover, combined therapy of LXR agonist and AD-MSCs has a synergetic effect on cardiac repair and functional improvement after infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Wang
- 1 Department of Cardiology, PLA General Hospital , Beijing, China
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He Q, Pu J, Yuan A, Yao T, Ying X, Zhao Y, Xu L, Tong H, He B. Liver X receptor agonist treatment attenuates cardiac dysfunction in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:149. [PMID: 25416469 PMCID: PMC4245833 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-014-0149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver X receptor (LXR) plays a critical regulatory role in metabolism and inflammation, and has been demonstrated to be involved in cardiovascular physiology/pathology. In the present study, we investigated the effect of GW3965, a potent LXR agonist, on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Non-diabetic db/+ mice and diabetic db/db mice received either vehicle or LXR agonist GW3965 for 12 weeks. Systemic insulin resistance was evaluated by glucose tolerance test and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance. Endpoint cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography and catheterization. Ventricular tissue was collected for histology and gene/protein expression analysis. Untreated db/db diabetic mice exhibited diastolic dysfunction with adverse structural remodeling (including myocardial fibrosis and increased apoptosis). Treatment with GW3965 remarkably attenuated myocardial dysfunction and structural remodeling in diabetic db/db mice. Mechanistically, GW3965 restored Akt phosphorylation and inhibited MAP kinases phosphorylation, and reduced oxidative/nitrative stress and inflammation response in the diabetic myocardium. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that GW3965 exerts a cardioprotective effect against DCM by (at least in part) attenuating insulin resistance, modulating Akt and MAP kinases pathways, and reducing oxidative/nitrative stress and inflammatory response. These findings strongly suggest that LXR agonist may have therapeutic potential in treating DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Jun Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Ancai Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Tianbao Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Xiaoying Ying
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Yichao Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Longwei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Huan Tong
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Ben He
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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He Q, Pu J, Yuan A, Lau WB, Gao E, Koch WJ, Ma XL, He B. Activation of liver-X-receptor α but not liver-X-receptor β protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Circ Heart Fail 2014; 7:1032-41. [PMID: 25277999 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.114.001260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver-X-receptors, LXRα (NR1H3) and LXRβ (NR1H2), encode 2 different but highly homologous isoforms of transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Whether LXRα and LXRβ subtypes have discrete roles in the regulation of cardiac physiology/pathology is unknown. We determine the role of each LXR subtype in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice (wild type; those genetically depleted of LXRα, LXRβ, or both; and those overexpressing LXRα or LXRβ by in vivo intramyocardial adenoviral vector) were subjected to MI/R injury. Both LXRα and LXRβ were detected in wild-type mouse heart. LXRα, but not LXRβ, was significantly upregulated after MI/R. Dual activation of LXRα and LXRβ by natural and synthetic agonists reduced myocardial infarction and improved contractile function after MI/R. Mechanistically, LXR activation inhibited MI/R-induced oxidative stress and nitrative stress, attenuated endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in ischemic/reperfused myocardium. The aforementioned cardioprotective effects of LXR agonists were impaired in the setting of cardiac-specific gene silencing of LXRα, but not LXRβ subtype. Moreover, LXRα/β double-knockout and LXRα-knockout mice, but not LXRβ-knockout mice, increased MI/R injury, exacerbated MI/R-induced oxidative/nitrative stress, and aggravated endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, cardiac LXRα, not LXRβ, overexpression via adenoviral transfection suppressed MI/R injury. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the first direct evidence that the LXRα, but not LXRβ, subtype is a novel endogenous cardiac protective receptor against MI/R injury. Drug development strategies specifically targeting LXRα may be beneficial in treating ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- From the Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Q.H., J.P., A.Y., B.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (W.B.L., X.-L.M.); and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (E.G., W.J.K.)
| | - Jun Pu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Q.H., J.P., A.Y., B.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (W.B.L., X.-L.M.); and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (E.G., W.J.K.).
| | - Ancai Yuan
- From the Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Q.H., J.P., A.Y., B.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (W.B.L., X.-L.M.); and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (E.G., W.J.K.)
| | - Wayne Bond Lau
- From the Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Q.H., J.P., A.Y., B.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (W.B.L., X.-L.M.); and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (E.G., W.J.K.)
| | - Erhe Gao
- From the Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Q.H., J.P., A.Y., B.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (W.B.L., X.-L.M.); and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (E.G., W.J.K.)
| | - Walter J Koch
- From the Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Q.H., J.P., A.Y., B.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (W.B.L., X.-L.M.); and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (E.G., W.J.K.)
| | - Xin-Liang Ma
- From the Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Q.H., J.P., A.Y., B.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (W.B.L., X.-L.M.); and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (E.G., W.J.K.).
| | - Ben He
- From the Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Q.H., J.P., A.Y., B.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (W.B.L., X.-L.M.); and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (E.G., W.J.K.).
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Tice CM, Noto PB, Fan KY, Zhuang L, Lala DS, Singh SB. The Medicinal Chemistry of Liver X Receptor (LXR) Modulators. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7182-205. [PMID: 24832115 DOI: 10.1021/jm500442z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin M. Tice
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Paul B. Noto
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Kristi Yi Fan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Linghang Zhuang
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Deepak S. Lala
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Suresh B. Singh
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
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40
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Hong C, Tontonoz P. Liver X receptors in lipid metabolism: opportunities for drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:433-44. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Jasmin SB, Pearson V, Lalonde D, Domenger D, Théroux L, Poirier J. Differential regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 gene expressions in the remodeling mouse hippocampus after entorhinal cortex lesion and liver-X receptor agonist treatment. Brain Res 2014; 1562:39-51. [PMID: 24661912 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Entorhinal cortex lesioning (ECL) causes an extensive deafferentation of the hippocampus that is classically followed by a compensatory reinnervation, where apolipoprotein E, the main extracellular lipid-carrier in the CNS, has been shown to play a crucial role by shuttling cholesterol to reconstructing neurons terminals. Hence, we investigated whether the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters -A1 and -G1, known to regulate cellular cholesterol efflux and lipidation of the apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein complex are actively involved in this context of brain׳s plastic response to neurodegeneration and deafferentation. We assessed ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA and protein levels throughout the degenerative phase and the reinnervation process and evaluated the associated cholinergic sprouting following ECL in the adult mouse brain. We subsequently tested the effect of the pharmacological activation of the nuclear receptor LXR, prior to versus after ECL, on hippocampal ABCA1 and G1 expression and on reinnervation. ECL induced a time-dependent up-regulation of ABCA1, but not G1, that coincided with a significant increase in acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity in the ipsilateral hippocampus. Pre-ECL, but not post-ECL i.p. treatment with the LXR agonist TO901317 also led to a significant increase solely in hippocampal ABCA1 expression, paralleled by increases in both AchE and synaptophysin protein levels in the deafferented hippocampus. Thus, ABCA1 and -G1 are differentially regulated in the lesioned brain and upon treatment with an LXR agonist. Further, TO901317-induced up-regulation of ABCA1 appears to be more beneficial in a prevention (pre-lesion) than rescue (post-lesion) treatment; both findings support a central role for ABC transporters in brain plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bélanger Jasmin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 2B4; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Verdun, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Vanessa Pearson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 2B4; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Verdun, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Daphnée Lalonde
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 2B4; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Verdun, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Dorothée Domenger
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 2B4; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Verdun, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Louise Théroux
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Verdun, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Judes Poirier
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 2B4; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Verdun, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3.
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Dynamic changes of Apo A1 mediated by LXR/RXR/ABCA1 pathway in brains of the aging rats with cerebral hypoperfusion. Brain Res Bull 2013; 100:84-92. [PMID: 24291698 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral hypoperfusion or aging often results into the disturbances of cholesterol and lipoprotein, which have been tightly associated with numerous neurological and psychiatric diseases, such as vascular dementia. The pathway of liver X receptor-β (LXR-β)/retinoic X receptor-α (RXR-α)/ABCA1 plays a vital role in lipoprotein metabolism. However, there were no reports about the relationship between the signal molecules of the pathway and lipoprotein homeostasis in cerebral hypoperfusion models. Therefore, we aimed to detect the expression of the pathway molecules in the aging rat models of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and to explore its underlying mechanism. The model with cerebral hypoperfusion was established by ligating of the bilateral common carotid arteries (2VO). The temporal blood flow in the model rats was significantly decreased 14 d, 21 d and 28 d after 2VO compared with the control. The serum levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and total cholesterol (TC) were reached a peak at 14 d, then, they were gradually decreased. The changes of LXR-β, RXR-α, ABCA1 and apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1) of the pathway were consistent with the changes of HDL and TC. We conclude that LXR-β/RXR-α/ABCA1 and downstream genes apo A1 undergo dynamic changes during the process of cerebral hypoperfusion. The LXR-β/RXR-α/ABCA1 mediated apo A1 cholesterol may play a protective effect, and the effect only exists in a certain period of time.
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Tian M, Zhang X, Wang L, Li Y. Curcumin Induces ABCA1 Expression and Apolipoprotein A-I-Mediated Cholesterol Transmembrane in the Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Aging Rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2013; 41:1027-42. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral hypoperfusion or aging often results in the disturbances of cholesterol and lipoprotein, which have been well depicted as a common pathological status contributing to neurodegenerative diseases such as vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimer's dementia (AD). The pathway of the liver X receptor-β (LXR-β)/retinoic X receptor-α (RXR-α)/ABCA1 plays a vital role in lipoprotein metabolism. Curcumin, a kind of phenolic compound, has been widely used. It has been reported that curcumin can reduce the levels of cholesterol in serum, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the effects of curcumin on the cholesterol level in brain, vascular cognitive impairment and explored whether the mechanisms for those effects are through activating LXR-β/RXR-α and ABCA1 expression and apoA-I. With a Morris water test, we found that curcumin treatment could attenuate cognitive impairment. With HE and Nissl staining, we found that curcumin could significantly ameliorate the abnormal changes of pyramidal neurons. Meanwhile, the expression of LXR-β, RXR-α, ABCA1 and apoA-I mRNA and protein were increased in a dose-dependent manner after curcumin treatment. Interestingly, both serum HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol levels were statistically higher in the curcumin treatment group than those other groups. We conclude that curcumin has the ability to activate permissive LXR-β/RXR-α signaling and thereby modulate ABCA1 and apoA-I-mediated cholesterol transmembrane transportation, which is a new preventive and therapeutic strategy for cerevascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Tian
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Linhui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Wildsmith KR, Holley M, Savage JC, Skerrett R, Landreth GE. Evidence for impaired amyloid β clearance in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2013; 5:33. [PMID: 23849219 PMCID: PMC3978761 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of extracellular plaques and intracellular tangles. Recent studies support the hypothesis that the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide within the brain arises from an imbalance of the production and clearance of Aβ. In rare genetic forms of AD, this imbalance is often caused by increased production of Aβ. However, recent evidence indicates that, in the majority of cases of AD, Aβ clearance is impaired. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), the dominant cholesterol and lipid carrier in the brain, is critical for Aβ catabolism. The isoform of ApoE and its degree of lipidation critically regulate the efficiency of Aβ clearance. Studies in preclinical models of AD have demonstrated that coordinately increasing levels of ApoE and its lipid transporter, ABCA1, increases the clearance of Aβ, suggesting that this pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R Wildsmith
- Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Monica Holley
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Julie C Savage
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rebecca Skerrett
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Steffensen KR, Jakobsson T, Gustafsson JÅ. Targeting liver X receptors in inflammation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:977-90. [PMID: 23738533 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.806490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The two oxysterol receptors, 'liver X receptors (LXRs)' LXRα and LXRβ, are amongst the emerging newer drug targets within the nuclear receptor family and targeting LXRs represents novel strategies needed for prevention and treatment of diseases where current therapeutics is inadequate. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the current understanding of LXR biology with an emphasis on the molecular aspects of LXR signalling establishing their potential as drug targets. Recent advances of their transcriptional mechanisms in inflammatory pathways and their physiological roles in inflammation and immunity are described. EXPERT OPINION The new discoveries of LXR-regulated inflammatory pathways have ignited new promises for LXRs as drug targets. The broad physiological roles of LXRs involve a high risk of unwanted side effects. Recent insights into LXR biology of the brain indicate a highly important role in neuronal development and a clinical trial testing an LXR agonist reported adverse neurological side effects. This suggests that drug development must focus on limiting the range of LXR signalling - possibly achieved through subtype, tissue specific, promoter specific or pathway specific activation of LXRs where a successful candidate drug must be carefully studied for its effect in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut R Steffensen
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Biosciences, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-14183 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Cermenati G, Brioschi E, Abbiati F, Melcangi RC, Caruso D, Mitro N. Liver X receptors, nervous system, and lipid metabolism. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36:435-43. [PMID: 23609963 DOI: 10.3275/8941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipids in the nervous system are represented by cholesterol and phospholipids as constituents of cell membranes and, in particular, of myelin. Therefore, lipids are finely regulated to guarantee physiological functions. In the central nervous system, cholesterol is locally synthesized due to the presence of the blood brain barrier. In the peripheral nervous system cholesterol is either up-taken by lipoproteins and/or produced by de novo biosynthesis. Defects in lipid homeostasis in these tissues lead to structural and functional changes that often result in different pathological conditions depending on the affected pathways (i.e. cholesterol biosynthesis, cholesterol efflux, fatty acid biosynthesis etc.). Alterations in cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system are linked to several disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington disease, Parkinson disease, Multiple sclerosis, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, Niemann-Pick type C disease, and glioblastoma. In the peripheral nervous system changes in lipid metabolism are associated with the development of peripheral neuropathy that may be caused by metabolic disorders, injuries, therapeutics, and autoimmune diseases. Transcription factors, such as the Liver X receptors (LXR), regulate both cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism in several tissues including the nervous system. In the last few years several studies elucidated the biology of LXR in the nervous system due to the availability of knock-out mice and the development of synthetic ligands. Here, we review a survey of the literature focused on the central and peripheral nervous system and in physiological and pathological settings with particular attention to the roles played by LXR in both districts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cermenati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, Italy
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Karasinska JM, de Haan W, Franciosi S, Ruddle P, Fan J, Kruit JK, Stukas S, Lütjohann D, Gutmann DH, Wellington CL, Hayden MR. ABCA1 influences neuroinflammation and neuronal death. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 54:445-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Pascual-García M, Rué L, León T, Julve J, Carbó JM, Matalonga J, Auer H, Celada A, Escolà-Gil JC, Steffensen KR, Pérez-Navarro E, Valledor AF. Reciprocal negative cross-talk between liver X receptors (LXRs) and STAT1: effects on IFN-γ-induced inflammatory responses and LXR-dependent gene expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6520-32. [PMID: 23686490 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) exert key functions in lipid homeostasis and in control of inflammation. In this study we have explored the impact of LXR activation on the macrophage response to the endogenous inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ. Transcriptional profiling studies demonstrate that ∼38% of the IFN-γ-induced transcriptional response is repressed by LXR activation in macrophages. LXRs also mediated inhibitory effects on selected IFN-γ-induced genes in primary microglia and in a model of IFN-γ-induced neuroinflammation in vivo. LXR activation resulted in reduced STAT1 recruitment to the promoters tested in this study without affecting STAT1 phosphorylation. A closer look into the mechanism revealed that SUMOylation of LXRs, but not the presence of nuclear receptor corepressor 1, was required for repression of the NO synthase 2 promoter. We have also analyzed whether IFN-γ signaling exerts reciprocal effects on LXR targets. Treatment with IFN-γ inhibited, in a STAT1-dependent manner, the LXR-dependent upregulation of selective targets, including ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) and sterol response element binding protein 1c. Downregulation of ABCA1 expression correlated with decreased cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A1 in macrophages stimulated with IFN-γ. The inhibitory effects of IFN-γ on LXR signaling did not involve reduced binding of LXR/retinoid X receptor heterodimers to target gene promoters. However, overexpression of the coactivator CREB-binding protein/p300 reduced the inhibitory actions of IFN-γ on the Abca1 promoter, suggesting that competition for CREB-binding protein may contribute to STAT1-dependent downregulation of LXR targets. The results from this study suggest an important level of bidirectional negative cross-talk between IFN-γ/STAT1 and LXRs with implications both in the control of IFN-γ-mediated immune responses and in the regulation of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Pascual-García
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Xu P, Li D, Tang X, Bao X, Huang J, Tang Y, Yang Y, Xu H, Fan X. LXR Agonists: New Potential Therapeutic Drug for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:715-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Licofelone modulates neuroinflammation and attenuates mechanical hypersensitivity in the chronic phase of spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2013; 33:652-64. [PMID: 23303944 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6128-11.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a major factor shaping outcome during the early, acute phase of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). It is known that pro-inflammatory signaling within the injured spinal cord drives pathological alterations in neurosensory processing and shapes functional outcome early after injury. However, it is unclear whether inflammation persists into the chronic phase of injury or shapes sensory processing long after injury. To investigate these possibilities, we have performed biochemical and behavioral assessments 9 months after moderate thoracic spinal contusion injury in the rat. We have found that levels of the pro-inflammatory lipid mediators leukotriene B4 and prostaglandin E2 are elevated in the chronic spinal cord lesion site. Additionally, using metabolomic profiling, we have detected elevated levels of pro-oxidative and inflammatory metabolites, along with alterations in multiple biological pathways within the chronic lesion site. We found that 28 d treatment of chronically injured rats with the dual COX/5-LOX inhibitor licofelone elevated levels of endogenous anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory metabolites within the lesion site. Furthermore, licofelone treatment reduced hypersensitivity of hindpaws to mechanical, but not thermal, stimulation, indicating that mechanical sensitivity is modulated by pro-inflammatory signaling in the chronic phase of injury. Together, these findings provide novel evidence of inflammation and oxidative stress within spinal cord tissue far into the chronic phase of SCI, and demonstrate a role for inflammatory modulation of mechanical sensitivity in the chronic phase of injury.
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