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Totoń-Żurańska J, Mikolajczyk TP, Saju B, Guzik TJ. Vascular remodelling in cardiovascular diseases: hypertension, oxidation, and inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:817-850. [PMID: 38920058 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Optimal vascular structure and function are essential for maintaining the physiological functions of the cardiovascular system. Vascular remodelling involves changes in vessel structure, including its size, shape, cellular and molecular composition. These changes result from multiple risk factors and may be compensatory adaptations to sustain blood vessel function. They occur in diverse cardiovascular pathologies, from hypertension to heart failure and atherosclerosis. Dynamic changes in the endothelium, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, pericytes or other vascular wall cells underlie remodelling. In addition, immune cells, including macrophages and lymphocytes, may infiltrate vessels and initiate inflammatory signalling. They contribute to a dynamic interplay between cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, inflammation, and extracellular matrix reorganisation, all critical mechanisms of vascular remodelling. Molecular pathways underlying these processes include growth factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor), inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α), reactive oxygen species, and signalling pathways, such as Rho/ROCK, MAPK, and TGF-β/Smad, related to nitric oxide and superoxide biology. MicroRNAs and long noncoding RNAs are crucial epigenetic regulators of gene expression in vascular remodelling. We evaluate these pathways for potential therapeutic targeting from a clinical translational perspective. In summary, vascular remodelling, a coordinated modification of vascular structure and function, is crucial in cardiovascular disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Totoń-Żurańska
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz P Mikolajczyk
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Blessy Saju
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
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Niu Z, Wu Q, Luo Y, Wang D, Zheng H, Wu Y, Yang X, Zeng R, Sun L, Lin X. Plasma Lipidomic Subclasses and Risk of Hypertension in Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 2:283-294. [PMID: 36939788 PMCID: PMC9590468 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-022-00057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
While disrupted lipid metabolism is a well-established risk factor for hypertension in animal models, the links between various lipidomic signatures and hypertension in human studies remain unclear. We aimed to examine associations between plasma lipidomic profiles and prevalence of hypertension among 2248 community-living Chinese aged 50-70 years. Hypertension was defined according to 2020 International Society of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines and 2018 Chinese guidelines. In total, 728 plasma lipidomic species were profiled using high-coverage targeted lipidomics. After multivariate adjustment, including lifestyle, body mass index, blood lipids, and sodium intake, 110 metabolites from nine lipidomic subclasses showed significant associations with hypertension, among which phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) had the strongest association. Eleven lipidomic signals for hypertension risk were further identified from the nine subclasses, including PE(18:0/18:2) (OR per SD, 1.49; 95% confidence intervals, 1.30-1.69), phosphatidylcholine (PC) (18:0/18:2) (1.27; 1.13-1.43), phosphatidylserine (18:0/18:0) (1.24; 1.09-1.41), lysophosphatidylinositol (18:1) (1.17; 1.06-1.29), triacylglycerol (52:5) (1.38; 1.18-1.61), diacylglycerol (16:0/18:2) (1.42; 1.19-1.69), dihydroceramide (24:0) (1.25; 1.09-1.43), hydroxyl-sphingomyelins (SM[2OH])C34:1 (1.19; 1.07-1.33), lysophosphatidylcholine (20:1) (0.86; 0.78-0.95), SM(OH)C38:1 (0.87; 0.79-0.96), and PC (18:2/20:1) (0.84; 0.75-0.94). Principal component analysis also showed that a factor mainly containing specific PEs was positively associated with hypertension (1.20; 1.09-1.33). Collectively, our study revealed that disturbances in multiple circulating lipidomic subclasses and signatures, especially PEs, were significantly associated with the prevalence of hypertension in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Future studies are warranted to confirm our findings and determine the mechanisms underlying these associations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43657-022-00057-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Niu
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yaogan Luo
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Di Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - He Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yanpu Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024 China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Liang Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Xu Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai, 200031 China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024 China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024 China
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Zuin M, Capatti E, Borghi C, Zuliani G. Serum Malondialdehyde Levels in Hypertensive Patients: A Non-invasive Marker of Oxidative Stress. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2022; 29:263-273. [PMID: 35347636 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-022-00514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous analyses have reported a higher malondialdehyde (MDA) serum level in hypertensive patients (HTs) compared to normotensive subjects (NTs). AIM We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of these studies to offer a comprehensive information on this issue. METHODS The PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases were analysed to locate English-language articles published from January 1, 2000 up to January 1 2021. Studies were identified using the following MeSH terms: "Malondialdehyde" AND "Arterial hypertension". The difference of MDA serum levels between HTs and NTs was expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% CI using a random-effect model. RESULTS A total of of 4102 patients (2158 HTs and 1944 NTs, mean age 52.7 and 48.0 years, respectively) were included in 17 studies. Pooled mean MDA serum levels in HTs and NTs were 4.91 [standard error (SE): 0.34, 95% CI 4.23-5.59)] and 3.43 [SE 0.15, 95% CI 3.18-3.78] nmol/L, respectively. The SMD between HTs and NTs was 3.23 nmol/L (95% CI 2.54-3.92; Z-score for overall effect: 9.17, p < 0.0001, I2 = 98.6%). Egger's test resulted significant at p = 0.009 while Begg's test was not, p = 0.11. Subsequent adjustment via the trim-and-fill method did not predict a new model (studies trimmed = 0). Meta-regression analysis found no correlations either between SMD and age (p = 0.95) or BMI (p = 0.96) but a significant one considering the latitude of the study site as moderator variable (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with HTs, serum MDA appears to have the greatest potential as non-invasive biomarkers of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction (ED).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zuin
- Section of Internal and Cardio-Respiraotry Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
- University Hospital of Ferrara Arcispedale Sant'Anna, Ferrara, Emilia Romagna, Italy.
| | - Elenonora Capatti
- Section of Internal and Cardio-Respiraotry Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- University Hospital of Ferrara Arcispedale Sant'Anna, Ferrara, Emilia Romagna, Italy
| | - Claudio Borghi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Section of Internal and Cardio-Respiraotry Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- University Hospital of Ferrara Arcispedale Sant'Anna, Ferrara, Emilia Romagna, Italy
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Borghi C, Levy BI. Synergistic actions between angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and statins in atherosclerosis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:815-826. [PMID: 35082055 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are independent risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) by acting directly on the endothelium and activating the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) and mevalonate pathways. This review examines how the severity and duration of these risk factors may influence the cardiovascular risk through a reciprocal interplay leading to oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory response. DATA SYNTHESIS The review highlights the clinical evidence supporting the benefits of statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for hypertension, lipid disorders and ASCVD management, both individually and combined, at all stages of the cardiovascular continuum. CONCLUSION Drug strategies incorporating an ACE-inhibitor and a statin, and in particular perindopril and atorvastatin, have consistently demonstrated reductions in the rate of ASCVD events in patients with hypertension and lipid disorders, cementing their position as first-line therapies for the management of atherosclerosis complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Borghi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS-S.Orsola, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Bernard I Levy
- INSERM Unit 970, PARCC, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
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Chatzopoulou F, Kyritsis KA, Papagiannopoulos CI, Galatou E, Mittas N, Theodoroula NF, Papazoglou AS, Karagiannidis E, Chatzidimitriou M, Papa A, Sianos G, Angelis L, Chatzidimitriou D, Vizirianakis IS. Dissecting miRNA–Gene Networks to Map Clinical Utility Roads of Pharmacogenomics-Guided Therapeutic Decisions in Cardiovascular Precision Medicine. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040607. [PMID: 35203258 PMCID: PMC8870388 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) create systems networks and gene-expression circuits through molecular signaling and cell interactions that contribute to health imbalance and the emergence of cardiovascular disorders (CVDs). Because the clinical phenotypes of CVD patients present a diversity in their pathophysiology and heterogeneity at the molecular level, it is essential to establish genomic signatures to delineate multifactorial correlations, and to unveil the variability seen in therapeutic intervention outcomes. The clinically validated miRNA biomarkers, along with the relevant SNPs identified, have to be suitably implemented in the clinical setting in order to enhance patient stratification capacity, to contribute to a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, to guide the selection of innovative therapeutic schemes, and to identify innovative drugs and delivery systems. In this article, the miRNA–gene networks and the genomic signatures resulting from the SNPs will be analyzed as a method of highlighting specific gene-signaling circuits as sources of molecular knowledge which is relevant to CVDs. In concordance with this concept, and as a case study, the design of the clinical trial GESS (NCT03150680) is referenced. The latter is presented in a manner to provide a direction for the improvement of the implementation of pharmacogenomics and precision cardiovascular medicine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Chatzopoulou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (F.C.); (A.P.); (D.C.)
- Labnet Laboratories, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 54638 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos A. Kyritsis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.A.K.); (C.I.P.); (N.F.T.)
| | - Christos I. Papagiannopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.A.K.); (C.I.P.); (N.F.T.)
| | - Eleftheria Galatou
- Department of Life & Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 1700, Cyprus;
| | - Nikolaos Mittas
- Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece;
| | - Nikoleta F. Theodoroula
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.A.K.); (C.I.P.); (N.F.T.)
| | - Andreas S. Papazoglou
- 1st Cardiology Department, AHEPA University General Hospital of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.S.P.); (E.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Efstratios Karagiannidis
- 1st Cardiology Department, AHEPA University General Hospital of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.S.P.); (E.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Maria Chatzidimitriou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Anna Papa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (F.C.); (A.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Georgios Sianos
- 1st Cardiology Department, AHEPA University General Hospital of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.S.P.); (E.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Lefteris Angelis
- Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Chatzidimitriou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (F.C.); (A.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Ioannis S. Vizirianakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.A.K.); (C.I.P.); (N.F.T.)
- Department of Life & Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 1700, Cyprus;
- Correspondence: or
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Uncontrolled hypertension in a rural population of Jammu and Kashmir. Indian Heart J 2022; 74:484-487. [PMID: 36460055 PMCID: PMC9773274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Evaluation of the status of uncontrolled hypertension in diagnosed hypertensives who had been advised drug treatment in the rural areas of 6 districts in Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) and also the risk factors associated with it. METHODS The study was a cross-sectional observational study conducted between August 2020 to July 2021 in the form of health camps in six government health centres in 6 different rural districts. The camps were focussed on patients with hypertension, diabetes with or without heart disease. The areas included Machil in Kupwara, Khan Sahib in Budgam, Rajpora and Hawal in Pulwama, Rainawari in the Srinagar, Banihal in Ramban, and Jagti in Jammu. Enrolled patients were examined for body weight, blood pressure (BP), random blood sugar and serum lipid profile. The definition of hypertension was as per the eighth Joint National Committee (JNC-8) guidelines. RESULTS A total of 600 patients (50.1% males) were evaluated. Of these 335 (55%) had history of being diagnosed hypertension and had been recommended drugs for BP control Male: Female ratio 1:0.8.211(63.5%) of these had un controlled blood pressures on measurement. Two or more drugs had been prescribed in 65 (30.8%) patients, 34 (16%) were taking only single drug and 112(53%) were not on any drug. Uncontrolled hypertension was seen more often in age group of 40-60 years (49%), subjects more than 60 years had it in 40%. The comparison of risk factors between patients with diagnosed hypertension with those without it revealed use of tobacco, consumption of salted tea, presence of diabetes, dyslipidaemia as significant factors for the presence of uncontrolled hypertension. CONCLUSION Uncontrolled hypertension in known patients prescribed drugs is highly prevalent in the rural population of J&K. Steps to mitigate this problem are needed on top priority.
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Tsai SH, Tung CS, Liu YP, Lin YC, Lin CC. Spectral analysis of cardiovascular oscillations in the 7-day regimen of losartan administration with and without cold stress. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2022; 65:171-178. [DOI: 10.4103/0304-4920.354802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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The AT-1 Angiotensin Receptor is Involved in the Autonomic and Neuroendocrine Responses to Acute Restraint Stress in Male Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:109-124. [PMID: 33864194 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in cardiovascular and hydroelectrolytic control, being associated with the development of hypertension. The restraint stress (RS) model is an aversive situation, which promotes a sustained increase in blood pressure and heart rate, and stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Stress leads to an increase of angiotensin-II contents both in the circulation and the central nervous system (CNS), as well as an increased expression of AT-1 receptors in CNS structures related to stress. Stressful stimuli are associated with the modulation of autonomic nervous system, as well as baroreflex; changes in this adjustment mechanism are related to cardiovascular diseases. We hypothesized that RAS is involved in the modulation of autonomic, neuroendocrine, and functional RS-caused alterations. The intravenous (i.v) pretreatment of rats with lisinopril, an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, reduced the RS-evoked pressor response. The doses of 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg also reduced the RS-evoked tachycardia, while in the dose of 1 mg/kg of lisinopril potentiated the tachycardic one. Additionally, i.v. pretreatment with losartan, a selective AT-1 receptor antagonist, reduced the pressor and the tachycardic responses caused by RS. Pretreatment with lisinopril 0.3 mg/kg increased the power of the low frequency (LF) band of the systolic BP spectrum after the treatment without affecting this parameter during RS. The pretreatment with losartan 1 mg/kg increased the power of the high frequency (HF) band and reduced the LF (n.u.) and the LF/HF ratio of the pulse interval spectrum in the first hour of RS. Concerning baroreflex sensitiveness (SBR), pretreatments with losartan or lisinopril did not affect the gain of the baroreflex sequences. However, the pretreatment with losartan reduced the baroreflex effectiveness index of the total sequences in the third hour of the RS. These results indicate that Ang-II, via the AT-1 receptor, plays a facilitating influence on the cardiovascular response caused by RS; facilitates sympathetic activation and reduces parasympathetic activity related to RS; facilitates the baroreflex activation during RS and favors corticosterone release under this stress model. The impairment of Ang-II synthesis, as well as the blockade of AT-1 receptors, may constitute an important pharmacological strategy to treat cardiovascular consequences caused by stress.
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Su C, Xue J, Ye C, Chen A. Role of the central renin‑angiotensin system in hypertension (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:95. [PMID: 33846799 PMCID: PMC8041481 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Present in more than one billion adults, hypertension is the most significant modifiable risk factor for mortality resulting from cardiovascular disease. Although its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood, the disruption of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), consisting of the systemic and brain RAS, has been recognized as one of the primary reasons for several types of hypertension. Therefore, acquiring sound knowledge of the basic science of RAS and the under- lying mechanisms of the signaling pathways associated with RAS may facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutic targets with which to promote the management of patients with cardiovascular and kidney disease. In total, 4 types of angiotensin II receptors have been identified (AT1R-AT4R), of which AT1R plays the most important role in vasoconstriction and has been most extensively studied. It has been found in several regions of the brain, and its distribution is highly associated with that of angiotensin-like immunoreactivity in nerve terminals. The effect of AT1R involves the activation of multiple media and signaling pathways, among which the most important signaling pathways are considered to be AT1R/JAK/STAT and Ras/Raf/MAPK pathways. In addition, the regulation of the nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and cyclic AMP response element-binding (CREB) pathways is also closely related to the effect of ATR1. Their mechanisms of action are related to pro-inflammatory and sympathetic excitatory effects. Central AT1R is involved in almost all types of hypertension, including spontaneous hypertension, salt-sensitive hypertension, obesity-induced hypertension, renovascular hypertension, diabetic hypertension, L-NAME-induced hypertension, stress-induced hypertension, angiotensin II-induced hyper- tension and aldosterone-induced hypertension. There are 2 types of central AT1R blockade, acute blockade and chronic blockade. The latter can be achieved by chemical blockade or genetic engineering. The present review article aimed to high- light the prevalence, functions, interactions and modulation means of central AT-1R in an effort to assist in the treatment of several pathological conditions. The identification of angiotensin-derived peptides and the development of AT-2R agonists may provide a wider perspective on RAS, as well as novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxin Su
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Jinhua Xue
- Research Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, The University of Duisburg‑Essen, Duisburg‑Essen University, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Chao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Aidong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
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Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine Poge Heart-Saving Decoction on Cardiac Function in Heart Failure Rat Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2020:8762509. [PMID: 33628294 PMCID: PMC7895586 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8762509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Poge heart-saving decoction (PHSD) has been used as a medicine treating heart failure in China for many years. The study aimed to explore the effect of PHSD on cardiac function in heart failure conditions and its underlying mechanism. Methods Adriamycin was used to induce the model of heart failure (HF) in rats. Sixty rats were randomly divided into six groups: blank control group, sham group, 9.33 g/kg group (low-PHSD, test group), 13.995 g/kg group (moderate-PHSD, test group), 18.66 g/kg group (high-PHSD, test group), and fosinopril group (4.67 mg/kg, comparison test group). Cardiac ultrasound was used to evaluate the cardiac function of the rats, and radioimmunoassay was used to measure aldosterone (ALD) and angiotensin II (AngII) levels in the serum. Results Compared with the blank control group, the left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDd) and left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVEDs) in the sham group were increased (1.04 ± 0.12 vs. 0.67 ± 0.13 cm; 0.75 ± 0.13 vs. 0.28 ± 0.10 cm; P < 0.05), and the left ventricular ejection fraction was decreased (36.65 ± 5.74 vs. 76.09 ± 4.23%; P < 0.05). The ejection fraction of HF rats was increased in 9.33 g/kg group, 13.995 g/kg group, and 18.66 g/kg group compared with those of the sham group (57.13 ± 1.63, 58.43 ± 1.98, and 59.21 ± 1.37 vs. 36.65 ± 5.74%; P < 0.05). PHSD also improved cardiac function by reducing the LVEDd and LVEDs (0.88 ± 0.11, 0.75 ± 0.13, and 0.72 ± 0.18 vs. 1.04 ± 0.12 cm; 0.62 ± 0.10, 0.63 ± 0.17, and 0.45 ± 0.11 vs. 0.75 ± 0.13 cm; P < 0.05). The levels of ALD and AngII in the serum of rats in the sham group were significantly higher than those in the blank control group (371.58 ± 39.25 vs. 237.12 ± 17.35 μg/L; 232.18 ± 16.33 vs. 159.44 ± 18.42 pg/L; P < 0.05). The ALD and AngII of the rats in all of the three PHSD groups and the fosinopril group were decreased (276.81 ± 25.63, 277.18 ± 21.35, 268.19 ± 19.28, and 271.47 ± 28.96 vs. 371.58 ± 39.25 μg/L; 169.41 ± 27.53, 168.81 ± 19.78, 164.23 ± 21.34, and 174.27 ± 22.84 vs. 232.18 ± 16.33 pg/L; P < 0.05). The histopathological changes of the myocardium in the sham group showed the disorganized fiber, shaded staining, fracture, and zonation. The fracture of the myocardium was relieved in all groups except the sham group and the blank control group. Conclusion Therefore, PHSD could shorten LVEDd and LVEDs of rats and reverse ventricular remodeling. The mechanism might be related to the inhibition of the activation level of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (especially ALD and AngII) and decreasing the postload of the heart.
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McFall A, Nicklin SA, Work LM. The counter regulatory axis of the renin angiotensin system in the brain and ischaemic stroke: Insight from preclinical stroke studies and therapeutic potential. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109809. [PMID: 33059037 PMCID: PMC7550360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the 2nd leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause of physical disability and cognitive issues. Although we have made progress in certain aspects of stroke treatment, the consequences remain substantial and new treatments are needed. Hypertension has long been recognised as a major risk factor for stroke, both haemorrhagic and ischaemic. The renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays a key role in blood pressure regulation and this, plus local expression and signalling of RAS in the brain, both support the potential for targeting this axis therapeutically in the setting of stroke. While historically, focus has been on suppressing classical RAS signalling through the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R), the identification of a counter-regulatory axis of the RAS signalling via the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) and Mas receptor has renewed interest in targeting the RAS. This review describes RAS signalling in the brain and the potential of targeting the Mas receptor and AT2R in preclinical models of ischaemic stroke. The animal and experimental models, and the route and timing of intervention, are considered from a translational perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling McFall
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stuart A Nicklin
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lorraine M Work
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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12
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Labò N, Ohnuki H, Tosato G. Vasculopathy and Coagulopathy Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Cells 2020; 9:E1583. [PMID: 32629875 PMCID: PMC7408139 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has resulted in > 500,000 deaths worldwide, including > 125,000 deaths in the U.S. since its emergence in late December 2019 and June 2020. Neither curative anti-viral drugs nor a protective vaccine is currently available for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Recently, new clinical syndromes associated with coagulopathy and vasculopathy have emerged as a cause of sudden death and other serious clinical manifestations in younger patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, is a transmembrane protein expressed by lung alveolar epithelial cells, enterocytes, and vascular endothelial cells, whose physiologic role is to induce the maturation of angiotensin I to generate angiotensin 1-7, a peptide hormone that controls vasoconstriction and blood pressure. In this review, we provide the general context of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection with a focus on endothelial cells, describe the vasculopathy and coagulopathy syndromes in patients with SARS-CoV-2, and outline current understanding of the underlying mechanistic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazzarena Labò
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biochemical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Hidetaka Ohnuki
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Giovanna Tosato
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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13
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St. Paul A, Corbett CB, Okune R, Autieri MV. Angiotensin II, Hypercholesterolemia, and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: A Perfect Trio for Vascular Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4525. [PMID: 32630530 PMCID: PMC7350267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western and developing world, and the incidence of cardiovascular disease is increasing with the longer lifespan afforded by our modern lifestyle. Vascular diseases including coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, and stroke comprise the majority of cardiovascular diseases, and therefore represent a significant medical and socioeconomic burden on our society. It may not be surprising that these conditions overlap and potentiate each other when we consider the many cellular and molecular similarities between them. These intersecting points are manifested in clinical studies in which lipid lowering therapies reduce blood pressure, and anti-hypertensive medications reduce atherosclerotic plaque. At the molecular level, the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) is the target, integrator, and effector cell of both atherogenic and the major effector protein of the hypertensive signal Angiotensin II (Ang II). Together, these signals can potentiate each other and prime the artery and exacerbate hypertension and atherosclerosis. Therefore, VSMCs are the fulcrum in progression of these diseases and, therefore, understanding the effects of atherogenic stimuli and Ang II on the VSMC is key to understanding and treating atherosclerosis and hypertension. In this review, we will examine studies in which hypertension and atherosclerosis intersect on the VSMC, and illustrate common pathways between these two diseases and vascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael V. Autieri
- Department of Physiology, Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (A.S.P.); (C.B.C.); (R.O.)
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14
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Park EO, Bae EJ, Park BH, Chae SW. The Associations between Liver Enzymes and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults with Mild Dyslipidemia. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1147. [PMID: 32316417 PMCID: PMC7230762 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension and dyslipidemia often occur as comorbidities, with both being strong risk factors for developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Abnormal liver function test could reflect a potential CVD risk even in patients with mild dyslipidemia. The aim of this study was to assess the compounding relationship between liver enzymes and cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with mild dyslipidemia. The present analysis was performed among 438 participants who had enrolled in at least one of the nine clinical studies done at the Chonbuk National University Hospital between 2009 and 2019. Significant linear increasing trends were observed in blood pressure level and other cardiovascular risk factors across quartiles of serum γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT), with the increment in hypertension prevalence occurring across the quartiles of GGT and ALT. On multivariate logistic regression analyses, the odds ratios for hypertension, adjusted for smoking, drinking and obesity, in the highest quartiles of GGT, ALT, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase were 3.688, 1.617, 1.372, and 1.166, respectively. Our study indicates that GGT is a superior marker for predicting CVD risk among liver enzymes. Routine screening of plasma GGT levels in patients with mild dyslipidemia will allow for early detection of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ock Park
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Jeonbuk, Korea;
| | - Eun Ju Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeonbuk, Korea;
| | - Byung-Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Soo-Wan Chae
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Jeonbuk, Korea;
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15
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Jansen T, Kröller-Schön S, Schönfelder T, Foretz M, Viollet B, Daiber A, Oelze M, Brandt M, Steven S, Kvandová M, Kalinovic S, Lagrange J, Keaney JF, Münzel T, Wenzel P, Schulz E. α1AMPK deletion in myelomonocytic cells induces a pro-inflammatory phenotype and enhances angiotensin II-induced vascular dysfunction. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:1883-1893. [PMID: 29982418 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Immune cell function involves energy-dependent processes including growth, proliferation, and cytokine production. Since the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial regulator of intracellular energy homeostasis, its expression and activity may also affect innate and adaptive immune cell responses. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the consequences of α1AMPK deletion in myelomonocytic cells on vascular function, inflammation, and hypertension during chronic angiotensin II (ATII) treatment. Methods and results We generated a mouse strain with α1AMPK deletion in lysozyme M+ myelomonocytic cells. Compared to controls, chronic ATII infusion (1 mg/kg/day for 7 days) lead to increased vascular oxidative stress and aggravated endothelial dysfunction in LysM-Cre+ x α1AMPKfl/fl mice. This was accompanied by an increased aortic infiltration of CD11b+F4/80+ macrophages and enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine release (tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and interleukin-6). Mechanistically, we found that increased expression of C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) in α1AMPK deficient myelomonocytic cells facilitated their recruitment to the vascular wall. In addition, expression of the ATII receptor type 1a and the oxidative burst was increased in these cells, indicating an increased susceptibility towards pro-oxidant stimuli. Conclusions In summary, α1AMPK deletion in myelomonocytic cells aggravates vascular oxidative stress and dysfunction by enhancing their recruitment to the vascular wall and increasing their susceptibility towards pro-oxidant stimuli. Our observations suggest that metabolic control in myelomonocytic cells has profound implications for their inflammatory phenotype and may trigger the development of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jansen
- Department of Cardiology 1, Center for Cardiology, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Swenja Kröller-Schön
- Department of Cardiology 1, Center for Cardiology, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schönfelder
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marc Foretz
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris cité, 24 rue du faubourg Saint Jacques, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Viollet
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris cité, 24 rue du faubourg Saint Jacques, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology 1, Center for Cardiology, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Oelze
- Department of Cardiology 1, Center for Cardiology, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Moritz Brandt
- Department of Cardiology 1, Center for Cardiology, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Steven
- Department of Cardiology 1, Center for Cardiology, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Miroslava Kvandová
- Department of Cardiology 1, Center for Cardiology, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sanela Kalinovic
- Department of Cardiology 1, Center for Cardiology, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jeremy Lagrange
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - John F Keaney
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, UMass Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology 1, Center for Cardiology, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philip Wenzel
- Department of Cardiology 1, Center for Cardiology, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eberhard Schulz
- Department of Cardiology 1, Center for Cardiology, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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16
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Zhou Y, Zhang R, Wang G, Wang A, Zhong C, Zhang M, Li H, Xu T, Zhang Y. Coexistence effect of hypertension and angiotensin II on the risk of coronary heart disease: a population-based prospective cohort study among Inner Mongolians in China. Curr Med Res Opin 2019; 35:1473-1478. [PMID: 30917708 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2019.1601430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the coexistence effect of hypertension and angiotensin II on the risk of coronary heart disease based on a prospective study in an Inner Mongolian population of China. Methods: The participants were categorized into four subgroups according to hypertension status and median of angiotensin II level. Incident coronary heart disease (CHD) was defined as study outcome. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of CHD across the four subgroups after adjusting for important confounding factors. Results: During an average 9.2 years of follow-up, a total of 75 incident CHD cases were observed. The cumulative incidence rates of CHD among normotensives with angiotensin II ≤49 pg/mL, normotensives with angiotensin II >49 pg/mL, hypertensives with angiotensin II ≤49 pg/mL and hypertensives with angiotensin II >49 pg/mL were 1.76%, 1.50%, 4.71% and 5.62%, respectively (log-rank test, p < .001). Compared to the normotensives, the multivariable adjusted HRs (95% CI) of CHD with hypertensives and Ang II >49 pg/mL were 2.43 (1.41-4.17) and 1.30 (0.81-2.07), respectively. Furthermore, compared to normotensives with angiotensin II ≤49 pg/mL, the multivariate-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) of CHD for normotensives with angiotensin II >49 pg/mL, hypertensives with angiotensin II ≤49 pg/mL and hypertensives with angiotensin II >49 pg/mL were 1.33 (0.60-2.91), 2.35 (1.16-4.76) and 3.00 (1.52-5.92), respectively (p for trend <.05). The hypertensives with angiotensin II >49 pg/mL were at the highest risk of CHD. Conclusions: Hypertension not angiotensin II was an independent risk factor for incident CHD, but the coexistence of both hypertension and high angiotensin II level further increased risk of incident CHD among the Inner Mongolians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Zhou
- a Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases , Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Rui Zhang
- a Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases , Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Guangli Wang
- a Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases , Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Aili Wang
- a Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases , Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Chongke Zhong
- a Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases , Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- a Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases , Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Hongmei Li
- a Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases , Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Tan Xu
- a Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases , Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- a Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases , Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
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17
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Plangar AF, Anaeigoudari A, KhajaviRad A, Shafei MN. Beneficial Cardiovascular Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract from Crocus Sativus in Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II. J Pharmacopuncture 2019; 22:95-101. [PMID: 31338249 PMCID: PMC6645345 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2019.22.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Angiotensin II (AngII), a major product of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has important role in induction of hypertension and antihypertensive effect of several medicinal plant was mediated by effect on this agent. Therefore, this study examined the possible effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Crocus sativus (C. sativus) on hypertension induced by AngII. Methods Six groups (n = 6) of rats were used as follow: 1) Control, 2) AngII (300 ng/kg), 3) Losartan (Los, 10 mg/kg) + AngII and 4-6) C. sativus extract (10, 20 & 40 mg/kg,) + AngII. The femoral artery and vein were cannulated for recording cardiovascular parameters and drugs administration, respectively. All drugs were injected intravenously (i.v). Los and all doses of C. sativus injected 10 min before AngII. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded throughout the experiment and those peak changes (Δ) were calculated and compared to control and AngII. Results AngII significantly increased ΔMAP, ΔSBP and ΔHR than control (P < 0. 01 to P < 0.001) and these increments were significantly attenuated by Los. All doses of C. sativus significantly reduced peak ΔMAP, ΔSBP, and ΔHR than AngII group (P < 0. 05 to P < 0.001). In addition, peak ΔMAP, ΔSBP in doses 10 and 20 were significant than Los + AngII group (P < 0.05 to P< 0.01) but in dose 40 only MAP was significant (P < 0.05). Peak ΔHR in all doses of C sativus was not significant than Los+ AngII. Conclusion Regarding the improving effect of the C. sativus extract on AngII induced hypertension, it seems that this ameliorating effect partly mediated through inhibition of RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akbar Anaeigoudari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Abolfazl KhajaviRad
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naser Shafei
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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18
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Deletion of protein kinase B2 preserves cardiac function by blocking interleukin-6-mediated injury and restores blood pressure during angiotensin II/high-salt-diet-induced hypertension. J Hypertens 2019; 36:834-846. [PMID: 29120957 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Protein kinase B2 (AKT2) is implicated in cardiomyocyte survival during various stress conditions. However, the role of AKT2 in heart function, cardiac hypertrophy and blood pressure (BP) control during hypertension is not fully understood. Therefore, we sought to determine whether the deletion of AKT2 protects cardiac function during angiotensin II/high-salt-diet (AngII/HSD) treatment and find out the signaling pathway. METHODS Male C57BL/6J (wild type), AKT2 knockout and interleukin (IL)-6 knockout mice were fed a 4% NaCl diet for 5 weeks. In the last week, mice were split in two groups and infused subcutaneously with either vehicle or AngII (1.5 μg/h per mouse) for 1 week. Then, BP and cardiac function were assessed. Immunohistology of IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 was performed to detect inflammation in the heart. Masson's trichrome staining was performed to evaluate cardiac fibrosis. Heart tissue homogenates and neonatal mice cardiomyocytes were collected to analyze oxidative stress. RESULTS Compared with wild-type mice, AKT2 knockout mice maintained BP and showed better left ventricle ejection fraction, lower level of fibrosis, reduced oxidative stress, reduced IL-6 expression and less macrophage infiltration, when treated with AngII/HSD. IL-6 knockout mice treated with AngII/HSD also showed alleviated left ventricular function, fibrosis, oxidative stress and macrophage infiltration compared with wild type. CONCLUSION AKT2 deficiency prevents the development of AngII/HSD-induced hypertension, cardiac dysfunction and myocardial injury including oxidative stress, fibrosis and inflammation by suppressing IL-6 expression. These data reveal an important role of the AKT2-IL-6 pathway in mediating AngII/HSD-induced hypertension and cardiomyopathy.
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19
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Bönhof GJ, Herder C, Strom A, Papanas N, Roden M, Ziegler D. Emerging Biomarkers, Tools, and Treatments for Diabetic Polyneuropathy. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:153-192. [PMID: 30256929 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy, with its major clinical sequels, notably neuropathic pain, foot ulcers, and autonomic dysfunction, is associated with substantial morbidity, increased risk of mortality, and reduced quality of life. Despite its major clinical impact, diabetic neuropathy remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. Moreover, the evidence supporting a benefit for causal treatment is weak at least in patients with type 2 diabetes, and current pharmacotherapy is largely limited to symptomatic treatment options. Thus, a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology is mandatory for translation into new diagnostic and treatment approaches. Improved knowledge about pathogenic pathways implicated in the development of diabetic neuropathy could lead to novel diagnostic techniques that have the potential of improving the early detection of neuropathy in diabetes and prediabetes to eventually embark on new treatment strategies. In this review, we first provide an overview on the current clinical aspects and illustrate the pathogenetic concepts of (pre)diabetic neuropathy. We then describe the biomarkers emerging from these concepts and novel diagnostic tools and appraise their utility in the early detection and prediction of predominantly distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Finally, we discuss the evidence for and limitations of the current and novel therapy options with particular emphasis on lifestyle modification and pathogenesis-derived treatment approaches. Altogether, recent years have brought forth a multitude of emerging biomarkers reflecting different pathogenic pathways such as oxidative stress and inflammation and diagnostic tools for an early detection and prediction of (pre)diabetic neuropathy. Ultimately, these insights should culminate in improving our therapeutic armamentarium against this common and debilitating or even life-threatening condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gidon J Bönhof
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Neuherberg, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Strom
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Neuherberg, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Papanas
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Diabetic Foot Clinic, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Neuherberg, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dan Ziegler
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Neuherberg, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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20
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Lee JH, Jang SJ, Rhie S. Antinatriuretic phenomena seen in children with acute pyelonephritis may be related to the activation of intrarenal RAAS. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12152. [PMID: 30200111 PMCID: PMC6133464 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether antinatriuretic phenomena [decreases in urinary sodium (uNa) and fractional excretion of sodium (FENa)] seen in children with acute pyelonephritis (APN) are associated with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).We examined 114 children experiencing their first episode of febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI) consecutively admitted to our hospital from July 2012 to June 2014. Blood tests [C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and aldosterone (Aldo)] and urine tests [uNa, urine potassium (uK) and FENa] were performed upon admission. All enrolled children underwent a 99m-dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scanning (DMSA) at admission. Areas with cortical defects (AreaCD) and uptake counts (UptakeCD) on their DMSA scans were calculated. Data were compared between children with positive DMSA results (APN), lower urinary tract infection (L-UTI), and controls; and between children with high and low Aldo levels.uNa, uNa/K, and FENa negatively correlated with AreaCD%, UptakeCD, and Aldo; were significantly lower in APN patients than in LUTIs and controls regardless of Aldo level; were lower in the high Aldo group than in the low Aldo group. However, there is no difference in AreaCD% and UptakeCD between APN children with the high and low Aldo level.Decreases in uNa, uNa/K, and FENa in children with APN may result from an antinatriuretic effect of RAAS and be related to the activation of the intrarenal RAAS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Su Jin Jang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
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21
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Koppe L, Fouque D. The Role for Protein Restriction in Addition to Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors in the Management of CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2018; 73:248-257. [PMID: 30149957 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In experimental studies a low-protein diet (LPD) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors are both reported to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and reduce proteinuria. RAAS activity contributes to increased blood pressure, fluid retention, and positive sodium balance, but also to kidney damage by enhancing glomerular capillary filtration pressure and synthesis of profibrotic molecules such as transforming growth factor β. It has been well established that an LPD decreases glomerular hyperfiltration and the generation of uremic toxins, as well as the burden of acid load, phosphorus, and sodium. In different animal CKD models, a significant reduction in proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis has been achieved when an RAAS inhibitor and LPD were combined. To date, high-quality intervention trials investigating this combined strategy are lacking. We summarize the experimental and clinical studies that have examined a potential additive action of these therapies on CKD progression. We outline potential mechanisms of action and additive efficacy of an LPD and RAAS inhibitors in CKD, with a particular emphasis on phosphate levels, uremic toxin production, acid load, and salt intake. Finally, although the evidence is inadequate to recommend combining RAAS inhibitors and an LPD to slow the progression of CKD, we provide a perspective to support a large-scale randomized clinical trial to study this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Koppe
- University Lyon, CARMEN, Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Denis Fouque
- University Lyon, CARMEN, Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Benite, France.
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Paloczi J, Varga ZV, Hasko G, Pacher P. Neuroprotection in Oxidative Stress-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of Endocannabinoid System Modulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:75-108. [PMID: 28497982 PMCID: PMC5984569 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Redox imbalance may lead to overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and subsequent oxidative tissue damage, which is a critical event in the course of neurodegenerative diseases. It is still not fully elucidated, however, whether oxidative stress is the primary trigger or a consequence in the process of neurodegeneration. Recent Advances: Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in the propagation of neuronal injury and consequent inflammatory response, which in concert promote development of pathological alterations characteristic of most common neurodegenerative diseases. CRITICAL ISSUES Accumulating recent evidence also suggests that there is an important interplay between the lipid endocannabinoid system [ECS; comprising the main cannabinoid 1 and 2 receptors (CB1 and CB2), endocannabinoids, and their synthetic and metabolizing enzymes] and various key inflammatory and redox-dependent processes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Targeting the ECS to modulate redox state-dependent cell death and to decrease consequent or preceding inflammatory response holds therapeutic potential in a multitude of oxidative stress-related acute or chronic neurodegenerative disorders from stroke and traumatic brain injury to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and multiple sclerosis, just to name a few, which will be discussed in this overview. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 75-108.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Paloczi
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zoltan V Varga
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - George Hasko
- 2 Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Pal Pacher
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
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Adjunctive therapy with statins reduces residual albuminuria/proteinuria and provides further renoprotection by downregulating the angiotensin II-AT1 pathway in hypertensive nephropathy. J Hypertens 2018; 35:1442-1456. [PMID: 28244896 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Blockade of the renin-angiotensin II (Ang II) system by AT1 blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors retards the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) by reducing albuminuria/proteinuria. However, many patients with CKD suffer from residual albuminuria/proteinuria, which is an independent risk factor for CKD progression. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of pitavastatin, one of the adjunctive agents to ARBs, on the reduction of albuminuria/proteinuria and further renoprotection mediated by telmisartan in spontaneously hypertensive rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-two-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats were grouped randomly and received 8 weeks of treatments with vehicle, telmisartan, pitavastatin or a combination of telmisartan and pitavastatin. Both albuminuria and proteinuria were inhibited significantly in the telmisartan-treated group, but an obviously residual albuminuria was maintained. The combination treatment with telmisartan and pitavastatin displayed a more effective decrease in albuminuria and proteinuria, even to the normal level. Enhanced nephroprotection was also observed in this combination group, which was independent of the cholesterol-lowering effects. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the combination therapy greatly attenuated the expression of intrarenal Ang II and AT1, thereby decreasing the activation of TGF-β-Smad and NF-κB and inhibiting fibrosis and inflammation. CONCLUSION Adjunctive therapy with pitavastatin dramatically reduced residual albuminuria/proteinuria and enhanced nephroprotection, likely by downregulating the expression of intrarenal Ang II and AT1. It could be concluded that statins might be a promising adjunctive therapeutic agent to conventional ARB treatment in hypertensive renal damage.
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Estrogen attenuates AGTR1 expression to reduce pancreatic β-cell death from high glucose. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16639. [PMID: 29192236 PMCID: PMC5709427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure of pancreatic β-cells to high glucose levels results in β-cell dysfunction and death. These effects can be protected by estrogen. The local pancreatic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been shown as a novel pathological pathway of high-glucose-induced cell death. The effect of estrogen on pancreatic RAS is still unknown. This study examines whether estrogen protects against pancreatic β-cell death caused by glucotoxicity via a decrease in the pancreatic β-cell RAS pathway. When INS-1 cells were cultured in a high glucose medium, cell death was significantly higher than when the cells were cultured in a basal glucose medium; similarly, there were also higher levels of AGTR1 and p47ph°x mRNA, and protein expression. Moreover, the addition of 10−8 M 17β-estradiol to INS-1 cells cultured in a high glucose medium markedly reduced cell death, AGTR1 and p47ph°x mRNA levels, and protein expression. Similar results were demonstrated in the pancreatic islets. The presence of 10−8 M 17β-estradiol, losartan, or a combination of both, in a high glucose medium had similar levels of reduction of p47ph°x mRNA and protein expression, compared with those cultured in high glucose. Taken together, estrogen protected pancreatic β-cells from high-glucose-induced cell death by reducing the AGTR1 pathway.
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Klimczak D, Kuch M, Pilecki T, Żochowska D, Wirkowska A, Pączek L. Plasma microRNA-155-5p is increased among patients with chronic kidney disease and nocturnal hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 11:831-841.e4. [PMID: 29146158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs play multiple roles in the regulation of blood pressure (BP). Nevertheless, to date, no study has assessed the association between microRNA plasma expression and BP control in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Given this background, we evaluated the plasma expression of miR-155-5p, a translational inhibitor of angiotensin receptor type I, in CKD patients, to determine the association between miR-155-5p level and BP control. In this single-center cross-sectional study, we analyzed the miR-155-5p concentration by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction using the U6 snRNA as a reference gene and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in CKD patients (stage ≥2) in relation to a control group of healthy age-matched and gender-matched individuals, with normal BP proven by the ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. We enrolled a total of 105 patients with CKD (stages 2-5, including 33 kidney renal transplant recipients), aged 59 ± 14 years; 47% males and 26 healthy volunteers (aged 55 ± 13, 50% male). Within the study group, a total of 36 patients (40%) presented with an average 24-hour systolic BP (SBP) ≥130 mm Hg and 41 patients (45%) presented nocturnal hypertension (NHT; SBP ≥120 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥ 70 mm Hg). miRNA-155-5p was increased in plasma of CKD patients with median expression relative to control subjects equal to 2.92 (1.34-5.58). Interestingly, the plasma miRNA-155-5p expression was significantly higher in patients with NHT: 4.04 (2.92-10.8) versus 2.01 (1.21-3.07), P = .001 and its expression maintained an independent association with the average nocturnal SBP (coefficient B = 4.368, P = .047) by a multivariate regression analysis adjusted for confounders. The miR-155-5p was increased among CKD patients and further increased among subjects presenting with NHT. Further studies are warranted to determine the role of this non-coding RNA as a potential novel biomarker and therapeutic target in the non-dipping CKD individuals, characterized by increased cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Klimczak
- Department of Immunology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Heart Failure and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Kuch
- Department of Cardiology, Hypertension and Internal Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pilecki
- Department of Immunology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Żochowska
- Department of Immunology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wirkowska
- Department of Immunology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Pączek
- Department of Immunology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Gao S, Park BM, Cha SA, Bae UJ, Park BH, Park WH, Kim SH. Oxidative stress increases the risk of pancreatic β cell damage in chronic renal hypertensive rats. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/16/e12900. [PMID: 27535482 PMCID: PMC5002910 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension often occurs in conjunction with insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether sustained renal hypertension increases the risk of diabetes mellitus in rats, and to define the underlying mechanisms. Two-kidney, one-clip hypertensive (2K1C) rats received captopril (50 mg/kg/day), α-lipoic acid (100 mg/kg/day), or vehicle treatment for 3 months after surgery. Blood pressure was measured by tail cuff plethysmography. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), immunohistochemistry, and western blotting were performed. In addition, insulin secretion from islet cells was measured. OGTT yielded abnormal results, and the number of islet cells and the size of pancreatic β/α cells were decreased in 2K1C rats. Basal insulin levels were also reduced in the plasma. Insulin secretion from pancreatic islet cells in response to high glucose was also attenuated in 2K1C rats compared with sham rats. The levels of oxidative stress markers, including 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and NADPH oxidase-4, were increased in pancreatic tissue and pancreatic islets in 2K1C rats. The abnormalities observed in 2K1C rats were improved by captopril or α-lipoic acid treatment. These findings indicate that sustained renal hypertension may lead to pancreatic dysfunction, increasing oxidative stress in pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Department of Physiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea Department of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Byung M Park
- Department of Physiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Seung A Cha
- Department of Physiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ui J Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Byung H Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Woo H Park
- Department of Physiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Suhn H Kim
- Department of Physiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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Manning MW, Cooter M, Mathew J, Alexander J, Peterson E, Ferguson TB, Lopes R, Podgoreanu M. Angiotensin Receptor Blockade Improves Cardiac Surgical Outcomes in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg 2017; 104:98-105. [PMID: 28131423 PMCID: PMC5479726 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perioperative use of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) in patients undergoing cardiac operations remains controversial. The current practice of discontinuing renin-angiotensin-system inhibitors preoperatively may negate their beneficial effects in vulnerable populations, including patients with metabolic syndrome, who exhibit elevated renin-angiotensin system activity. We hypothesized that preoperative ARB use is associated with reduced incidence of postoperative complications, compared with ACEi or no drug, in patients with metabolic syndrome undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS We used propensity matching to derive a cohort of 1,351 patients from 2,998 who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting based on preoperative use of ARBs, ACEis, or no renin-angiotensin-system inhibitors. Our primary end point was a composite of adverse events occurring within 30 days after the operation: new-onset atrial fibrillation/flutter, arrhythmia requiring cardioversion, perioperative myocardial infarction, acute renal failure, need for dialysis, cerebrovascular accidents, acute respiratory failure, or perioperative death. RESULTS At least one adverse event occurred in 524 (38.8%) of matched cohort patients (1,184 [39.6% of all patients]). Adjusting for European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation and metabolic syndrome in the matched cohort, preoperative use of ARBs was associated with a lower incidence of adverse events in patients with metabolic syndrome compared with preoperative use of no renin-angiotensin-system inhibitors (odds ratio, 0.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.19 to 0.99) or ACEis (odds ratio, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.16 to 0.88). CONCLUSIONS Preoperative use of ARBs, but not ACEis, confers a benefit within 30 days after cardiac operations in patients with metabolic syndrome, suggesting potential efficacy differences of these drug classes in reducing cardiovascular morbidity and death in ambulatory vs surgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Manning
- Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North California.
| | - Mary Cooter
- Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North California
| | - Joseph Mathew
- Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North California
| | - John Alexander
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North California; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North California
| | - Eric Peterson
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North California; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North California
| | - T Bruce Ferguson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, East Carolina Heart Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North California
| | - Renato Lopes
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North California; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North California
| | - Mihai Podgoreanu
- Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North California; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North California
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Wang X, Asghar M. Protein disulfide isomerase regulates renal AT 1 receptor function and blood pressure in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F461-F466. [PMID: 28468966 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00580.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role and mechanism of renal protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) in blood pressure regulation has not been tested before. Here, we test this possibility in Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were treated with PDI inhibitor bacitracin (100 mg·kg-1 ip·day-1 for 14 days), and then blood pressure and renal angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor function were determined in anesthetized rats. Renal AT1 receptor function was determined as the ability of candesartan (an AT1 receptor blocker) to increase diuresis and natriuresis. A second set of vehicle- and bacitracin-treated rats was used to determine biochemical parameters. Systolic blood pressure as well as diastolic blood pressure increased in bacitracin-treated compared with vehicle-treated rats. Compared with vehicle, bacitracin-treated rats showed increased diuresis and natriuresis in response to candesartan (10-µg iv bolus dose) suggesting higher AT1 receptor function in these rats. These were associated with higher renin activities in the plasma and renal tissues. Furthermore, urinary 8-isoprostane and kidney injury molecule-1 levels were higher and urinary antioxidant capacity was lower in bacitracin-treated rats. Renal protein carbonyl and nitrotyrosine levels also were higher in bacitracin- compared with vehicle-treated rats, suggesting oxidative stress burden in bacitracin-treated rats. Moreover, PDI activity decreased and its protein levels increased in renal tissues of bacitracin-treated rats. Also, nuclear levels of Nrf2 transcription factor, which regulates redox homeostasis, were decreased in bacitracin-treated rats. Furthermore, tissue levels of Keap1, an Nrf2 inhibitory molecule, and tyrosine 216-phosphorylated GSK3β protein, an Nrf2 nuclear export protein, were increased in bacitracin-treated rats. These results suggest that renal PDI by regulating Keap1-Nrf2 pathway acts as an antioxidant, maintaining redox balance, renal AT1 receptor function, and blood pressure in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitao Wang
- Heart and Kidney Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Mohammad Asghar
- Heart and Kidney Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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Kumar P, Das A, Chandra S, Gari M, Keshri USP, Kumari K. Serum Triglyceride Lowering Effect of Cilnidipine in Patients With Essential Hypertension. Cardiol Res 2017; 7:173-177. [PMID: 28197288 PMCID: PMC5295564 DOI: 10.14740/cr497w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many epidemiological studies have established the relationship between hypertension and dyslipidemia. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are one of the first-line drugs for newly diagnosed patients with essential hypertension. Cilnidipine as a newer CCB acting by blocking both L- and N-type calcium channels possesses additional beneficial effects apart from lowering blood pressure (BP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cilnidipine in patients with essential hypertension with borderline dyslipidemia and its effects on lipid profile. Methods Out of 45 enrolled patients, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, only 37 completed the study. Cilnidipine was started at 10 mg/day, and then adjusted to 5 - 20 mg/day to achieve the target blood pressure. Results After 12 weeks of study, patients showed significant reduction in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean BP, heart rate and serum triglyceride level from baseline values (P < 0.00). Conclusion In clinical setting where both hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia exist, cilnidipine can be a promising drug of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Kumar
- Department of Cardiology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India
| | - Arijit Das
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India
| | - Satish Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India
| | - Manju Gari
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India
| | - U S P Keshri
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India
| | - Kusum Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India
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Low-protein diet supplemented with ketoacids ameliorates proteinuria in 3/4 nephrectomised rats by directly inhibiting the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:1491-1501. [PMID: 27753426 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516003536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Low-protein diet plus ketoacids (LPD+KA) has been reported to decrease proteinuria in patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD). However, the mechanisms have not been clarified. As over-activation of intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been shown to play a key role in the progression of CKD, the current study was performed to investigate the direct effects of LPD+KA on intrarenal RAS, independently of renal haemodynamics. In this study, 3/4 subtotal renal ablated rats were fed 18 % normal-protein diet (Nx-NPD), 6 % low-protein diet (Nx-LPD) or 5 % low-protein diet plus 1 % ketoacids (Nx-LPD+KA) for 12 weeks. Sham-operated rats fed NPD served as controls. The level of proteinuria and expression of renin, angiotensin II (AngII) and its type 1 receptors (AT1R) in the renal cortex were markedly higher in Nx-NPD group than in the sham group. LPD+KA significantly decreased the proteinuria and inhibited intrarenal RAS activation. To exclude renal haemodynamic impact on intrarenal RAS, the serum samples derived from the different groups were added to the culture medium of mesangial cells. It showed that the serum from Nx-NPD directly induced higher expression of AngII, AT1R, fibronectin and transforming growth factor-β1 in the mesangial cells than in the control group. Nx-LPD+KA serum significantly inhibited these abnormalities. Then, proteomics and biochemical detection suggested that the mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects of LPD+KA might be amelioration of the nutritional metabolic disorders and oxidative stress. In conclusion, LPD+KA could directly inhibit the intrarenal RAS activation, independently of renal haemodynamics, thus attenuating the proteinuria in CKD rats.
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Spaanderman MEA, Ekhart THA, de Leeuw PW, Peeters LLH. Angiotensin II Sensitivity in Nonpregnant Formerly Preeclamptic Women and Halthy Parous Contorls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:416-22. [PMID: 15350256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In women prone to develop hypertensive complications, vascular reactivity fails to decrease in early pregnancy. Since hypertensive syndromes of pregnancy seem to be superimposed on a preexisting disorder, we tested the hypothesis that in formerly preeclamptic women, as compared to healthy parous controls, circulatory reactivity to angiotensin II is enhanced in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. METHODS Sixty formerly preeclamptic women were subdivided into a hypertensive (HYPERT, n = 14), a normotensive thrombophilic (THROMB, n = 26), and a normotensive nonthrombophilic (ASYMPT, n = 20) subgroup. In these women and in 11 healthy parous controls we assessed at least 5 months postpartum at day 5 (+/-2) of the menstrual cycle the following variables: body weight, height, plasma volume, reactivity to infused angiotensin II of arterial blood pressure, heart rate, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal blood flow, and the hormones of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) axis. RESULTS At baseline, THROMB did not differ from controls. In contrast, ASYMPT exhibited slight overweight, reduced plasma volume, and reduced renal blood flow. HYPERT much resembled ASYMPT except for the overweight, renal perfusion, and GFR. Infusion of angiotensin II led to comparable decreases in renal perfusion and filtration, and to increases in blood pressure. However, sensitivity to this substance correlated inversely with relative and absolute sizes of the plasma volume compartment. CONCLUSION Circulatory sensitivity to infused angiotensin II is comparable between nonpregnant formerly preeclamptic women and healthy parous controls. However, responsiveness to this agent is enhanced among women with a contracted plasma volume compartment, a condition commonly observed among formerly preeclamptic women.
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Park JS, Shin JH, Hong TJ, Seo HS, Shim WJ, Baek SH, Jeong JO, Ahn Y, Kang WC, Kim YH, Kim SH, Hyon MS, Choi DH, Nam CW, Park TH, Lee SC, Kim HS. Efficacy and safety of fixed-dose combination therapy with olmesartan medoxomil and rosuvastatin in Korean patients with mild to moderate hypertension and dyslipidemia: an 8-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, factorial-design study (OLSTA-D RCT: OLmesartan rosuvaSTAtin from Daewoong). DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:2599-609. [PMID: 27574399 PMCID: PMC4993275 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s112873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The pill burden of patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia can result in poor medication compliance. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of fixed-dose combination (FDC) therapy with olmesartan medoxomil (40 mg) and rosuvastatin (20 mg) in Korean patients with mild to moderate hypertension and dyslipidemia. This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, factorial-design study included patients aged ≥20 years with mild to moderate essential hypertension and dyslipidemia. Patients were randomly assigned to receive FDC therapy (40 mg olmesartan medoxomil, 20 mg rosuvastatin), 40 mg olmesartan medoxomil, 20 mg rosuvastatin, or a placebo. The percentage change from baseline in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels was compared between FDC therapy and olmesartan medoxomil, and the change from baseline in diastolic blood pressure was compared between FDC therapy and rosuvastatin 8 weeks after treatment. A total of 162 patients were included. The least square mean percentage change (standard error) from baseline in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 8 weeks after treatment was significantly greater in the FDC than in the olmesartan medoxomil group (−52.3% [2.8%] vs −0.6% [3.5%], P<0.0001), and the difference was −51.7% (4.1%) (95% confidence interval: −59.8% to −43.6%). The least square mean change (standard error) from baseline in diastolic blood pressure 8 weeks after treatment was significantly greater in the FDC group than in the rosuvastatin group (−10.4 [1.2] mmHg vs 0.1 [1.6] mmHg, P<0.0001), and the difference was −10.5 (1.8) mmHg (95% confidence interval: −14.1 to −6.9 mmHg). There were 50 adverse events in 41 patients (22.7%) and eight adverse drug reactions in five patients (2.8%). The study found that FDC therapy with olmesartan medoxomil and rosuvastatin is an effective, safe treatment for patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia. This combination may improve medication compliance in patients with a large pill burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sun Park
- Department of Cardiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon
| | - Joon-Han Shin
- Department of Cardiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon
| | - Taek-Jong Hong
- Division of Cardiology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan
| | - Hong-Seog Seo
- Division of Cardiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine
| | - Wan-Joo Shim
- Division of Cardiology, Korea University Anam Hospital
| | - Sang-Hong Baek
- Cardiovascular Division, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seoul
| | - Jin-Ok Jeong
- Division of Cardiology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon
| | - Youngkeun Ahn
- Division of Cardiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju
| | - Woong-Chol Kang
- Division of Cardiology, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon
| | - Young-Hak Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center
| | - Min-Su Hyon
- Division of Cardiology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital
| | - Dong-Hoon Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei University Severance Hospital, Seoul
| | - Chang-Wook Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu
| | - Tae-Ho Park
- Division of Cardiology, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan
| | - Sang-Chol Lee
- Cardiovascular Imaging Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine
| | - Hyo-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Dos Santos RL, Dellacqua LO, Delgado NTB, Rouver WN, Podratz PL, Lima LCF, Piccin MPC, Meyrelles SS, Mauad H, Graceli JB, Moyses MR. Pomegranate peel extract attenuates oxidative stress by decreasing coronary angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in hypertensive female rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:998-1007. [PMID: 27710705 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1213690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Based on the antioxidant properties of pomegranate, this study was designed to investigate the effects of pomegranate peel extract on damage associated with hypertension and aging in a spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model. The influence of pomegranate consumption was examined on systolic blood pressure (SBP), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) coronary activity, oxidative stress, and vascular morphology. Four- or 28-wk-old SHR model rats were treated for 30 d, with terminal experimental animal age being 8 and 32 wk, respectively, with either pomegranate extract (SHR-PG) or filtered water (SHR). Data showed significant reduction in SBP and coronary ACE activity in both age groups. The levels of superoxide anion, a measure of oxidative stress, were significantly lower in animals in the SHR-PG group compared to SHR alone. Coronary morphology demonstrated total increases in vascular wall areas were in the SHR group, and pomegranate peel extract diminished this effect. Pomegranate peel extract consumption conferred protection against hypertension in the SHR model. This finding was demonstrated by marked reduction in coronary ACE activity, oxidative stress, and vascular remodelling. In addition, treatment was able to reduce SBP in both groups. Evidence indicates that the use of pomegranate peel extract may prove beneficial in alleviating coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L Dos Santos
- a Department of Physiological Sciences , Federal University of Espirito Santo , Vitoria , Espirito Santo , Brazil
| | - Lais O Dellacqua
- a Department of Physiological Sciences , Federal University of Espirito Santo , Vitoria , Espirito Santo , Brazil
| | - Nathalie T B Delgado
- a Department of Physiological Sciences , Federal University of Espirito Santo , Vitoria , Espirito Santo , Brazil
| | - Wender N Rouver
- a Department of Physiological Sciences , Federal University of Espirito Santo , Vitoria , Espirito Santo , Brazil
| | - Priscila L Podratz
- a Department of Physiological Sciences , Federal University of Espirito Santo , Vitoria , Espirito Santo , Brazil
| | - Leandro C F Lima
- b Department of Physiology and Biophysics , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Mariela P C Piccin
- c Department of Biophysics , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Silvana S Meyrelles
- a Department of Physiological Sciences , Federal University of Espirito Santo , Vitoria , Espirito Santo , Brazil
| | - Helder Mauad
- a Department of Physiological Sciences , Federal University of Espirito Santo , Vitoria , Espirito Santo , Brazil
| | - Jones B Graceli
- d Department of Morphology , Federal University of Espirito Santo , Vitoria , Espirito Santo , Brazil
| | - Margareth R Moyses
- a Department of Physiological Sciences , Federal University of Espirito Santo , Vitoria , Espirito Santo , Brazil
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Anupama V, George M, Dhanesh SB, Chandran A, James J, Shivakumar K. Molecular mechanisms in H2O2-induced increase in AT1 receptor gene expression in cardiac fibroblasts: A role for endogenously generated Angiotensin II. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 97:295-305. [PMID: 27208880 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The AT1 receptor (AT1R) mediates the manifold actions of angiotensin II in the cardiovascular system. This study probed the molecular mechanisms that link altered redox status to AT1R expression in cardiac fibroblasts. Real-time PCR and western blot analysis showed that H2O2 enhances AT1R mRNA and protein expression via NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species induction. Activation of NF-κB and AP-1, demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, abolition of AT1R expression by their inhibitors, Bay-11-7085 and SR11302, respectively, and luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed transcriptional control of AT1R by NF-κB and AP-1 in H2O2-treated cells. Further, inhibition of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) using chemical inhibitors or by RNA interference attenuated AT1R expression. Inhibition of the MAPKs showed that while ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK suffice for NF-κB activation, all three kinases are required for AP-1 activation. H2O2 also increased collagen type I mRNA and protein expression. Interestingly, the AT1R antagonist, candesartan, attenuated H2O2-stimulated AT1R and collagen mRNA and protein expression, suggesting that H2O2 up-regulates AT1R and collagen expression via local Angiotensin II generation, which was confirmed by real-time PCR and ELISA. To conclude, oxidative stress enhances AT1R gene expression in cardiac fibroblasts by a complex mechanism involving the redox-sensitive transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 that are activated by the co-ordinated action of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and JNK. Importantly, by causally linking oxidative stress to Angiotensin II and AT1R up-regulation in cardiac fibroblasts, this study offers a novel perspective on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Anupama
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Mereena George
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Sivadasan Bindu Dhanesh
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Aneesh Chandran
- Bacterial and Parasite Disease Biology, Tropical Disease Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Jackson James
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695014, Kerala, India
| | - K Shivakumar
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, Kerala, India.
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35
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The importance of blood lipids in the association between BMI and blood pressure among Chinese overweight and obese children. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:45-51. [PMID: 27169905 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516001744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to examine the contribution of blood lipids to the association between BMI and blood pressure (BP) in children with overweight and obesity. Data were collected in elementary and high schools of Chaoyang District, Beijing, China in 2012. Participants' weight, height, BP and fasting plasma lipid profile were measured by standard protocols. Mediation analysis was used to examine the mediation role of blood lipids on the relation between BMI and BP, with age included as a covariate. We found that in boys 8·29 % (mediation effect=0·106, P=0·012) of the association between BMI and systolic BP was mediated through TAG. TAG mediated 12·53 % (mediation effect=0·093, P=0·018) and LDL-cholesterol mediated 7·75 % (mediation effect=0·57, P=0·046) of the association between BMI and diastolic BP was mediated by TAG and LDL-cholesterol, respectively. However, blood lipids did not show the mediation effect in girls. Our findings suggested that there was a sex difference in the contribution of blood lipids to the association between BMI and BP. Controlling TAG or LDL-cholesterol may be beneficial for reducing the risk of the BMI-related high BP in overweight boys; however, this outcome is not the case when controlling TAG or LDL-cholesterol in girls. This study may provide clues to explore the underlying mechanism of the association between obesity and hypertension.
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Malik AR. Association of increased lipid peroxide levels in the aorta in comparison to the pulmonary artery with the presence of coronary artery disease. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:479-484. [PMID: 27073637 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis predominantly affects systemic arteries as compared to pulmonary arteries; however, the reasons for this differential predilection are not clear. Oxidative damage caused by free radicals is a key initiating event in atherogenesis and the lungs are able to produce large quantities of free radicals even under physiological conditions. The present study investigated whether pulmonary venous blood reaching the aorta contained greater quantities of lipid peroxides, a marker of oxidative stress, compared to the pulmonary artery. Aortic and pulmonary artery blood samples were collected at the time of cardiac catheterization from 45 consecutive patients (38% female) without acute coronary event and free of other medical disorders, who were scheduled to undergo coronary angiography for anginal chest pain. Lipid peroxides were measured in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA). MDA levels were significantly higher in the aorta compared to the pulmonary artery (4.93±1.97 vs. 3.36±1.14 nmol/ml; P<0.001); the difference was significant in patients with angiographic coronary artery disease (CAD) (P<0.001) compared to the patients without CAD (P=0.071). Higher aortic MDA levels were associated with the presence of CAD even following adjustment for major risk factors. The results of the present study demonstrate that aortic blood contains significantly greater levels of lipid peroxides compared to pulmonary artery. This differential oxidative stress between systemic and pulmonary arteries could provide a mechanistic explanation for their difference in the propensity to develop atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rauoof Malik
- Department of Cardiology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190011, India; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha 61421, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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37
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Jang JY, Lee SH, Kim BS, Seo HS, Kim WS, Ahn Y, Lee NH, Koh KK, Kang TS, Jo SH, Hong BK, Bae JH, Yang HM, Cha KS, Kim BS, Kwak CH, Cho DK, Kim U, Zo JH, Kang DH, Pyun WB, Chun KJ, Namgung J, Cha TJ, Juhn JH, Jung Y, Jang Y. Additive beneficial effects of valsartan combined with rosuvastatin in the treatment of hypercholesterolemic hypertensive patients. Korean Circ J 2015; 45:225-33. [PMID: 26023311 PMCID: PMC4446817 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2015.45.3.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives We compared the efficacy and safety of valsartan and rosuvastatin combination therapy with each treatment alone in hypercholesterolemic hypertensive patients. Subjects and Methods Patients who met inclusion criteria were randomized to receive 1 of the following 2-month drug regimens: valsartan 160 mg plus rosuvastatin 20 mg, valsartan 160 mg plus placebo, or rosuvastatin 20 mg plus placebo. The primary efficacy variables were change in sitting diastolic blood pressure (sitDBP) and sitting systolic blood pressure (sitSBP), and percentage change in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in the combination, valsartan, and rosuvastatin groups. Adverse events (AEs) during the study were analyzed. Results A total of 354 patients were screened and 123 of them were finally randomized. Changes of sitDBP by least squares mean (LSM) were -11.1, -7.2, and -3.6 mm Hg, respectively, and was greater in the combination, as compared to both valsartan (p=0.02) and rosuvastatin (p<0.001). Changes of sitSBP by LSM were -13.2, -10.8, and -4.9 mm Hg, and was greater in the combination, as compared to rosuvastatin (p=0.006) and not valsartan (p=0.42). Percentage changes of LDL-C by LSM were -52, -4, and -47% in each group, and was greater in the combination, as compared to valsartan (p<0.001), similar to rosuvastatin (p=0.16). Most AEs were mild and resolved by the end of the study. Conclusion Combination treatment with valsartan and rosuvastatin exhibited an additive blood pressure-lowering effect with acceptable tolerability, as compared to valsartan monotherapy. Its lipid lowering effect was similar to rosuvatatin monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yong Jang
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hak Lee
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Soo Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daedong Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Hong Seog Seo
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-Shik Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngkeun Ahn
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Nae-Hee Lee
- Department of Cardiology, Soon Chun Hyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Kwang Kon Koh
- Department of Cardiology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Tae-Soo Kang
- Division of Cardiology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Jo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Bum-Kee Hong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang-Ho Bae
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Mo Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kwang Soo Cha
- Division of Cardiology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Bum Soo Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choong Hwan Kwak
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital and Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Deok-Kyu Cho
- Department of Cardiology, Myongji Hospital Cardiovascular Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ung Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Joo-Hee Zo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk-Hyun Kang
- Division of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wook Bum Pyun
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kook Jin Chun
- Department of Cardiology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - June Namgung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Tae-Joon Cha
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeon Juhn
- Clinical Development Department, LG Life Sciences Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - YeiLi Jung
- Clinical Development Department, LG Life Sciences Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Yangsoo Jang
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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van Thiel BS, van der Pluijm I, te Riet L, Essers J, Danser AHJ. The renin-angiotensin system and its involvement in vascular disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:3-14. [PMID: 25987425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of many types of cardiovascular diseases including cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, aneurysms, stroke, coronary artery disease and vascular injury. Besides the classical regulatory effects on blood pressure and sodium homoeostasis, the RAS is involved in the regulation of contractility and remodelling of the vessel wall. Numerous studies have shown beneficial effect of inhibition of this system in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. However, dysregulation and overexpression of the RAS, through different molecular mechanisms, also induces, the initiation of vascular damage. The key effector peptide of the RAS, angiotensin II (Ang II) promotes cell proliferation, apoptosis, fibrosis, oxidative stress and inflammation, processes known to contribute to remodelling of the vasculature. In this review, we focus on the components that are under the influence of the RAS and contribute to the development and progression of vascular disease; extracellular matrix defects, atherosclerosis and ageing. Furthermore, the beneficial therapeutic effects of inhibition of the RAS on the vasculature are discussed, as well as the need for additive effects on top of RAS inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi S van Thiel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van der Pluijm
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk te Riet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Yamamoto K, Kakino A, Takeshita H, Hayashi N, Li L, Nakano A, Hanasaki-Yamamoto H, Fujita Y, Imaizumi Y, Toyama-Yokoyama S, Nakama C, Kawai T, Takeda M, Hongyo K, Oguro R, Maekawa Y, Itoh N, Takami Y, Onishi M, Takeya Y, Sugimoto K, Kamide K, Nakagami H, Ohishi M, Kurtz TW, Sawamura T, Rakugi H. Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) activates the angiotensin II type 1 receptor by binding to the lectin-like oxLDL receptor. FASEB J 2015; 29:3342-56. [PMID: 25877213 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) is a 7-transmembrane domain GPCR that when activated by its ligand angiotensin II, generates signaling events promoting vascular dysfunction and the development of cardiovascular disease. Here, we show that the single-transmembrane oxidized LDL (oxLDL) receptor (LOX-1) resides in proximity to AT1 on cell-surface membranes and that binding of oxLDL to LOX-1 can allosterically activate AT1-dependent signaling events. oxLDL-induced signaling events in human vascular endothelial cells were abolished by knockdown of AT1 and inhibited by AT1 blockade (ARB). oxLDL increased cytosolic G protein by 350% in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with genetically induced expression of AT1 and LOX-1, whereas little increase was observed in CHO cells expressing only LOX-1. Immunoprecipitation and in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) assays in CHO cells revealed the presence of cell-surface complexes involving LOX-1 and AT1. Chimeric analysis showed that oxLDL-induced AT1 signaling events are mediated via interactions between the intracellular domain of LOX-1 and AT1 that activate AT1. oxLDL-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation of vascular ring from mouse thoracic aorta was abolished by ARB or genetic deletion of AT1. These findings reveal a novel pathway for AT1 activation and suggest a new mechanism whereby oxLDL may be promoting risk for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yamamoto
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Akemi Kakino
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hikari Takeshita
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Norihiro Hayashi
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lei Li
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Atsushi Nakano
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hiroko Hanasaki-Yamamoto
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yoshiko Fujita
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yuki Imaizumi
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Serina Toyama-Yokoyama
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chikako Nakama
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Masao Takeda
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Hongyo
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ryosuke Oguro
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Maekawa
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Norihisa Itoh
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yoichi Takami
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miyuki Onishi
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yasushi Takeya
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ken Sugimoto
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kei Kamide
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hironori Nakagami
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mitsuru Ohishi
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Theodore W Kurtz
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Wrightia tinctoria in hypertension and dyslipidemia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 64:151-63. [PMID: 24681893 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to offer a possible pharmacological basis regarding the remedial utilization of Wrightia tinctoria in hypertension and dyslipidemia in certain South Asian traditional systems of medicine, using in vivo and in vitro assays. The aqueous methanolic extract of W. tinctoria seeds (Wt.Cr) caused a dose-dependent (1-10 mg/kg) decrease in arterial pressure in anesthetized rats. In the right atria of isolated guinea pigs, Wt.Cr equally inhibited force and rate of spontaneous atrial contractions. When tested on phenylephrine-, high K(+)-, and low K(+)-induced vasoconstrictions in isolated rat aorta, Wt.Cr produced a concentration-dependent vasorelaxation, the most potent being against low K(+)-induced contraction. It also created a rightward shift in the Ca(++) concentration-response curves and suppressed phenylephrine control peaks in a Ca(++)-free environment. In the rat model of tyloxapol-induced dyslipidemia, Wt.Cr produced a decline in the serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. In high fat diet-induced dyslipidemia, it decreased serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, improved high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and prevented the increase in average body weights by causing a decrease in diet consumption. These data suggest that Wt.Cr(++) lowers blood pressure through a combination of K(+)-channel opening and Ca(++)-channel blocking effects along with antidyslipidemic and weight-reducing properties.
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Zhou M, Ma C, Liu W, Liu H, Wang N, Kang Q, Li P. Valsartan Promoting Atherosclerotic Plaque Stabilization by Upregulating Renalase: A Potential-Related Gene of Atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2015; 20:509-19. [PMID: 25818930 DOI: 10.1177/1074248415575967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renalase is a protein that can regulate sympathetic nerve activity by metabolizing catecholamines, while redundant catecholamines are thought to contribute to atherosclerosis (As). Catecholamine release can be facilitated by angiotensin (Ang) II by binding to Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptors. Valsartan, a special AT1 antagonist, can dilate blood vessels and reduce blood pressure, but it remained unclear whether valsartan can promote the stability of atherosclerotic plaque by affecting renalase. OBJECTIVE This study examined the tissue distribution of renalase in ApoE(-/-) mice fed with a high-fat diet and the effect of valsartan on expression of renalase. METHODS ApoE(-/-) mice were fed with a high-fat diet for 13 or 26 weeks. As a control, 10 C57BL mice were fed with a standard chow diet. After 13 weeks on the high-fat diet, the ApoE(-/-) mice were randomized (10 mice/group) and treated with valsartan, simvastatin, or distilled water (control group) for an additional 13 weeks accompanied by a high-fat diet. RESULTS Knockout of ApoE caused a dramatic increase in expression of renalase in mice adipose tissue. With the disturbance of lipid metabolism induced by a high-fat diet, renalase expression decreased in the liver. Renalase can be expressed in smooth muscle cells and M2 macrophages in atherosclerotic plaque, and its expression gradually decreases in the fibrous cap during the transition from stable to vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. Valsartan, an AT1 receptor antagonist, promotes the stabilization of atherosclerotic plaque by increasing the levels of renalase in serum and the expression of renalase in the fibrous cap of atherosclerotic plaque. It also reduces triglyceride levels in serum and increases the expression of renalase in the liver. CONCLUSIONS Renalase may be a potential-related gene of lipid metabolism and As, and it may be the possible molecular target of valsartan to help stabilize atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Zhou
- Beijing Hospital of TCM Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of TCM, Beijing, China Both the authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Chao Ma
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Both the authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Weihong Liu
- Beijing Hospital of TCM Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of TCM, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxu Liu
- Beijing Hospital of TCM Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Beijing Hospital of TCM Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of TCM, Beijing, China
| | - Qunfu Kang
- Beijing Hospital of TCM Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of TCM, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Hospital of TCM Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of TCM, Beijing, China
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Vajapey R, Rini D, Walston J, Abadir P. The impact of age-related dysregulation of the angiotensin system on mitochondrial redox balance. Front Physiol 2014; 5:439. [PMID: 25505418 PMCID: PMC4241834 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with the accumulation of various deleterious changes in cells. According to the free radical and mitochondrial theory of aging, mitochondria initiate most of the deleterious changes in aging and govern life span. The failure of mitochondrial reduction-oxidation (redox) homeostasis and the formation of excessive free radicals are tightly linked to dysregulation in the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS). A main rate-controlling step in RAS is renin, an enzyme that hydrolyzes angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is further converted to Angiotensin II (Ang II) by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Ang II binds with equal affinity to two main angiotensin receptors—type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R). The binding of Ang II to AT1R activates NADPH oxidase, which leads to increased generation of cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species (ROS). This Ang II-AT1R–NADPH-ROS signal triggers the opening of mitochondrial KATP channels and mitochondrial ROS production in a positive feedback loop. Furthermore, RAS has been implicated in the decrease of many of ROS scavenging enzymes, thereby leading to detrimental levels of free radicals in the cell. AT2R is less understood, but evidence supports an anti-oxidative and mitochondria-protective function for AT2R. The overlap between age related changes in RAS and mitochondria, and the consequences of this overlap on age-related diseases are quite complex. RAS dysregulation has been implicated in many pathological conditions due to its contribution to mitochondrial dysfunction. Decreased age-related, renal and cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction was seen in patients treated with angiotensin receptor blockers. The aim of this review is to: (a) report the most recent information elucidating the role of RAS in mitochondrial redox hemostasis and (b) discuss the effect of age-related activation of RAS on generation of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Vajapey
- School of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - David Rini
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Art as Applied to Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy Walston
- Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter Abadir
- Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
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Weymann A, Sabashnikov A, Patil NP, Konertz W, Modersohn D, Dohmen PM. Eprosartan improves cardiac function in swine working heart model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2014; 20:55-62. [PMID: 24762635 PMCID: PMC4010602 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.890444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eprosartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used as an antihypertensive. We sought to evaluate the regional effect of Eprosartan on postinfarct ventricular remodeling and myocardial function in an isolated swine working heart model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS 22 swine hearts were perfused with the Langendorff perfusion apparatus under standard experimental conditions. Myocardial ischemia was induced by a 10-min left anterior descending artery ligation. Hearts were reperfused with either saline (control group, n=11), or Eprosartan (treatment group, n=11). Left ventricular pressure (LVP) and regional heart parameters such as intramyocardial pressure (IMP), wall thickening rate (WTh), and pressure-length-loops (PLL) were measured at baseline and after 30 min of reperfusion. RESULTS Measured parameters were statistically similar between the 2 groups at baseline. The administration of Eprosartan led to a significantly better recovery of IMP and WTh: 44.4±2.5 mmHg vs. 51.2±3.3 mmHg, p<0.001 and 3.8±0.4 µm vs. 4.4±0.3 µm, p=0.001, respectively. PLL were also significantly higher in the treatment group following reperfusion (21694±3259 units vs. 31267±3429 units, p<0.01). There was no difference in the LVP response to Eprosartan versus controls (63.6±3.0 mmHg vs. 62.5±3.1 mmHg, p=0.400). CONCLUSIONS Pre-treatment with Eprosartan is associated with a significant improvement in regional cardiac function under ischemic conditions. Pharmacological treatment with eprosartan may exert a direct cardioprotective effect on ischemic myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Weymann
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center – University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation & Mechanical Circulatory Support, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield, Middlesex, London, U.K
| | - Anton Sabashnikov
- Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation & Mechanical Circulatory Support, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield, Middlesex, London, U.K
| | - Nikhil P. Patil
- Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation & Mechanical Circulatory Support, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield, Middlesex, London, U.K
| | - Wolfgang Konertz
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Diethelm Modersohn
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascal M. Dohmen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of the Free State, Bloemfontain, South Africa
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Pons Z, Guerrero L, Margalef M, Arola L, Arola-Arnal A, Muguerza B. Effect of low molecular grape seed proanthocyanidins on blood pressure and lipid homeostasis in cafeteria diet-fed rats. J Physiol Biochem 2014; 70:629-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-014-0329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Fraga-Silva RA, Savergnini SQ, Montecucco F, Nencioni A, Caffa I, Soncini D, Costa-Fraga FP, De Sousa FB, Sinisterra RD, Capettini LAS, Lenglet S, Galan K, Pelli G, Bertolotto M, Pende A, Spinella G, Pane B, Dallegri F, Palombo D, Mach F, Stergiopulos N, Santos RAS, da Silva RF. Treatment with Angiotensin-(1-7) reduces inflammation in carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Thromb Haemost 2014; 111:736-47. [PMID: 24499778 DOI: 10.1160/th13-06-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7), acting through the receptor Mas, has atheroprotective effects; however, its role on plaque vulnerability has been poorly studied. Here, we investigated the expression of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components in stable and unstable human carotid plaques. In addition, we evaluated the effects of the chronic treatment with an oral formulation of Ang-(1-7) in a mouse model of shear stress-determined carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Upstream and downstream regions of internal carotid plaques were obtained from a recently published cohort of patients asymptomatic or symptomatic for ischaemic stroke. Angiotensinogen and renin genes were strongly expressed in the entire cohort, indicating an intense intraplaque modulation of the RAS. Intraplaque expression of the Mas receptor mRNA was increased in the downstream portion of asymptomatic patients as compared to corresponding region in symptomatic patients. Conversely, AT1 receptor gene expression was not modified between asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Treatment with Ang-(1-7) in ApoE-/- mice was associated with increased intraplaque collagen content in the aortic root and low shear stress-induced carotid plaques, and a decreased MMP-9 content and neutrophil and macrophage infiltration. These beneficial effects were not observed in the oscillatory shear stress-induced plaque. In vitro incubation with Ang-(1-7) did not affect ICAM-1 expression and apoptosis on cultured endothelial cells. In conclusion, Mas receptor is up regulated in the downstream portions of human stable carotid plaques as compared to unstable lesions. Treatment with the oral formulation of Ang-(1-7) enhances a more stable phenotype in atherosclerotic plaques, depending on the local pattern of shear stress forces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robson A S Santos
- Robson Augusto Souza dos Santos, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 - UFMG, 31270-901 - Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, Tel.: +55 31 3409 2956, E-mail:
| | - Rafaela F da Silva
- Rafaela Fernandes da Silva, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 - UFMG, 31270-901 - Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, Tel.: +55 31 3409 2956, E-mail:
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Snyder R, Thekkumkara T. Interplay between EGR1 and SP1 is critical for 13-cis retinoic acid-mediated transcriptional repression of angiotensin type 1A receptor. J Mol Endocrinol 2013; 50:361-74. [PMID: 23475749 PMCID: PMC3740742 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have demonstrated that 13-cis retinoic acid (13cRA) downregulates rat angiotensin type 1A receptor (Agtr1a) gene transcription through a MAP kinase (ERK1/2)-dependent mechanism in rat liver epithelial and aortic smooth muscle cells. However, the exact mechanism remained unknown. In this study, we determined the signaling intermediates activated by ERK1/2 involved in 13cRA-mediated Agtr1a downregulation. Rat Agtr1a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) promoter construct containing a sequence -2541 and -1836 bp upstream of the start site demonstrated reduced CAT activity; this region possesses a specificity protein 1 (SP1) consensus sequence (5'-TGGGGCGGGGCGGGG-3'). Mobility shift analysis using untreated nuclear extracts in the presence of mithramycin A suggests that the trans-acting factor binding to this cis-acting element is SP1. 13cRA significantly reduced specific binding without any change in SP1 protein expression. Studies showed that 13cRA treatment maximally phosphorylates ERK1/2 within 5-10 min, which translocates to the nucleus, activating early growth response protein 1 (Egr1) mRNA expression at 20 min followed by de novo protein synthesis, leading to an EGR1/SP1 interaction. siRNA silencing of Egr1 restored Agtr1a mRNA and protein expression in 13cRA-treated cells, and Sp1 silencing results in complete loss of Agtr1a expression. Our study suggests that 13cRA-mediated activation of ERK1/2, through EGR1, is capable of disrupting SP1, the requisite trans-activator for Agtr1a expression, providing a novel paradigm in Agtr1a gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Snyder
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 South Coulter, Amarillo, Texas 79106
| | - Thomas Thekkumkara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 South Coulter, Amarillo, Texas 79106
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Zhang WB, Du QJ, Li H, Sun AJ, Qiu ZH, Wu CN, Zhao G, Gong H, Hu K, Zou YZ, Ge JB. The therapeutic effect of rosuvastatin on cardiac remodelling from hypertrophy to fibrosis during the end-stage hypertension in rats. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 16:2227-37. [PMID: 22288611 PMCID: PMC3822992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
End-stage hypertensive heart disease is an increasing cause of cardiac mortality. Therefore, the current study focused on the cardiac remodelling from hypertrophy to fibrosis in old-aged spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), and explored the therapeutic effects of Rosuvastatin and its possible mechanism(s) of action. Spontaneously hypertensive rats at age 52 weeks were randomly divided into three groups, the first two to receive Rosuvastatin at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day and 40 mg/kg/day, respectively, and the third to receive placebo, which was to be compared with Wistar-Kyoto as controls. After 2-month treatment, SBP, heart to body weight ratio (HW/BW%) and echocardiographic features were evaluated, followed by haematoxylin and eosin and Masson trichrome staining in conjunction with qPCR of foetal gene expressions. Transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling assay and immunofluorescent labelling for active caspase-3 were used to detect the apoptotic cardiomyocytes. Signaling pathways involved were examined by using western blot. Old-aged SHR developed end-stage hypertensive heart disease characterized by significant enhancement of HW/BW%, LVAWd and LVPWd, and decreased LVEF and LVFS, accompanied by cardiomyocytes enlargement and fibrosis along with activation of foetal gene programme. Cardiac apoptosis increased significantly during the transition process. Rosuvastatin reduced hypertrophy significantly via AT1 Receptor-PKCβ2/α-ERK-c-fos pathway; protected myocardium against apoptosis via Akt-FOXO1, Bcl-2 family and survivin pathways and consequently suppressed the caspase-3 activity. The present study revealed that old-aged SHRs developed cardiac remodelling from hypertrophy to fibrosis via cardiac apoptosis during the end stage of hypertensive heart disease. These pathological changes might be the consequence of activation of AT1 Receptor-PKCβ2/α-ERK-c-fos and AKT-FOXO1/Bcl-2/survivin/Caspase3 signaling. Rosuvastatin effectively attenuated the structural changes by reversing the signaling transductions involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Yesudas R, Gumaste U, Snyder R, Thekkumkara T. Tannic acid down-regulates the angiotensin type 1 receptor through a MAPK-dependent mechanism. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:458-70. [PMID: 22322600 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of tannic acid (TA), a hydrolysable polyphenol, on angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) expression in continuously passaged rat liver epithelial cells. Under normal conditions, exposure of cells to TA resulted in the down-regulation of AT1R-specific binding in concentrations ranging from 12.5-100 μg/ml (7.34-58.78 μm) over a time period of 2-24 h with no change in receptor affinity to angiotensin II (AngII). The inhibitory effect of TA on AT1R was specific and reversible. In TA-treated cells, we observed a significant reduction in AngII-mediated intracellular calcium signaling, a finding consistent with receptor down-regulation. Under similar conditions, TA down-regulated AT1R mRNA expression without changing the rate of mRNA degradation, suggesting that TA's effect is mediated through transcriptional inhibition. Cells expressing recombinant AT1R without the native promoter show no change in receptor expression, whereas a pCAT reporter construct possessing the rat AT1R promoter was significantly reduced in activity. Furthermore, TA induced the phosphorylation of MAPK p42/p44. Pretreatment of the cells with a MAPK kinase (MEK)-specific inhibitor PD98059 prevented TA-induced MAPK phosphorylation and down-regulation of the AT1R. Moreover, there was no reduction in AngII-mediated intracellular calcium release upon MEK inhibition, suggesting that TA's observed inhibitory effect is mediated through MEK/MAPK signaling. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that TA inhibits AT1R gene expression and cellular response, suggesting the observed protective effects of dietary polyphenols on cardiovascular conditions may be, in part, through inhibition of AT1R expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Yesudas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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Wang Z, Koike T, Li P, Jiang H, Natsume Y, Mu L, Chen T, Oshida Y. Effects of angiotensin II AT1 receptor inhibition and exercise training on insulin action in rats on high-fat diet. Life Sci 2011; 90:322-7. [PMID: 22210187 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study was to determine whether combination of the angiotensin II AT1 receptor blocker (ARB), candesartan cilexetil, and exercise training can prevent the development of high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. MAIN METHODS F344/NSlc rats were fed normal chow diet or high-fat (HF) diet for 7 weeks. The HF-fed rats were either administered candesartan cilexetil (5 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)), exercise-trained, or received a combination of these 2 treatments. KEY FINDINGS Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) showed that combined treatment with candesartan cilexetil and exercise increased glucose tolerance as compared with each treatment alone in HF-fed rats. Moreover, euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp analysis showed improvement in glucose infusion rate with exercise training or candesartan cilexetil treatment alone, and further improvement was observed with the combination treatment. Systolic blood pressure improved with candesartan cilexetil but not with exercise alone. Finally, Glut-4 protein expression in soleus muscle was decreased with HF diet, and the expression was increased by exercise and not candesartan cilexetil treatment. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that the combination of candesartan cilexetil and exercise training improves insulin resistance as compared with each treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Tsukamoto O, Kitakaze M. It is Time to Reconsider the Cardiovascular Protection Afforded by RAAS Blockade - Overview of RAAS Systems. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2011; 27:133-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-011-6361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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