1
|
Münzberg H, Heymsfield SB, Berthoud HR, Morrison CD. History and future of leptin: Discovery, regulation and signaling. Metabolism 2024; 161:156026. [PMID: 39245434 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
The cloning of leptin 30 years ago in 1994 was an important milestone in obesity research. Prior to the discovery of leptin, obesity was stigmatized as a condition caused by lack of character and self-control. Mutations in either leptin or its receptor were the first single gene mutations found to cause severe obesity, and it is now recognized that obesity is caused mostly by a dysregulation of central neuronal circuits. Since the discovery of the leptin-deficient obese mouse (ob/ob) the cloning of leptin (ob aka lep) and leptin receptor (db aka lepr) genes, we have learned much about leptin and its action in the central nervous system. The first hope that leptin would cure obesity was quickly dampened because humans with obesity have increased leptin levels and develop leptin resistance. Nevertheless, leptin target sites in the brain represent an excellent blueprint to understand how neuronal circuits control energy homeostasis. Our expanding understanding of leptin function, interconnection of leptin signaling with other systems and impact on distinct physiological functions continues to guide and improve the development of safe and effective interventions to treat metabolic illnesses. This review highlights past concepts and current emerging concepts of the hormone leptin, leptin receptor signaling pathways and central targets to mediate distinct physiological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Münzberg
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America.
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Christopher D Morrison
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qiu X, Lan X, Li L, Chen H, Zhang N, Zheng X, Xie X. The role of perirenal adipose tissue deposition in chronic kidney disease progression: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Life Sci 2024; 352:122866. [PMID: 38936605 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a significant and escalating global health challenge, with morbidity and mortality rates rising steadily. Evidence increasingly implicates perirenal adipose tissue (PRAT) deposition as a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of CKD. This review explores how PRAT deposition may exert deleterious effects on renal structure and function. The anatomical proximity of PRAT to the kidneys not only potentially causes mechanical compression but also leads to the dysregulated secretion of adipokines and inflammatory mediators, such as adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and exosomes. Additionally, PRAT deposition may contribute to renal lipotoxicity through elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TAG), diacylglycerol (DAG), and ceramides (Cer). PRAT deposition is also linked to the hyperactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which further exacerbates CKD progression. Recognizing PRAT deposition as an independent risk factor for CKD underscores the potential of targeting PRAT as a novel strategy for the prevention and management of CKD. This review further discusses interventions that could include measuring PRAT thickness to establish a baseline, managing metabolic risk factors that promote its deposition, and inhibiting key PRAT-induced signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Qiu
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Public Center of Experimental Technology, Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xin Lan
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Public Center of Experimental Technology, Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Langhui Li
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Public Center of Experimental Technology, Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Huan Chen
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Public Center of Experimental Technology, Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Nucleic Acid Medicine of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ningjuan Zhang
- The School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Zheng
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Xiang Xie
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Public Center of Experimental Technology, Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ren SG, Li DM, Liu H. Baroreflex afferent function is a part of insights of Leptin-mediated blood pressure reduction and Leptin-resistance hypertension. Neuropeptides 2024; 105:102418. [PMID: 38442503 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2024.102418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to verify the impact of Leptin in blood pressure (BP) regulation and Leptin-resistance in metabolic/neurogenic hypertension through baroreflex afferents and dysregulation. Artery BP/heart rate (HR) were measured while nodose (NG) microinjection of Leptin, membrane depolarization/inward current were obtained by whole-cell patch from NG neurons isolated from adult female rats. Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) tested with PE/SNP, distribution/expression of Leptin/receptors in the NG/nucleus tractus solitary (NTS) examined using immumostaining and qRT-PCR, and serum concentrations of Leptin/NE measured by ELISA were observed in control and high fructose-drinking induced hypertension (HTN-HFD) rats. The results showed that BP was significantly/dose-dependently reduced by Leptin NG microinjection likely through direct excitation of female-specific subpopulation of Ah-type neurons showing a potent membrane depolarization/inward currents. Sex-specific distribution/expression of OB-Ra/OB-Rb in the NG were detected with estrogen-dependent manner, similar observations were also confirmed in the NTS. As expected, BRS was dramatically decreased in the presence of PE/SNP in both male and female rats except for the female with PE at given concentrations. Additionally, serum concentration of Leptin was elevated in HFD-HTN model rats of either sex with more obvious in females. Under hypertensive condition, the mean fluorescent density of OB-R and mRNA expression for OB-Ra/OB-Rb in the NG/NTS were significantly down-regulated. These results have demonstrated that Leptin play a role in dominant parasympathetic drive via baroreflex afferent activation to buffer Leptin-mediated sympathetic activation systemically and Leptin-resistance is an innegligible mechanism for metabolic/neurogenic hypertension through baroreflex afferent dysregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Gang Ren
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, China; South Zhejiang Institute of Radiation Medicine and Nuclear Technology Application, Wenzhou 325089, China
| | - Dong-Mei Li
- Basic Medical Department of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Hua Liu
- General Department, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214151, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Carnevale D. Role of Inflammatory Processes in the Brain-Body Relationship Underlying Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2023; 25:455-461. [PMID: 37787865 PMCID: PMC10698121 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-023-01268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Essential hypertension is a huge health problem that significantly impacts worldwide population in terms of morbidity and mortality. Idiopathic in its nature, elevated blood pressure results from a complex interaction between polygenic components and environmental and lifestyle factors. The constant growth in the burden of hypertension is at odds with expectations, considering the availability of therapeutic strategies. Hence, there is an endless need to further investigate the complexity of factors contributing to blood pressure elevation. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data indicate that bidirectional interactions between the nervous system and the immune system alter inflammation in the brain and periphery, contributing to chronic hypertension. These findings indicate that the nervous system is both a direct driver of hypertension and also a target of feedback that often elevates blood pressure further. Similarly, the immune system is both target and driver of the blood pressure increases. The contributions of the feedback loops among these systems appear to play an important role in hypertension. Together, recent mechanistic studies strongly suggest that the interactions among the brain, immune system, and inflammation affect the participation of each system in the pathogenesis of hypertension, and thus, all of these systems must be considered in concert to gain a full appreciation of the development and potential treatments of hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carnevale
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Karlen-Amarante M, Bassi M, Barbosa RM, Sá JM, Menani JV, Colombari E, Zoccal DB, Colombari DSA. Maternal high-fat diet changes breathing pattern and causes excessive sympathetic discharge in juvenile offspring rat. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L662-L674. [PMID: 37786934 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00013.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life over-nutrition, as experienced in maternal obesity, is a risk factor for developing cardiorespiratory and metabolic diseases. Here we investigated the effects of high-fat diet (HFD) consumption on the breathing pattern and sympathetic discharge to blood vessels in juvenile offspring from dams fed with HFD (O-HFD). Adult female Holtzman rats were given a standard diet (SD) or HFD from 6 wk before gestation to weaning. At weaning (P21), the male offspring from SD dams (O-SD) and O-HFD received SD until the experimental day (P28-P45). Nerve recordings performed in decerebrated in situ preparations demonstrated that O-HFD animals presented abdominal expiratory hyperactivity under resting conditions and higher vasoconstrictor sympathetic activity levels. The latter was associated with blunted respiratory-related oscillations in sympathetic activity, especially in control animals. When exposed to elevated hypercapnia or hypoxia levels, the O-HFD animals mounted similar ventilatory and respiratory motor responses as the control animals. Hypercapnia and hypoxia exposure also increased sympathetic activity in both groups but did not reinstate the respiratory-sympathetic coupling in the O-HFD rats. In freely behaving conditions, O-HFD animals exhibited higher resting pulmonary ventilation and larger variability of arterial pressure levels than the O-SD animals due to augmented sympathetic modulation of blood vessel diameter. Maternal obesity modified the functioning of cardiorespiratory systems in offspring at a young age, inducing active expiration and sympathetic overactivity under resting conditions. These observations represent new evidence about pregnancy-related complications that lead to the development of respiratory distress and hypertension in children of obese mothers.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Maternal obesity is a risk factor for developing cardiorespiratory and metabolic diseases. This study highlights the changes on the breathing pattern and sympathetic discharge to blood vessels in juvenile offspring from dams fed with HFD. Maternal obesity modified the functioning of cardiorespiratory systems in offspring, inducing active expiration and sympathetic overactivity. These observations represent new evidence about pregnancy-related complications that lead to the development of respiratory distress and hypertension in children of obese mothers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlusa Karlen-Amarante
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Mirian Bassi
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Moreira Barbosa
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Matheus Sá
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - José Vanderlei Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Zoccal
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Haspula D, Cui Z. Neurochemical Basis of Inter-Organ Crosstalk in Health and Obesity: Focus on the Hypothalamus and the Brainstem. Cells 2023; 12:1801. [PMID: 37443835 PMCID: PMC10341274 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise neural regulation is required for maintenance of energy homeostasis. Essential to this are the hypothalamic and brainstem nuclei which are located adjacent and supra-adjacent to the circumventricular organs. They comprise multiple distinct neuronal populations which receive inputs not only from other brain regions, but also from circulating signals such as hormones, nutrients, metabolites and postprandial signals. Hence, they are ideally placed to exert a multi-tier control over metabolism. The neuronal sub-populations present in these key metabolically relevant nuclei regulate various facets of energy balance which includes appetite/satiety control, substrate utilization by peripheral organs and glucose homeostasis. In situations of heightened energy demand or excess, they maintain energy homeostasis by restoring the balance between energy intake and expenditure. While research on the metabolic role of the central nervous system has progressed rapidly, the neural circuitry and molecular mechanisms involved in regulating distinct metabolic functions have only gained traction in the last few decades. The focus of this review is to provide an updated summary of the mechanisms by which the various neuronal subpopulations, mainly located in the hypothalamus and the brainstem, regulate key metabolic functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanush Haspula
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhenzhong Cui
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
King H, Reiber M, Philippi V, Stirling H, Aulehner K, Bankstahl M, Bleich A, Buchecker V, Glasenapp A, Jirkof P, Miljanovic N, Schönhoff K, von Schumann L, Leenaars C, Potschka H. Anesthesia and analgesia for experimental craniotomy in mice and rats: a systematic scoping review comparing the years 2009 and 2019. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1143109. [PMID: 37207181 PMCID: PMC10188949 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1143109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental craniotomies are a common surgical procedure in neuroscience. Because inadequate analgesia appears to be a problem in animal-based research, we conducted this review and collected information on management of craniotomy-associated pain in laboratory mice and rats. A comprehensive search and screening resulted in the identification of 2235 studies, published in 2009 and 2019, describing craniotomy in mice and/or rats. While key features were extracted from all studies, detailed information was extracted from a random subset of 100 studies/year. Reporting of perioperative analgesia increased from 2009 to 2019. However, the majority of studies from both years did not report pharmacologic pain management. Moreover, reporting of multimodal treatments remained at a low level, and monotherapeutic approaches were more common. Among drug groups, reporting of pre- and postoperative administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and local anesthetics in 2019 exceeded that of 2009. In summary, these results suggest that inadequate analgesia and oligoanalgesia are persistent issues associated with experimental intracranial surgery. This underscores the need for intensified training of those working with laboratory rodents subjected to craniotomies. Systematic review registration https://osf.io/7d4qe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah King
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Reiber
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vanessa Philippi
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helen Stirling
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Aulehner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Bankstahl
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - Verena Buchecker
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Aylina Glasenapp
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - Paulin Jirkof
- Office for Animal Welfare and 3Rs, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Miljanovic
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Schönhoff
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lara von Schumann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cathalijn Leenaars
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Heidrun Potschka,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu J, Lai F, Hou Y, Zheng R. Leptin signaling and leptin resistance. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:363-384. [PMID: 37724323 PMCID: PMC10388810 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
With the prevalence of obesity and associated comorbidities, studies aimed at revealing mechanisms that regulate energy homeostasis have gained increasing interest. In 1994, the cloning of leptin was a milestone in metabolic research. As an adipocytokine, leptin governs food intake and energy homeostasis through leptin receptors (LepR) in the brain. The failure of increased leptin levels to suppress feeding and elevate energy expenditure is referred to as leptin resistance, which encompasses complex pathophysiological processes. Within the brain, LepR-expressing neurons are distributed in hypothalamus and other brain areas, and each population of the LepR-expressing neurons may mediate particular aspects of leptin effects. In LepR-expressing neurons, the binding of leptin to LepR initiates multiple signaling cascades including janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, etc., mediating leptin actions. These findings place leptin at the intersection of metabolic and neuroendocrine regulations, and render leptin a key target for treating obesity and associated comorbidities. This review highlights the main discoveries that shaped the field of leptin for better understanding of the mechanism governing metabolic homeostasis, and guides the development of safe and effective interventions to treat obesity and associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Futing Lai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Hou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruimao Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bhunu B, Riccio I, Intapad S. Insights into the Mechanisms of Fetal Growth Restriction-Induced Programming of Hypertension. Integr Blood Press Control 2021; 14:141-152. [PMID: 34675650 PMCID: PMC8517636 DOI: 10.2147/ibpc.s312868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, both clinical and animal studies have shown that fetal growth restriction (FGR), caused by exposure to adverse uterine environments, is a risk factor for hypertension as well as for a variety of adult diseases. This observation has shaped and informed the now widely accepted theory of developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD). There is a plethora of evidence supporting the association of FGR with increased risk of adult hypertension; however, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this correlation remain unclear. This review aims to explain the current advances in the field of fetal programming of hypertension and a brief narration of the underlying mechanisms that may link FGR to increased risk of adult hypertension. We explain the theory of DOHaD and then provide evidence from both clinical and basic science research which support the theory of fetal programming of adult hypertension. In addition, we have explored the underlying mechanisms that may link FGR to an increased risk of adult hypertension. These mechanisms include epigenetic changes, metabolic disorders, vascular dysfunction, neurohormonal impairment, and alterations in renal physiology and function. We further describe sex differences seen in the developmental origins of hypertension and provide insights into the opportunities and challenges present in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bhunu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Isabel Riccio
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Suttira Intapad
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tang Q, Liu Q, Yang X, Wu T, Huang C, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhang G, Zhao Y, Zhou J, Huang H, Xia Y, Yan J, Li Y, He J. Sirtuin 6 supra-physiological overexpression in hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin neurons promotes obesity via the hypothalamus-adipose axis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21408. [PMID: 33583107 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuin 6 (Sirt6), a member of the Sirtuin family, has important roles in maintaining glucose and lipid metabolism. Our previous studies demonstrated that the deletion of Sirt6 in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing cells by the loxP-Cre system resulted in severe obesity and hepatic steatosis. However, whether overexpression of Sirt6 in hypothalamic POMC neurons could ameliorate diet-induced obesity is still unknown. Thus, we generated mice specifically overexpressing Sirt6 in hypothalamic POMC neurons (PSOE) by stereotaxic injection of Cre-dependent adeno-associated viruses into the arcuate nucleus of Pomc-Cre mice. PSOE mice showed increased adiposity and decreased energy expenditure. Furthermore, thermogenesis of BAT and lipolysis of WAT were both impaired, caused by reduced sympathetic nerve innervation and activity in adipose tissues. Mechanistically, Sirt6 overexpression decreasing STAT3 acetylation, thus lowering POMC expression in the hypothalamus underlined the observed phenotypes in PSOE mice. These results demonstrate that Sirt6 overexpression specifically in the hypothalamic POMC neurons exacerbates diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorders via the hypothalamus-adipose axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Tang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinhui Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuping Yang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cuiyuan Huang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhang Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zijing Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guorong Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingnan Zhao
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Xia
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiamin Yan
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhan He
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Haze T, Hatakeyama M, Komiya S, Kawano R, Ohki Y, Suzuki S, Kobayashi Y, Fujiwara A, Saka S, Tamura K, Hirawa N. Association of the ratio of visceral-to-subcutaneous fat volume with renal function among patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:1341-1351. [PMID: 34363052 PMCID: PMC8490149 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00719-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with primary aldosteronism have a higher risk of chronic kidney disease. Visceral fat tissue is hypothesized to stimulate the adrenal glands to overproduce aldosterone, and aldosterone promotes visceral fat tissue to produce inflammatory cytokines. However, it is unclear whether the volume of accumulated visceral fat tissue is associated with renal impairment among patients with hyperaldosteronism. We conducted a single-center cross-sectional study to assess the association between the estimated glomerular filtration rate and the ratio of the visceral-to-subcutaneous fat volume calculated by computed tomography. One hundred eighty patients with primary aldosteronism were enrolled. The mean ± SD age was 52.7 ± 11.0 years, and 60.0% were women. The ratio of visceral-to-subcutaneous fat volume was highly correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (r = 0.49, p < 0.001). In multiple linear regression models, the ratio of visceral-to-subcutaneous fat tissue volume was significantly associated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (estimates: -4.56 mL/min/1.73 m² per 1-SD), and there was an interaction effect between the plasma aldosterone concentration and the ratio of visceral-to-subcutaneous fat volume (p < 0.05). The group with a higher plasma aldosterone concentration exhibited a steeper decline in eGFR than the lower plasma aldosterone concentration group when the ratio increased. The ratio of visceral-to-subcutaneous fat tissue volume was an independent risk factor for renal dysfunction. This association increased in the presence of a high plasma aldosterone concentration. Clinicians should pay attention to the ratio of visceral-to-subcutaneous fat tissue volume and encourage primary aldosteronism patients to improve their lifestyle in addition to treating renin-aldosterone activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Haze
- grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan ,grid.413045.70000 0004 0467 212XDepartment of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Moe Hatakeyama
- grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan ,grid.413045.70000 0004 0467 212XDepartment of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shiro Komiya
- grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan ,grid.413045.70000 0004 0467 212XDepartment of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rina Kawano
- grid.413045.70000 0004 0467 212XDepartment of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohki
- grid.413045.70000 0004 0467 212XDepartment of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shota Suzuki
- grid.413045.70000 0004 0467 212XDepartment of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kobayashi
- grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Center for Nobel and Exploratory Clinical Trials (Y-NEXT), Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akira Fujiwara
- grid.413045.70000 0004 0467 212XDepartment of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sanae Saka
- grid.413045.70000 0004 0467 212XDepartment of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kouichi Tamura
- grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Hirawa
- grid.413045.70000 0004 0467 212XDepartment of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hall JE, Mouton AJ, da Silva AA, Omoto ACM, Wang Z, Li X, do Carmo JM. Obesity, kidney dysfunction, and inflammation: interactions in hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:1859-1876. [PMID: 33258945 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity contributes 65-75% of the risk for human primary (essential) hypertension (HT) which is a major driver of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Kidney dysfunction, associated with increased renal sodium reabsorption and compensatory glomerular hyperfiltration, plays a key role in initiating obesity-HT and target organ injury. Mediators of kidney dysfunction and increased blood pressure include (i) elevated renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA); (ii) increased antinatriuretic hormones such as angiotensin II and aldosterone; (iii) relative deficiency of natriuretic hormones; (iv) renal compression by fat in and around the kidneys; and (v) activation of innate and adaptive immune cells that invade tissues throughout the body, producing inflammatory cytokines/chemokines that contribute to vascular and target organ injury, and exacerbate HT. These neurohormonal, renal, and inflammatory mechanisms of obesity-HT are interdependent. For example, excess adiposity increases the adipocyte-derived cytokine leptin which increases RSNA by stimulating the central nervous system proopiomelanocortin-melanocortin 4 receptor pathway. Excess visceral, perirenal and renal sinus fat compress the kidneys which, along with increased RSNA, contribute to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, although obesity may also activate mineralocorticoid receptors independent of aldosterone. Prolonged obesity, HT, metabolic abnormalities, and inflammation cause progressive renal injury, making HT more resistant to therapy and often requiring multiple antihypertensive drugs and concurrent treatment of dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, diabetes, and inflammation. More effective anti-obesity drugs are needed to prevent the cascade of cardiorenal, metabolic, and immune disorders that threaten to overwhelm health care systems as obesity prevalence continues to increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E Hall
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
| | - Alan J Mouton
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
| | - Alexandre A da Silva
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
| | - Ana C M Omoto
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gauda EB, Conde S, Bassi M, Zoccal DB, Almeida Colombari DS, Colombari E, Despotovic N. Leptin: Master Regulator of Biological Functions that Affects Breathing. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:1047-1083. [PMID: 32941688 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic in developed countries accounting for many of the metabolic and cardiorespiratory morbidities that occur in adults. These morbidities include type 2 diabetes, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), obstructive sleep apnea, chronic intermittent hypoxia, and hypertension. Leptin, produced by adipocytes, is a master regulator of metabolism and of many other biological functions including central and peripheral circuits that control breathing. By binding to receptors on cells and neurons in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and carotid body, leptin links energy and metabolism to breathing. In this comprehensive article, we review the central and peripheral locations of leptin's actions that affect cardiorespiratory responses during health and disease, with a particular focus on obesity, SDB, and its effects during early development. Obesity-induced hyperleptinemia is associated with centrally mediated hypoventilation with decrease CO2 sensitivity. On the other hand, hyperleptinemia augments peripheral chemoreflexes to hypoxia and induces sympathoexcitation. Thus, "leptin resistance" in obesity is relative. We delineate the circuits responsible for these divergent effects, including signaling pathways. We review the unique effects of leptin during development on organogenesis, feeding behavior, and cardiorespiratory responses, and how undernutrition and overnutrition during critical periods of development can lead to cardiorespiratory comorbidities in adulthood. We conclude with suggestions for future directions to improve our understanding of leptin dysregulation and associated clinical diseases and possible therapeutic targets. Lastly, we briefly discuss the yin and the yang, specifically the contribution of relative adiponectin deficiency in adults with hyperleptinemia to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:1047-1083, 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estelle B Gauda
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Silvia Conde
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mirian Bassi
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Zoccal
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Simoes Almeida Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nikola Despotovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity increases the risk of hypertension. However, blood pressure decreases before any significant loss of body weight after bariatric surgery. We review the mechanisms of the temporal dissociation between blood pressure and body weight after bariatric surgery. RECENT FINDINGS Restrictive and bypass bariatric surgery lower blood pressure and plasma leptin levels within days of the procedure in both hypertensive and normotensive morbidly obese patients. Rapidly decreasing plasma leptin levels and minimal loss of body weight point to reduced sympathetic nervous system activity as the underlying mechanism of rapid blood pressure decline after bariatric surgery. After the early rapid decline, blood pressure does not decrease further in patients who, while still obese, experience a steady loss of body weight for the subsequent 12 months. The divergent effects of bariatric surgery on blood pressure and body weight query the role of excess body weight in the pathobiology of the obesity phenotype of hypertension. The decrease in blood pressure after bariatric surgery is moderate and independent of body weight. The lack of temporal relationship between blood pressure reduction and loss of body weight for 12 months after sleeve gastrectomy questions the nature of the mechanisms underlying obesity-associated hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Samson
- Section of Cardiology, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenuew, SL-48, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Karnika Ayinapudi
- Section of Cardiology, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenuew, SL-48, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Thierry H Le Jemtel
- Section of Cardiology, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenuew, SL-48, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Suzanne Oparil
- Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shi Z, Pelletier NE, Wong J, Li B, Sdrulla AD, Madden CJ, Marks DL, Brooks VL. Leptin increases sympathetic nerve activity via induction of its own receptor in the paraventricular nucleus. eLife 2020; 9:e55357. [PMID: 32538782 PMCID: PMC7316512 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether leptin acts in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to increase sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) is unclear, since PVN leptin receptors (LepR) are sparse. We show in rats that PVN leptin slowly increases SNA to muscle and brown adipose tissue, because it induces the expression of its own receptor and synergizes with local glutamatergic neurons. PVN LepR are not expressed in astroglia and rarely in microglia; instead, glutamatergic neurons express LepR, some of which project to a key presympathetic hub, the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). In PVN slices from mice expressing GCaMP6, leptin excites glutamatergic neurons. LepR are expressed mainly in thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons, some of which project to the RVLM. Injections of TRH into the RVLM and dorsomedial hypothalamus increase SNA, highlighting these nuclei as likely targets. We suggest that this neuropathway becomes important in obesity, in which elevated leptin maintains the hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis, despite leptin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Shi
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyPortlandUnited States
| | | | - Jennifer Wong
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyPortlandUnited States
| | - Baoxin Li
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyPortlandUnited States
| | - Andrei D Sdrulla
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative MedicinePortlandUnited States
| | | | - Daniel L Marks
- Department of Pediatrics, Pape Family Pediatric Research Institute, Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhong B, Ma S, Wang DH. Ablation of TRPV1 Elevates Nocturnal Blood Pressure in Western Diet-fed Mice. Curr Hypertens Rev 2020; 15:144-153. [PMID: 30381083 PMCID: PMC6635649 DOI: 10.2174/1573402114666181031141840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study tested the hypothesis that genetically ablation of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) exacerbates impairment of baroreflex in mice fed a western diet (WD) and leads to distinct diurnal and nocturnal blood pressure patterns. Methods: TRPV1 gene knockout (TRPV1-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were given a WD or normal diet (CON) for 4 months. Results: Capsaicin, a selective TRPV1 agonist, increased ipsilateral afferent renal nerve activity in WT but not TRPV1-/- mice. The sensitivity of renal sympathetic nerve activity and heart rate responses to baroreflex were reduced in TRPV1-/--CON and WT-WD and further decreased in TRPV1-/--WD compared to the WT-CON group. Urinary norepinephrine and serum insulin and leptin at day and night were increased in WT-WD and TRPV1-/--WD, with further elevation at night in TRPV1-/--WD. WD intake increased leptin, IL-6, and TNF-α in adipose tissue, and TNF-α antagonist III, R-7050, decreased leptin in TRPV1-/--WD. The urinary albumin level was higher in TRPV1-/--WD than WT-WD. Blood pressure was not dif-ferent during daytime among all groups, but increased at night in the TRPV1-/--WD group compared with other groups. Conclusions: TRPV1 ablation leads to elevated nocturnal but not diurnal blood pressure, which is probably attributed to fur-ther enhancement of sympathetic drives at night.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beihua Zhong
- Division of Nanomedicine and Molecular Intervention, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan MI 48824, United States
| | - Shuangtao Ma
- Division of Nanomedicine and Molecular Intervention, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan MI 48824, United States
| | - Donna H Wang
- Division of Nanomedicine and Molecular Intervention, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan MI 48824, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan MI 48824, United States.,Cell & Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan MI 48824, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Obesity increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in men, but not women. Here, we review current evidence suggesting that sexually dimorphic sympathoexcitatory responses to leptin and insulin may contribute. More specifically, while insulin increases SNA similarly in lean males and females, this response is markedly amplified in obese males, but is abolished in obese females. In lean female rats, leptin increases a subset of sympathetic nerves only during the high estrogen proestrus reproductive phase; thus, in obese females, because reproductive cycling can become impaired, the sporadic nature of leptin-induced sympathoexcitaton could minimize its action, despite elevated leptin levels. In contrast, in males, obesity preserves or enhances the central sympathoexcitatory response to leptin, and current evidence favors leptin’s contribution to the well-established increases in SNA induced by obesity in men. Leptin and insulin increase SNA via receptor binding in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and a neuropathway that includes arcuate neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) projections to the paraventricular nucleus. These metabolic hormones normally suppress sympathoinhibitory NPY neurons and activate sympathoexcitatory POMC neurons. However, obesity appears to alter the ongoing activity and responsiveness of arcuate NPY and POMC neurons in a sexually dimorphic way, such that SNA increases in males but not females. We propose hypotheses to explain these sex differences and suggest areas of future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, L-334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jennifer Wong
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, L-334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Virginia L Brooks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, L-334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hall JE, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Wang Z, Hall ME. Obesity, kidney dysfunction and hypertension: mechanistic links. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 15:367-385. [PMID: 31015582 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-019-0145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Excessive adiposity raises blood pressure and accounts for 65-75% of primary hypertension, which is a major driver of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. In obesity, abnormal kidney function and associated increases in tubular sodium reabsorption initiate hypertension, which is often mild before the development of target organ injury. Factors that contribute to increased sodium reabsorption in obesity include kidney compression by visceral, perirenal and renal sinus fat; increased renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA); increased levels of anti-natriuretic hormones, such as angiotensin II and aldosterone; and adipokines, particularly leptin. The renal and neurohormonal pathways of obesity and hypertension are intertwined. For example, leptin increases RSNA by stimulating the central nervous system proopiomelanocortin-melanocortin 4 receptor pathway, and kidney compression and RSNA contribute to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation. Glucocorticoids and/or oxidative stress may also contribute to mineralocorticoid receptor activation in obesity. Prolonged obesity and progressive renal injury often lead to the development of treatment-resistant hypertension. Patient management therefore often requires multiple antihypertensive drugs and concurrent treatment of dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, diabetes and inflammation. If more effective strategies for the prevention and control of obesity are not developed, cardiorenal, metabolic and other obesity-associated diseases could overwhelm health-care systems in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA. .,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Alexandre A da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Michael E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Seoane-Collazo P, Martínez-Sánchez N, Milbank E, Contreras C. Incendiary Leptin. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020472. [PMID: 32069871 PMCID: PMC7071158 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a hormone released by adipose tissue that plays a key role in the control of energy homeostasis through its binding to leptin receptors (LepR), mainly expressed in the hypothalamus. Most scientific evidence points to leptin’s satiating effect being due to its dual capacity to promote the expression of anorexigenic neuropeptides and to reduce orexigenic expression in the hypothalamus. However, it has also been demonstrated that leptin can stimulate (i) thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and (ii) the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). Since the demonstration of the importance of BAT in humans 10 years ago, its study has aroused great interest, mainly in the improvement of obesity-associated metabolic disorders through the induction of thermogenesis. Consequently, several strategies targeting BAT activation (mainly in rodent models) have demonstrated great potential to improve hyperlipidemias, hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance and weight gain, leading to an overall healthier metabolic profile. Here, we review the potential therapeutic ability of leptin to correct obesity and other metabolic disorders, not only through its satiating effect, but by also utilizing its thermogenic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Seoane-Collazo
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.S.-C.); (N.M.-S.); (C.C.); Tel.: +81-298-533-301 (P.S.-C.); +34-913-941-650 (N.M.-S.); +44-01865285890 (C.C.)
| | - Noelia Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
- Correspondence: (P.S.-C.); (N.M.-S.); (C.C.); Tel.: +81-298-533-301 (P.S.-C.); +34-913-941-650 (N.M.-S.); +44-01865285890 (C.C.)
| | - Edward Milbank
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Contreras
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.S.-C.); (N.M.-S.); (C.C.); Tel.: +81-298-533-301 (P.S.-C.); +34-913-941-650 (N.M.-S.); +44-01865285890 (C.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nguyen LV, Ta QV, Dang TB, Nguyen PH, Nguyen T, Pham TVH, Nguyen THT, Baker S, Le Tran T, Yang DJ, Kim KW, Doan KV. Carvedilol improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in treatment of adrenergic overdrive in high fat diet-induced obesity in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224674. [PMID: 31682617 PMCID: PMC6827914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Catecholamine excess reflecting an adrenergic overdrive of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) has been proposed to link to hyperleptinemia in obesity and may contribute to the development of metabolic disorders. However, relationship between the catecholamine level and plasma leptin in obesity has not yet been investigated. Moreover, whether pharmacological blockade of the adrenergic overdrive in obesity by the third-generation beta-blocker agents such as carvedilol could help to prevent metabolic disorders is controversial and remains to be determined. Using the high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model, we found that basal plasma norepinephrine, the principal catecholamine as an index of SNS activity, was persistently elevated and highly correlated with plasma leptin concentration during obesity development. Targeting the adrenergic overdrive from this chronic norepinephrine excess in HFD-induced obesity with carvedilol, a third-generation beta-blocker with vasodilating action, blunted the HFD-induced hepatic glucose over-production by suppressing the induction of gluconeogenic enzymes, and enhanced the muscular insulin signaling pathway. Furthermore, carvedilol treatment in HFD-induced obese mice decreased the enlargement of white adipose tissue and improved the glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity without affecting body weight and blood glucose levels. Our results suggested that catecholamine excess in obesity might directly link to the hyperleptinemic condition and the therapeutic targeting of chronic adrenergic overdrive in obesity with carvedilol might be helpful to attenuate obesity-related metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linh V. Nguyen
- School of Medicine, Tan Tao University, Long An, Viet Nam
| | - Quang V. Ta
- School of Biotechnology, Tan Tao University, Long An, Viet Nam
| | - Thao B. Dang
- School of Medicine, Tan Tao University, Long An, Viet Nam
| | | | - Thach Nguyen
- School of Medicine, Tan Tao University, Long An, Viet Nam
| | | | - Trang HT. Nguyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
| | - Stephen Baker
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
| | - Trung Le Tran
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Joo Yang
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Woo Kim
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (KWK); (KVD)
| | - Khanh V. Doan
- School of Medicine, Tan Tao University, Long An, Viet Nam
- * E-mail: (KWK); (KVD)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen HH, Chu CH, Wen SW, Lai CC, Cheng PW, Tseng CJ. Excessive Fructose Intake Impairs Baroreflex Sensitivity and Led to Elevated Blood Pressure in Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112581. [PMID: 31731536 PMCID: PMC6893539 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension development with an increased intake of added sugar, especially excessive fructose intake, was shown in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. However, the mechanism underlying blood pressure (BP) elevation with increased fructose intake is still unclear. First, the present study showed that in rats fed 10% fructose for one week, BP and fructose/glucose levels increased in the central and peripheral nervous system. Furthermore, increased fructose intake resulted in an upregulation of fructose concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid. Second, consumption of excess fructose increased serum triglycerides. However, the inhibition of triglyceride production did not mitigate sympathetic nerve hyperactivity, but contributed to an insignificant decrease in BP. Finally, increased fructose intake reduced nitric oxide (NO) levels in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and reduced baroreflex sensitivity within a week. Collectively, the data suggested that fructose intake reduced NO levels in the NTS and caused baroreflex dysfunction, which further stimulated sympathetic nerve activity and induced the development of high BP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hung Chen
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, (H.-H.C.)
- Yuh-Ing Junior College of Health Care & Management, Kaohsiung 821, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsun Chu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan,
- Department of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 831, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Wen
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, (H.-H.C.)
| | - Chi-Cheng Lai
- Cardiology, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan,
| | - Pei-Wen Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, (H.-H.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jiunn Tseng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, (H.-H.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lansdown AJ, Warnert EAH, Sverrisdóttir Y, Wise RG, Rees DA. Regional Cerebral Activation Accompanies Sympathoexcitation in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:3614-3623. [PMID: 31127833 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with increased sympathetic nervous system activation, but the cerebral pathways involved are unclear. OBJECTIVE To compare cerebral [blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI], pressor [blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR], and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) responses to isometric forearm contraction (IFC) in women with PCOS and matched control subjects. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Referral center. PARTICIPANTS Patients with PCOS (n = 20; mean ± SD data: age, 29.8 ± 4.8 years; body mass index (BMI), 26.1 ± 4.9 kg/ m2) and 20 age- and BMI-matched control subjects (age, 29.7 ± 5.0 years; BMI, 26.1 ± 4.8 kg/ m2). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES BP, HR, catecholamine, and MSNA responses to 30% IFC. BOLD signal change was modeled for BP response to 30% IFC. RESULTS Although HR and BP increased to a similar extent in both groups after IFC, MSNA burst frequency increased by 68% in the PCOS group compared with 11.9% in control subjects (n = 7 in both groups; P = 0.002). Brain activation indexed by the BOLD signal in response to IFC was significantly greater in the PCOS group (n = 15) compared with controls (n = 15) in the right orbitofrontal cortex (P < 0.0001). Adjustment for insulin sensitivity, but not hyperandrogenism, abolished these between-group differences. CONCLUSION Our study confirms enhanced sympathoexcitation in women with PCOS and demonstrates increased regional brain activation in response to IFC. The right orbitofrontal cortex BOLD signal change in women with PCOS is associated with insulin sensitivity. Additional studies are warranted to clarify whether this may offer a novel target for cardiovascular risk reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Lansdown
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Esther A H Warnert
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yrsa Sverrisdóttir
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Richard G Wise
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - D Aled Rees
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Idrizaj E, Garella R, Squecco R, Baccari MC. Adipocytes-released Peptides Involved in the Control of Gastrointestinal Motility. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:614-629. [PMID: 30663565 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190121115356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present review focuses on adipocytes-released peptides known to be involved in the control of gastrointestinal motility, acting both centrally and peripherally. Thus, four peptides have been taken into account: leptin, adiponectin, nesfatin-1, and apelin. The discussion of the related physiological or pathophysiological roles, based on the most recent findings, is intended to underlie the close interactions among adipose tissue, central nervous system, and gastrointestinal tract. The better understanding of this complex network, as gastrointestinal motor responses represent peripheral signals involved in the regulation of food intake through the gut-brain axis, may also furnish a cue for the development of either novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of obesity and eating disorders or potential diagnostic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eglantina Idrizaj
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rachele Garella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Squecco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Baccari
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Habeeballah H, Alsuhaymi N, Stebbing MJ, Badoer E. Central Administration of Insulin Combined With Resistin Reduces Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Rats Fed a High Fat Diet. Front Physiol 2019; 10:93. [PMID: 30804811 PMCID: PMC6378567 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptors are widely distributed in the central nervous system and their activation by insulin elicits renal sympatho-excitatory effects. Resistin, an adipokine, promotes resistance to the metabolic effects of insulin. Resistin also induces increases in renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) by acting in the brain, but whether it can influence insulin’s actions on RSNA is unknown. In the present study we investigated, in male Sprague-Dawley rats (7–8 weeks of age), the effects of central administration of insulin combined with resistin on RSNA following a normal diet (ND) and a high fat diet (HFD) (22% fat), since HFD can reportedly attenuate insulin’s actions. RSNA, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) responses were monitored and recorded before and for 180 min after intracerebroventricular injection of saline (control) (n = 5 HFD and ND), resistin (7 μg; n = 4 ND, n = 5 HFD), insulin (500 mU; n = 6 ND, n = 5 HFD), and the combination of both resistin and insulin (n = 7 ND, n = 5 HFD). The key finding of the present study was that when resistin and insulin were combined there was no increase in RSNA induced in rats fed a normal diet or the high fat diet. This contrasted with the sympatho-excitatory RSNA effects of the hormones when each was administered alone in rats fed the ND and the HFD.
Collapse
|
25
|
Importance of AT1 and AT2 receptors in the nucleus of the solitary tract in cardiovascular responses induced by a high-fat diet. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:439-449. [PMID: 30631157 PMCID: PMC7092339 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) induces an increase in arterial pressure and a decrease in baroreflex function, which may be associated with increased expression of angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) and pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and reduced expression of the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) gene within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), a key area of the brainstem involved in cardiovascular control. Thus, in the present study, we evaluated the changes in arterial pressure and gene expression of components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and neuroinflammatory markers in the NTS of rats fed a HFD and treated with either an AT1R blocker or with virus-mediated AT2R overexpression in the NTS. Male Holtzman rats (300-320 g) were fed either a standard rat chow diet (SD) or HFD for 6 weeks before commencing the tests. AT1R blockade in the NTS of HFD-fed rats attenuated the increase in arterial pressure and the impairment of reflex bradycardia, whereas AT2R overexpression in the NTS only improved the baroreflex function. The HFD also increased the hypertensive and decreased the protective axis of the RAS and was associated with neuroinflammation within the NTS. The expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme and neuroinflammatory components, but not AT1R, in the NTS was reduced by AT2R overexpression in this site. Based on these data, AT1R and AT2R in the NTS are differentially involved in the cardiovascular changes induced by a HFD. Chronic inflammation and changes in the RAS in the NTS may also account for the cardiovascular responses observed in HFD-fed rats.
Collapse
|
26
|
von Schnurbein J, Manzoor J, Brandt S, Denzer F, Kohlsdorf K, Fischer-Posovszky P, Weißenberger M, Frank-Podlech S, Mahmood S, Wabitsch M. Leptin Is Not Essential for Obesity-Associated Hypertension. Obes Facts 2019; 12:460-475. [PMID: 31357197 PMCID: PMC6758712 DOI: 10.1159/000501319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hyperleptinemia is supposed to play a causal role in the development of obesity-associated hypertension, possibly via increased sympathetic tone. Hence patients with congenital leptin deficiency should be hypotensive and their low blood pressure should increase under leptin substitution. SUBJECTS AND METHODS To test this assumption, we examined ambulatory blood pressure, resting heart rate, Schellong test results, cold pressor test results, heart rate variability, catecholamine metabolites, and aldosterone levels in 6 patients with congenital leptin deficiency before as well as 2-7 days and 7-14 months after the start of leptin substitution. Ambulatory blood pressure was also examined in 3 patients with biallelic disease-causing variants in the leptin receptor gene. RESULTS Contrary to our expectations, even before leptin substitution, 1 patient with biallelic leptin receptor gene variants and 4 patients with leptin deficiency had been suffering from hypertension. Short-term substitution with leptin increased blood pressure further in 3 out of 4 patients (from 127.0 ± 11.7 to 133.8 ± 10.6 mm Hg), concomitant with an increase in resting heart rate as well as in heart rate during the Schellong test in all patients (from 87.6 ± 7.7 to 99.9 ± 11.0 bpm, p = 0.031, and from 102.9 ± 13.5 to 115.6 ± 11.3 bpm, p = 0.031, respectively). Furthermore, the systolic blood pressure response during the cold pressor test increased in 4 out of 6 patients. Unexpectedly, catecholamine metabolites and aldosterone levels did not increase. After long-term leptin substitution and weight loss, the resting heart rate decreased in 4 out of 6 patients compared to baseline, and in all patients below the heart rate seen immediately after the start of therapy (from 99.9 ± 11.0 to 81.7 ± 5.4 bpm; p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS These results show that obesity-associated hypertension does not depend on the presence of leptin. However, short-term leptin substitution can increase the blood pressure and heart rate in obese humans with leptin deficiency, indicating that leptin plays at least an additive role in obesity-associated hypertension. The mechanisms behind this are not clear but might include an increase in regional sympathetic tone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia von Schnurbein
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
- *Dr. Julia von Schnurbein or Prof. Dr. Martin Wabitsch, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Ulm, Eythstrasse 24, DE–89075 Ulm (Germany), E-Mail or
| | - Jaida Manzoor
- The Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Stephanie Brandt
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Friederike Denzer
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katja Kohlsdorf
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Mario Weißenberger
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sabine Frank-Podlech
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Saqib Mahmood
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Balasubramanian P, Hall D, Subramanian M. Sympathetic nervous system as a target for aging and obesity-related cardiovascular diseases. GeroScience 2018; 41:13-24. [PMID: 30519806 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-018-0048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic sympathetic nervous system overactivity is a hallmark of aging and obesity and contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension and heart failure. The cause of this chronic sympathoexcitation in aging and obesity is multifactorial and centrally mediated. In this mini-review, we have provided an overview of the key and emerging central mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of sympathoexcitation in obesity and healthy aging, specifically focusing on hypertension. A clear understanding of these mechanisms will pave way for targeting the sympathetic nervous system for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in obesity and aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Balasubramanian
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Delton Hall
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 277 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Madhan Subramanian
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 277 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone, which contributes to the homeostatic regulation of energy balance and metabolism through humoral and neural pathways. Leptin acts on the neurons in certain brain areas such as the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and brain stem to regulate food intake, thermogenesis, energy expenditure, and homeostasis of glucose/lipid metabolism. The pathologically increased circulating leptin is a biomarker of leptin resistance, which is common in obese individuals. Leptin resistance is defined by a reduced sensitivity or a failure in response of the brain to leptin, showing a decrease in the ability of leptin to suppress appetite or enhance energy expenditure, which causes an increased food intake and finally leads to overweight, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and other metabolic disorders. Leptin resistance is a challenge for clinical treatment or drug discovery of obesity. Until recently, emerging evidence has been showing novel mechanisms of the leptin resistance. Here, we summarized the advances and controversy of leptin resistance and associated diseases, for better understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of leptin as well as the new strategies for treating obesity and metabolic disorders.
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Abstract
Obesity greatly increases the risk for cardiovascular, metabolic, and renal diseases and is one of the most significant and preventable causes of increased blood pressure (BP) in patients with essential hypertension. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of central nervous system (CNS) signaling pathways that contribute to the etiology and pathogenesis of obesity-induced hypertension. We discuss the role of excess adiposity and activation of the brain leptin-melanocortin system in causing increased sympathetic activity in obesity. In addition, we highlight other potential brain mechanisms by which increased weight gain modulates metabolic and cardiovascular functions. Unraveling the CNS mechanisms responsible for increased sympathetic activation and hypertension and how circulating hormones activate brain signaling pathways to control BP offer potentially important therapeutic targets for obesity and hypertension.
Collapse
|
31
|
Thangaratnarajah C, Dinger K, Vohlen C, Klaudt C, Nawabi J, Lopez Garcia E, Kwapiszewska G, Dobner J, Nüsken KD, van Koningsbruggen-Rietschel S, von Hörsten S, Dötsch J, Alejandre Alcázar MA. Novel role of NPY in neuroimmune interaction and lung growth after intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L491-L506. [PMID: 28572154 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00432.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are at risk for chronic lung disease. Using a rat model, we showed in our previous studies that altered lung structure is related to IL-6/STAT3 signaling. As neuropeptide Y (NPY), a coneurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system, regulates proliferation and immune response, we hypothesized that dysregulated NPY after IUGR is linked to IL-6, impaired myofibroblast function, and alveolar growth. IUGR was induced in rats by isocaloric low-protein diet; lungs were analyzed on embryonic day (E) 21, postnatal day (P) 3, P12, and P23. Finally, primary neonatal lung myofibroblasts (pnF) and murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) were used to assess proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and IL-6 expression. At E21, NPY and IL-6 expression was decreased, and AKT/PKC and STAT3/AMPKα signaling was reduced. Early reduction of NPY/IL-6 was associated with increased chord length in lungs after IUGR at P3, indicating reduced alveolar formation. At P23, however, IUGR rats exhibited a catch-up of body weight and alveolar growth coupled with more proliferating myofibroblasts. These structural findings after IUGR were linked to activated NPY/PKC, IL-6/AMPKα signaling. Complementary, IUGR-pnF showed increased survival, impaired migration, and reduced IL-6 compared with control-pnF (Co-pnF). In contrast, NPY induced proliferation, migration, and increased IL-6 synthesis in fibroblasts. Additionally, NPY-/- mice showed reduced IL-6 signaling and less proliferation of lung fibroblasts. Our study presents a novel role of NPY during alveolarization: NPY regulates 1) IL-6 and lung STAT3/AMPKα signaling, and 2) proliferation and migration of myofibroblasts. These new insights in pulmonary neuroimmune interaction offer potential strategies to enable lung growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chansutha Thangaratnarajah
- Translational Experimental Pediatrics, Experimental Pulmonology, University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Dinger
- Translational Experimental Pediatrics, Experimental Pulmonology, University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina Vohlen
- Translational Experimental Pediatrics, Experimental Pulmonology, University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Klaudt
- Translational Experimental Pediatrics, Experimental Pulmonology, University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jawed Nawabi
- Translational Experimental Pediatrics, Experimental Pulmonology, University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Lopez Garcia
- Translational Experimental Pediatrics, Experimental Pulmonology, University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Julia Dobner
- Experimental Therapy, Preclinical Centre, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kai D Nüsken
- University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Silke van Koningsbruggen-Rietschel
- Pediatric Pulmonology, University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Experimental Therapy, Preclinical Centre, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miguel A Alejandre Alcázar
- Translational Experimental Pediatrics, Experimental Pulmonology, University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; .,University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen H, Luo M, Huang J, Xu H, Xie N, Zheng H. Leptin is associated with heart rate recovery in Chinese hypertensive patients. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 39:241-245. [PMID: 28448190 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2016.1246560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Elevated serum leptin concentrations are closely related to sympathetic nervous system activation in essential hypertension (EH); however, it is not clear whether or not they are associated with parasympathetic nervous system impairment in EH. Heart rate recovery (HRR) is a reproducible method used to assess parasympathetic activity. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum leptin and HRR in Chinese untreated EH patients. This was a cross-sectional study enrolling 471 Chinese EH patients (205 men, 266 women; mean age 63.1 years). HRR was calculated during an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test. Simple and multiple regression analyses were used to assess the correlation between serum leptin level and HRR value. Serum leptin levels elevated with increasing BP values. Moreover, univariate analysis revealed that the HRR value was negatively correlated with serum leptin (r = -0.037, P < 0.01). In multiple regression analysis, the age-adjusted serum leptin level was negatively correlated with HRR (β = -0.268, P < 0.01). Serum leptin remained negatively associated with HRR (β = -0.017, P < 0.01) after further adjustments for factors including age, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and several factors that correlated with HRR. Our findings demonstrated that a raised serum leptin concentration is related to HRR blunt, which suggests that the role of leptin in the development of EH might be associated with impairment of the parasympathetic nervous system as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Chen
- a Cardiology Department , Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Ming Luo
- b Geriatrics Department , Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Junling Huang
- b Geriatrics Department , Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Huifeng Xu
- a Cardiology Department , Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Nanzi Xie
- b Geriatrics Department , Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Huan Zheng
- b Geriatrics Department , Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhou YT, He ZG, Liu TT, Feng MH, Zhang DY, Xiang HB. Neuroanatomical circuitry between kidney and rostral elements of brain: a virally mediated transsynaptic tracing study in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 37:63-69. [PMID: 28224417 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-017-1695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The identity of higher-order neurons and circuits playing an associative role to control renal function is not well understood. We identified specific neural populations of rostral elements of brain regions that project multisynaptically to the kidneys in 3-6 days after injecting a retrograde tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV)-614 into kidney of 13 adult male C57BL/6J strain mice. PRV-614 infected neurons were detected in a number of mesencephalic (e.g. central amygdala nucleus), telencephalic regions and motor cortex. These divisions included the preoptic area (POA), dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), lateral hypothalamus, arcuate nucleus (Arc), suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), periventricular hypothalamus (PeH), and rostral and caudal subdivision of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). PRV-614/Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) double-labeled cells were found within DMH, Arc, SCN, PeH, PVN, the anterodorsal and medial POA. A subset of neurons in PVN that participated in regulating sympathetic outflow to kidney was catecholaminergic or serotonergic. PRV-614 infected neurons within the PVN also contained arginine vasopressin or oxytocin. These data demonstrate the rostral elements of brain innervate the kidney by the neuroanatomical circuitry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ting Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Shuyang Hospital, Shuyang, 223600, China
| | - Zhi-Gang He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Tao-Tao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Mao-Hui Feng
- Department of Oncology, Wuhan Peritoneal Cancer Clinical Medical Research Center, Zhangnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Ding-Yu Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, Wuhan Medical Treatment Center, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Hong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Possible promoting effects of melatonin, leptin and alcar on regeneration of the sciatic nerve. J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 81:34-41. [PMID: 28163216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is a widespread and disabling condition that can impair the individual's daily life. Studies involving medications that may positively affect peripheral nerve regeneration are rare. The aim of this study was to investigate new treatments after peripheral nerve injury using various neuroprotectants, melatonin, alcar and leptin, in the regenerative process in an experimental rat model. Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into eight groups containing equal number of animals. Intraperitoneal injection of melatonin (50mg/kg, for 21days), leptin (1mg/kg, for 21days) and acetyl-l-carnitine (50mg/kg, for six weeks) was performed postoperatively. Histological and electromyographical assessments of the regenerated nerves were performed 12 weeks after surgery. Stereological analysis was performed to estimate myelinated and unmyelinated axon numbers, surface area, myelin thickness and the myelin thickness/axon diameter ratio for each group. The results showed that only alcar has a beneficial effect on the regeneration of unmyelinated axons. Neither melatonin and leptin nor alcar were observed to have any therapeutic effect on the regeneration of myelinated axons. Alcar therapy has a positive effect on the regeneration of unmyelinated fiber in the sciatic nerve. However, the same effect was not observed in myelinated nerve fibers after intraperitoneal application of melatonin and leptin.
Collapse
|
35
|
Gomart S, Gaudreau-Ménard C, Jespers P, Dilek OG, Hupkens E, Hanthazi A, Naeije R, Melot C, Labranche N, Dewachter L, Mc Entee K. Leptin-Induced Endothelium-Independent Vasoconstriction in Thoracic Aorta and Pulmonary Artery of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: Role of Calcium Channels and Stores. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169205. [PMID: 28085954 PMCID: PMC5234800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased leptin-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation has been reported in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Here, we report leptin-induced vasoconstriction in endothelium-denuded pulmonary artery and thoracic aorta from SHR and sought to characterize calcium handling underlying these mechanisms. Vasoreactivity to leptin was evaluated on pulmonary artery and thoracic aorta rings from 18 weeks old male SHR with or without calcium free medium, caffeine + thapsigargin + carbonyl cyanide-4-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone emptying intracellular calcium stores, nifedipine a voltage-gated calcium channel inhibitor, SKF-96365 a transient receptor potential cation channels (TRPC) inhibitor, wortmaninn, a phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) inhibitor, or PD98059 a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) inhibitor. Calcium imaging was performed on cultured vascular smooth muscle cells incubated with leptin in presence or not of wortmaninn or PD98059. Leptin induced vasoconstriction in denuded pulmonary artery and thoracic aorta from SHR. Response was abolished when intra- or extracellular calcium stores were emptied, after blocking TRPC or voltage-dependent calcium channels or when using MAPKK or PI3K inhibitors. In vascular smooth muscle cells, leptin increased intracellular calcium. This rise was higher in SHR and abolished by MAPKK or PI3K inhibitors. TRPC6 gene expression was upregulated in arteries from SHR. Leptin-induced vasoconstriction in denuded arteries of SHR requires intracellular stores and is TRPC- and voltage-gated calcium channels dependent. Intracellular calcium increase is more pronounced in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Leptin/administration & dosage
- Leptin/metabolism
- Male
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Rats, Wistar
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Gomart
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Gaudreau-Ménard
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Pascale Jespers
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Omer Gurkan Dilek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Emeline Hupkens
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aliénor Hanthazi
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robert Naeije
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Melot
- Emergency Department, Erasme University Hospital, and Biostatistics Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Labranche
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus La Plaine, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Dewachter
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Mc Entee
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Belin de Chantemèle EJ. Sex Differences in Leptin Control of Cardiovascular Function in Health and Metabolic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1043:87-111. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
38
|
Abstract
Hypertension and associated cardiovascular diseases represent the most common health complication of obesity and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in overweight and obese patients. Emerging evidence suggests a critical role for the central nervous system particularly the brain action of the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin in linking obesity and hypertension. The preserved ability of leptin to cause cardiovascular sympathetic nerve activation despite the resistance to the metabolic actions of the hormone appears essential in this pathological process. This review describes the evidence supporting the neurogenic bases for obesity-associated hypertension with a particular focus on the neuronal and molecular signaling pathways underlying leptin's effects on sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balyssa B Bell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Hypertension affects over 25 % of the population with the incidence continuing to rise, due in part to the growing obesity epidemic. Chronic elevations in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) are a hallmark of the disease and contribute to elevations in blood pressure through influences on the vasculature, kidney, and heart (i.e., neurogenic hypertension). In this regard, a number of central nervous system mechanisms and neural pathways have emerged as crucial in chronically elevating SNA. However, it is important to consider that "sympathetic signatures" are present, with differential increases in SNA to regional organs that are dependent upon the disease progression. Here, we discuss recent findings on the central nervous system mechanisms and autonomic regulatory networks involved in neurogenic hypertension, in both non-obesity- and obesity-associated hypertension, with an emphasis on angiotensin-II, salt, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and the adipokine leptin.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. Although multiple factors contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension, studies by Dr David Barker reporting an inverse relationship between birth weight and blood pressure led to the hypothesis that slow growth during fetal life increased blood pressure and the risk for cardiovascular disease in later life. It is now recognized that growth during infancy and childhood, in addition to exposure to adverse influences during fetal life, contributes to the developmental programming of increased cardiovascular risk. Numerous epidemiological studies support the link between influences during early life and later cardiovascular health; experimental models provide proof of principle and indicate that numerous mechanisms contribute to the developmental origins of chronic disease. Sex has an impact on the severity of cardiovascular risk in experimental models of developmental insult. Yet, few studies examine the influence of sex on blood pressure and cardiovascular health in low-birth weight men and women. Fewer still assess the impact of ageing on sex differences in programmed cardiovascular risk. Thus, the aim of the present review is to highlight current data about sex differences in the developmental programming of blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
|
41
|
Xue B, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Guo F, Beltz TG, Thunhorst RL, Felder RB, Johnson AK. Leptin Mediates High-Fat Diet Sensitization of Angiotensin II-Elicited Hypertension by Upregulating the Brain Renin-Angiotensin System and Inflammation. Hypertension 2016; 67:970-6. [PMID: 27021010 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by increased circulating levels of the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin, which can increase sympathetic nerve activity and raise blood pressure. A previous study revealed that rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) have an enhanced hypertensive response to subsequent angiotensin II administration that is mediated at least, in part, by increased activity of brain renin-angiotensin system and proinflammatory cytokines. This study tested whether leptin mediates this HFD-induced sensitization of angiotensin II-elicited hypertension by interacting with brain renin-angiotensin system and proinflammatory cytokine mechanisms. Rats fed an HFD for 3 weeks had significant increases in white adipose tissue mass, plasma leptin levels, and mRNA expression of leptin and its receptors in the lamina terminalis and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Central infusion of a leptin receptor antagonist during HFD feeding abolished HFD sensitization of angiotensin II-elicited hypertension. Furthermore, central infusion of leptin mimicked the sensitizing action of HFD. Concomitant central infusions of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist irbesartan, the tumor necrosis factor-α synthesis inhibitor pentoxifylline, or the inhibitor of microglial activation minocycline prevented the sensitization produced by central infusion of leptin. RT-PCR analysis indicated that either HFD or leptin administration upregulated mRNA expression of several components of the renin-angiotensin system and proinflammatory cytokines in the lamina terminalis and paraventricular nucleus. The leptin antagonist and the inhibitors of angiotensin II type 1 receptor, tumor necrosis factor-α synthesis, and microglial activation all reversed the expression of these genes. The results suggest that HFD-induced sensitization of angiotensin II-elicited hypertension is mediated by leptin through upregulation of central renin-angiotensin system and proinflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Xue
- From the Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences (B.X., F.G., T.G.B., R.L.T., A.K.J.), Pharmacology (A.K.J.), and Internal Medicine (Y.Y., R.B.F.), and the François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center (B.X., R.B.F., A.K.J.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Henan, China (Z.Z.).
| | - Yang Yu
- From the Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences (B.X., F.G., T.G.B., R.L.T., A.K.J.), Pharmacology (A.K.J.), and Internal Medicine (Y.Y., R.B.F.), and the François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center (B.X., R.B.F., A.K.J.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Henan, China (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- From the Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences (B.X., F.G., T.G.B., R.L.T., A.K.J.), Pharmacology (A.K.J.), and Internal Medicine (Y.Y., R.B.F.), and the François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center (B.X., R.B.F., A.K.J.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Henan, China (Z.Z.)
| | - Fang Guo
- From the Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences (B.X., F.G., T.G.B., R.L.T., A.K.J.), Pharmacology (A.K.J.), and Internal Medicine (Y.Y., R.B.F.), and the François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center (B.X., R.B.F., A.K.J.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Henan, China (Z.Z.)
| | - Terry G Beltz
- From the Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences (B.X., F.G., T.G.B., R.L.T., A.K.J.), Pharmacology (A.K.J.), and Internal Medicine (Y.Y., R.B.F.), and the François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center (B.X., R.B.F., A.K.J.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Henan, China (Z.Z.)
| | - Robert L Thunhorst
- From the Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences (B.X., F.G., T.G.B., R.L.T., A.K.J.), Pharmacology (A.K.J.), and Internal Medicine (Y.Y., R.B.F.), and the François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center (B.X., R.B.F., A.K.J.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Henan, China (Z.Z.)
| | - Robert B Felder
- From the Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences (B.X., F.G., T.G.B., R.L.T., A.K.J.), Pharmacology (A.K.J.), and Internal Medicine (Y.Y., R.B.F.), and the François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center (B.X., R.B.F., A.K.J.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Henan, China (Z.Z.)
| | - Alan Kim Johnson
- From the Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences (B.X., F.G., T.G.B., R.L.T., A.K.J.), Pharmacology (A.K.J.), and Internal Medicine (Y.Y., R.B.F.), and the François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center (B.X., R.B.F., A.K.J.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Henan, China (Z.Z.).
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bassi M, Furuya WI, Zoccal DB, Menani JV, Colombari DSA, Mulkey DK, Colombari E. Facilitation of breathing by leptin effects in the central nervous system. J Physiol 2016; 594:1617-25. [PMID: 26095748 PMCID: PMC4799963 DOI: 10.1113/jp270308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With the global epidemic of obesity, breathing disorders associated with excess body weight have markedly increased. Respiratory dysfunctions caused by obesity were originally attributed to mechanical factors; however, recent studies have suggested a pathophysiological component that involves the central nervous system (CNS) and hormones such as leptin produced by adipocytes as well as other cells. Leptin is suggested to stimulate breathing and leptin deficiency causes an impairment of the chemoreflex, which can be reverted by leptin therapy. This facilitation of the chemoreflex may depend on the action of leptin in the hindbrain areas involved in the respiratory control such as the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), a site that receives chemosensory afferents, and the ventral surface of the medulla that includes the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), a central chemosensitive area, and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Although the mechanisms and pathways activated by leptin to facilitate breathing are still not completely clear, evidence suggests that the facilitatory effects of leptin on breathing require the brain melanocortin system, including the POMC-MC4R pathway, a mechanism also activated by leptin to modulate blood pressure. The results of all the studies that have investigated the effect of leptin on breathing suggest that disruption of leptin signalling as caused by obesity-induced reduction of central leptin function (leptin resistance) is a relevant mechanism that may contribute to respiratory dysfunctions associated with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Bassi
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of DentistrySão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraSPBrazil
| | - W. I. Furuya
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of DentistrySão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraSPBrazil
| | - D. B. Zoccal
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of DentistrySão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraSPBrazil
| | - J. V. Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of DentistrySão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraSPBrazil
| | - D. S. A. Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of DentistrySão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraSPBrazil
| | - D. K. Mulkey
- Department of Physiology and NeurobiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - E. Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of DentistrySão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraSPBrazil
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Diong C, Jones PP, Tsuchimochi H, Gray EA, Hughes G, Inagaki T, Bussey CT, Fujii Y, Umetani K, Shirai M, Schwenke DO. Sympathetic hyper-excitation in obesity and pulmonary hypertension: physiological relevance to the 'obesity paradox'. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:938-46. [PMID: 27001546 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the lung, sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) has an important role in facilitating pulmonary vasodilation. As SNA is elevated in obesity, we aimed to assess the impact of sympathetic hyper-excitation on pulmonary vascular homeostasis in obesity, and its potential role in ameliorating the severity of pulmonary hypertension (PH); the well-documented 'obesity paradox' phenomenon. METHODS Zucker obese and lean rats were exposed to normoxia or chronic hypoxia (CH-10% O2) for 2 weeks. Subsequently, pulmonary SNA (pSNA) was recorded (electrophysiology), or the pulmonary microcirculation was visualized using Synchrotron microangiography. Acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) was assessed before and after blockade of β1-adrenergic receptors (ARs) (atenolol, 3 mg kg(-1)) and β1+β2-adrenergic (propranolol, 2 mg kg(-1)). RESULTS pSNA of normoxic obese rats was higher than lean counterparts (2.4 and 0.5 μV s, respectively). SNA was enhanced following the development of PH in lean rats, but more so in obese rats (1.7 and 6.8 μV s, respectively). The magnitude of HPV was similar for all groups (for example, ~20% constriction of the 200-300 μm vessels). Although β-blockade did not modify HPV in lean rats, it significantly augmented the HPV in normoxic obese rats (β1 and β2 blockade), and more so in obese rats with PH (β2-blockade alone). Western blots showed, while the expression of pulmonary β1-ARs was similar for all rats, the expression of β2-ARs was downregulated in obesity and PH. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that sympathetic hyper-excitation in obesity may have an important role in constraining the severity of PH and, thus, contribute in part to the 'obesity paradox' in PH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Diong
- Department of Physiology-HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - P P Jones
- Department of Physiology-HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - H Tsuchimochi
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - E A Gray
- Department of Physiology-HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - G Hughes
- Department of Physiology-HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - T Inagaki
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - C T Bussey
- Department of Physiology-HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Y Fujii
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Umetani
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Hyogo, Japan
| | - M Shirai
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - D O Schwenke
- Department of Physiology-HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sex, the brain and hypertension: brain oestrogen receptors and high blood pressure risk factors. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 130:9-18. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20150654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major contributor to worldwide morbidity and mortality rates related to cardiovascular disease. There are important sex differences in the onset and rate of hypertension in humans. Compared with age-matched men, premenopausal women are less likely to develop hypertension. However, after age 60, the incidence of hypertension increases in women and even surpasses that seen in older men. It is thought that changes in levels of circulating ovarian hormones as women age may be involved in the increase in hypertension in older women. One of the key mechanisms involved in the development of hypertension in both men and women is an increase in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). Brain regions important for the regulation of SNA, such as the subfornical organ, the paraventricular nucleus and the rostral ventral lateral medulla, also express specific subtypes of oestrogen receptors. Each of these brain regions has also been implicated in mechanisms underlying risk factors for hypertension such as obesity, stress and inflammation. The present review brings together evidence that links actions of oestrogen at these receptors to modulate some of the common brain mechanisms involved in the ability of hypertensive risk factors to increase SNA and blood pressure. Understanding the mechanisms by which oestrogen acts at key sites in the brain for the regulation of SNA is important for the development of novel, sex-specific therapies for treating hypertension.
Collapse
|
45
|
Badoer E, Kosari S, Stebbing MJ. Resistin, an Adipokine with Non-Generalized Actions on Sympathetic Nerve Activity. Front Physiol 2015; 6:321. [PMID: 26617526 PMCID: PMC4639629 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization has called obesity a global epidemic. There is a strong association between body weight gain and blood pressure. A major determinant of blood pressure is the level of activity in sympathetic nerves innervating cardiovascular organs. A characteristic of obesity, in both humans and in animal models, is an increase in sympathetic nerve activity to the skeletal muscle vasculature and to the kidneys. Obesity is now recognized as a chronic, low level inflammatory condition, and pro-inflammatory cytokines are elevated including those produced by adipose tissue. The most well-known adipokine released from fat tissue is leptin. The adipokine, resistin, is also released from adipose tissue. Resistin can act in the central nervous system to influence the sympathetic nerve activity. Here, we review the effects of resistin on sympathetic nerve activity and compare them with leptin. We build an argument that resistin and leptin may have complex interactions. Firstly, they may augment each other as both are excitatory on sympathetic nerves innervating cardiovascular organs; In contrast, they could antagonize each other's actions on brown adipose tissue, a key metabolic organ. These interactions may be important in conditions in which leptin and resistin are elevated, such as in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Badoer
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Samin Kosari
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Martin J Stebbing
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Penfold NC, Ozanne SE. Developmental programming by maternal obesity in 2015: Outcomes, mechanisms, and potential interventions. Horm Behav 2015; 76:143-52. [PMID: 26145566 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "SBN 2014". Obesity in women of child-bearing age is a growing problem in developed and developing countries. Evidence from human studies indicates that maternal BMI correlates with offspring adiposity from an early age and predisposes to metabolic disease in later life. Thus the early life environment is an attractive target for intervention to improve public health. Animal models have been used to investigate the specific physiological outcomes and mechanisms of developmental programming that result from exposure to maternal obesity in utero. From this research, targeted intervention strategies can be designed. In this review we summarise recent progress in this field, with a focus on cardiometabolic disease and central control of appetite and behaviour. We highlight key factors that may mediate programming by maternal obesity, including leptin, insulin, and ghrelin. Finally, we explore potential lifestyle and pharmacological interventions in humans and the current state of evidence from animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C Penfold
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Holwerda SW, Reynolds LJ, Restaino RM, Credeur DP, Leidy HJ, Thyfault JP, Fadel PJ. The influence of reduced insulin sensitivity via short-term reductions in physical activity on cardiac baroreflex sensitivity during acute hyperglycemia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:1383-92. [PMID: 26472870 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00584.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced insulin sensitivity and impaired glycemic control are among the consequences of physical inactivity and have been associated with reduced cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). However, the effect of reduced insulin sensitivity and acute hyperglycemia following glucose consumption on cardiac BRS in young, healthy subjects has not been well characterized. We hypothesized that a reduction in insulin sensitivity via reductions in physical activity would reduce cardiac BRS at rest and following an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Nine recreationally active men (23 ± 1 yr; >10,000 steps/day) underwent 5 days of reduced daily physical activity (RA5) by refraining from planned exercise and reducing daily steps (<5,000 steps/day). Spontaneous cardiac BRS (sequence technique) was compared at rest and for 120 min following an OGTT at baseline and after RA5. A substudy (n = 8) was also performed to independently investigate the influence of elevated insulin alone on cardiac BRS using a 120-min hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) was significantly reduced following RA5 (BL 9.2 ± 1.3 vs. RA5 6.4 ± 1.1, P < 0.001). Resting cardiac BRS was unaffected by RA5 and significantly reduced during the OGTT similarly at baseline and RA5 (baseline 0 min, 28 ± 4 vs. 120 min, 18 ± 4; RA5 0 min, 28 ± 4 vs. 120 min, 21 ± 3 ms/mmHg). Spontaneous cardiac BRS was also reduced during the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (P < 0.05). Collectively, these data demonstrate that acute elevations in plasma glucose and insulin can impair spontaneous cardiac BRS in young, healthy subjects, and that reductions in cardiac BRS following acute hyperglycemia are unaffected by reduced insulin sensitivity via short-term reductions in physical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S W Holwerda
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - L J Reynolds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - R M Restaino
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - D P Credeur
- School of Kinesiology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi; and
| | - H J Leidy
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - J P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - P J Fadel
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Thermogenesis, the production of heat energy, in brown adipose tissue is a significant component of the homeostatic repertoire to maintain body temperature during the challenge of low environmental temperature in many species from mouse to man and plays a key role in elevating body temperature during the febrile response to infection. The sympathetic neural outflow determining brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is regulated by neural networks in the CNS which increase BAT sympathetic nerve activity in response to cutaneous and deep body thermoreceptor signals. Many behavioral states, including wakefulness, immunologic responses, and stress, are characterized by elevations in core body temperature to which central command-driven BAT activation makes a significant contribution. Since energy consumption during BAT thermogenesis involves oxidation of lipid and glucose fuel molecules, the CNS network driving cold-defensive and behavioral state-related BAT activation is strongly influenced by signals reflecting the short- and long-term availability of the fuel molecules essential for BAT metabolism and, in turn, the regulation of BAT thermogenesis in response to metabolic signals can contribute to energy balance, regulation of body adipose stores and glucose utilization. This review summarizes our understanding of the functional organization and neurochemical influences within the CNS networks that modulate the level of BAT sympathetic nerve activity to produce the thermoregulatory and metabolic alterations in BAT thermogenesis and BAT energy expenditure that contribute to overall energy homeostasis and the autonomic support of behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun F Morrison
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hall JE, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Wang Z, Hall ME. Obesity-induced hypertension: interaction of neurohumoral and renal mechanisms. Circ Res 2015; 116:991-1006. [PMID: 25767285 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 713] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excess weight gain, especially when associated with increased visceral adiposity, is a major cause of hypertension, accounting for 65% to 75% of the risk for human primary (essential) hypertension. Increased renal tubular sodium reabsorption impairs pressure natriuresis and plays an important role in initiating obesity hypertension. The mediators of abnormal kidney function and increased blood pressure during development of obesity hypertension include (1) physical compression of the kidneys by fat in and around the kidneys, (2) activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and (3) increased sympathetic nervous system activity. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is likely due, in part, to renal compression, as well as sympathetic nervous system activation. However, obesity also causes mineralocorticoid receptor activation independent of aldosterone or angiotensin II. The mechanisms for sympathetic nervous system activation in obesity have not been fully elucidated but may require leptin and activation of the brain melanocortin system. With prolonged obesity and development of target organ injury, especially renal injury, obesity-associated hypertension becomes more difficult to control, often requiring multiple antihypertensive drugs and treatment of other risk factors, including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, and inflammation. Unless effective antiobesity drugs are developed, the effect of obesity on hypertension and related cardiovascular, renal and metabolic disorders is likely to become even more important in the future as the prevalence of obesity continues to increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E Hall
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Alexandre A da Silva
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Zhen Wang
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Michael E Hall
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Winklewski PJ, Radkowski M, Wszedybyl-Winklewska M, Demkow U. Brain inflammation and hypertension: the chicken or the egg? J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:85. [PMID: 25935397 PMCID: PMC4432955 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of forebrain and hindbrain nuclei controlling the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) outflow from the brain to the periphery represents an emerging concept of the pathogenesis of neurogenic hypertension. Angiotensin II (Ang-II) and prorenin were shown to increase production of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)) while simultaneously decreasing production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the rostral ventral lateral medulla. Peripheral chronic inflammation and Ang-II activity seem to share a common central mechanism contributing to an increase in sympathetic neurogenic vasomotor tone and entailing neurogenic hypertension. Both hypertension and obesity facilitate the penetration of peripheral immune cells in the brain parenchyma. We suggest that renin-angiotensin-driven hypertension encompasses feedback and feedforward mechanisms in the development of neurogenic hypertension while low-intensity, chronic peripheral inflammation of any origin may serve as a model of a feedforward mechanism in this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel J Winklewski
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Tuwima Str. 15, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Marek Radkowski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego Str. 3c, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Marszalkowska Str. 24, 00-576, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|