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Sampaio LV, Landim HRDS, Vazão AR, Fiais GA, de Freitas RN, Veras ASC, Dornelles RCM, Fakhouri WD, Lima RR, Teixeira GR, Chaves-Neto AH. Effects of a supraphysiological dose of testosterone cypionate on salivary gland function in adult male Wistar rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 243:106587. [PMID: 39004377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The abusive use of anabolic androgenic steroids has become a serious health problem worldwide, but its effects on oral health are still poorly understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a supraphysiological dose of testosterone cypionate (TC) on salivary biochemical, histomorphology, immunohistochemistry, and redox state parameters of parotid and submandibular glands. Twenty male Wistar rats, 12 weeks old, were divided into two groups (n=10/group): a control group and TC group, which received a dose of 20 mg/kg, once a week, for 6 weeks. Post treatment, the saliva and glands were collected. A supraphysiological dose of TC increased plasma and salivary testosterone concentrations. Although TC did not alter salivary flow, pH, and buffering capacity, the treatment increased the salivary secretion of total protein and reduced amylase, calcium, phosphate, and potassium. TC reduced the connective tissue area in the parotid gland and acinar area of the submandibular gland, while increasing the granular convoluted tubule area in the submandibular gland. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen was higher in the acinar cells of the submandibular glands from the TC group. Moreover, TC increased concentrations of total oxidant capacity and damaged lipids in both salivary glands, while total antioxidant activity and uric acid were lower in the submandibular gland, and reduced glutathione was higher in both glands. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were higher in the parotid gland, while only glutathione peroxidase activity was lower in the submandibular gland of the TC group. In conclusion, TC abuse may be a potential factor for dysfunction of the parotid and submandibular glands, becoming a risk factor for the oral and systemic health of users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Victorino Sampaio
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil; Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | | | - Arieli Raymundo Vazão
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Sciences, Pediatric Oral Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Alice Fiais
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil; Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Rayara Nogueira de Freitas
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Sciences, Pediatric Oral Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Allice Santos Cruz Veras
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, Brazil; Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Rita Cassia Menegatti Dornelles
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil; Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Walid D Fakhouri
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Belem, Brazil
| | - Giovana Rampazzo Teixeira
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, Brazil; Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil; Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil.
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Jia K, Luo X, Yi J, Zhang C. Hormonal influence: unraveling the impact of sex hormones on vascular smooth muscle cells. Biol Res 2024; 57:61. [PMID: 39227995 PMCID: PMC11373308 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00542-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones play a pivotal role as endocrine hormones that exert profound effects on the biological characteristics and vascular function of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). By modulating intracellular signaling pathways, activating nuclear receptors, and regulating gene expression, sex hormones intricately influence the morphology, function, and physiological state of VSMCs, thereby impacting the biological properties of vascular contraction, relaxation, and growth. Increasing evidence suggests that abnormal phenotypic changes in VSMCs contribute to the initiation of vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. Therefore, understanding the factors governing phenotypic alterations in VSMCs and elucidating the underlying mechanisms can provide crucial insights for refining interventions targeted at vascular diseases. Additionally, the varying levels of different types of sex hormones in the human body, influenced by sex and age, may also affect the phenotypic conversion of VSMCs. This review aims to explore the influence of sex hormones on the phenotypic switching of VSMCs and the development of associated vascular diseases in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keran Jia
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Jingyan Yi
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
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3
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Romanello N, Barreto ADN, de Carvalho Balieiro JC, Brandão FZ, de Andrade AFC, Zappaterra M, Garcia AR. Effect of access to natural shade on scrotal thermoregulatory capacity, integrity of the testicular parenchyma and sperm morphology of Nelore (Bos indicus) and Canchim (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) bulls. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00484-024-02759-6. [PMID: 39167210 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-024-02759-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of using naturally shaded pastures on scrotal thermoregulatory capacity, testicular echotexture, and sperm morphology of Nelore (Bos indicus) and Canchim (5/8 Bos taurus x 3/8 Bos indicus) bulls in a tropical climate region. Sixty-four adult Nelore and Canchim bulls were used, equally allocated in Full Sun (FS, n = 32) or Crop-Livestock-Forestry (CLF, n = 32) pasture systems. During five consecutive climate seasons, the bulls underwent monthly breeding soundness evaluations and the biometeorological variables in the systems were continuously monitored. Microclimate was significantly different between systems. CLF system had lower BGHI than FS throughout the experimental period. No triple interaction (Season x Breed x Treatment, P > 0.05) was observed for any of the variables. Animals in CLF showed lower body temperature in Summer (FS:39.41 ± 0.05 vs. CLF:39.30 ± 0.05 °C; P = 0.005) and in Autumn (FS:39.54 ± 0.05 vs. CLF:39.35 ± 0.05 °C; P = 0.005). Access to shading did not determine differences in the evolution of scrotal biometry, temperatures, and scrotal thermal gradients (P > 0.05). Regardless of breed, animals in CLF showed greater right testicular volume (FS:247.5 ± 5.7 vs. CLF:259.0 ± 5.7 cm³; P < 0.05), more suitable parenchyma echotexture, and fewer microlithiasis spots in the Spring and Summer. Testosterone concentration was higher in FS (FS:2.6 ± 0.2 vs. CLF:2.1 ± 0.2 ng/mL; P = 0.035). Canchim bulls presented higher total sperm defects during the Autumn and Winter (P = 0.010), but the total defects levels for Canchim and Nelore bulls were in normal range for adult bulls. Thus, the natural shade in CLF system was effective in improving the microclimate of pastures and minimizing adverse environmental effects on some reproductive features of interest in beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narian Romanello
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 255, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Andréa do Nascimento Barreto
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Av. dos Universitários, s/n, Castanhal, PA, 68746-360, Brazil
| | - Júlio Cesar de Carvalho Balieiro
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 255, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe Zandonadi Brandão
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Vital Brazil, 64, Niterói, RJ, 24230-340, Brazil
| | - André Furugen Cesar de Andrade
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 255, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Martina Zappaterra
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Technology, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin, 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Alexandre Rossetto Garcia
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 234, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.
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Alves JV, da Costa RM, Awata WMC, Bruder-Nascimento A, Singh S, Tostes RC, Bruder-Nascimento T. NADPH oxidase 4-derived hydrogen peroxide counterbalances testosterone-induced endothelial dysfunction and migration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 327:E1-E12. [PMID: 38690939 PMCID: PMC11390122 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00365.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
High levels of testosterone (Testo) are associated with cardiovascular risk by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. NADPH oxidases (NOX) are the major source of ROS in the vasculature of cardiovascular diseases. NOX4 is a unique isotype, which produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and its participation in cardiovascular biology is controversial. So far, it is unclear whether NOX4 protects from Testo-induced endothelial injury. Thus, we hypothesized that supraphysiological levels of Testo induce endothelial NOX4 expression to attenuate endothelial injury. Human mesenteric vascular endothelial cells (HMECs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were treated with Testo (10-7 M) with or without a NOX4 inhibitor [GLX351322 (10-4 M)] or NOX4 siRNA. In vivo, 10-wk-old C57Bl/6J male mice were treated with Testo (10 mg/kg) for 30 days to study endothelial function. Testo increased mRNA and protein levels of NOX4 in HMECs and HUVECs. Testo increased superoxide anion (O2-) and H2O2 production, which were abolished by NOX1 and NOX4 inhibition, respectively. Testo also attenuated bradykinin-induced NO production, which was further impaired by NOX4 inhibition. In vivo, Testo decreased H2O2 production in aortic segments and triggered endothelial dysfunction [decreased relaxation to acetylcholine (ACh)], which was further impaired by GLX351322 and by a superoxide dismutase and catalase mimetic (EUK134). Finally, Testo led to a dysregulated endothelial cell migration, which was exacerbated by GLX351322. These data indicate that supraphysiological levels of Testo increase the endothelial expression and activity of NOX4 to counterbalance the deleterious effects caused by Testo in endothelial function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY By inducing ROS formation, high levels of testosterone play a major role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. NOXs are the major sources of ROS in the vasculature of cardiovascular diseases. Herein, we describe a novel compensatory mechanism by showing that NOX4 is a protective oxidant enzyme and counterbalances the deleterious effects of testosterone in endothelial cells by modulating hydrogen peroxide formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano V Alves
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Rafael M da Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
- Special Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Federal University of Jatai, Jatai, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Center for Pediatrics Research in Obesity and Metabolism (CPROM), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Endocrinology Division at UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Wanessa M C Awata
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Ariane Bruder-Nascimento
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Center for Pediatrics Research in Obesity and Metabolism (CPROM), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Endocrinology Division at UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Shubhnita Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Center for Pediatrics Research in Obesity and Metabolism (CPROM), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Endocrinology Division at UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago Bruder-Nascimento
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Center for Pediatrics Research in Obesity and Metabolism (CPROM), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Endocrinology Division at UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Vascular Medicine Institute (VMI), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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5
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Karbasion N, Xu Y, Snider JC, Bersi MR. Primary Mouse Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells Exhibit Region- and Sex-Dependent Biological Responses In Vitro. J Biomech Eng 2024; 146:060904. [PMID: 38421345 PMCID: PMC11005860 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Despite advancements in elucidating biological mechanisms of cardiovascular remodeling, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. When stratified by sex, clear differences in CVD prevalence and mortality between males and females emerge. Regional differences in phenotype and biological response of cardiovascular cells are important for localizing the initiation and progression of CVD. Thus, to better understand region and sex differences in CVD presentation, we have focused on characterizing in vitro behaviors of primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the thoracic and abdominal aorta of male and female mice. VSMC contractility was assessed by traction force microscopy (TFM; single cell) and collagen gel contraction (collective) with and without stimulation by transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and cell proliferation was assessed by a colorimetric metabolic assay (MTT). Gene expression and TFM analysis revealed region- and sex-dependent behaviors, whereas collagen gel contraction was consistent across sex and aortic region under baseline conditions. Thoracic VSMCs showed a sex-dependent sensitivity to TGF-β1-induced collagen gel contraction (female > male; p = 0.025) and a sex-dependent proliferative response (female > male; p < 0.001) that was not apparent in abdominal VSMCs. Although primary VSMCs exhibit intrinsic region and sex differences in biological responses that may be relevant for CVD presentation, several factors-such as inflammation and sex hormones-were not included in this study. Such factors should be included in future studies of in vitro mechanobiological responses relevant to CVD differences in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyousha Karbasion
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Yujun Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
- Washington University in St. Louis
| | - J. Caleb Snider
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
- Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Matthew R. Bersi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
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6
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Cignarella A, Bolego C, Barton M. Sex and sex steroids as determinants of cardiovascular risk. Steroids 2024; 206:109423. [PMID: 38631602 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
There are considerable sex differences regarding the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke, as well as chronic renal disease. Women are largely protected from these conditions prior to menopause, and the risk increases following cessation of endogenous estrogen production or after surgical menopause. Cardiovascular diseases in women generally begin to occur at a later age than in men (on average with a delay of 10 years). Cessation of estrogen production also impacts metabolism, increasing the risk of developing obesity and diabetes. In middle-aged individuals, hypertension develops earlier and faster in women than in men, and smoking increases cardiovascular risk to a greater degree in women than it does in men. It is not only estrogen that affects female cardiovascular health and plays a protective role until menopause: other sex hormones such as progesterone and androgen hormones generate a complex balance that differentiates heart and blood vessel function in women compared to men. Estrogens improve vasodilation of epicardial coronary arteries and the coronary microvasculature by augmenting the release of vasodilating factors such as nitric oxide and prostacyclin, which are mechanisms of coronary vasodilatation that are more pronounced in women compared to men. Estrogens are also powerful inhibitors of inflammation, which in part explains their protective effects on CVD and chronic renal disease. Emerging evidence suggests that sex chromosomes also play a significant role in shaping cardiovascular risk. The cardiovascular protection conferred by endogenous estrogens may be extended by hormone therapy, especially using bioidentical hormones and starting treatment early after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Bolego
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Andreas Grüntzig Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland.
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7
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Appiah CB, Gardner JJ, Farmer GE, Cunningham RL, Cunningham JT. Chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced hypertension: the impact of sex hormones. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 326:R333-R345. [PMID: 38406843 PMCID: PMC11381015 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00258.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea, a common form of sleep-disordered breathing, is characterized by intermittent cessations of breathing that reduce blood oxygen levels and contribute to the development of hypertension. Hypertension is a major complication of obstructive sleep apnea that elevates the risk of end-organ damage. Premenopausal women have a lower prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease than men and postmenopausal women, suggesting that sex hormones play a role in the pathophysiology of sleep apnea-related hypertension. The lack of protection in men and postmenopausal women implicates estrogen and progesterone as protective agents but testosterone as a permissive agent in sleep apnea-induced hypertension. A better understanding of how sex hormones contribute to the pathophysiology of sleep apnea-induced hypertension is important for future research and possible hormone-based interventions. The effect of sex on the pathophysiology of sleep apnea and associated intermittent hypoxia-induced hypertension is of important consideration in the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease and its cardiovascular complications. This review summarizes our current understanding of the impact of sex hormones on blood pressure regulation in sleep apnea with a focus on sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cephas B Appiah
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Jennifer J Gardner
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - George E Farmer
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Rebecca L Cunningham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - J Thomas Cunningham
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
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8
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Popa MA, Mihai CM, Șuică VI, Antohe F, Dubey RK, Leeners B, Simionescu M. Dihydrotestosterone Augments the Angiogenic and Migratory Potential of Human Endothelial Progenitor Cells by an Androgen Receptor-Dependent Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4862. [PMID: 38732080 PMCID: PMC11084206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a critical role in cardiovascular regeneration. Enhancement of their native properties would be highly beneficial to ensuring the proper functioning of the cardiovascular system. As androgens have a positive effect on the cardiovascular system, we hypothesized that dihydrotestosterone (DHT) could also influence EPC-mediated repair processes. To evaluate this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of DHT on cultured human EPCs' proliferation, viability, morphology, migration, angiogenesis, gene and protein expression, and ability to integrate into cardiac tissue. The results showed that DHT at different concentrations had no cytotoxic effect on EPCs, significantly enhanced the cell proliferation and viability and induces fast, androgen-receptor-dependent formation of capillary-like structures. DHT treatment of EPCs regulated gene expression of androgen receptors and the genes and proteins involved in cell migration and angiogenesis. Importantly, DHT stimulation promoted EPC migration and the cells' ability to adhere and integrate into murine cardiac slices, suggesting it has a role in promoting tissue regeneration. Mass spectrometry analysis further highlighted the impact of DHT on EPCs' functioning. In conclusion, DHT increases the proliferation, migration, and androgen-receptor-dependent angiogenesis of EPCs; enhances the cells' secretion of key factors involved in angiogenesis; and significantly potentiates cellular integration into heart tissue. The data offer support for potential therapeutic applications of DHT in cardiovascular regeneration and repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirel Adrian Popa
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (M.A.P.); (C.M.M.); (V.I.Ș.); (F.A.)
| | - Cristina Maria Mihai
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (M.A.P.); (C.M.M.); (V.I.Ș.); (F.A.)
| | - Viorel Iulian Șuică
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (M.A.P.); (C.M.M.); (V.I.Ș.); (F.A.)
| | - Felicia Antohe
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (M.A.P.); (C.M.M.); (V.I.Ș.); (F.A.)
| | - Raghvendra K. Dubey
- Department for Reproductive Endocrinology, University Zurich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland; (R.K.D.); (B.L.)
| | - Brigitte Leeners
- Department for Reproductive Endocrinology, University Zurich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland; (R.K.D.); (B.L.)
| | - Maya Simionescu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (M.A.P.); (C.M.M.); (V.I.Ș.); (F.A.)
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9
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Drury ER, Wu J, Gigliotti JC, Le TH. Sex differences in blood pressure regulation and hypertension: renal, hemodynamic, and hormonal mechanisms. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:199-251. [PMID: 37477622 PMCID: PMC11281816 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The teleology of sex differences has been argued since at least as early as Aristotle's controversial Generation of Animals more than 300 years BC, which reflects the sex bias of the time to contemporary readers. Although the question "why are the sexes different" remains a topic of debate in the present day in metaphysics, the recent emphasis on sex comparison in research studies has led to the question "how are the sexes different" being addressed in health science through numerous observational studies in both health and disease susceptibility, including blood pressure regulation and hypertension. These efforts have resulted in better understanding of differences in males and females at the molecular level that partially explain their differences in vascular function and renal sodium handling and hence blood pressure and the consequential cardiovascular and kidney disease risks in hypertension. This review focuses on clinical studies comparing differences between men and women in blood pressure over the life span and response to dietary sodium and highlights experimental models investigating sexual dimorphism in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, vascular, sympathetic nervous, and immune systems, endothelin, the major renal sodium transporters/exchangers/channels, and the impact of sex hormones on these systems in blood pressure homeostasis. Understanding the mechanisms governing sex differences in blood pressure regulation could guide novel therapeutic approaches in a sex-specific manner to lower cardiovascular risks in hypertension and advance personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika R Drury
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Jing Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Joseph C Gigliotti
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, Virginia, United States
| | - Thu H Le
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
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10
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Tiberi J, Cesarini V, Stefanelli R, Canterini S, Fiorenza MT, Rosa PL. Sex differences in antioxidant defence and the regulation of redox homeostasis in physiology and pathology. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 211:111802. [PMID: 36958540 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a term that defines a group of unstable compounds derived from exogenous sources or endogenous metabolism. Under physiological conditions, low levels of ROS play a key role in the regulation of signal transduction- or transcription-mediated cellular responses. In contrast, excessive and uncontrolled loading of ROS results in a pathological state known as oxidative stress (OS), a leading contributor to aging and a pivotal factor for the onset and progression of many disorders. Evolution has endowed cells with an antioxidant system involved in stabilizing ROS levels to a specific threshold, preserving ROS-induced signalling function and limiting negative side effects. In mammals, a great deal of evidence indicates that females defence against ROS is more proficient than males, determining a longer lifespan and lower incidence of most chronic diseases. In this review, we will summarize the most recent sex-related differences in the regulation of redox homeostasis. We will highlight the peculiar aspects of the antioxidant defence in sex-biased diseases whose onset or progression is driven by OS, and we will discuss the molecular, genetic, and evolutionary determinants of female proficiency to cope with ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Tiberi
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; PhD program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeriana Cesarini
- Department of Biomedicine Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Stefanelli
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Canterini
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; European Center for Brain Research, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorenza
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; European Center for Brain Research, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio La Rosa
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; European Center for Brain Research, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Smetanina MA, Korolenya VA, Kel AE, Sevostyanova KS, Gavrilov KA, Shevela AI, Filipenko ML. Epigenome-Wide Changes in the Cell Layers of the Vein Wall When Exposing the Venous Endothelium to Oscillatory Shear Stress. EPIGENOMES 2023; 7:epigenomes7010008. [PMID: 36975604 PMCID: PMC10048778 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenomic changes in the venous cells exerted by oscillatory shear stress towards the endothelium may result in consolidation of gene expression alterations upon vein wall remodeling during varicose transformation. We aimed to reveal such epigenome-wide methylation changes. Primary culture cells were obtained from non-varicose vein segments left after surgery of 3 patients by growing the cells in selective media after magnetic immunosorting. Endothelial cells were either exposed to oscillatory shear stress or left at the static condition. Then, other cell types were treated with preconditioned media from the adjacent layer's cells. DNA isolated from the harvested cells was subjected to epigenome-wide study using Illumina microarrays followed by data analysis with GenomeStudio (Illumina), Excel (Microsoft), and Genome Enhancer (geneXplain) software packages. Differential (hypo-/hyper-) methylation was revealed for each cell layer's DNA. The most targetable master regulators controlling the activity of certain transcription factors regulating the genes near the differentially methylated sites appeared to be the following: (1) HGS, PDGFB, and AR for endothelial cells; (2) HGS, CDH2, SPRY2, SMAD2, ZFYVE9, and P2RY1 for smooth muscle cells; and (3) WWOX, F8, IGF2R, NFKB1, RELA, SOCS1, and FXN for fibroblasts. Some of the identified master regulators may serve as promising druggable targets for treating varicose veins in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya A Smetanina
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (ICBFM) SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University (NSU), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Valeria A Korolenya
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (ICBFM) SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University (NSU), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alexander E Kel
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (ICBFM) SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Research & Development, GeneXplain GmbH, D-38302 Wolfenbüttel, Germany
| | - Ksenia S Sevostyanova
- Center of New Medical Technologies, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (ICBFM) SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Laboratory of Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (ICBFM) SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Surgical Diseases, V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University (NSU), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Gavrilov
- Center of New Medical Technologies, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (ICBFM) SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Surgical Diseases, V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University (NSU), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Andrey I Shevela
- Center of New Medical Technologies, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (ICBFM) SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Laboratory of Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (ICBFM) SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Surgical Diseases, V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University (NSU), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Maxim L Filipenko
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (ICBFM) SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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12
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Allen MS, Tostes RC. Cigarette smoking and erectile dysfunction: an updated review with a focus on pathophysiology, e-cigarettes, and smoking cessation. Sex Med Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1093/sxmrev/qeac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Cigarette smoking has major health implications and causes substantial damage to all organ systems. Approximately one-third of men are active smokers worldwide, and most men are unaware that cigarette smoking can contribute to erectile dysfunction (ED).
Objectives
This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of research conducted on cigarette smoking and ED, with a particular focus on pathophysiology, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), and smoking cessation.
Methods
A manual literature search was conducted on all research conducted on cigarette smoking and ED up to October 2022.
Results
Substantial evidence is now available showing that past and current cigarette smoking has dose-dependent associations with ED in studies controlling for age and important health comorbidities. Cigarette smoke contains nicotine, carbon monoxide, oxidant chemicals, and metals that can damage the endothelium and disrupt erectile processes. For current smokers, smoking abstinence can strengthen the endothelium and reverse diminished erectile function. The effect of e-cigarettes on endothelial damage and ED remains largely untested. E-cigarettes expose users to fine and ultrafine particles and toxins that can increase risk of cardiovascular injury, but these acute effects appear less potent than conventional cigarettes (long-term cardiovascular effects are still unknown). E-cigarettes are therefore likely to have less harmful effects on ED than conventional cigarettes.
Conclusions
Smoking cessation programs that focus on nicotine replacement therapy (transdermal patches, gum, or inhalers), behavioral counseling, social support, and education programs can be effective approaches to ED treatment in active smokers. Temporarily transferring from regular cigarettes to e-cigarettes—which transmit some of the same carcinogens as conventional cigarettes and are likely to have some long-term cardiovascular effects that disrupt erectile function—might also be useful for long-term smoking cessation and treatment of ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Allen
- Department of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies , Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, LS18 5HD, UK
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Rouver WDN, Delgado NTB, Gonçalves LT, Giesen JAS, Santos da Costa C, Merlo E, Damasceno Costa E, Lemos VS, Bernardes Graceli J, Santos RLD. Sex hormones and vascular reactivity: a temporal evaluation in resistance arteries of male rats. J Mol Endocrinol 2023; 70:e220147. [PMID: 36476761 DOI: 10.1530/jme-22-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The role of androgens in vascular reactivity is controversial, particularly regarding their age-related actions. The objective of this study was to conduct a temporal evaluation of the vascular reactivity of resistance arteries of young male rats, as well as to understand how male sex hormones can influence the vascular function of these animals. Endothelium-mediated relaxation was characterized in third-order mesenteric arteries of 10-, 12-, 16-, and 18w (week-old) male rats. Concentration-response curves to acetylcholine (ACh, 0.1 nmol/L-10 µmol/L) were constructed in arteries previously contracted with phenylephrine (PE, 3 µmol/L), before and after the use of nitric oxide synthase or cyclooxygenase inhibitors. PE concentration-response curves (1 nmol/L-100 μmol/L) were also built. The levels of vascular nitric oxide, superoxide anion, and hydrogen peroxide were assessed and histomorphometry analysis was performed. The 18w group had impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation. All groups showed prostanoid-independent and nitric oxide-dependent vasodilatory response, although this dependence seems to be smaller in the 18w group. The 18w group had the lowest nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide production, in addition to the highest superoxide anion levels. Besides functional impairment, 18w animals showed morphological differences in third-order mesenteric arteries compared with the other groups. Our data show that time-dependent exposure to male sex hormones appears to play an important role in the development of vascular changes that can lead to impaired vascular reactivity in mesenteric arteries, which could be related to the onset of age-related cardiovascular changes in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wender do Nascimento Rouver
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Leticia Tinoco Gonçalves
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Charles Santos da Costa
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Merlo
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Damasceno Costa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Virginia Soares Lemos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jones Bernardes Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Roger Lyrio Dos Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
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14
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Yao Q, Zou X, Liu S, Wu H, Shen Q, Kang J. Oxidative Stress as a Contributor to Insulin Resistance in the Skeletal Muscles of Mice with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911384. [PMID: 36232686 PMCID: PMC9569700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic disorder. Circulating markers of oxidative stress are abnormal in women with PCOS. There is a close relationship between oxidative stress and insulin resistance (IR). However, little information is available about oxidative stress in the skeletal muscles of those affected by PCOS. In this study, PCOS was induced in prepubertal C57BL/6J mice by injection with dehydroepiandrosterone. Oxidative stress biomarkers were then measured in both serum and skeletal muscles. The underlying mechanisms were investigated in C2C12 myotubes treated with testosterone (T). We discovered increased oxidative biomarkers, increased ROS production, and damaged insulin sensitivity in the skeletal muscles of mice with PCOS. High levels of T caused mitochondrial dysfunction and increased ROS levels through the androgen receptor (AR)-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (NOX4) signaling pathway in C2C12 cells. Treatment of C2C12 cells with an antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) decreased T-induced ROS production, improved mitochondrial function, and reversed IR. Administration of NAC to mice with PCOS improved insulin sensitivity in the skeletal muscles of the animals. Hyperandrogenism caused mitochondrial dysfunction and redox imbalance in the skeletal muscles of mice with PCOS. We discovered that oxidative stress contributed to skeletal muscle IR in PCOS. Reducing ROS levels may improve the insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscles in patients with PCOS.
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15
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Chies AB, Spadella MA, Carlos CP, Pacheco da Silva CB, Tirapelli CR. Orchiectomy but not adjuvant-induced arthritis induces structural modifications in rat aortas. J Smooth Muscle Res 2022; 58:63-77. [PMID: 35944980 PMCID: PMC9364264 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.58.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to verify whether Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis (AIA) and/or
Orchiectomy (ORX) modify the expression of the Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4 isoforms, the
endothelial function or the structure of rat aortas. Methods: Sixty-three Wistar rats were
distributed into four groups: 1) Control; 2) ORX; 3) AIA; 4) Orchiectomy plus to
Arthritis-induction (ORX/AIA). Thus, 21 days after the onset of AIA (by intradermal
injection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis), the presence of Nox1, Nox2 and
Nox4, the acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation and the media layer thickness were
assessed in the aorta taken from these animals. Results: The Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4 were
immunostained in intima, media and adventitia layers of aortas taken from all studied
groups and AIA apparently increased this immunostaining. These modifications of Nox1, Nox2
or Nox4 expression, however, were not confirmed by Western blotting. In addition, neither
AIA nor ORX changed the endothelial function, but ORX increased the media layer thickness
in the studied aortas. Conclusion: The present study showed weak clues of increased
expression of Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4 as a result of AIA, as well as of Nox1 reduction caused
by ORX. In addition, the endothelial function was not modified in the aortas of these
animals by both AIA and/or ORX. On the other hand, ORX increased significantly the aorta
media layer thickness in the studied animals, which was apparently mitigated by AIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnaldo Bruno Chies
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Marília Medical School, Av. Monte Carmelo, 800, Fragata, Marília, São Paulo 17 519-030, Brazil
| | - Maria Angélica Spadella
- Laboratory of Human Embryology, Marília Medical School, Av. Monte Carmelo, 800, Fragata, Marília, São Paulo 17 519-030, Brazil
| | - Carla Patrícia Carlos
- Laboratory of Experimental Research, FACERES School of Medicine, Jardim Morumbi, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-305, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Renato Tirapelli
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, DEPCH, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Enina TN, Kuznetsov VA, Soldatova AM. [Testosterone and congestive heart failure]. KARDIOLOGIIA 2022; 62:61-67. [PMID: 35989631 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2022.7.n1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes current information about the interrelation between testosterone concentrations and chronic heart failure (CHF). The authors described key publications that address the prevalence of testosterone deficiency in patients with CHF, the effect of endogenous and exogenous testosterone on the cardiovascular system, the relationship between testosterone levels and the severity and prognosis of CHF, and the efficacy of interventional treatments for CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Enina
- Tyumen Cardiology Research Center, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk
| | - V A Kuznetsov
- Tyumen Cardiology Research Center, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk
| | - A M Soldatova
- Tyumen Cardiology Research Center, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk
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17
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Santos JD, Oliveira Neto JT, Barros PR, Damasceno LEA, Lautherbach N, Assis AP, Silva CAA, Sorgi CA, Faccioli LH, Kettelhut IC, Salgado HC, Carneiro FS, Alves Filho JC, Tostes RC. Th17 cells-linked mechanisms mediate vascular dysfunction induced by testosterone in a mouse model of gender-affirming hormone therapy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H322-H335. [PMID: 35714175 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00182.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical data point to adverse cardiovascular events elicited by testosterone replacement therapy. Testosterone is the main hormone used in gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) by transmasculine people. However, the cardiovascular impact of testosterone in experimental models of GAHT remains unknown. Sex hormones modulate T cells activation, and immune mechanisms contribute to cardiovascular risk. The present study evaluated whether testosterone negatively impacts female cardiovascular function by enhancing Th17 cells-linked effector mechanisms. Female (8 weeks-old) C57BL/6J mice received testosterone (48 mg.Kg-1.week-1) for 8 weeks. Male mice were used for phenotypical comparisons. The hormone-treatment in female mice increased circulating testosterone to levels observed in male mice. Testosterone increased lean body mass and body mass index, and decreased perigonadal fat mass, mimicking clinical findings. After 8 weeks, testosterone decreased endothelium-dependent vasodilation and increased circulating Th17 cells. After 24 weeks, testosterone increased blood pressure in female mice. Ovariectomy did not intensify phenotypical or cardiovascular effects by testosterone. Female mice lacking T and B cells [Rag1 knockout (-/-)], as well as female mice lacking IL-17 receptor (IL-17Ra-/-), did not exhibit vascular dysfunction induced by testosterone. Testosterone impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in female mice lacking γδ T cells, similarly to the observed in wild type female mice. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells restored testosterone-induced vascular dysfunction in Rag1-/- female mice. Together, these data suggest that CD4+ T cells, most likely Th17 cells, are central to vascular dysfunction induced by testosterone in female mice, indicating that changes in immune cells balance are important in the GAHT in transmasculine people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeimison D Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José T Oliveira Neto
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula R Barros
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Alves Damasceno
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia Lautherbach
- Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana P Assis
- Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carlos A A Silva
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Sorgi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeira Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucia H Faccioli
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isis C Kettelhut
- Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Helio C Salgado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando S Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose C Alves Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Costa RM, Alves-Lopes R, Alves JV, Servian CP, Mestriner FL, Carneiro FS, Lobato NDS, Tostes RC. Testosterone Contributes to Vascular Dysfunction in Young Mice Fed a High Fat Diet by Promoting Nuclear Factor E2-Related Factor 2 Downregulation and Oxidative Stress. Front Physiol 2022; 13:837603. [PMID: 35350697 PMCID: PMC8958040 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.837603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, promotes vascular oxidative stress. Considering that free testosterone levels remain within the reference range, especially in obese young men and that testosterone stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, we sought to investigate whether testosterone interferes with obesity-associated oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction in male mice. We hypothesized that testosterone favors ROS accumulation and vascular dysfunction in high fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice. We also questioned whether testosterone downregulates the nuclear factor E2–related factor 2 (Nrf2), one of the major cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stimuli. Male C57Bl/6J mice were submitted to orchiectomy or sham-operation. Mice received either a control diet (CD) or HFD for 18 weeks. Vascular function was assessed in thoracic aortic rings and molecular mechanisms by which testosterone contributes to vascular dysfunction were determined. HFD reduced acetylcholine-induced vasodilation and increased vascular ROS generation in sham mice. Castration prevented these effects. Treatment of castrated mice fed either the CD or HFD with testosterone propionate decreased acetylcholine vasodilation. HFD decreased Nrf2 nuclear accumulation, events linked to decreased mRNA expression and activity of Nrf2-regulated enzymes (catalase, heme oxygenase-1, peroxiredoxin, and thioredoxin). These events were prevented in HFD-fed castrated mice. Bardoxolone, a Nrf2 activator, increased nuclear accumulation of Nrf2, decreased ROS generation and improved acetylcholine vasodilation in HFD-fed sham mice. In vitro, testosterone increased ROS generation and decreased Nrf2 nuclear accumulation. These effects were prevented in the presence of an androgen receptor antagonist, an inhibitor of gene transcription and an inhibitor of the pro-oxidant enzyme NOX-1. These results indicate that testosterone downregulates Nrf2, leading to oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction in HFD-fed obese young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Federal University of Jatai, Jatai, Brazil
| | - Rhéure Alves-Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,British Heart Foundation, Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Juliano V Alves
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carolina P Servian
- Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Federal University of Jatai, Jatai, Brazil
| | - Fabíola L Mestriner
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando S Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Núbia de S Lobato
- Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Federal University of Jatai, Jatai, Brazil
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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19
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Ghanem MA, Adawi EA, Ghanem AM, Safan MA, Ghanem AA. Retinal vessel diameters: Can they predict future risk of infertility in patients with varicocele? Arch Ital Urol Androl 2022; 94:70-74. [PMID: 35352529 DOI: 10.4081/aiua.2022.1.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between retinal vessel diameters, such as retinal arteriolar diameter, retinal venular diameter, and arteriolar/venular ratio (AVR), as clinical parameters of fertility in varicocele patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-eight (68) infertile varicocele men with abnormal semen parameters and sixty-one (61) varicocele normozoospermic men were included in the study. Moreover, fifty-eight (58) healthy normozoospermic men without varicocele were enrolled as a control group. For each participant, retinal vascular diameters were measured from the digital retinal photographs as a central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE), central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE), and AVR. In addition, hormones (total testosterone and FSH), and semen parameters were assessed and correlated with retinal vessel diameters. RESULTS The mean CRAE, CRVE, and AVR values were 147.8 ± 15.8 μm, 198.3 ± 39.3 μm, and 0.61 ± 0.01 in infertile varicocele patients, respectively. Significant difference of CRAE, CRVE, and AVR were found when comparing infertile varicocele patients with both varicocele and control normozoospermic male groups (p = 0.01, p = 0.006, and p = 0.007; respectively). Larger retinal venular caliber and smaller AVR ratio showed a significant inverse correlation with both sperm parameters and hormones (total testosterone and FSH) (p < 0.05). No significant correlations were found between CRAE with both sperm parameters and hormonal values (total testosterone and FSH) (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Infertile patients with varicocele showed a significant relationship with the retinal vascular diameter (CRVE and AVR ratio). This finding supports recommendation for regular eye examinations in the varicocele population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen A Ghanem
- Departments of Urology, Jazan University, KSA and Menoufia University.
| | | | | | - Manal A Safan
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Menoufia University.
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20
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Koukoulis GN, Filiponi M, Gougoura S, Befani C, Liakos P, Bargiota Α. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone modulate the redox homeostasis of endothelium. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:660-670. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George N Koukoulis
- Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Larissa University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly41500BiopolisLarissaGreece
| | - Maria Filiponi
- Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Larissa University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly41500BiopolisLarissaGreece
| | - Sofia Gougoura
- Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Larissa University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly41500BiopolisLarissaGreece
| | - Christina Befani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly41500BiopolisLarissaGreece
| | - Panagiotis Liakos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly41500BiopolisLarissaGreece
| | - Αlexandra Bargiota
- Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Larissa University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly41500BiopolisLarissaGreece
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21
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Armeni E, Lambrinoudaki I. Menopause, androgens, and cardiovascular ageing: a narrative review. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2022; 13:20420188221129946. [PMID: 36325501 PMCID: PMC9619256 DOI: 10.1177/20420188221129946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide; however, women tend to be less affected than men during their reproductive years. The female cardiovascular risk increases significantly around the time of the menopausal transition. The loss of the protective action of ovarian oestrogens and the circulating androgens has been implicated in possibly inducing subclinical and overt changes in the cardiovascular system after the menopausal transition. In vitro studies performed in human or animal cell lines demonstrate an adverse effect of testosterone on endothelial cell function and nitric oxide bioavailability. Cohort studies evaluating associations between testosterone and/or dehydroepiandrosterone and subclinical vascular disease and clinical cardiovascular events show an increased risk for women with more pronounced androgenicity. However, a mediating effect of insulin resistance is possible. Data on cardiovascular implications following low-dose testosterone treatment in middle-aged women or high-dose testosterone supplementation for gender affirmatory purposes remain primarily inconsistent. It is prudent to consider the possible adverse association between testosterone and endothelial function during the decision-making process of the most appropriate treatment for a postmenopausal woman.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Lambrinoudaki
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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22
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Sex steroids receptors, hypertension, and vascular ageing. J Hum Hypertens 2022; 36:120-125. [PMID: 34230581 PMCID: PMC8850193 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-021-00576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormone receptors are expressed throughout the vasculature and play an important role in the modulation of blood pressure in health and disease. The functions of these receptors may be important in the understanding of sexual dimorphism observed in the pathophysiology of both hypertension and vascular ageing. The interconnectivity of these factors can be exemplified in postmenopausal females, who with age and estrogen deprivation, surpass males with regard to hypertension prevalence, despite experiencing significantly less disease burden in their estrogen replete youth. Estrogen and androgen receptors mediate their actions via direct genomic effects or rapid non-genomic signaling, involving a host of mediators. The expression and subtype composition of these receptors changes through the lifespan in response to age, disease and hormonal exposure. These factors may promote sex steroid receptor-mediated alterations to the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), and increases in oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby contributing to the development of hypertension and vascular injury with age.
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23
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Cittadini A, Isidori AM, Salzano A. Testosterone therapy and cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2039-2057. [PMID: 34293112 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since it was first synthesised in 1935, testosterone (T) has been viewed as the mythical Fountain of Youth, promising rejuvenation, restoring sexual appetites, growing stronger muscles, and quicker thinking. T is endowed with direct effects on myocardial and vascular structure and function, as well as on risk factors for cardiovascular (CV) disease. Indeed, low serum T levels are a risk factor for diabetes, metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and dyslipidaemia. Moreover, many studies have shown that T deficiency per se is an independent risk factor of CV and all-cause mortality. On this background and due to direct-to-patient marketing by drug companies, we have witnessed to the widespread use of T replacement therapy (TT) without clear indications particularly in late-life onset hypogonadism. The current review will dwell upon current evidence and controversies surrounding the role of T in the pathophysiology of CV diseases, the link between circulating T levels and CV risk, and the use of replacing T as a possible adjuvant treatment in specific CV disorders. Specifically, recent findings suggest that heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus represent two potential targets of T therapy once that a state of hypogonadism is diagnosed. However, only if ongoing studies solve the CV safety issue the T orchid may eventually 'bloom'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cittadini
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Salzano
- IRCCS SDN, Diagnostic and Nuclear Research Institute, Naples, Italy
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24
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Zhang H, Tang Y, Tao J. Sex-Related Overactivation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Increases Lethality of the Male COVID-19 Patients. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:671363. [PMID: 34150848 PMCID: PMC8212049 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.671363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, remains a dramatic threat to human life and economic well-being worldwide. Significant heterogeneity in the severity of disease was observed for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 ranging from asymptomatic to severe cases. Moreover, male patients had a higher probability of suffering from high mortality and severe symptoms linked to cytokine storm and excessive inflammation. The NLRP3 inflammasome is presumably critical to this process. Sex differences may directly affect the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, impacting the severity of observed COVID-19 symptoms. To elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying sex based differences in NLRP3 activation during SARS-CoV-2 infection, this review summarizes the reported mechanisms and identifies potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jinhui Tao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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25
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Usman TO, Adeyanju OA, Areola ED, Badmus OO, Oyeyipo IP, Olaniyi KS, Oyabambi AO, Olatunji LA. Acetate causes renoprotection like androgen and mineralocorticoid receptors blockade in testosterone-exposed pregnant rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1861-1870. [PMID: 33479808 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-04031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The kidney plays a critical role in human health and deviation from its normal function can lead to severe morbidity and mortality. Exposure to excess testosterone in women has been linked to several disorders, including kidney disorder and acting undoubtedly through androgen receptor (AR), whereas the involvement of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is unclear. Likewise, the renal effect of sodium acetate (SAc) during late gestational exposure to testosterone is not well known. We hypothesized that SAc or MR blockade would protect the kidney of testosterone-exposed pregnant rats against glutathione and adenosine depletion. Twenty-five pregnant Wistar rats were treated (sc) with olive oil, testosterone propionate (0.5 mg/kg) singly or in combination with SAc (200 mg/kg; p.o.), androgen receptor (AR) blocker, flutamide (Flu; 7.5 mg/kg; p.o.) or (MR) blocker, eplerenone (Eple; 0.5 mg/kg) between gestational days 14 and 19. Glutathione, adenosine and nitric oxide were decreased while uric acid (UA), xanthine oxidase (XO), malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase activity and free fatty acids were increased in the kidneys of gestational rats exposed to testosterone. Also, plasma urea and creatinine were elevated. SAc and Eple reversed tested testosterone-induced effects in gestational rats. The exposure to testosterone impairs renal antioxidant defense via AR and MR during late gestation in pregnant rats. The study also provides evidence that sodium acetate protects the kidneys of gestational testosterone-exposed rats against defective antioxidant defense in like manner as MR or AR antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taofeek O Usman
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Nigeria.,Cardiovascular Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseun A Adeyanju
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Nigeria.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel D Areola
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Nigeria
| | - Olufunto O Badmus
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Nigeria.,Department of Public Health, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
| | - Ibukun P Oyeyipo
- Cardiovascular Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Kehinde S Olaniyi
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Nigeria.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Adewumi O Oyabambi
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Nigeria
| | - Lawrence A Olatunji
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Nigeria.
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26
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Ahmadpour D, Grange-Messent V. Involvement of Testosterone Signaling in the Integrity of the Neurovascular Unit in the Male: Review of Evidence, Contradictions, and Hypothesis. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:403-420. [PMID: 32512571 DOI: 10.1159/000509218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Age-related central nervous system function decline and increased susceptibility of females compared to males with respect to prevalence of several neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases are both based on the principle that hormonal factors could be involved. These cerebral disorders are characterized by an alteration of blood-brain barrier (BBB) properties and chronic neuroinflammation, which lead to disease progression. Neuroinflammation, in turn, contributes to BBB dysfunction. The BBB and its environment, called the neurovascular unit (NVU), are crucial for cerebral homeostasis and neuronal function. Interestingly, sex steroids influence BBB properties and modulate neuroinflammatory responses. To date however, the majority of work reported has focused on the effects of estrogens on BBB function and neuroinflammation in female mammals. In contrast, the effects of testosterone signaling on the NVU in males are still poorly studied. The aim of this review was to summarize and discuss the literature, providing insights and contradictions to highlight hypothesis and the need for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delnia Ahmadpour
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1130, CNRS UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris-Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Grange-Messent
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1130, CNRS UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris-Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France,
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27
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Ye W, Xie T, Song Y, Zhou L. The role of androgen and its related signals in PCOS. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:1825-1837. [PMID: 33369146 PMCID: PMC7882969 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women at reproductive age. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms have not been completely understood. Hyperandrogenism is an important clinic feature in patients with PCOS, suggesting its pathologic role in the development and progression of PCOS. However, the actual role of androgen and the related signals in PCOS and PCOS-related complications have not yet been clarified. In this review, we surveyed the origin and effects of androgen on PCOS and the related complications, highlighted the cellular signals affecting androgen synthesis and summarized the pathological processes caused by hyperandrogenism. Our review well reveals the important mechanisms referring the pathogenesis of PCOS and provides important clues to the clinic strategies in patients with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Ye
- Division of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Xie
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yali Song
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- Division of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
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28
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Rouver WDN, Ferreira CRS, Delgado NTB, Santos RLD. Surgically induced deficiency of sex hormones modulates coronary vasodilation by estradiol in hypertension. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 32:215-223. [PMID: 34005843 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effect of oestrogen in hormonal dysfunction is not clear, especially in the coronary vascular bed. This study aimed at estradiol action (E2) in the coronary vascular bed from sham-operated and gonadectomized female and male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). METHODS Male and female SHRs had their mean arterial pressure (MAP) and baseline coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) determined. The effects of E2 (10 μM) were evaluated in isolated hearts by in bolus infusion before and after endothelium denudation (0.25 μM sodium deoxycholate) or perfusion with 100 μM NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 2.8 μM indomethacin, 0.75 μM clotrimazole, L-NAME after endothelium denudation, L-NAME plus indomethacin, or 4 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA). RESULTS MAP was higher in males than in females, with gonadectomy increasing in females and reducing in males. CPP was higher in female group, remaining unaltered after gonadectomy. E2-induced vasorelaxation was observed in all groups, with no differences having been found between sexes even after gonadectomy. Perfusion with TEA, L-NAME, L-NAME plus indomethacin, and L-NAME after endothelium removal attenuated the relaxing response in all groups. Clotrimazole inhibited vasorelaxation only in female groups, and indomethacin did so only in gonadectomized groups. Endothelium participation was confirmed in female groups and in the gonadectomized male group. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the vasodilator effect of E2 was mediated by an indirect mechanism - via endothelium - as well as by direct action - via vascular smooth muscle - in both groups. The characterization of these mechanisms in coronary arteries might shed light on the functional basis of hormonal dysfunction symptoms in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wender do Nascimento Rouver
- Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of Espirito Santo - UFES, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Roger Lyrio Dos Santos
- Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of Espirito Santo - UFES, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
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29
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Tashima Y, He H, Cui JZ, Pedroza AJ, Nakamura K, Yokoyama N, Iosef C, Burdon G, Koyano T, Yamaguchi A, Fischbein MP. Androgens Accentuate TGF-β Dependent Erk/Smad Activation During Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Formation in Marfan Syndrome Male Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e015773. [PMID: 33059492 PMCID: PMC7763370 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.015773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Male patients with Marfan syndrome have a higher risk of aortic events and root dilatation compared with females. The role androgens play during Marfan syndrome aneurysm development in males remains unknown. We hypothesized that androgens potentiate transforming growth factor beta induced Erk (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase)/Smad activation, contributing to aneurysm progression in males. Methods and Results Aortic diameters in Fbn1C1039G/+ and littermate wild-type controls were measured at ages 6, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Fbn1C1039G/+ males were treated with (1) flutamide (androgen receptor blocker) or (2) vehicle control from age 6 to 16 weeks and then euthanized. p-Erk1/2, p-Smad2, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity were measured in ascending/aortic root and descending aorta specimens. Fbn1C1039G/+ male and female ascending/aortic root-derived smooth muscle cells were utilized in vitro to measure Erk/Smad activation and MMP-2 activity following dihydrotestosterone, flutamide or transforming growth factor beta 1 treatment. Fbn1C1039G/+ males have increased aneurysm growth. p-Erk1/2 and p-Smad2 were elevated in ascending/aortic root specimens at age 16 weeks. Corresponding with enhanced Erk/Smad signaling, MMP-2 activity was higher in Fbn1C1039G/+ males. In vitro smooth muscle cell studies revealed that dihydrotestosterone potentiates transforming growth factor beta-induced Erk/Smad activation and MMP-2 activity, which is reversed by flutamide treatment. Finally, in vivo flutamide treatment reduced aneurysm growth via p-Erk1/2 and p-Smad2 reduction in Fbn1C1039G/+ males. Conclusions Fbn1C1039G/+ males have enhanced aneurysm growth compared with females associated with enhanced p-Erk1/2 and p-Smad2 activation. Mechanistically, in vitro smooth muscle cell studies suggested that dihydrotestosterone potentiates transforming growth factor beta induced Erk/Smad activation. As biological proof of concept, flutamide treatment attenuated aneurysm growth and p-Erk1/2 and p-Smad2 signaling in Fbn1C1039G/+ males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Tashima
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryStanford UniversityStanfordCA
- Department of Cardiovascular SurgeryJichi Medical UniversitySaitama Medical CenterSaitamaJapan
| | - Hao He
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryStanford UniversityStanfordCA
| | - Jason Z. Cui
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryStanford UniversityStanfordCA
| | | | - Ken Nakamura
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryStanford UniversityStanfordCA
| | - Nobu Yokoyama
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryStanford UniversityStanfordCA
| | - Cristiana Iosef
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryStanford UniversityStanfordCA
| | - Grayson Burdon
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryStanford UniversityStanfordCA
| | - Tiffany Koyano
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryStanford UniversityStanfordCA
| | - Atsushi Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular SurgeryJichi Medical UniversitySaitama Medical CenterSaitamaJapan
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30
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Mohammadi-Shemirani P, Chong M, Pigeyre M, Morton RW, Gerstein HC, Paré G. Effects of lifelong testosterone exposure on health and disease using Mendelian randomization. eLife 2020; 9:e58914. [PMID: 33063668 PMCID: PMC7591257 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Testosterone products are prescribed to males for a variety of possible health benefits, but causal effects are unclear. Evidence from randomized trials are difficult to obtain, particularly regarding effects on long-term or rare outcomes. Mendelian randomization analyses were performed to infer phenome-wide effects of free testosterone on 461 outcomes in 161,268 males from the UK Biobank study. Lifelong increased free testosterone had beneficial effects on increased bone mineral density, and decreased body fat; adverse effects on decreased HDL, and increased risks of prostate cancer, androgenic alopecia, spinal stenosis, and hypertension; and context-dependent effects on increased hematocrit and decreased C-reactive protein. No benefit was observed for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular or cognitive outcomes. Mendelian randomization suggests benefits of long-term increased testosterone should be considered against adverse effects, notably increased prostate cancer and hypertension. Well-powered randomized trials are needed to conclusively address risks and benefits of testosterone treatment on these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedrum Mohammadi-Shemirani
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research InstituteHamiltonCanada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research InstituteHamiltonCanada
- Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
| | - Michael Chong
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research InstituteHamiltonCanada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research InstituteHamiltonCanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
| | - Marie Pigeyre
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research InstituteHamiltonCanada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton Health SciencesHamiltonCanada
| | - Robert W Morton
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
| | - Hertzel C Gerstein
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research InstituteHamiltonCanada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton Health SciencesHamiltonCanada
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research InstituteHamiltonCanada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research InstituteHamiltonCanada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote School of MedicineHamiltonCanada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
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31
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Magalhães SC, de Oliveira KA, Freiras PA, Moreira Gomes MD, Pereira LM, Boa LF, de Carvalho DP, Fortunato RS, Carneiro Loureiro AC, Brito LC, de Oliveira AC. High-dose Nandrolone Decanoate induces oxidative stress and inflammation in retroperitoneal adipose tissue of male rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 203:105728. [PMID: 32712213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The non-therapeutic use of the androgenic anabolic steroid Nandrolone Decanoate is popular due to its effects on physical performance and body composition, especially for its lipolytic and anabolic effects associated. However, high doses of such drugs are often associated with a series of pathologies related to unbalanced redox homeostasis, which, in turn, can be linked to inflammation. The oxidative stress onset could deregulate the secretion of cytokines, evidencing a dysfunctional adipocyte. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supraphysiological doses of Nandrolone Decanoate on redox homeostasis of retroperitoneal fatpad of male rats and its relationship with cytokines-based inflammatory signaling. Hydrogen peroxide production was assessed in the retroperitoneal fat pad of adult male rats which received either 10 mg kg of Nandrolone Decanoate or only a vehicle. Also, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were measured, together with total reduced thiols and protein carbonylation, as well as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 local levels. High doses of Nandrolone Decanoate caused an increase in the hydrogen peroxide production, together with lower activities of the antioxidant enzymes and lower levels of total reduced thiol. There were also higher protein carbonylation and greater levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the treated group compared to control group. Therefore, it was possible to verify that high doses of Nandrolone Decanoate cause oxidative stress and induce higher inflammatory signaling in retroperitoneal fat pad of male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Chaves Magalhães
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Keciany Alves de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Paula Alexandre Freiras
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Maria Diana Moreira Gomes
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Matta Pereira
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fonte Boa
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Denise Pires de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Dóris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Soares Fortunato
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Sinalização Redox, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriano Cesar Carneiro Loureiro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luciana Catunda Brito
- Instututo de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ariclécio Cunha de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil.
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32
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Nunes KP, Webb RC. New insights into RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling: a key regulator of vascular contraction. Small GTPases 2020; 12:458-469. [PMID: 32970516 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2020.1822721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While Rho-signalling controlling vascular contraction is a canonical mechanism, with the modern approaches used in research, we are advancing our understanding and details into this pathway are often uncovered. RhoA-mediated Rho-kinase is the major regulator of vascular smooth muscle cells and a key player manoeuvring other functions in these cells. The discovery of new interactions, such as oxidative stress and hydrogen sulphide with Rho signalling are emerging addition not only in the physiology of the smooth muscle, but especially in the pathophysiology of vascular diseases. Likewise, the interplay between ageing and Rho-kinase in the vasculature has been recently considered. Importantly, in smooth muscle contraction, this pathway may also be affected by sex hormones, and consequently, sex-differences. This review provides an overview of Rho signalling mediating vascular contraction and focuses on recent topics discussed in the literature affecting this pathway such as ageing, sex differences and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Pedrosa Nunes
- Laboratory of Vascular Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Seara FAC, Olivares EL, Nascimento JHM. Anabolic steroid excess and myocardial infarction: From ischemia to reperfusion injury. Steroids 2020; 161:108660. [PMID: 32492466 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic steroids (AS) are synthetic testosterone-derivatives developed by the pharmaceutical industry to mimic testosterone biological effects. So far, AS have been implicated in the treatment of pathological conditions, such as hypogonadism, anemia, and cachexia. Since their discovery, though, AS have been illicitly used by elite and recreational athletes, bodybuilders and weightlifters in order to enhance athletic and aesthetic performance. This practice is characterized by cycles of administration and withdrawal, the combination of different AS compounds, and administration of doses 50 - 1000 times higher than those recommended for therapeutic purposes. AS excess has been correlated to cardiovascular detrimental effects, including cardiac hypertrophy, arrhythmias, and hypertension. Particularly, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been extensively reported by clinical and post-mortem studies. Atherosclerosis, hypercoagulability state, increased thrombogenesis and vasospasm have arisen as potential causes of myocardial ischemia in AS users. Additionally, several experimental reports have demonstrated that AS can increase the susceptibility to cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury, whereas the cardioprotection elicited by physical exercise and ischemic postconditioning is blunted. Altogether, these factors can contribute to increased AMI morbidity and mortality during AS excess, particularly when AS are combined with other compounds, such as thyroid hormones, growth hormones, insulin, and diuretics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A C Seara
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Emerson L Olivares
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Jose H M Nascimento
- Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Sesti F, Pofi R, Minnetti M, Tenuta M, Gianfrilli D, Isidori AM. Late-onset hypogonadism: Reductio ad absurdum of the cardiovascular risk-benefit of testosterone replacement therapy. Andrology 2020; 8:1614-1627. [PMID: 32737921 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low testosterone (T) level is considered a marker of poor cardiovascular health. Ten years ago, the Testosterone in Older Men with Mobility Limitations (TOM) trial was discontinued due to a higher number of adverse events in men receiving T compared with placebo. Since then, several studies have investigated the risks of T replacement therapy (TRT) in late-onset hypogonadism (LOH). OBJECTIVE To review the mechanism by which TRT could damage the cardiovascular system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Comprehensive literature search of recent clinical and experimental studies. RESULTS The mechanisms of T-mediated coronary vasodilation were reviewed with emphasis on calcium-activated and ATP-sensitive potassium ion channels. We showed how T regulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/eNOS signaling pathways in vessel walls and its direct effects on cardiomyocytes via β1-adrenergic and ryanodine receptors and provided data on myocardial infarction and heart failure. Vascular smooth muscle senescence could be explained by the modulation of growth factors, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and angiotensin II by T. Furthermore, leukocyte trafficking, facilitated by changes in TNF-α, could explain some of the effects of T on atheromatous plaques. Conflicting data on prothrombotic risk linked to platelet aggregation inhibition via NO-triggered arachidonate synthesis or increased aggregability due to enhanced thromboxane A in human platelets provide evidence regarding the hypotheses on plaque maturation and rupture risk. The effects of T on cardiac electrophysiology and oxygen delivery were also reviewed. DISCUSSION The effects of TRT on the cardiovascular system are complex. Although molecular studies suggest a potential benefit, several clinical observations reveal neutral or occasionally detrimental effects, mostly due to confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS Attempts to demonstrate that TRT damages the cardiovascular system via systematic analysis of the putative mechanisms led to the contradiction of the initial hypothesis. Current evidence indicates that TRT is safe once other comorbidities are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Sesti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pofi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Minnetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Tenuta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Gianfrilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Alves JV, da Costa RM, Pereira CA, Fedoce AG, Silva CAA, Carneiro FS, Lobato NS, Tostes RC. Supraphysiological Levels of Testosterone Induce Vascular Dysfunction via Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1647. [PMID: 32849566 PMCID: PMC7411079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Both supraphysiological and subphysiological testosterone levels are associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Testosterone consumption at supraphysiological doses has been linked to increased blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, vascular dysfunction, and increased levels of inflammatory markers. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to the production of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to cardiovascular dysfunction. We hypothesized that supraphysiological levels of testosterone, via generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS), activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes vascular dysfunction. Methods: Male, 12 week-old C57Bl/6J (WT) and NLRP3 knockout (NLRP3-/-) mice were used. Mice were treated with testosterone propionate [TP (10 mg/kg) in vivo] or vehicle for 30 days. In addition, vessels were incubated with testosterone [Testo (10-6 M, 2 h) in vitro]. Testosterone levels, blood pressure, vascular function (thoracic aortic rings), pro-caspase-1/caspase-1 and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression, and generation of reactive oxygen species were determined. Results: Testosterone increased contractile responses and reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation, both in vivo and in vitro. These effects were not observed in arteries from NLRP3-/- mice. Aortas of TP-treated WT mice (in vivo), as well as aortas from WT mice incubated with testo (in vitro), exhibited increased mROS levels and increased caspase-1 and IL-1β expression. These effects were not observed in arteries from NLRP3-/- mice. Flutamide [Flu, 10-5 M, androgen receptor (AR) antagonist], carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP, 10-6 M, mitochondrial uncoupler) and MCC950 (MCC950, 10-6 M, a NLRP3 receptor inhibitor) prevented testosterone-induced mROS generation. Conclusion: Supraphysiological levels of testosterone induce vascular dysfunction via mROS generation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These events may contribute to increased cardiovascular risk.
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MESH Headings
- Androgens/toxicity
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Caspase 1/metabolism
- Inflammasomes/agonists
- Inflammasomes/genetics
- Inflammasomes/metabolism
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/agonists
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/deficiency
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/drug effects
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Testosterone Propionate/toxicity
- Tissue Culture Techniques
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasodilation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Vilela Alves
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Menezes da Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Special Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí, Brazil
| | - Camila André Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Garcia Fedoce
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Silva Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Núbia Souza Lobato
- Special Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí, Brazil
| | - Rita C. Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pyruvate kinase M2 activation protects against the proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:585-598. [PMID: 32719938 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), which is encoded by PKM, is a ubiquitously expressed intracellular protein and is associated with proliferation cell phenotype. In PAH patients and PAH models, we found higher levels of PKM2 tyrosine 105 phosphorylation (phospho-PKM2 (Y105)) than in controls, both in vivo and in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that PKM2 stimulates inflammatory and apoptosis signalling pathways in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and promotes PASMC migration and proliferation. PKM2 phosphorylation promoted the dimerization activation and nuclear translocation of STAT3, a transcription factor regulating proliferation, growth, and apoptosis. TLR2, a transmembrane protein receptor involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses, promoted PKM2 phosphorylation in hypoxia-induced PASMCs. Therefore, we hypothesized that PKM2 also affects the proliferation and migration of PASMCs. The proliferation of hypoxia-induced normal human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (normal-HPASMCs) was found to be inhibited by TEPP-46 (PKM2 agonist) and PKM2 siRNA using wound healing, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), and immunofluorescence (Ki67) assays. PASMCs isolated from PAH patients (PAH-HPASMCs) and hypoxia-treated rats (PAH-RPASMCs) also confirmed the above results. TEPP-46 treatment was found to improve hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery remodelling and right heart function in mice, and the link between PKM2 and STAT3 was also confirmed in vivo. In conclusion, PKM2 plays crucial roles in the proliferation and migration of PASMCs.
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Cruz-Topete D, Dominic P, Stokes KY. Uncovering sex-specific mechanisms of action of testosterone and redox balance. Redox Biol 2020; 31:101490. [PMID: 32169396 PMCID: PMC7212492 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular and pharmacological manipulation of the endogenous redox system is a promising therapy to limit myocardial damage after a heart attack; however, antioxidant therapies have failed to fully establish their cardioprotective effects, suggesting that additional factors, including antioxidant system interactions with other molecular pathways, may alter the pharmacological effects of antioxidants. Since gender differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) are prevalent, and sex is an essential determinant of the response to oxidative stress, it is of particular interest to understand the effects of sex hormone signaling on the activity and expression of cellular antioxidants and the pharmacological actions of antioxidant therapies. In the present review, we briefly summarize the current understanding of testosterone effects on the modulation of the endogenous antioxidant systems in the CV system, cardiomyocytes, and the heart. We also review the latest research on redox balance and sexual dimorphism, with particular emphasis on the role of the natural antioxidant system glutathione (GSH) in the context of myocardial infarction, and the pro- and antioxidant effects of testosterone signaling via the androgen receptor (AR) on the heart. Finally, we discuss future perspectives regarding the potential of using combing antioxidant and testosterone replacement therapies to protect the aging myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cruz-Topete
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shreveport, LA, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Shreveport, LA, USA.
| | - Paari Dominic
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Cardiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Karen Y Stokes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shreveport, LA, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Lagunin AA, Ivanov SM, Gloriozova TA, Pogodin PV, Filimonov DA, Kumar S, Goel RK. Combined network pharmacology and virtual reverse pharmacology approaches for identification of potential targets to treat vascular dementia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:257. [PMID: 31937840 PMCID: PMC6959222 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a major cause of disability and dependency among older people. If the lives of people with dementia are to be improved, research and its translation into druggable target are crucial. Ancient systems of healthcare (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Sowa-Rigpa) have been used from centuries for the treatment vascular diseases and dementia. This traditional knowledge can be transformed into novel targets through robust interplay of network pharmacology (NetP) with reverse pharmacology (RevP), without ignoring cutting edge biomedical data. This work demonstrates interaction between recent and traditional data, and aimed at selection of most promising targets for guiding wet lab validations. PROTEOME, DisGeNE, DISEASES and DrugBank databases were used for selection of genes associated with pathogenesis and treatment of vascular dementia (VaD). The selection of new potential drug targets was made by methods of NetP (DIAMOnD algorithm, enrichment analysis of KEGG pathways and biological processes of Gene Ontology) and manual expert analysis. The structures of 1976 phytomolecules from the 573 Indian medicinal plants traditionally used for the treatment of dementia and vascular diseases were used for computational estimation of their interactions with new predicted VaD-related drug targets by RevP approach based on PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances) software. We found 147 known genes associated with vascular dementia based on the analysis of the databases with gene-disease associations. Six hundred novel targets were selected by NetP methods based on 147 gene associations. The analysis of the predicted interactions between 1976 phytomolecules and 600 NetP predicted targets leaded to the selection of 10 potential drug targets for the treatment of VaD. The translational value of these targets is discussed herewith. Twenty four drugs interacting with 10 selected targets were identified from DrugBank. These drugs have not been yet studied for the treatment of VaD and may be investigated in this field for their repositioning. The relation between inhibition of two selected targets (GSK-3, PTP1B) and the treatment of VaD was confirmed by the experimental studies on animals and reported separately in our recent publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Lagunin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Department of Bioinformatics, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119121, Russia.
| | - Sergey M Ivanov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Department of Bioinformatics, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Tatyana A Gloriozova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Pavel V Pogodin
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Filimonov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Punjabi University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Patiala, 147002, India
| | - Rajesh K Goel
- Punjabi University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Patiala, 147002, India.
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Mancini A, Fuvuzzi AMR, Bruno C, Nicolazzi MA, Vergani E, Ciferri N, Silvestrini A, Meucci E, Nicolotti N, D'Assante R, Cittadini A. Anabolic Hormone Deficiencies in Heart Failure with Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction and Correlation with Plasma Total Antioxidant Capacity. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:5798146. [PMID: 32411227 PMCID: PMC7199626 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5798146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While anabolic hormone deficit is a common finding in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), few data are available in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). METHODS Blood samples were collected for metabolic (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, creatinine, and glucose) and hormonal (IGF-1, DHEA-S, TSH, fT3, fT4, and T) determination, comparing 30 patients with HFpEF and 20 patients with HFrEF. Total antioxidant capacity was evaluated by using the spectrophotometric method using the latency time in the appearance of the radical species of a chromogen (LAG, sec) as a parameter proportional to antioxidant content of the sample. Echocardiographic parameters were also assessed in the two groups. RESULTS A high prevalence of testosterone (32% in HFrEF and 72% in HFpEF, p < 0.05) and DHEA-S deficiencies was observed in HFpEF patients. Echocardiographic parameters did not correlate with hormone values. A significant direct correlation between T (r 2 = 0.25, p < 0.05) and DHEA-S (r 2 = 0.19, p < 0.05) with LAG was observed only in HFpEF. CONCLUSION Anabolic hormone deficiency is clearly shown in HFpEF, as already known in HFrEF. Although longitudinal studies are required to confirm the prognostic value of this observation, our data suggest different mechanisms in modulating antioxidants in the two conditions, with possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mancini
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Rita Fuvuzzi
- Operative Unit of Internal Medicine and Vascular Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Bruno
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Anna Nicolazzi
- Operative Unit of Internal Medicine and Vascular Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vergani
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Nunzia Ciferri
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Silvestrini
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Meucci
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Nicolotti
- Medical Management, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta D'Assante
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Cittadini
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Spotlight on a New Heme Oxygenase Pathway: Testosterone-Induced Shifts in Cardiac Oxidant/Antioxidant Status. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8080288. [PMID: 31394727 PMCID: PMC6720826 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A low testosterone level contributes to the development of oxidative damages; however, the cardiovascular effects of exogenous hormone therapy are not well elucidated. The aim of our work is to study the association of the testosterone level, antioxidant/oxidant system, and anti-inflammatory status related to the heme oxygenase (HO) system. To determine the effects of testosterone, 10-week-old, and 24-month-old sham-operated and castrated male Wistar rats were used. One part of the castrated animals was daily treated with 2.5 mg/kg cyproterone acetate, while the hormone replacement therapy was performed via an i.m. injection of a dose of 8.0 mg testosterone undecanoate/kg/once a week. The plasma testosterone level, the activity of HO and myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzymes; the concentrations of the HO-1, tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α), and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), as well as the total level of glutathione (GSH + GSSG) were determined from the cardiac left ventricle. In accordance with the testosterone values, the aging process and castration resulted in a decrease in antioxidant HO activity, HO-1 and cGMP concentrations and in the level of GSH + GSSG, whereas the inflammatory TNF-α and MPO activity significantly increased. Testosterone therapy was able to restore the physiological values. Our results clearly show that testosterone replacement therapy increases the antioxidant status and mitigates the inflammatory parameters via the modulation of the HO system.
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Role of Gender in Regulation of Redox Homeostasis in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8050135. [PMID: 31100969 PMCID: PMC6562572 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8050135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is one of the diseases with a well-established gender dimorphism. The prevalence of PAH is increased in females with a ratio of 4:1, while poor survival prognosis is associated with the male gender. Nevertheless, the specific contribution of gender in disease development and progression is unclear due to the complex nature of the PAH. Oxidative and nitrosative stresses are important contributors in PAH pathogenesis; however, the role of gender in redox homeostasis has been understudied. This review is aimed to overview the possible sex-specific mechanisms responsible for the regulation of the balance between oxidants and antioxidants in relation to PAH pathobiology.
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Liu P, Gu Y, Luo J, Ye P, Zheng Y, Yu W, Chen S. Inhibition of Src activation reverses pulmonary vascular remodeling in experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension via Akt/mTOR/HIF-1<alpha> signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2019; 380:36-46. [PMID: 30802452 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a diffuse pulmonary microvascular remodeling disease accompanied by malignant proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), which causes persistent pulmonary artery pressure elevation, right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and death. However, current therapies targeting pulmonary vascular remodeling and RVH remain poorly effective in reversing PAH. Overactivation of the protein tyrosine kinase Src plays an important role in tumor cell growth, proliferation and invasion; we thus hypothesized that inhibitors targeting Src activation could reverse experimental PAH. We demonstrated that Src was markedly activated in hypoxia-stimulated PASMCs from donors and PASMCs isolated from PAH patients. We investigated the effects of the Src-selective inhibitor 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine (PP1) and berberine (BBR) on PAH-PASMC proliferation and migration by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and wound-healing assays. Our in vitro results showed that inhibition of Src (Tyr416) phosphorylation repressed PAH-PASMC proliferation and migration by inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression through Akt/mTOR signal pathway. In vivo, PP1 and BBR significantly alleviated distal pulmonary vascular remodeling and decreased right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and RVH in Sugen (SU) 5416/hypoxia (SU-PAH) mice. These findings demonstrate that pharmacological (PP1 or BBR) inhibition of Src activation could be a novel means of treating severe pulmonary vascular remodeling and RVH in PAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaguo Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wande Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Achyranthes bidentata polypeptides promotes migration of Schwann cells via NOX4/DUOX2-dependent ROS production in rats. Neurosci Lett 2018; 696:99-107. [PMID: 30572102 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Achyranthes bidentata polypeptides (ABPP), an active polypeptides isolated from the aqueous extract of Achyranthes bidentata Blume, contributes to the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves by promoting migration of Schwann cells (SCs). In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible mechanism underlying the ABPP-induced migration of primary cultured rat SCs. Transwell migration assays indicated that ABPP promoted SCs migration in a concentration-dependent manner by inducing production of NADPH-oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). Inhibition of ROS production by NOXs inhibitor apocynin (APO) or diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) partially blocked ABPP-mediated SCs migration. Furthermore, by using real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis and siRNA interference technique, we verified the participation of NOX subunit 4 (NOX4) and dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) in ABPP-induced ROS production and consequential SCs migration. Taken together, these results demonstrated that ABPP promoted SCs migration via NOX4/DUOX2-activated ROS in SCs.
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Chaudhari S, Cushen SC, Osikoya O, Jaini PA, Posey R, Mathis KW, Goulopoulou S. Mechanisms of Sex Disparities in Cardiovascular Function and Remodeling. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:375-411. [PMID: 30549017 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies demonstrate disparities between men and women in cardiovascular disease prevalence, clinical symptoms, treatments, and outcomes. Enrollment of women in clinical trials is lower than men, and experimental studies investigating molecular mechanisms and efficacy of certain therapeutics in cardiovascular disease have been primarily conducted in male animals. These practices bias data interpretation and limit the implication of research findings in female clinical populations. This review will focus on the biological origins of sex differences in cardiovascular physiology, health, and disease, with an emphasis on the sex hormones, estrogen and testosterone. First, we will briefly discuss epidemiological evidence of sex disparities in cardiovascular disease prevalence and clinical manifestation. Second, we will describe studies suggesting sexual dimorphism in normal cardiovascular function from fetal life to older age. Third, we will summarize and critically discuss the current literature regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of estrogens and androgens on cardiac and vascular physiology and the contribution of these hormones to sex differences in cardiovascular disease. Fourth, we will present cardiovascular disease risk factors that are positively associated with the female sex, and thus, contributing to increased cardiovascular risk in women. We conclude that inclusion of both men and women in the investigation of the role of estrogens and androgens in cardiovascular physiology will advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying sex differences in cardiovascular disease. In addition, investigating the role of sex-specific factors in the development of cardiovascular disease will reduce sex and gender disparities in the treatment and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:375-411, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Chaudhari
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Spencer C Cushen
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Oluwatobiloba Osikoya
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Paresh A Jaini
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel Posey
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Keisa W Mathis
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Styliani Goulopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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Montaño LM, Flores-Soto E, Reyes-García J, Díaz-Hernández V, Carbajal-García A, Campuzano-González E, Ramírez-Salinas GL, Velasco-Velázquez MA, Sommer B. Testosterone induces hyporesponsiveness by interfering with IP 3 receptors in guinea pig airway smooth muscle. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 473:17-30. [PMID: 29275169 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma symptoms have been associated with sex steroids. During childhood, this illness seems more frequent in boys than in girls and this tendency reverts in puberty when it is more severe in women. Testosterone (TES), at supraphysiological concentrations, relaxed pre-contracted airway smooth muscle, but its effects at physiological concentrations have not been thoroughly studied. We explored this possibility in guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle. In myocytes TES (10 nM) abolished carbachol (CCh)-induced intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) increment. Ca2+ responses to ATP were partially modified by TES while histamine's were not. These results indicate that inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) signaling pathway might be involved. Photolysis of caged-IP3 increased [Ca2+]i and TES abolished this effect. TES diminished reactivity of the smooth muscle to CCh and this effect was non-genomic since it was unchanged by flutamide. In tracheal smooth muscle, mRNA for each IP3 receptor (ITPR) isoform was found and, by immunofluorescence, ITPR1 and ITPR3 seems to be the main isoforms observed while ITPR2 was less prominent. Comparing the amino acid sequence of ITPR1 and the sequence of the TES binding site on the androgen receptor, we found that they share a short sequence. This domain could be responsible for the TES binding to the ITPR1 and probably for its blocking effect. We conclude that TES modifies ITPR1 function in airway smooth muscle, turning this tissue less reactive to contractile agonists that act through PLCβ-IP3 signaling cascade. These results might be related to the low asthma prevalence in males from puberty to adulthood.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Channels/metabolism
- Carbachol/pharmacology
- Genome
- Guinea Pigs
- Histamine/pharmacology
- Humans
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/pharmacology
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/chemistry
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/metabolism
- Intracellular Space/metabolism
- Male
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/chemistry
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Testosterone/pharmacology
- Trachea/drug effects
- Trachea/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Montaño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Edgar Flores-Soto
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge Reyes-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Verónica Díaz-Hernández
- Departamento de Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Abril Carbajal-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elías Campuzano-González
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - G Lizbeth Ramírez-Salinas
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Cátedras CONACYT, Mexico; Unidad Periférica de Biomedicina Traslacional, (CMN 20 de Noviembre, ISSSTE) Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marco A Velasco-Velázquez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Unidad Periférica de Biomedicina Traslacional, (CMN 20 de Noviembre, ISSSTE) Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Bettina Sommer
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Olatunji LA, Areola ED, Badmus OO. Endoglin inhibition by sodium acetate and flutamide ameliorates cardiac defective G6PD-dependent antioxidant defense in gestational testosterone-exposed rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1641-1647. [PMID: 30257382 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational androgen excess has been implicated in the development of cardiac dysfunction with poor mechanistic delineation. The role of sodium acetate on cardiac uric acid (UA) production and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-dependent antioxidant defense in pregnancy is not known. The study therefore sought to test the hypothesis that rats exposed to elevated testosterone in late pregnancy would have increased cardiac UA production and defective G6PD-dependent antioxidant defense. We also hypothesized that sodium acetate (SAc) or androgen receptor blocker, flutamide (Flu) would ameliorate these effects through endoglin inhibition. Twenty-four pregnant Wistar rats were treated (sc) with olive oil, testosterone propionate (0.5 mg/kg) singly or in combination with SAc (200 mg/kg; po) or Flu (7.5 mg/kg; po) in the late gestation between gestational day 14 and 19. The results showed that in the late gestation, testosterone exposure led to increased plasma and cardiac endoglin. In the heart of rats exposed to gestational testosterone there were elevated lactate dehydrogenase, adenosine deaminase, xanthine oxidase, uric acid (UA), cardiac injury markers and decreased G6PD-dependent antioxidant defense. However, either SAc or Flu comparably ameliorated these testosterone-induced effects. The data from the present study revealed that testosterone exposure in the late gestation causes elevated cardiac Eng that is accompanied by increased UA production and defective G6PD-dependent anti-oxidant defenses. Besides, the findings also suggest that the inhibitory effect of SAc or Flu on endoglin attenuates UA production and enhances the G6PD-dependent anti-oxidant barrier, thereby implying that endoglin may be a potentially novel therapeutic intervention for cardiac dysfunction particularly in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A Olatunji
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team and Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - Emmanuel D Areola
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team and Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Olufunto O Badmus
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team and Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
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Yan X, Xun M, Wu L, Du X, Zhang F, Zheng J. DRm217 attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via stabilizing plasma membrane Na + -K + -ATPase, inhibiting Na + -K + -ATPase/ROS pathway and activating PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 349:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Costa TJ, Ceravolo GS, Echem C, Hashimoto CM, Costa BP, Santos-Eichler RA, Oliveira MA, Jiménez-Altayó F, Akamine EH, Dantas AP, Carvalho MHC. Detrimental Effects of Testosterone Addition to Estrogen Therapy Involve Cytochrome P-450-Induced 20-HETE Synthesis in Aorta of Ovariectomized Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR), a Model of Postmenopausal Hypertension. Front Physiol 2018; 9:490. [PMID: 29867542 PMCID: PMC5952044 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal period has been associated to different symptoms such as hot flashes, vulvovaginal atrophy, hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) and others. Clinical studies have described postmenopausal women presenting HSDD can benefit from the association of testosterone to conventional hormonal therapy. Testosterone has been linked to development of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension and it also increases cytochrome P-450-induced 20-HETE synthesis which in turn results in vascular dysfunction. However, the effect of testosterone plus estrogen in the cardiovascular system is still very poorly studied. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the role of cytochrome P-450 pathway in a postmenopausal hypertensive female treated with testosterone plus estrogen. For that, hypertensive ovariectomized rats (OVX-SHR) were used as a model of postmenopausal hypertension and four groups were created: SHAM-operated (SHAM), ovariectomized SHR (OVX), OVX treated for 15 days with conjugated equine estrogens [(CEE) 9.6 μg/Kg/day/po] or CEE associated to testosterone [(CEE+T) 2.85 mg/kg/weekly/im]. Phenylephrine-induced contraction and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were markedly increased in aortic rings from OVX-SHR compared to SHAM rats which were restored by CEE treatment. On the other hand, CEE+T abolished vascular effects by CEE and augmented both systolic and diastolic blood pressure of SHR. Treatment of aortic rings with the CYP/20-HETE synthesis inhibitor HET0016 (1 μM) reduced phenylephrine hyperreactivity and the augmented ROS generation in the CEE+T group. These results are paralleled by the increased CYP4F3 protein expression and activity in aortas of CEE+T. In conclusion, we showed that association of testosterone to estrogen therapy produces detrimental effects in cardiovascular system of ovariectomized hypertensive females via CYP4F3/20-HETE pathway. Therefore, our findings support the standpoint that the CYP/20-HETE pathway is an important therapeutic target for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in menopausal women in the presence of high levels of testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago J Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Facultat de Medicina, Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Group of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Disease, Institut Clinic del Torax, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Graziela S Ceravolo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Cinthya Echem
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina M Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz P Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosangela A Santos-Eichler
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
- Facultat de Medicina, Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eliana H Akamine
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dantas
- Group of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Disease, Institut Clinic del Torax, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Helena C Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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α-Solanine reverses pulmonary vascular remodeling and vascular angiogenesis in experimental pulmonary artery hypertension. J Hypertens 2018; 35:2419-2435. [PMID: 28704260 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Similar to cancer, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by vascular remodeling, which leads to obliteration of the small pulmonary arteriole, with marked proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) and/or endothelial cells dysfunction. Aberrant expression of tumor suppressor genes is closely associated with susceptibility to PAH. We hypothesized that α-solanine, a glycoalkaloid found in members of the nightshade family known to have antitumor activity in different cancers, reverses experimental PAH by activating the tumor suppressor-axis inhibition protein 2 (AXIN2). METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the effects of α-solanine on PASMC proliferation and apoptosis by using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine proliferation assay, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki67 staining, TUNEL and Anexine V assays. Scratch wound healing and tube formation assays were also used to study migration of endothelial cells. In vitro, we demonstrated, using cultured human PASMC from PAH patients, that α-solanine reversed dysfunctional AXIN2, β-catenin and bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-2 signaling, whereas restored [Ca]i, IL-6 and IL-8, contributing to the decrease of PAH-PASMC proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Meanwhile, α-solanine inhibits proliferation, migration and tube formation of PAH-pulmonary artery endothelial cells by inhibiting Akt/GSK-3α activation. In vivo, α-solanine administration decreases distal pulmonary arteries remodeling, mean pulmonary arteries pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy in both monocrotaline-induced and Sugen/hypoxia-induced PAH in mice. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that AXIN2/β-catenin axis and Akt pathway can be therapeutically targeted by α-solanine in PAH. α-Solanine could be used as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PAH.
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Gagliano-Jucá T, Basaria S. Trials of testosterone replacement reporting cardiovascular adverse events. Asian J Androl 2018; 20:131-137. [PMID: 28782738 PMCID: PMC5858095 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_28_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The numbers of testosterone prescriptions written have increased several-fold worldwide, but the incidence of pathological hypogonadism due to hypothalamic, pituitary, and testicular disease has remained unchanged. Most of these prescriptions are being dispensed to middle-aged and older men who have experienced age-related decline in serum testosterone levels; a subset of the population in which benefits of testosterone replacement is at best, modest. Recently, some randomized controlled trials have reported increased cardiovascular events in men (mainly older men and those with prevalent cardiovascular disease) with testosterone use, and a few recent meta-analyses have confirmed these findings. In this review, we discuss trials of testosterone therapy that have reported higher cardiovascular events, relevant trials that have not reported increased cardiovascular events and large trials that have focused on cardiovascular risk (mainly atherosclerosis progression) as their main outcome. We also review findings from meta-analyses that have evaluated cardiovascular events in various testosterone trials. Finally, we discuss some potential mechanisms by which testosterone use might result in an increased cardiovascular risk. As none of the trials conducted to date were adequately powered to evaluate cardiovascular events, no firm conclusions can be drawn regarding the cardiovascular safety of testosterone therapy at this time. In the interim, we hope that this review will help practitioners make informed decisions regarding the care of their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Gagliano-Jucá
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shehzad Basaria
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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