1
|
Roberts BRT, Meade ME, Fernandes MA. Brain regions supporting retrieval of words drawn at encoding: fMRI evidence for multimodal reactivation. Mem Cognit 2024:10.3758/s13421-024-01591-y. [PMID: 38865077 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Memory for words that are drawn or sketched by the participant, rather than written, during encoding is typically superior. While this drawing benefit has been reliably demonstrated in recent years, there has yet to be an investigation of its neural basis. Here, we asked participants to either create drawings, repeatedly write, or list physical characteristics depicting each target word during encoding. Participants then completed a recognition memory test for target words while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Behavioural results showed memory was significantly higher for words drawn than written, replicating the typical drawing effect. Memory for words whose physical characteristics were listed at encoding was also higher than for those written repeatedly, but lower than for those drawn. Voxel-wise analyses of fMRI data revealed two distributed sets of brain regions more active for items drawn relative to written, the left angular gyrus (BA 39) and bilateral frontal (BA 10) regions, suggesting integration and self-referential processing during retrieval of drawn words. Brain-behaviour correlation analyses showed that the size of one's memory benefit for words drawn relative to written at encoding was positively correlated with activation in brain regions linked to visual representation and imagery (BA 17 and cuneus) and motor planning (premotor and supplementary motor areas; BA 6). This study suggests that drawing benefits memory by coactivating multiple sensory traces. Target words drawn during encoding are subsequently remembered by re-engaging visual, motoric, and semantic representations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brady R T Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Melissa E Meade
- Department of Psychology, Huron College at Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Myra A Fernandes
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dodd K, Legget KT, Cornier MA, Novick AM, McHugo M, Berman BD, Lawful BP, Tregellas JR. Relationship between functional connectivity and weight-gain risk of antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2024; 267:173-181. [PMID: 38552340 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms by which antipsychotic medications (APs) contribute to obesity in schizophrenia are not well understood. Because AP effects on functional brain connectivity may contribute to weight effects, the current study investigated how AP-associated weight-gain risk relates to functional connectivity in schizophrenia. METHODS Fifty-five individuals with schizophrenia (final N = 54) were divided into groups based on previously reported AP weight-gain risk (no APs/low risk [N = 19]; moderate risk [N = 17]; high risk [N = 18]). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was completed after an overnight fast ("fasted") and post-meal ("fed"). Correlations between AP weight-gain risk and functional connectivity were assessed at the whole-brain level and in reward- and eating-related brain regions (anterior insula, caudate, nucleus accumbens). RESULTS When fasted, greater AP weight-gain risk was associated with increased connectivity between thalamus and sensorimotor cortex (pFDR = 0.021). When fed, greater AP weight-gain risk was associated with increased connectivity between left caudate and left precentral/postcentral gyri (pFDR = 0.048) and between right caudate and multiple regions, including the left precentral/postcentral gyri (pFDR = 0.001), intracalcarine/precuneal/cuneal cortices (pFDR < 0.001), and fusiform gyrus (pFDR = 0.008). When fed, greater AP weight-gain risk was also associated with decreased connectivity between right anterior insula and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (pFDR = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS APs with higher weight-gain risk were associated with greater connectivity between reward-related regions and sensorimotor regions when fasted, perhaps relating to motor anticipation for consumption. Higher weight-gain risk APs were also associated with increased connectivity between reward, salience, and visual regions when fed, potentially reflecting greater desire for consumption following satiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Dodd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Anschutz Health Sciences Building, 1890 N Revere Ct, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, 12705 E Montview Blvd Suite 100, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kristina T Legget
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Anschutz Health Sciences Building, 1890 N Revere Ct, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, 1700 N Wheeling St, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Marc-Andre Cornier
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Clinical Sciences Building, CSB 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Andrew M Novick
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Anschutz Health Sciences Building, 1890 N Revere Ct, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Maureen McHugo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Anschutz Health Sciences Building, 1890 N Revere Ct, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Benjamin P Lawful
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Anschutz Health Sciences Building, 1890 N Revere Ct, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jason R Tregellas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Anschutz Health Sciences Building, 1890 N Revere Ct, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, 1700 N Wheeling St, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shi Y, Li Y. The effective connectivity analysis of fMRI based on asymmetric detection of transfer brain entropy. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae070. [PMID: 38466114 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
It is important to explore causal relationships in functional magnetic resonance imaging study. However, the traditional effective connectivity analysis method is easy to produce false causality, and the detection accuracy needs to be improved. In this paper, we introduce a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging effective connectivity method based on the asymmetry detection of transfer entropy, which quantifies the disparity in predictive information between forward and backward time, subsequently normalizing this disparity to establish a more precise criterion for detecting causal relationships while concurrently reducing computational complexity. Then, we evaluate the effectiveness of this method on the simulated data with different level of nonlinearity, and the results demonstrated that the proposed method outperforms others methods on the detection of both linear and nonlinear causal relationships, including Granger Causality, Partial Granger Causality, Kernel Granger Causality, Copula Granger Causality, and traditional transfer entropy. Furthermore, we applied it to study the effective connectivity of brain functional activities in seafarers. The results showed that there are significantly different causal relationships between different brain regions in seafarers compared with non-seafarers, such as Temporal lobe related to sound and auditory information processing, Hippocampus related to spatial navigation, Precuneus related to emotion processing as well as Supp_Motor_Area associated with motor control and coordination, which reflects the occupational specificity of brain function of seafarers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhu Shi
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yidan Li
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Günseli E, Foster JJ, Sutterer DW, Todorova L, Vogel EK, Awh E. Encoded and updated spatial working memories share a common representational format in alpha activity. iScience 2024; 27:108963. [PMID: 38333713 PMCID: PMC10850742 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) flexibly updates information to adapt to the dynamic environment. Here, we used alpha-band activity in the EEG to reconstruct the content of dynamic WM updates and compared this representational format to static WM content. An inverted encoding model using alpha activity precisely tracked both the initially encoded position and the updated position following an auditory cue signaling mental updating. The timing of the update, as tracked in the EEG, correlated with reaction times and saccade latency. Finally, cross-training analyses revealed a robust generalization of alpha-band reconstruction of WM contents before and after updating. These findings demonstrate that alpha activity tracks the dynamic updates to spatial WM and that the format of this activity is preserved across the encoded and updated representations. Thus, our results highlight a new approach for measuring updates to WM and show common representational formats during dynamic mental updating and static storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eren Günseli
- Department of Psychology, Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Joshua J. Foster
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David W. Sutterer
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Lara Todorova
- Department of Psychology, Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Edward K. Vogel
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Edward Awh
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu HY, Huang CM, Hsu AL, Chen CN, Wu CW, Chen JH. Functional neuroplasticity of facilitation and interference effects on inhibitory control following 3-month physical exercise in aging. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3682. [PMID: 38355770 PMCID: PMC10866924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Preservation of executive function, like inhibition, closely links to the quality of life in senior adults. Although neuroimaging literature has shown enhanced inhibitory function followed by aerobic exercise, current evidence implies inconsistent neuroplasticity patterns along different time durations of exercise. Hence, we conducted a 12-week exercise intervention on 12 young and 14 senior volunteers and repeatedly measured the inhibitory functionality of distinct aspects (facilitation and interference effects) using the numerical Stroop task and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Results showcased improved accuracy and reduced reaction times (RT) after 12-week exercise, attributed to frontoparietal and default mode network effects. In young adults, the first phase (0 to six weeks) exercise increased the activation of the right superior medial frontal gyrus, associated with reduced RT in interference, but in the second intervention phase (six to twelve weeks), the decreased activation of the left superior medial frontal gyrus positively correlated with reduced RT in facilitation. In senior adults, the first six-week intervention led to reduced activations of the inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal gyrus, and default mode network regions, associated with the reduced RT in interference. Still, in the second intervention phase, only the visual area exhibited increased activity, associated with reduced RT in interference. Except for the distinctive brain plasticity between the two phases of exercise intervention, the between-group comparison also presented that the old group gained more cognitive benefits within the first six weeks of exercise intervention; however, the cognitive improvements in the young group occurred after six weeks of intervention. Limited by the sample size, these preliminary findings corroborated the benefits of aerobic exercise on the inhibitory functions, implying an age × exercise interaction on the brain plasticity for both facilitation and interference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Mao Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Ling Hsu
- Bachelor Program in Artificial Intelligence, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Nan Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Changwei W Wu
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan.
- Research Center of Sleep Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Horng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Seydell-Greenwald A, Wang X, Newport EL, Bi Y, Striem-Amit E. Spoken language processing activates the primary visual cortex. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289671. [PMID: 37566582 PMCID: PMC10420367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary visual cortex (V1) is generally thought of as a low-level sensory area that primarily processes basic visual features. Although there is evidence for multisensory effects on its activity, these are typically found for the processing of simple sounds and their properties, for example spatially or temporally-congruent simple sounds. However, in congenitally blind individuals, V1 is involved in language processing, with no evidence of major changes in anatomical connectivity that could explain this seemingly drastic functional change. This is at odds with current accounts of neural plasticity, which emphasize the role of connectivity and conserved function in determining a neural tissue's role even after atypical early experiences. To reconcile what appears to be unprecedented functional reorganization with known accounts of plasticity limitations, we tested whether V1's multisensory roles include responses to spoken language in sighted individuals. Using fMRI, we found that V1 in normally sighted individuals was indeed activated by comprehensible spoken sentences as compared to an incomprehensible reversed speech control condition, and more strongly so in the left compared to the right hemisphere. Activation in V1 for language was also significant and comparable for abstract and concrete words, suggesting it was not driven by visual imagery. Last, this activation did not stem from increased attention to the auditory onset of words, nor was it correlated with attentional arousal ratings, making general attention accounts an unlikely explanation. Together these findings suggest that V1 responds to spoken language even in sighted individuals, reflecting the binding of multisensory high-level signals, potentially to predict visual input. This capability might be the basis for the strong V1 language activation observed in people born blind, re-affirming the notion that plasticity is guided by pre-existing connectivity and abilities in the typically developed brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Seydell-Greenwald
- Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Elissa L. Newport
- Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Yanchao Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ella Striem-Amit
- Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guo M, Zhong Y, Xu J, Zhang G, Xu A, Kong J, Wang Q, Hang Y, Xie Y, Wu Z, Lang N, Tang Y, Zhang N, Wang C. Altered brain function in patients with acrophobia: A voxel-wise degree centrality analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 164:59-65. [PMID: 37315355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore the local spontaneous neural activity and whole-brain functional connectivity patterns in the resting brain of acrophobia patients. METHODS 50 patients with acrophobia and 47 healthy controls were selected for this study. All participants underwent resting-state MRI scans after enrollment. The imaging data were then analyzed using a voxel-based degree centrality (DC) method, and seed-based functional connectivity (FC) correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between abnormal functional connectivity and clinical symptom scales in acrophobia. The severity of symptoms was evaluated using self-report and behavioral measures. RESULTS Compared to controls, acrophobia patients showed higher DC in the right cuneus and left middle occipital gyrus and significantly lower DC in the right cerebellum and left orbitofrontal cortex (p < 0.01, GRF corrected). Additionally, there were negative correlations between the acrophobia questionnaire avoidance (AQ- Avoidance) scores and right cerebellum-left perirhinal cortex FC (r = -0.317, p = 0.025) and between scores of the 7-item generalized anxiety disorder scale and left middle occipital gyrus-right cuneus FC (r = -0.379, p = 0.007). In the acrophobia group, there was a positive correlation between behavioral avoidance scale and right cerebellum-right cuneus FC (r = 0.377, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS The findings indicated that there are local abnormalities in spontaneous neural activity and functional connectivity in the visual cortex, cerebellum, and orbitofrontal cortex in patients with acrophobia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Guo
- Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210097, China
| | - Jingren Xu
- Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Guojia Zhang
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210097, China
| | - Aoran Xu
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210097, China
| | - Jingya Kong
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210097, China
| | - Qiuyu Wang
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210097, China
| | - Yaming Hang
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210097, China
| | - Ya Xie
- Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Zhou Wu
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210097, China
| | - Nan Lang
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210097, China
| | - Yibin Tang
- College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
| | - Chun Wang
- Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210097, China; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Proverbio AM, Tacchini M, Jiang K. What do you have in mind? ERP markers of visual and auditory imagery. Brain Cogn 2023; 166:105954. [PMID: 36657242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.105954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the psychophysiological markers of imagery processes through EEG/ERP recordings. Visual and auditory stimuli representing 10 different semantic categories were shown to 30 healthy participants. After a given interval and prompted by a light signal, participants were asked to activate a mental image corresponding to the semantic category for recording synchronized electrical potentials. Unprecedented electrophysiological markers of imagination were recorded in the absence of sensory stimulation. The following peaks were identified at specific scalp sites and latencies, during imagination of infants (centroparietal positivity, CPP, and late CPP), human faces (anterior negativity, AN), animals (anterior positivity, AP), music (P300-like), speech (N400-like), affective vocalizations (P2-like) and sensory (visual vs auditory) modality (PN300). Overall, perception and imagery conditions shared some common electro/cortical markers, but during imagery the category-dependent modulation of ERPs was long latency and more anterior, with respect to the perceptual condition. These ERP markers might be precious tools for BCI systems (pattern recognition, classification, or A.I. algorithms) applied to patients affected by consciousness disorders (e.g., in a vegetative or comatose state) or locked-in-patients (e.g., spinal or SLA patients).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Mado Proverbio
- Cognitive Electrophysiology lab, Dept. of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy.
| | - Marta Tacchini
- Cognitive Electrophysiology lab, Dept. of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Kaijun Jiang
- Cognitive Electrophysiology lab, Dept. of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy; Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Biró B, Cserjési R, Kocsel N, Galambos A, Gecse K, Kovács LN, Baksa D, Juhász G, Kökönyei G. The neural correlates of context driven changes in the emotional response: An fMRI study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279823. [PMID: 36584048 PMCID: PMC9803168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional flexibility reflects the ability to adjust the emotional response to the changing environmental context. To understand how context can trigger a change in emotional response, i.e., how it can upregulate the initial emotional response or trigger a shift in the valence of emotional response, we used a task consisting of picture pairs during functional magnetic resonance imaging sessions. In each pair, the first picture was a smaller detail (a decontextualized photograph depicting emotions using primarily facial and postural expressions) from the second (contextualized) picture, and the neural response to a decontextualized picture was compared with the same picture in a context. Thirty-one healthy participants (18 females; mean age: 24.44 ± 3.4) were involved in the study. In general, context (vs. pictures without context) increased activation in areas involved in facial emotional processing (e.g., middle temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, and temporal pole) and affective mentalizing (e.g., precuneus, temporoparietal junction). After excluding the general effect of context by using an exclusive mask with activation to context vs. no-context, the automatic shift from positive to negative valence induced by the context was associated with increased activation in the thalamus, caudate, medial frontal gyrus and lateral orbitofrontal cortex. When the meaning changed from negative to positive, it resulted in a less widespread activation pattern, mainly in the precuneus, middle temporal gyrus, and occipital lobe. Providing context cues to facial information recruited brain areas that induced changes in the emotional responses and interpretation of the emotional situations automatically to support emotional flexibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Biró
- NAP3.0-SE Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Renáta Cserjési
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Natália Kocsel
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Galambos
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Gecse
- NAP3.0-SE Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Nóra Kovács
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Baksa
- NAP3.0-SE Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Juhász
- NAP3.0-SE Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyöngyi Kökönyei
- NAP3.0-SE Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail: ,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Experimental evidence for involvement of monocular channels in mental rotation. Psychon Bull Rev 2022; 30:575-584. [PMID: 36279047 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02195-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
According to the prevailing view, cognitive processes of mental rotation are carried out by visuospatial perceptual circuits located primarily in high cortical areas. Here, we examined the functional involvement of (mostly subcortical) monocular channels in mental rotation tasks. Images of two rotated objects (0°, 50°, 100°, or 150°; identical or mirrored) were presented either to one eye (monocular) or segregated between the eyes (interocular). The results indicated a causal role for low monocular visual channels in mental rotation: Response times for identical ("same") objects at high angular disparities (100°, 150°) were shorter when both objects were presented to a single eye than when each object was presented to a different eye. We suggest that mental rotation processes rely on cortico-subcortical loops that support visuospatial perception. More generally, the findings highlight the potential contribution of lower-level mechanisms to what are typically considered to be high-level cognitive functions, such as mental representation.
Collapse
|
11
|
Deak A, Bodrogi B, Orsi G, Perlaki G, Bereczkei T. Emotional Intelligence Not Only Can Make Us Feel Negative, but Can Provide Cognitive Resources to Regulate It Effectively: An fMRI Study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:866933. [PMID: 35756244 PMCID: PMC9226432 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.866933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscientists have formulated the model of emotional intelligence (EI) based on brain imaging findings of individual differences in EI. The main objective of our study was to operationalize the advantage of high EI individuals in emotional information processing and regulation both at behavioral and neural levels of investigation. We used a self-report measure and a cognitive reappraisal task to demonstrate the role of EI in emotional perception and regulation. Participants saw pictures with negative or neutral captions and shifted (reappraised) from negative context to neutral while we registered brain activation. Behavioral results showed that higher EI participants reported more unpleasant emotions. The Utilization of emotions scores negatively correlated with the valence ratings and the subjective difficulty of reappraisal. In the negative condition, we found activation in hippocampus (HC), parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate cortex, insula and superior temporal lobe. In the neutral context, we found elevated activation in vision-related areas and HC. During reappraisal (negative-neutral) condition, we found activation in the medial frontal gyrus, temporal areas, vision-related regions and in cingulate gyrus. We conclude that higher EI is associated with intensive affective experiences even if emotions are unpleasant. Strong skills in utilizing emotions enable one not to repress negative feelings but to use them as source of information. High EI individuals use effective cognitive processes such as directing attention to relevant details; have advantages in allocation of cognitive resources, in conceptualization of emotional scenes and in building emotional memories; they use visual cues, imagination and executive functions to regulate negative emotions effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Deak
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Barbara Bodrogi
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Orsi
- ELKH-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gabor Perlaki
- ELKH-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Bereczkei
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nishimura A, Sutoko S, Kiguchi M, Atsumori H, Obata A, Funane T, Kandori A, Mizuguchi T, Shimonaga K, Hama S, Tsuji T. Projection of Damaged Visual and Language Regions on Low Trail Making Test Part-B Performance in Stroke Patients. Front Neurol 2022; 13:853942. [PMID: 35720060 PMCID: PMC9201080 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.853942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe Trail Making Test Part-B (TMT-B) is an attention functional test to investigate cognitive dysfunction. It requires the ability to recognize not only numbers but also letters. We analyzed the relationship between brain lesions in stroke patients and their TMT-B performance.MethodsFrom the TMT-B, two parameters (score and completion time) were obtained. The subjects were classified into several relevant groups by their scores and completion times through a data-driven analysis (k-means clustering). The score-classified groups were characterized by low (≤10), moderate (10 < score < 25), and high (25) scores. In terms of the completion time, the subjects were classified into four groups. The lesion degree in the brain was calculated for each of the 116 regions classified by automated anatomical labeling (AAL). For each group, brain sites with a significant difference (corrected p < 0.1) between each of the 116 regions were determined by a Wilcoxon Rank–Sum significant difference test.ResultsLesions at the cuneus and the superior occipital gyrus, which are mostly involved in visual processing, were significant (corrected p < 0.1) in the low-score group. Furthermore, the moderate-score group showed more-severe lesion degrees (corrected p < 0.05) in the regions responsible for the linguistic functions, such as the superior temporal gyrus and the supramarginal gyrus. As for the completion times, lesions in the calcarine, the cuneus, and related regions were significant (corrected p < 0.1) in the fastest group as compared to the slowest group. These regions are also involved in visual processing.ConclusionThe TMT-B results revealed that the subjects in the low-score group or the slowest- group mainly had damage in the visual area, whereas the subjects in the moderate-score group mainly had damage in the language area. These results suggest the potential utility of TMT-B performance in the lesion site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Nishimura
- Center for Exploratory Research, Research & Development Group, Hitachi. Ltd., Kokubunji, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hibino Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ayako Nishimura
| | - Stephanie Sutoko
- Center for Exploratory Research, Research & Development Group, Hitachi. Ltd., Kokubunji, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hibino Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masashi Kiguchi
- Center for Exploratory Research, Research & Development Group, Hitachi. Ltd., Kokubunji, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hibino Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Atsumori
- Center for Exploratory Research, Research & Development Group, Hitachi. Ltd., Kokubunji, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hibino Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akiko Obata
- Center for Exploratory Research, Research & Development Group, Hitachi. Ltd., Kokubunji, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hibino Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Funane
- Center for Exploratory Research, Research & Development Group, Hitachi. Ltd., Kokubunji, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hibino Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kandori
- Center for Exploratory Research, Research & Development Group, Hitachi. Ltd., Kokubunji, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hibino Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Mizuguchi
- IoT Innovation Department, New Business Produce Division, Maxell Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koji Shimonaga
- Department of Neurosurgery and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hiroshima City Asa Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Seiji Hama
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hibino Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshio Tsuji
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim WS, Shen J, Tsogt U, Odkhuu S, Chung YC. Altered thalamic subregion functional networks in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:693-707. [PMID: 35663295 PMCID: PMC9150031 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i5.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thalamus plays a key role in filtering information and has extensive interconnectivity with other brain regions. A large body of evidence points to impaired functional connectivity (FC) of the thalamocortical pathway in schizophrenia. However, the functional network of the thalamic subregions has not been investigated in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS).
AIM To identify the neural mechanisms underlying TRS, we investigated FC of thalamic sub-regions with cortical networks and voxels, and the associations of this FC with clinical symptoms. We hypothesized that the FC of thalamic sub-regions with cortical networks and voxels would differ between TRS patients and HCs.
METHODS In total, 50 patients with TRS and 61 healthy controls (HCs) matched for age, sex, and education underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and clinical evaluation. Based on the rs-fMRI data, we conducted a FC analysis between thalamic subregions and cortical functional networks and voxels, and within thalamic subregions and cortical functional networks, in the patients with TRS. A functional parcellation atlas was used to segment the thalamus into nine subregions. Correlations between altered FC and TRS symptoms were explored.
RESULTS We found differences in FC within thalamic subregions and cortical functional networks between patients with TRS and HCs. In addition, increased FC was observed between thalamic subregions and the sensorimotor cortex, frontal medial cortex, and lingual gyrus. These abnormalities were associated with the pathophysiology of TRS.
CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that disrupted FC within thalamic subregions and cortical functional networks, and within the thalamocortical pathway, has potential as a marker for TRS. Our findings also improve our understanding of the relationship between the thalamocortical pathway and TRS symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Sung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeon-ju 54907, South Korea
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeon-ju 54907, South Korea
| | - Uyanga Tsogt
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeon-ju 54907, South Korea
| | - Soyolsaikhan Odkhuu
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeon-ju 54907, South Korea
| | - Young-Chul Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeon-ju 54907, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vitali H, Campus C, De Giorgis V, Signorini S, Gori M. The vision of dreams: from ontogeny to dream engineering in blindness. J Clin Sleep Med 2022; 18:2051-2062. [PMID: 35499135 PMCID: PMC9340600 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the origin of dreams remain one of the great unknowns in science. In the 21st century, studies in the field have focused on 3 main topics: functional networks that underlie dreaming, neural correlates of dream contents, and signal propagation. We review neuroscientific studies about dreaming processes, focusing on their cortical correlations. The involvement of frontoparietal regions in the dream-retrieval process allows us to discuss it in light of the Global Workspace theory of consciousness. However, dreaming in distinct sleep stages maintains relevant differences, suggesting that multiple generators are implicated. Then, given the strong influence of light perception on sleep regulation and the mostly visual content of dreams, we investigate the effect of blindness on the organization of dreams. Blind individuals represent a worthwhile population to clarify the role of perceptual systems in dream generation, and to make inferences about their top-down and/or bottom-up origin. Indeed, congenitally blind people maintain the ability to produce visual dreams, suggesting that bottom-up mechanisms could be associated with innate body schemes or multisensory integration processes. Finally, we propose the new dream-engineering technique as a tool to clarify the mechanisms of multisensory integration during sleep and related mental activity, presenting possible implications for rehabilitation in sensory-impaired individuals. The Theory of Proto-consciousness suggests that the interaction of brain states underlying waking and dreaming ensures the optimal functioning of both. Therefore, understanding the origin of dreams and capabilities of our brain during a dreamlike state, we could introduce it as a rehabilitative tool. CITATION Vitali H, Campus C, De Giorgis V, Signorini S, Gori M. The vision of dreams: from ontogeny to dream engineering in blindness. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(8):2051-2062.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Vitali
- U-VIP: Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Claudio Campus
- U-VIP: Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Monica Gori
- U-VIP: Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Webler RD, Fox J, McTeague LM, Burton PC, Dowdle L, Short EB, Borckardt JJ, Li X, George MS, Nahas Z. DLPFC stimulation alters working memory related activations and performance: An interleaved TMS-fMRI study. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:823-832. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
16
|
Hu F, Zheng XH, Li T, She HL, Zhang SF. Brain Perfusion Abnormalities after Radiotherapy Measured by 3-Dimensional Arterial Spin Labeling MRI and Correlations with Cognitive Impairment. Radiat Res 2022; 197:324-331. [PMID: 35104874 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00143.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to use a 3-dimensional arterial spin labeling (3D ASL) magnetic resonance (MR) method to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) before and after radiotherapy, and correlate changes with time after receiving radiotherapy and cognitive function. Patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma receiving radiotherapy at our institution were recruited for the study. Participants were divided into three groups: Pre-radiotherapy control (PC) group, acute reaction period (ARP) group, and delayed reaction period (DRP)group. Thirty-four patients were included in the study. Compared with the PC group, the ARP group exhibited significantly decreased perfusion in the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and right putamen, and increased perfusion in the right cerebellum (Crus 1), right inferior occipital gyrus, left lingual gyrus, left precuneus, and left calcarine gyrus. in the DRP group, increased perfusion was noted in the right cerebellum (Crus 1) and decreased perfusion in the left superior frontal gyrus. CBF differences were observed in several brain areas in the DRP group as compared to the ARP group (P < 0.001). Total Montreal Cognitive Assessment score, and subdomain language and delayed memory recall scores were significantly lower in the ARP and DRP groups than in the PC group (P < 0.05). Data suggest that ASL allows for non-invasive detection of radiation-induced whole-brain CBF changes, which is transient, dynamic and complicated and may be a factor contributing to cognitive impairment induced by radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hu
- Medical Imaging and Inspection Institute, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan Province, P. R. China.,Department of Radiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Artifical Intelligence of Hunan Province, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China.,Chenzhou Cognitive Degeneration Brain Disease Early Warning Technology Research and Development Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Xin-Hui Zheng
- Medical Imaging and Inspection Institute, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Medical Imaging and Inspection Institute, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan Province, P. R. China.,Department of Radiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Artifical Intelligence of Hunan Province, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China.,Chenzhou Cognitive Degeneration Brain Disease Early Warning Technology Research and Development Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Hua-Long She
- Department of Radiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Artifical Intelligence of Hunan Province, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China.,Chenzhou Cognitive Degeneration Brain Disease Early Warning Technology Research and Development Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Sheng-Fu Zhang
- Department of Anus and Intestine Surgery, the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, Hunan Province, China.,Medical Imaging Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Value estimation and latent-state update-related neural activity during fear conditioning predict posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 22:199-213. [PMID: 34448127 PMCID: PMC8792199 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-021-00943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Learning theories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) purport that fear-learning processes, such as those that support fear acquisition and extinction, are impaired. Computational models designed to capture specific processes involved in fear learning have primarily assessed model-free, or trial-and-error, reinforcement learning (RL). Although previous studies indicated that aspects of model-free RL are disrupted among individuals with PTSD, research has yet to identify whether model-based RL, which is inferential and contextually driven, is impaired. Given empirical evidence of aberrant contextual modulation of fear in PTSD, the present study sought to identify whether model-based RL processes are altered during fear conditioning among women with interpersonal violence (IPV)-related PTSD (n = 85) using computational modeling. Model-free, hybrid, and model-based RL models were applied to skin conductance responses (SCR) collected during fear acquisition and extinction, and the model-based RL model was found to provide the best fit to the SCR data. Parameters from the model-based RL model were carried forward to neuroimaging analyses (voxel-wise and independent component analysis). Results revealed that reduced activity within visual processing regions during model-based updating uniquely predicted higher PTSD symptoms. Additionally, after controlling for model-based updating, greater value estimation encoding within the left frontoparietal network during fear acquisition and reduced value estimation encoding within the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex during fear extinction predicted greater PTSD symptoms. Results provide evidence of disrupted RL processes in women with assault-related PTSD, which may contribute to impaired fear and safety learning, and, furthermore, may relate to treatment response (e.g., poorer response to exposure therapy).
Collapse
|
18
|
Park S, Serences JT. Relative precision of top-down attentional modulations is lower in early visual cortex compared to mid- and high-level visual areas. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:504-518. [PMID: 35020526 PMCID: PMC8836715 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00300.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Top-down spatial attention enhances cortical representations of behaviorally relevant visual information and increases the precision of perceptual reports. However, little is known about the relative precision of top-down attentional modulations in different visual areas, especially compared with the highly precise stimulus-driven responses that are observed in early visual cortex. For example, the precision of attentional modulations in early visual areas may be limited by the relatively coarse spatial selectivity and the anatomical connectivity of the areas in prefrontal cortex that generate and relay the top-down signals. Here, we used functional MRI (fMRI) and human participants to assess the precision of bottom-up spatial representations evoked by high-contrast stimuli across the visual hierarchy. Then, we examined the relative precision of top-down attentional modulations in the absence of spatially specific bottom-up drive. Whereas V1 showed the largest relative difference between the precision of top-down attentional modulations and the precision of bottom-up modulations, midlevel areas such as V4 showed relatively smaller differences between the precision of top-down and bottom-up modulations. Overall, this interaction between visual areas (e.g., V1 vs. V4) and the relative precision of top-down and bottom-up modulations suggests that the precision of top-down attentional modulations is limited by the representational fidelity of areas that generate and relay top-down feedback signals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY When the relative precision of purely top-down and bottom-up signals were compared across visual areas, early visual areas like V1 showed higher bottom-up precision compared with top-down precision. In contrast, midlevel areas showed similar levels of top-down and bottom-up precision. This result suggests that the precision of top-down attentional modulations may be limited by the relatively coarse spatial selectivity and the anatomical connectivity of the areas generating and relaying the signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Park
- 1Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - John T. Serences
- 1Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California,2Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kuang QJ, Zhou SM, Liu Y, Wu HW, Bi TY, She SL, Zheng YJ. Prediction of Facial Emotion Recognition Ability in Patients With First-Episode Schizophrenia Using Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuation-Based Support Vector Regression Model. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:905246. [PMID: 35911229 PMCID: PMC9326045 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.905246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There were few studies that had attempted to predict facial emotion recognition (FER) ability at the individual level in schizophrenia patients. In this study, we developed a model for the prediction of FER ability in Chinese Han patients with the first-episode schizophrenia (FSZ). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 28 patients with FSZ and 33 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. All subjects underwent resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI). The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) method was selected to analyze voxel-level spontaneous neuronal activity. The visual search experiments were selected to evaluate the FER, while the support vector regression (SVR) model was selected to develop a model based on individual rs-fMRI brain scan. RESULTS Group difference in FER ability showed statistical significance (P < 0.05). In FSZ patients, increased mALFF value were observed in the limbic lobe and frontal lobe, while decreased mALFF value were observed in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and occipital lobe (P < 0.05, AlphaSim correction). SVR analysis showed that abnormal spontaneous activity in multiple brain regions, especially in the right posterior cingulate, right precuneus, and left calcarine could effectively predict fearful FER accuracy (r = 0.64, P = 0.011) in patients. CONCLUSION Our study provides an evidence that abnormal spontaneous activity in specific brain regions may serve as a predictive biomarker for fearful FER ability in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Jie Kuang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Su-Miao Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Wang Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tai-Yong Bi
- Centre for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Sheng-Lin She
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Jun Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
What are mental images needed for? A variety of everyday situations calls for us to plan ahead; one of the clever ways our mind prepares and strategizes our next move is through mental simulation. A powerful tool in running these simulations is visual mental imagery, which can be conceived as a way to activate and maintain an internal representation of the to-be-imagined object, giving rise to predictions. Therefore, under normal conditions imagination is primarily an endogenous process, and only more rarely can mental images be activated exogenously, for example, by means of intracerebral stimulation. A large debate is still ongoing regarding the neural substrates supporting mental imagery, with the neuropsychological and neuroimaging literature agreeing in some cases, but not others. This chapter reviews the neuroscientific literature on mental imagery, and attempts to reappraise the neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence by drawing a model of mental imagery informed by both structural and functional brain data. Overall, the role of regions in the ventral temporal cortex, especially of the left hemisphere, stands out unequivocally as a key substrate in mental imagery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Spagna
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Decoding motor imagery and action planning in the early visual cortex: Overlapping but distinct neural mechanisms. Neuroimage 2020; 218:116981. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
22
|
Lv X, Chen Y, Tan W, Yu Y, Zou H, Shao Y, Zan S, Tao J, Miao W. Functional Neuroanatomy of the Human Accommodation Response to an "E" Target Varying from -3 to -6 Diopters. Front Integr Neurosci 2020; 14:29. [PMID: 32508603 PMCID: PMC7253675 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We aimed to identify the functional brain networks involved in the regulation of visual accommodation by contrasting the cortical functional areas evoked by foveal fixation to an "E" target, which were subservient to the accommodation responses to a -3/-6 diopter stimulus. Methods: Neural activity was assessed in healthy volunteers by changes in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty-five right-handed subjects viewed the "E" target presented in a hierarchical block design. They participated in two monocular tasks: (i) sustained foveal fixation upon an "E" target on a white background at 33 cm (-3.03D accommodative demand); and (ii) sustained fixation through an attached -3D concave lens (-6D accommodative demand) in front of the fixated eye; each condition cycled through a standard alternating 30-s eye open/30-s eye closed design to provide the BOLD contrast. The total sustained period was 480 s. Results: The contrast between the -3D and the rest condition revealed activation in the occipital lobe (Lingual gyrus, Cuneus, Calcarine_L, and Calcarine_R); cerebellum (Cerebellum_Crus1_L and Cerebellum_6_L); precentral lobe (Precentral_R); frontal lobe (Frontal_Inf_Oper_R and Frontal_Mid_R); and cingulate cortex (Cingulum_Ant_L). With the -3D concave lenses (-6D accommodative demand) in front of the fixated eye, the voxel size and peak intensity of activation in the occipital lobe and cerebellum were greater than with the -3D accommodative demand; emergent activated brain areas included the parietal lobe (bilateral precuneus gyrus and right supramarginal gyrus); the precentral lobe and cingulate cortex failed to reach the threshold in the -6D vs. rest contrast. In the -3D and -6D contrast comparison, the frontal lobe (Frontal_Sup_Medial_L) and parietal lobe (Precuneus_L and Precuneus_R) passed the significance threshold of cluster-level family-wise error (FWE) correction. The mean activation in the -3D and -6D contrast revealed an incremental summation of the activations than that found in the previous -3D vs. rest and -6D vs. rest comparisons. Conclusions: Neural circuits were selectively activated during the -3D/-6D accommodative response to blur cues. Cognitive-perceptual processing is involved in signal regulation of ocular accommodative functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yilei Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenli Tan
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songhua Zan
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhua Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanhong Miao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Paek EJ, Murray LL, Newman SD. Neural Correlates of Verb Fluency Performance in Cognitively Healthy Older Adults and Individuals With Dementia: A Pilot fMRI Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:73. [PMID: 32265685 PMCID: PMC7100367 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there are ~6 million Americans who are affected by dementia. Verbal fluency tasks have been commonly and frequently utilized to document the disease progression in many forms of dementia. Verb fluency has been found to display substantial potential to detect and monitor the cognitive declines of individuals with dementia who have fronto-striatal involvement. The neural substrates underlying verb fluency task performance, however, have remained unclear so far, especially in individuals with dementia. Therefore, in the current study, brain activation patterns of seven individuals with dementia and nine healthy older adults were investigated using functional MRI. The participants performed in the scanner an overt, subject-paced verb fluency task, representative of fluency tasks used in clinical settings. The brain activation patterns during the verb fluency task were compared between the two groups, and a correlational analysis was conducted to determine the neural correlates of verb fluency performance. The results suggest that compared to healthy older adults, individuals with dementia demonstrated poorer verb fluency performance and showed higher activation in specific neural regions, such as the bilateral frontal lobe. In addition, the correlational analysis revealed that poorer verb fluency performance lead to increased activation in certain cortical and subcortical areas, including left hippocampus and right supramarginal gyrus. The current findings are consistent with previous neurophysiological findings related to semantic (noun) fluency performance in older adults and individuals with dementia and add to the empirical evidence that supports the role of the frontal lobe and hippocampus in verb retrieval and search. Declines in verb fluency performance cannot only be used as a cognitive marker, but also represent neuropathological changes due to the neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Paek
- Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Laura L. Murray
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Western University London, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sharlene D. Newman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ragni F, Tucciarelli R, Andersson P, Lingnau A. Decoding stimulus identity in occipital, parietal and inferotemporal cortices during visual mental imagery. Cortex 2020; 127:371-387. [PMID: 32289581 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of input from the external world, humans are still able to generate vivid mental images. This cognitive process, known as visual mental imagery, involves a network of prefrontal, parietal, inferotemporal, and occipital regions. Using multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA), previous studies were able to distinguish between the different orientations of imagined gratings, but not between more complex imagined stimuli, such as common objects, in early visual cortex (V1). Here we asked whether letters, simple shapes, and objects can be decoded in early visual areas during visual mental imagery. In a delayed spatial judgment task, we asked participants to observe or imagine stimuli. To examine whether it is possible to discriminate between neural patterns during perception and visual mental imagery, we performed ROI-based and whole-brain searchlight-based MVPA. We were able to decode imagined stimuli in early visual (V1, V2), parietal (SPL, IPL, aIPS), inferotemporal (LOC) and prefrontal (PMd) areas. In a subset of these areas (i.e., V1, V2, LOC, SPL, IPL and aIPS), we also obtained significant cross-decoding across visual imagery and perception. Moreover, we observed a linear relationship between behavioral accuracy and the amplitude of the BOLD signal in parietal and inferotemporal cortices, but not in early visual cortex, in line with the view that these areas contribute to the ability to perform visual imagery. Together, our results suggest that in the absence of bottom-up visual inputs, patterns of functional activation in early visual cortex allow distinguishing between different imagined stimulus exemplars, most likely mediated by signals from parietal and inferotemporal areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Ragni
- Center for Mind/Brain Science (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Raffaele Tucciarelli
- Center for Mind/Brain Science (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy; Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Patrik Andersson
- Center for Mind/Brain Science (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy; Stockholm University Brain Imaging Centre (SUBIC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelika Lingnau
- Center for Mind/Brain Science (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy; Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, London, UK; Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Thorudottir S, Sigurdardottir HM, Rice GE, Kerry SJ, Robotham RJ, Leff AP, Starrfelt R. The Architect Who Lost the Ability to Imagine: The Cerebral Basis of Visual Imagery. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E59. [PMID: 31972965 PMCID: PMC7071355 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While the loss of mental imagery following brain lesions was first described more than a century ago, the key cerebral areas involved remain elusive. Here we report neuropsychological data from an architect (PL518) who lost his ability for visual imagery following a bilateral posterior cerebral artery (PCA) stroke. We compare his profile to three other patients with bilateral PCA stroke and another architect with a large PCA lesion confined to the right hemisphere. We also compare structural images of their lesions, aiming to delineate cerebral areas selectively lesioned in acquired aphantasia. When comparing the neuropsychological profile and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the aphantasic architect PL518 to patients with either a comparable background (an architect) or bilateral PCA lesions, we find: (1) there is a large overlap of cognitive deficits between patients, with the very notable exception of aphantasia which only occurs in PL518, and (2) there is large overlap of the patients' lesions. The only areas of selective lesion in PL518 is a small patch in the left fusiform gyrus as well as part of the right lingual gyrus. We suggest that these areas, and perhaps in particular the region in the left fusiform gyrus, play an important role in the cerebral network involved in visual imagery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Thorudottir
- Icelandic Vision Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland; (S.T.); (H.M.S.)
| | - Heida M. Sigurdardottir
- Icelandic Vision Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland; (S.T.); (H.M.S.)
| | - Grace E. Rice
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB27EF, UK;
| | - Sheila J. Kerry
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N3AZ, UK; (S.J.K.); (A.P.L.)
| | - Ro J. Robotham
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, 1726 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Alex P. Leff
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N3AZ, UK; (S.J.K.); (A.P.L.)
| | - Randi Starrfelt
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, 1726 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wei HL, Zhou X, Chen YC, Yu YS, Guo X, Zhou GP, Zhou QQ, Qu LJ, Yin X, Li J, Zhang H. Impaired intrinsic functional connectivity between the thalamus and visual cortex in migraine without aura. J Headache Pain 2019; 20:116. [PMID: 31856703 PMCID: PMC6924083 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-019-1065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has confirmed disrupted visual network connectivity in migraine without aura (MwoA). The thalamus plays a pivotal role in a number of pain conditions, including migraine. However, the significance of altered thalamo-visual functional connectivity (FC) in migraine remains unknown. The goal of this study was to explore thalamo-visual FC integrity in patients with MwoA and investigate its clinical significance. METHODS Resting-state fMRI data were acquired from 33 patients with MwoA and 22 well-matched healthy controls. After identifying the visual network by independent component analysis, we compared neural activation in the visual network and thalamo-visual FC and assessed whether these changes were linked to clinical characteristics. We used voxel-based morphometry to determine whether functional differences were dependent on structural differences. RESULTS The visual network exhibited significant differences in regions (bilateral cunei, right lingual gyrus and left calcarine sulcus) by inter-group comparison. The patients with MwoA showed significantly increased FC between the left thalami and bilateral cunei and between the right thalamus and the contralateral calcarine sulcus and right cuneus. Furthermore, the neural activation of the left calcarine sulcus was positively correlated with visual analogue scale scores (r = 0.319, p = 0.043), and enhanced FC between the left thalamus and right cuneus in migraine patients was negatively correlated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder scores (r = - 0.617, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that migraine distress is exacerbated by aberrant feedback projections to the visual network, playing a crucial role in migraine physiological mechanisms. The current study provides further insights into the complex scenario of migraine mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Le Wei
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No.169, Hushan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211100 China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No.169, Hushan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211100 China
| | - Yu-Chen Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210006 China
| | - Yu-Sheng Yu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No.169, Hushan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211100 China
| | - Xi Guo
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No.169, Hushan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211100 China
| | - Gang-Ping Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No.169, Hushan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211100 China
| | - Qing-Qing Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No.169, Hushan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211100 China
| | - Li-Jie Qu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No.169, Hushan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211100 China
| | - Xindao Yin
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210006 China
| | - Junrong Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No.169, Hushan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211100 China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No.169, Hushan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211100 China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Andersson P, Ragni F, Lingnau A. Visual imagery during real-time fMRI neurofeedback from occipital and superior parietal cortex. Neuroimage 2019; 200:332-343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
|
28
|
Pearson J. The human imagination: the cognitive neuroscience of visual mental imagery. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:624-634. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
29
|
Császár N, Kapócs G, Bókkon I. A possible key role of vision in the development of schizophrenia. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:359-379. [PMID: 30244235 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Based on a brief overview of the various aspects of schizophrenia reported by numerous studies, here we hypothesize that schizophrenia may originate (and in part be performed) from visual areas. In other words, it seems that a normal visual system or at least an evanescent visual perception may be an essential prerequisite for the development of schizophrenia as well as of various types of hallucinations. Our study focuses on auditory and visual hallucinations, as they are the most prominent features of schizophrenic hallucinations (and also the most studied types of hallucinations). Here, we evaluate the possible key role of the visual system in the development of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Császár
- Gaspar Karoly University Psychological Institute, H-1091 Budapest, Hungary.,Psychoszomatic Outpatient Department, H-1037 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabor Kapócs
- Buda Family Centred Mental Health Centre, Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, St. John Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Bókkon
- Psychoszomatic Outpatient Department, H-1037 Budapest, Hungary.,Vision Research Institute, Neuroscience and Consciousness Research Department, 25 Rita Street, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Maternal sensitivity predicts anterior hippocampal functional networks in early childhood. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1885-1895. [PMID: 31055646 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01882-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Maternal care influences child hippocampal development. The hippocampus is functionally organized along an anterior-posterior axis. Little is known with regards to the extent maternal care shapes offspring anterior and posterior hippocampal (aHPC, pHPC) functional networks. This study examined maternal behavior, especially maternal sensitivity, at 6 months postpartum in relation to aHPC and pHPC functional networks of children at age 4 and 6 years. Maternal sensitivity was assessed at 6 months via the "Maternal Behavior Q Sort (MBQS) mini for video". Subsequently, 61 and 76 children underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), respectively, at 4 and 6 years of age. We found that maternal sensitivity assessed at 6 months postpartum was associated with the right aHPC functional networks in children at both 4 and 6 years of age. At age 4 years, maternal sensitivity was associated positively with the right aHPC's functional connectivity with the sensorimotor network and negatively with the aHPC's functional connectivity with the top-down cognitive control network. At 6 years of age, maternal sensitivity was linked positively with the right aHPC's functional connectivity with the visual-processing network. Our findings suggested that maternal sensitivity in infancy has a long-term impact on the anterior hippocampal functional network in preschool children, implicating a potential role of maternal care in shaping child brain development in early life.
Collapse
|
31
|
Christensen JAE, Aubin S, Nielsen T, Ptito M, Kupers R, Jennum P. Rapid eye movements are reduced in blind individuals. J Sleep Res 2019; 28:e12866. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. E. Christensen
- Danish Center for Sleep Medicine Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Rigshospitalet Glostrup Denmark
- Biomedical Engineering Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Sébrina Aubin
- Department of Neuroscience University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
- Brain Research and Integrative Neuroscience Laboratory Danish Center for Sleep Medicine Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Rigshospitalet Glostrup Denmark
- Harland Sanders Chair in Visual ScienceSchool of Optometry University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Tore Nielsen
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine Department of Psychiatry University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Maurice Ptito
- Brain Research and Integrative Neuroscience Laboratory Danish Center for Sleep Medicine Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Rigshospitalet Glostrup Denmark
- Harland Sanders Chair in Visual ScienceSchool of Optometry University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ron Kupers
- Brain Research and Integrative Neuroscience Laboratory Danish Center for Sleep Medicine Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Rigshospitalet Glostrup Denmark
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Poul Jennum
- Danish Center for Sleep Medicine Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Rigshospitalet Glostrup Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hemati S, Hossein-Zadeh GA. Distinct Functional Network Connectivity for Abstract and Concrete Mental Imagery. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 12:515. [PMID: 30618689 PMCID: PMC6305479 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In several behavioral psycholinguistic studies, it has been shown that concrete words are processed more efficiently. They can be remembered faster, recognized better, and can be learned easier than abstract words. This fact is called concreteness effect. There are fMRI studies which compared the neural representations of concrete and abstract concepts in terms of activated regions. In the present study, a comparison has been made between the condition-specific connectivity of functional networks (obtained by group ICA) during imagery of abstract and concrete words. The obtained results revealed that the functional network connectivity between three pairs of networks during concrete imagery is significantly different from that of abstract imagery (FDR correction at the significance level of 0.05). These results suggest that abstract and concrete concepts have different representations in terms of functional network connectivity pattern. Remarkably, in all of these network pairs, the connectivity during concrete imagery is significantly higher than that of abstract imagery. These more coherent networks include both linguistic and visual regions with a higher engagement of the right hemisphere, so the results are in line with dual coding theory. Additionally, these three pairs of networks include the contrasting regions which have shown stronger activation either in concrete or abstract word processing in former studies. The findings imply that the brain is more integrated and synchronized at the time of concrete imagery and it may explain the reason of faster concrete words processing. In order to validate the results, we used functional network connectivity distributions (FNCD). Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to check if the abstract and concrete FNCDs extracted from whole subjects are the same. The result revealed that the corresponding distributions are different which indicates two different patterns of connectivity for abstract and concrete word processing. Also, the mean of FNCD is significantly higher at the time of concrete imagery than that of abstract imagery. Furthermore, FNCDs at the single-subject level are significantly more left-skewed or equally, include more strong connectivity for concrete imagery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sobhan Hemati
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam-Ali Hossein-Zadeh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Researches in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sunday MA, McGugin RW, Tamber-Rosenau BJ, Gauthier I. Visual imagery of faces and cars in face-selective visual areas. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205041. [PMID: 30265719 PMCID: PMC6161903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging provides a unique tool to investigate otherwise difficult-to-access mental processes like visual imagery. Prior studies support the idea that visual imagery is a top-down reinstatement of visual perception, and it is likely that this extends to object processing. Here we use functional MRI and multi-voxel pattern analysis to ask if mental imagery of cars engages the fusiform face area, similar to what is found during perception. We test only individuals who we assumed could imagine individual car models based on their above-average perceptual abilities with cars. Our results provide evidence that cars are represented differently from common objects in face-selective visual areas, at least in those with above-average car recognition ability. Moreover, pattern classifiers trained on data acquired during imagery can decode the neural response pattern acquired during perception, suggesting that the tested object categories are represented similarly during perception and visual imagery. The results suggest that, even at high-levels of visual processing, visual imagery mirrors perception to some extent, and that face-selective areas may in part support non-face object imagery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benjamin J. Tamber-Rosenau
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Isabel Gauthier
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dalton MA, Zeidman P, McCormick C, Maguire EA. Differentiable Processing of Objects, Associations, and Scenes within the Hippocampus. J Neurosci 2018; 38:8146-8159. [PMID: 30082418 PMCID: PMC6146500 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0263-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is known to be important for a range of cognitive functions, including episodic memory, spatial navigation, and thinking about the future. However, researchers have found it difficult to agree on the exact nature of this brain structure's contribution to cognition. Some theories emphasize the role of the hippocampus in associative processes. Another theory proposes that scene construction is its primary role. To directly compare these accounts of hippocampal function in human males and females, we devised a novel mental imagery paradigm where different tasks were closely matched for associative processing and mental construction, but either did or did not evoke scene representations, and we combined this with high-resolution functional MRI. The results were striking in showing that different parts of the hippocampus, along with distinct cortical regions, were recruited for scene construction or nonscene-evoking associative processing. The contrasting patterns of neural engagement could not be accounted for by differences in eye movements, mnemonic processing, or the phenomenology of mental imagery. These results inform conceptual debates in the field by showing that the hippocampus does not seem to favor one type of process over another; it is not a story of exclusivity. Rather, there may be different circuits within the hippocampus, each associated with different cortical inputs, which become engaged depending on the nature of the stimuli and the task at hand. Overall, our findings emphasize the importance of considering the hippocampus as a heterogeneous structure, and that a focus on characterizing how specific portions of the hippocampus interact with other brain regions may promote a better understanding of its role in cognition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The hippocampus is known to be important for a range of cognitive functions, including episodic memory, spatial navigation, and thinking about the future. However, researchers have found it difficult to agree on the exact nature of this brain structure's contribution to cognition. Here we used a novel mental imagery paradigm and high-resolution functional MRI to compare accounts of hippocampal function that emphasize associative processes with a theory that proposes scene construction as a primary role. The results were striking in showing that different parts of the hippocampus, along with distinct cortical regions, were recruited for scene construction or nonscene-evoking associative processing. We conclude that a greater emphasis on characterizing how specific portions of the hippocampus interact with other brain regions may promote a better understanding of its role in cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marshall A Dalton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Zeidman
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelia McCormick
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor A Maguire
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Winlove CI, Milton F, Ranson J, Fulford J, MacKisack M, Macpherson F, Zeman A. The neural correlates of visual imagery: A co-ordinate-based meta-analysis. Cortex 2018; 105:4-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
36
|
Rabellino D, Densmore M, Théberge J, McKinnon MC, Lanius RA. The cerebellum after trauma: Resting-state functional connectivity of the cerebellum in posttraumatic stress disorder and its dissociative subtype. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3354-3374. [PMID: 29667267 PMCID: PMC6866303 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a key role not only in motor function but also in affect and cognition. Although several psychopathological disorders have been associated with overall cerebellar dysfunction, it remains unclear whether different regions of the cerebellum contribute uniquely to psychopathology. Accordingly, we compared seed-based resting-state functional connectivity of the anterior cerebellum (lobule IV-V), of the posterior cerebellum (Crus I), and of the anterior vermis across posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; n = 65), its dissociative subtype (PTSD + DS; n = 37), and non-trauma-exposed healthy controls (HC; n = 47). Here, we observed decreased functional connectivity of the anterior cerebellum and anterior vermis with brain regions involved in somatosensory processing, multisensory integration, and bodily self-consciousness (temporo-parietal junction, postcentral gyrus, and superior parietal lobule) in PTSD + DS as compared to PTSD and HC. Moreover, the PTSD + DS group showed increased functional connectivity of the posterior cerebellum with cortical areas related to emotion regulation (ventromedial prefrontal and orbito-frontal cortex, subgenual anterior cingulum) as compared to PTSD. By contrast, PTSD showed increased functional connectivity of the anterior cerebellum with cortical areas associated with visual processing (fusiform gyrus), interoceptive awareness (posterior insula), memory retrieval, and contextual processing (hippocampus) as compared to HC. Finally, we observed decreased functional connectivity between the posterior cerebellum and prefrontal regions involved in emotion regulation, in PTSD as compared to HC. These findings not only highlight the crucial role of each cerebellar region examined in the psychopathology of PTSD but also reveal unique alterations in functional connectivity distinguishing the dissociative subtype of PTSD versus PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rabellino
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Imaging DivisionLawson Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Maria Densmore
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Imaging DivisionLawson Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Jean Théberge
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Imaging DivisionLawson Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Margaret C. McKinnon
- Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph's HealthcareHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural NeurosciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Homewood Research InstituteGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Ruth A. Lanius
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Imaging DivisionLawson Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
de Borst AW, de Gelder B. Mental Imagery Follows Similar Cortical Reorganization as Perception: Intra-Modal and Cross-Modal Plasticity in Congenitally Blind. Cereb Cortex 2018; 29:2859-2875. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Cortical plasticity in congenitally blind individuals leads to cross-modal activation of the visual cortex and may lead to superior perceptual processing in the intact sensory domains. Although mental imagery is often defined as a quasi-perceptual experience, it is unknown whether it follows similar cortical reorganization as perception in blind individuals. In this study, we show that auditory versus tactile perception evokes similar intra-modal discriminative patterns in congenitally blind compared with sighted participants. These results indicate that cortical plasticity following visual deprivation does not influence broad intra-modal organization of auditory and tactile perception as measured by our task. Furthermore, not only the blind, but also the sighted participants showed cross-modal discriminative patterns for perception modality in the visual cortex. During mental imagery, both groups showed similar decoding accuracies for imagery modality in the intra-modal primary sensory cortices. However, no cross-modal discriminative information for imagery modality was found in early visual cortex of blind participants, in contrast to the sighted participants. We did find evidence of cross-modal activation of higher visual areas in blind participants, including the representation of specific-imagined auditory features in visual area V4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A W de Borst
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
- Brain and Emotion Lab, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - B de Gelder
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
- Brain and Emotion Lab, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Alfred KL, Kraemer DJM. Verbal and visual cognition: Individual differences in the lab, in the brain, and in the classroom. Dev Neuropsychol 2018; 42:507-520. [PMID: 29505308 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2017.1401075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In many ways, individuals vary in their thought processes, and in their cognitive strengths and weaknesses. Among the findings revealed by individual differences research, one major dividing line highlighted recurrently by decades of experimental studies is that between linguistically-mediated cognitive operations (verbal cognition), versus cognition, which primarily operates on visual - or visuospatial - representations (visual cognition). In this article, we review findings from three research areas-cognitive abilities, working memory, and task strategies-focusing on individual differences in verbal and visual cognition. In each area we highlight behavioral, neuroimaging, and classroom-based findings, bridging the perspectives of these different methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Alfred
- a Department of Education and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire
| | - David J M Kraemer
- a Department of Education and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
de Borst AW, de Gelder B. fMRI-based Multivariate Pattern Analyses Reveal Imagery Modality and Imagery Content Specific Representations in Primary Somatosensory, Motor and Auditory Cortices. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3994-4009. [PMID: 27473324 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the early visual cortex contains content-specific representations of stimuli during visual imagery, and that these representational patterns of imagery content have a perceptual basis. To date, there is little evidence for the presence of a similar organization in the auditory and tactile domains. Using fMRI-based multivariate pattern analyses we showed that primary somatosensory, auditory, motor, and visual cortices are discriminative for imagery of touch versus sound. In the somatosensory, motor and visual cortices the imagery modality discriminative patterns were similar to perception modality discriminative patterns, suggesting that top-down modulations in these regions rely on similar neural representations as bottom-up perceptual processes. Moreover, we found evidence for content-specific representations of the stimuli during auditory imagery in the primary somatosensory and primary motor cortices. Both the imagined emotions and the imagined identities of the auditory stimuli could be successfully classified in these regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline W de Borst
- Brain and Emotion Laboratory, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Beatrice de Gelder
- Brain and Emotion Laboratory, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg 6200 MD, the Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Van de Putte E, De Baene W, Price CJ, Duyck W. "Neural overlap of L1 and L2 semantic representations across visual and auditory modalities: a decoding approach". Neuropsychologia 2018; 113:68-77. [PMID: 29605594 PMCID: PMC5946896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether brain activity in Dutch-French bilinguals during semantic access to concepts from one language could be used to predict neural activation during access to the same concepts from another language, in different language modalities/tasks. This was tested using multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA), within and across language comprehension (word listening and word reading) and production (picture naming). It was possible to identify the picture or word named, read or heard in one language (e.g. maan, meaning moon) based on the brain activity in a distributed bilateral brain network while, respectively, naming, reading or listening to the picture or word in the other language (e.g. lune). The brain regions identified differed across tasks. During picture naming, brain activation in the occipital and temporal regions allowed concepts to be predicted across languages. During word listening and word reading, across-language predictions were observed in the rolandic operculum and several motor-related areas (pre- and postcentral, the cerebellum). In addition, across-language predictions during reading were identified in regions typically associated with semantic processing (left inferior frontal, middle temporal cortex, right cerebellum and precuneus) and visual processing (inferior and middle occipital regions and calcarine sulcus). Furthermore, across modalities and languages, the left lingual gyrus showed semantic overlap across production and word reading. These findings support the idea of at least partially language- and modality-independent semantic neural representations. Evidence for at least partially language- and modality-independent semantic neural representations. With a decoding approach, we tested whether brain activity during the semantic access of individual nouns in one language and modality (e.g. production) allowed predicting the semantic access of the same concepts in the other language and modalities (e.g. word listening, word reading). Across modalities and languages, the left lingual gyrus showed semantic overlap across production and word reading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eowyn Van de Putte
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Wouter De Baene
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Cathy J Price
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Wouter Duyck
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Neurological evaluation of the selection stage of metaphor comprehension in individuals with and without autism spectrum disorder. Neuroscience 2017; 361:19-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
42
|
Talati A, Valero-Cuevas FJ, Hirsch J. Visual and Tactile Guidance of Dexterous Manipulation Tasks: An fMRI Study. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 101:317-34. [PMID: 16353365 DOI: 10.2466/pms.101.1.317-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Models of motor guidance that dynamically adjust to the availability and quality of sensory information are based on the observation that dexterous tasks are routinely performed using various combinations of visual and tactile inputs. However, a dynamic neural system that acquires and processes relevant visual and tactile information remains relatively uncharacterized in humans. In this study, whole-brain functional magnetic resonance images were acquired during a dexterous manipulation task, compression of the end caps of a slender spring prone to buckling, to investigate the neural systems associated with motor guidance under four visual and tactile guidance conditions: (1) eyes closed (no visual input), smooth end caps, (2) eyes closed, rough end caps, (3) eyes open and watching hand, smooth end caps, and (4) eyes open and watching hand, rough end caps. Performance of the dexterous task remained constant in all conditions. Variations in the two levels of visual input resulted in modulation of activity in the middle and inferior occipital gyrii and inferior parietal lobule, and variation in the two levels of tactile input during the task resulted in modulation of activity in the precentral (primary motor) gyrus. Although significantly active in all conditions, cingulate gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and cerebellum activities were not modulated by levels of either visual or somatosensory input, and no interaction effects were observed. Together, these data indicate that a fine-tuned motor task guided by varying visual and tactile information engages a distributed and integrated neural complex consisting of control and executive functions and regions that process dynamic sensory information related to guidance functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ardesheer Talati
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Erlikhman G, Caplovitz GP. Decoding information about dynamically occluded objects in visual cortex. Neuroimage 2016; 146:778-788. [PMID: 27663987 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During dynamic occlusion, an object passes behind an occluding surface and then later reappears. Even when completely occluded from view, such objects are experienced as continuing to exist or persist behind the occluder even though they are no longer visible. The contents and neural basis of this persistent representation remain poorly understood. Questions remain as to whether there is information maintained about the object itself (i.e. its shape or identity) or non-object-specific information such as its position or velocity as it is tracked behind an occluder, as well as which areas of visual cortex represent such information. Recent studies have found that early visual cortex is activated by "invisible" objects during visual imagery and by unstimulated regions along the path of apparent motion, suggesting that some properties of dynamically occluded objects may also be neurally represented in early visual cortex. We applied functional magnetic resonance imaging in human subjects to examine representations within visual cortex during dynamic occlusion. For gradually occluded, but not for instantly disappearing objects, there was an increase in activity in early visual cortex (V1, V2, and V3). This activity was spatially-specific, corresponding to the occluded location in the visual field. However, the activity did not encode enough information about object identity to discriminate between different kinds of occluded objects (circles vs. stars) using MVPA. In contrast, object identity could be decoded in spatially-specific subregions of higher-order, topographically organized areas such as ventral, lateral, and temporal occipital areas (VO, LO, and TO) as well as the functionally defined LOC and hMT+. These results suggest that early visual cortex may only represent the dynamically occluded object's position or motion path, while later visual areas represent object-specific information.
Collapse
|
44
|
Banks SJ, Sreenivasan KR, Weintraub DM, Baldock D, Noback M, Pierce ME, Frasnelli J, James J, Beall E, Zhuang X, Cordes D, Leger GC. Structural and Functional MRI Differences in Master Sommeliers: A Pilot Study on Expertise in the Brain. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:414. [PMID: 27597821 PMCID: PMC4992723 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Our experiences, even as adults, shape our brains. Regional differences have been found in experts, with the regions associated with their particular skill-set. Functional differences have also been noted in brain activation patterns in some experts. This study uses multimodal techniques to assess structural and functional patterns that differ between experts and non-experts. Sommeliers are experts in wine and thus in olfaction. We assessed differences in Master Sommeliers’ brains, compared with controls, in structure and also in functional response to olfactory and visual judgment tasks. MRI data were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry as well as automated parcellation to assess structural properties, and group differences between tasks were calculated. Results indicate enhanced volume in the right insula and entorhinal cortex, with the cortical thickness of the entorhinal correlating with experience. There were regional activation differences in a large area involving the right olfactory and memory regions, with heightened activation specifically for sommeliers during an olfactory task. Our results indicate that sommeliers’ brains show specialization in the expected regions of the olfactory and memory networks, and also in regions important in integration of internal sensory stimuli and external cues. Overall, these differences suggest that specialized expertise and training might result in enhancements in the brain well into adulthood. This is particularly important given the regions involved, which are the first to be impacted by many neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Banks
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas NV, USA
| | | | - David M Weintraub
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas NV, USA
| | - Deanna Baldock
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas NV, USA
| | - Michael Noback
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas NV, USA
| | - Meghan E Pierce
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas NV, USA
| | | | | | - Erik Beall
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las VegasNV, USA; Cleveland Clinic Radiology, ClevelandOH, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhuang
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas NV, USA
| | - Dietmar Cordes
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas NV, USA
| | - Gabriel C Leger
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas NV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lemos J, Pereira D, Castelo-Branco M. Visual Cortex Plasticity Following Peripheral Damage To The Visual System: fMRI Evidence. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2016; 16:89. [DOI: 10.1007/s11910-016-0691-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
46
|
Posterior structural brain volumes differ in maltreated youth with and without chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 27:1555-76. [PMID: 26535944 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579415000942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging studies of maltreated children with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggest that maltreatment-related PTSD is associated with adverse brain development. Maltreated youth resilient to chronic PTSD were not previously investigated and may elucidate neuromechanisms of the stress diathesis that leads to resilience to chronic PTSD. In this cross-sectional study, anatomical volumetric and corpus callosum diffusion tensor imaging measures were examined using magnetic resonance imaging in maltreated youth with chronic PTSD (N = 38), without PTSD (N = 35), and nonmaltreated participants (n = 59). Groups were sociodemographically similar. Participants underwent assessments for strict inclusion/exclusion criteria and psychopathology. Maltreated youth with PTSD were psychobiologically different from maltreated youth without PTSD and nonmaltreated controls. Maltreated youth with PTSD had smaller posterior cerebral and cerebellar gray matter volumes than did maltreated youth without PTSD and nonmaltreated participants. Cerebral and cerebellar gray matter volumes inversely correlated with PTSD symptoms. Posterior corpus callosum microstructure in pediatric maltreatment-related PTSD differed compared to maltreated youth without PTSD and controls. The group differences remained significant when controlling for psychopathology, numbers of Axis I disorders, and trauma load. Alterations of these posterior brain structures may result from a shared trauma-related mechanism or an inherent vulnerability that mediates the pathway from chronic PTSD to comorbidity.
Collapse
|
47
|
Pearson J, Naselaris T, Holmes EA, Kosslyn SM. Mental Imagery: Functional Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Trends Cogn Sci 2016; 19:590-602. [PMID: 26412097 PMCID: PMC4595480 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mental imagery research has weathered both disbelief of the phenomenon and inherent methodological limitations. Here we review recent behavioral, brain imaging, and clinical research that has reshaped our understanding of mental imagery. Research supports the claim that visual mental imagery is a depictive internal representation that functions like a weak form of perception. Brain imaging work has demonstrated that neural representations of mental and perceptual images resemble one another as early as the primary visual cortex (V1). Activity patterns in V1 encode mental images and perceptual images via a common set of low-level depictive visual features. Recent translational and clinical research reveals the pivotal role that imagery plays in many mental disorders and suggests how clinicians can utilize imagery in treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Pearson
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Thomas Naselaris
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Emily A Holmes
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK; Department for Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen M Kosslyn
- Minerva Schools at the Keck Graduate Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
de Borst AW, Valente G, Jääskeläinen IP, Tikka P. Brain-based decoding of mentally imagined film clips and sounds reveals experience-based information patterns in film professionals. Neuroimage 2016; 129:428-438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
49
|
The brain mechanism that reduces the vividness of negative imagery. Conscious Cogn 2015; 39:59-69. [PMID: 26700771 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study attempts to locate brain regions that are related to vividness control, a hypothesized mechanism that reduces the vividness of negative imagery by controlling memory retrieval and emotion processing. The results showed that BOLD response in the left posterior cingulate gyrus in the negative imagery condition, in which activation of vividness control mechanisms was considered to be strong, was greater than that in the positive imagery condition, in which the activation of control mechanisms was considered to be weak. Moreover, the activation of this region negatively correlated with the subjective vividness of negative imagery. These results support the idea that the posterior cingulate gyrus may be involved in the suppression of imagery generation. Several previous studies have suggested that the posterior cingulate cortex is involved in both memory and emotion processing. Therefore, the current results indicate that the posterior cingulate gyrus may function as the vividness control mechanism.
Collapse
|
50
|
de Gelder B, Tamietto M, Pegna AJ, Van den Stock J. Visual imagery influences brain responses to visual stimulation in bilateral cortical blindness. Cortex 2015; 72:15-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|