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Kalisch R, Russo SJ, Müller MB. Neurobiology and systems biology of stress resilience. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1205-1263. [PMID: 38483288 PMCID: PMC11381009 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress resilience is the phenomenon that some people maintain their mental health despite exposure to adversity or show only temporary impairments followed by quick recovery. Resilience research attempts to unravel the factors and mechanisms that make resilience possible and to harness its insights for the development of preventative interventions in individuals at risk for acquiring stress-related dysfunctions. Biological resilience research has been lagging behind the psychological and social sciences but has seen a massive surge in recent years. At the same time, progress in this field has been hampered by methodological challenges related to finding suitable operationalizations and study designs, replicating findings, and modeling resilience in animals. We embed a review of behavioral, neuroimaging, neurobiological, and systems biological findings in adults in a critical methods discussion. We find preliminary evidence that hippocampus-based pattern separation and prefrontal-based cognitive control functions protect against the development of pathological fears in the aftermath of singular, event-type stressors [as found in fear-related disorders, including simpler forms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)] by facilitating the perception of safety. Reward system-based pursuit and savoring of positive reinforcers appear to protect against the development of more generalized dysfunctions of the anxious-depressive spectrum resulting from more severe or longer-lasting stressors (as in depression, generalized or comorbid anxiety, or severe PTSD). Links between preserved functioning of these neural systems under stress and neuroplasticity, immunoregulation, gut microbiome composition, and integrity of the gut barrier and the blood-brain barrier are beginning to emerge. On this basis, avenues for biological interventions are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Kalisch
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Scott J Russo
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
- Brain and Body Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Marianne B Müller
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Zhou J, Zeng F, Cheng S, Dong X, Jiang N, Zhang X, Tang C, He W, Chen Y, Sun N, Zhou Y, Li X, Hu S, Sun R, Wintermark M, Yang W, Liang F, Li Z. Modulation effects of different treatments on periaqueductal gray resting state functional connectivity in knee osteoarthritis knee pain patients. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023. [PMID: 36890655 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analgesic effect of acupuncture is widely recognized, but the mechanical characteristics of acupuncture for pain relief, compared to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) and placebo medication, remain unknown. AIMS To compare the modulation effects of acupuncture treatment with NSAIDs and placebo medication on descending pain modulation system (DPMS) in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) patients. METHODS This study recruited 180 KOA patients with knee pain and 41 healthy controls (HCs). Individuals with KOA knee pain were divided randomly into groups of verum acupuncture (VA), sham acupuncture (SA), celecoxib (SC), placebo (PB), and waiting list (WT), with 36 patients in each group. VA and SA groups included ten sessions of puncturing acupoints or puncturing non-acupoints acupuncture treatment for two successive weeks. Celecoxib capsules were continuously given orally to patients in the SC group at a dosage of 200 mg daily for 2 weeks. In the PB group, patients received a placebo capsule once a day for 2 weeks at the same dosage as celecoxib capsules. In the WL group, patients did not receive any treatment. Patients underwent a resting-state BOLD-fMRI scan pre- and post-receiving the therapy, whereas HCs only underwent a baseline scan. Seed (ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, vlPAG, a key node in DPMS) based resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) was applied in the data analysis. RESULTS All groups demonstrated improved knee pain scores relative to the initial state. There was no statistical difference between the VA and SA groups in all clinical outcomes, and vlPAG rs-FC alterations. KOA knee pain individuals reported higher vlPAG rs-FC in the bilateral thalamus than HCs. KOA knee pain patients in the acupuncture group (verum + sham, AG) exhibited increased vlPAG rs-FC with the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the right angular, which is associated with knee pain improvement. In contrast with the SC and PB group, the AG exhibited significantly increased vlPAG rs-FC with the right DLPFC and angular. Contrary to the WT group, the AG showed greater vlPAG rs-FC with the right DLPFC and precuneus. CONCLUSIONS Acupuncture treatment, celecoxib, and placebo medication have different modulation effects on vlPAG DPMS in KOA knee pain patients. Acupuncture could modulate vlPAG rs-FC with brain regions associated with cognitive control, attention, and reappraisal for knee pain relief in KOA patients, compared with celecoxib and placebo medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Acupuncture & Brain Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shirui Cheng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Acupuncture & Brain Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohui Dong
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Acupuncture & Brain Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Nannan Jiang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Acupuncture & Brain Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenjian Tang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenhua He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanfang Zhou
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinling Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengjie Hu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruirui Sun
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Acupuncture & Brain Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Max Wintermark
- Radiology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Weihua Yang
- Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture Chinese Medicine Hospital, Dali, China
| | - Fanrong Liang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengjie Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Acupuncture & Brain Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Mosch B, Hagena V, Herpertz S, Ruttorf M, Diers M. Neural correlates of control over pain in fibromyalgia patients. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 37:103355. [PMID: 36848728 PMCID: PMC9982683 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The perceived lack of control over the experience of pain is arguably-one major cause of agony and impaired life quality in patients with chronic pain disorders as fibromyalgia (FM). The way perceived control affects subjective pain as well as the underlying neural mechanisms have so far not been investigated in chronic pain. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the neural correlates of self-controlled compared to computer-controlled heat pain in healthy controls (HC, n = 21) and FM patients (n = 23). Contrary to HC, FM failed to activate brain areas usually involved in pain modulation as well as reappraisal processes (right ventrolateral (VLPFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC)). Computer-controlled (compared to self-controlled) heat revealed significant activations of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in HC, whereas FM activated structures that are typically involved in neural emotion processing (amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus). Additionally, FM displayed disrupted functional connectivity (FC) of the VLPFC, DLPFC and dACC with somatosensory and pain (inhibition)-related areas during self-controlled heat stimulation as well as significantly decreased gray matter (GM) volumes compared to HC in DLPFC and dACC. The described functional and structural changes provide evidence for far-reaching impairments concerning pain-modulatory processes in FM. Our investigation represents a first demonstration of dysfunctional neural pain modulation through experienced control in FM according to the extensive functional and structural changes in relevant sensory, limbic and associative brain areas. These areas may be targeted in clinical pain therapeutic methods involving TMS, neurofeedback or cognitive behavioral trainings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Mosch
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44791, Germany
| | - Verena Hagena
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44791, Germany
| | - Stephan Herpertz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44791, Germany
| | - Michaela Ruttorf
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany; Mannheim Institute for Intelligent Systems in Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Martin Diers
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44791, Germany.
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Ben-Baruch YD, Leibovich-Raveh T, Cohen N. The link between emotion regulation and size estimation of spiders pictures among women with fear of spiders. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1053381. [PMID: 36619063 PMCID: PMC9816481 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1053381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fear is associated with perceptual biases. People who are afraid of spiders perceive spiders as larger than people without this fear. It is yet unclear, however, whether this effect can be influenced by using implicit (non-deliberate) emotion regulation (ER) processes and explicit (deliberate) ER strategies, such as reappraisal and suppression. Method This study examined the link between implicit and explicit ER and size estimation among women afraid of spiders. After performing an implicit ER (cognitive control) task, participants rated the size and valence of spiders, wasps and butterflies shown in pictures. Participants' tendency to use reappraisal and suppression was assessed using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Results Results showed no effect of implicit ER on size and valence ratings. A greater tendency to use reappraisal was linked to reduced negative feelings on seeing the pictures of spiders. Greater use of suppression, however, was linked to increased size estimation of the spider stimuli. Discussion These results highlight the role of ER in perceptual biases and offer avenues for future ER-based treatments for specific phobias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahel Dror Ben-Baruch
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel,*Correspondence: Yahel Dror Ben-Baruch,
| | | | - Noga Cohen
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel,The Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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5
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Hyperacusis: Loudness Intolerance, Fear, Annoyance and Pain. Hear Res 2022; 426:108648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2022.108648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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6
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Hopwood TL, Schutte NS, Loi NM. Interventions for anticipatory traumatic reaction: a pilot study. CLIN PSYCHOL-UK 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13284207.2021.2006573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L. Hopwood
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Australia
| | - Nicola S. Schutte
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Natasha M. Loi
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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Gagnon J, Quansah JE, McNicoll P. Cognitive Control Processes and Defense Mechanisms That Influence Aggressive Reactions: Toward an Integration of Socio-Cognitive and Psychodynamic Models of Aggression. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:751336. [PMID: 35095447 PMCID: PMC8795971 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.751336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on cognitive processes has primarily focused on cognitive control and inhibitory processes to the detriment of other psychological processes, such as defense mechanisms (DMs), which can be used to modify aggressive impulses as well as self/other images during interpersonal conflicts. First, we conducted an in-depth theoretical analysis of three socio-cognitive models and three psychodynamic models and compared main propositions regarding the source of aggression and processes that influence its enactment. Second, 32 participants completed the Hostile Expectancy Violation Paradigm (HEVP) in which scenarios describe a hostile vs. non-hostile social context followed by a character's ambiguous aversive behavior. The N400 effect to critical words that violate expected hostile vs. non-hostile intent of the behavior was analyzed. Prepotent response inhibition was measured using a Stop Signal task (SST) and DMs were assessed with the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-60). Results showed that reactive aggression and HIA were not significantly correlated with response inhibition but were significantly positively and negatively correlated with image distorting defense style and adaptive defense style, respectively. The present article has highlighted the importance of integrating socio-cognitive and psychodynamic models to account for the full complexity underlying psychological processes that influence reactive aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Gagnon
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire d'électrophysiologie en neuroscience sociale (LENS), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Joyce Emma Quansah
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire d'électrophysiologie en neuroscience sociale (LENS), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Paul McNicoll
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire d'électrophysiologie en neuroscience sociale (LENS), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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8
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Ozawa S, Yoshimoto H, Okanoya K, Hiraki K. Emotional Distraction by Constant Finger Tapping. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. This study examined the effects of emotional distraction in the context of recalling stressful interpersonal events in daily life. Previous studies have revealed that distraction decreases unpleasant emotions. In this study, we examined whether distraction tasks decrease unpleasant task-related thoughts in addition to unpleasant emotions. Furthermore, to investigate the implicit effects of emotional changes, we examined changes in pupil size in relation to unpleasant emotions and task-unrelated thoughts (TUT). The behavioral tasks were administered to 21 university students ( Mage = 21.24 ± 2.93 years; range: 18–30 years). After excluding participants for poor data quality, 16 (21.31 ± 3.34 years; 18–30 years) were included for further pupil data analysis. As an emotion induction procedure, participants were asked to freely recall memories of stressful interpersonal events in their daily lives and were given a series of questions about their recalled memories, which were presented on the monitor. In the following distraction experiment, questions during the emotion induction procedure were represented as emotional stimulation; a distraction task (non-constant or constant finger tapping) or rest condition was then performed; subsequently, ratings were given for attentional state, thought types conceived during the tasks, and emotional state. Upon analysis, differences in the ratings for unpleasant emotion and TUT were non-significant between all conditions. Nevertheless, pupil dilation in the non-constant and constant conditions was associated with decreased unpleasant emotions ( p < .05; p < .05 to .01). More importantly, pupil dilation was associated with decreased unpleasant TUT ( p < .05) only in the constant condition. Although the observed effects were subtle, we found that constant finger tapping decreased unpleasant emotions and TUT. It is expected for a future emotion regulation study to further investigate the effects in the relationships among emotions, thoughts, and physiological states, which can help in coping with unpleasant emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiyo Ozawa
- UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Okanoya
- UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hiraki
- Graduate School of Arts and Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Longitudinal change in executive function is associated with impaired top-down frontolimbic regulation during reappraisal in older adults. Neuroimage 2020; 225:117488. [PMID: 33164856 PMCID: PMC7779563 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Networks in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that are important for executive function are also engaged in adaptive responding to negative events. These networks are particularly vulnerable to age-related structural atrophy and an associated loss of executive function, yet existing evidence suggests preserved emotion processing ability in ageing. Using longitudinally acquired data from a battery of cognitive tasks, we defined a metric for the rate of decline of executive function. With this metric, we investigated relationships between changes in executive function and emotion reappraisal ability and brain structure, in 34 older adults, using functional and structural MRI. During task-based fMRI, participants were asked to cognitively reappraise negatively valenced images. We hypothesised one of two associations with decreasing executive function over time: 1) a decreased ability to reappraise reflected in decreased PFC and increased amygdala activation, or 2) a neural compensation mechanism characterised by increased PFC activation but no differential amygdala activation. Structurally, for a decreased reappraisal ability, we predicted a decrease in grey matter in PFC and/or a decrease of white matter integrity in amygdala-PFC pathways. Neither of the two hypotheses relating to brain function were completely supported, with the findings indicating a steeper decline in executive function associated with both increased PFC and increased left amygdala activity when reappraising negative stimuli. In addition, white matter integrity of the uncinate fasciculus, a primary white matter tract connecting the amygdala and ventromedial areas of PFC, was lower in those individuals who demonstrated a greater decrease in executive function. These findings highlight the association of diminishing cognitive ability with brain structure and function linked to emotion regulation.
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10
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Spangler DP, Cox KR, Thayer JF, Brooks JR, Friedman BH. Interplay between state anxiety, heart rate variability, and cognition: An ex-Gaussian analysis of response times. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 159:60-70. [PMID: 33069780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study employed an ex-Gaussian model of response times (RTs) to elucidate the cognitive processes related to experimentally induced state anxiety (SA) and vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV), an indicator of adaptive responses in both cognitive and affective domains. Participants (n = 110) completed a dual task composed of (i) a flanker attention and (2) working memory load task, while SA was induced by threat of noise. Electrocardiography was measured during the dual task and during four baseline periods in order to calculate vmHRV. RTs on the flanker task were fit to an ex-Gaussian distribution, which estimated three RT parameters: mu (Gaussian mean), sigma (Gaussian SD), and tau (combination of exponential mean and SD). First, findings indicate that threat of noise was associated with reductions in mu and tau, suggesting that SA might improve attention and motor responding. Second, higher resting vmHRV was associated with lower tau (averaged across conditions) and stronger threat-related decreases in tau. Third, intra-individual decreases in vmHRV were accompanied by concomitant decreases in tau. These findings support roles for trait and state vagal control in guiding adaptive anxiety-related (and anxiety-unrelated) attentional responses. Findings are consistent with extant theories that emphasize functional interrelations among emotion, cognition, and vagal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek P Spangler
- Human Research & Engineering Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD, USA; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.
| | - Katherine R Cox
- Human Research & Engineering Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD, USA
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Justin R Brooks
- Human Research & Engineering Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD, USA
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11
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The neural bases of cognitive emotion regulation: The roles of strategy and intensity. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:387-407. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Burr DA, d'Arbeloff T, Elliott ML, Knodt AR, Brigidi BD, Hariri AR. Functional connectivity predicts the dispositional use of expressive suppression but not cognitive reappraisal. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01493. [PMID: 31930667 PMCID: PMC7010583 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous research has identified specific brain regions associated with regulating emotion using common strategies such as expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal. However, most research focuses on a priori regions and directs participants how to regulate, which may not reflect how people naturally regulate outside the laboratory. METHOD Here, we used a data-driven approach to investigate how individual differences in distributed intrinsic functional brain connectivity predict emotion regulation tendency outside the laboratory. Specifically, we used connectome-based predictive modeling to extract functional connections in the brain significantly related to the dispositional use of suppression and reappraisal. These edges were then used in a predictive model and cross-validated in novel participants to identify a neural signature that reflects individual differences in the tendency to suppress and reappraise emotion. RESULTS We found a significant neural signature for the dispositional use of suppression, but not reappraisal. Within this whole-brain signature, the intrinsic connectivity of the default mode network was most informative of suppression tendency. In addition, the predictive performance of this model was significant in males, but not females. CONCLUSION These findings help inform how whole-brain networks of functional connectivity characterize how people tend to regulate emotion outside the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy A Burr
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tracy d'Arbeloff
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Maxwell L Elliott
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Annchen R Knodt
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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The Limits of Cognitive Reappraisal: Changing Pain Valence, but not Persistence, during a Resistance Exercise Task. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193739. [PMID: 31590219 PMCID: PMC6801546 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Physiological discomfort is commonly cited as a barrier for initiating and persisting with exercise. Although individuals may think of physiological discomfort as determined by physical sensations, it can also be influenced by cognitive and emotional factors. We explored the impacts of interpreting the purpose of pain as a sign of muscle building (helpful) vs. a sign of muscle tearing and possible injury (harmful) and tested the effect of cognitive reappraisals, or shifting interpretations of pain, on exercise persistence and the subjective experience of discomfort during exercise. Seventy-eight participants were randomized to listen to voice recordings that framed exercise-related pain as helpful vs. harmful before participating in a standard muscular endurance test using the YMCA protocol. Although the two experimental groups did not differ in the overall number of resistance training repetitions achieved, participants who were asked to think about the benefits (rather than the negative consequences) of pain reported less negative pain valence during exercise. Thus, the experience of pain was influenced by appraisals of the meaning of pain, but differences in pain valence did not impact exercise persistence. Theoretical implications and applications for affect-based exercise interventions are discussed.
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Southward MW, Heiy JE, Cheavens JS. Emotions as context: Do the naturalistic effects of emotion regulation strategies depend on the regulated emotion? JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 38:451-474. [PMID: 31413445 DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2019.38.6.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have examined how several contexts impact the effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies. However, few have considered the emotion-to-be-regulated as a context of interest. Specific emotions are important contexts because they may require particular responses to internal and external stimuli for optimal regulation. Ninety-two undergraduates completed 10 days of ecological momentary assessment, reporting their current mood, recent emotions, and emotion regulation strategies three times per day. The frequency with which certain emotion regulation strategies were used (i.e., acceptance, positive refocusing, reappraisal, problem-solving, and other-blame) differed by the specific emotion experienced. Acceptance and positive refocusing were associated with better mood regardless of emotion, while substance use was associated with worse mood regardless of emotion. Reappraisal was associated with better mood in response to anger than anxiety or sadness, while emotional suppression and other-blame were associated with worse mood in response to anger. These results suggest some emotion regulation strategies exhibit emotion-invariant effects while others depend on the emotion-to-be-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane E Heiy
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA, 97239
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- James Binnie
- Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Paula Reavey
- Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
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16
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Stopyra MA, Friederich HC, Sailer S, Pauen S, Bendszus M, Herzog W, Simon JJ. The effect of intestinal glucose load on neural regulation of food craving. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:109-118. [PMID: 30983543 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1600275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Excess sugar consumption, particularly in the form of sweetened beverages, has been identified as a pivotal contributor to the epidemic of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. However, the impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on food craving is still inconclusive. Therefore, the present study aimed to specifically investigate the effects of an intestinal glucose load on neural processing of food cues. Methods: Using a single-blind fMRI design, 26 normal-weight women were scanned on two occasions, after receiving either a glucose or water infusion directly into the stomach using a nasogastric tube, without being aware of the type of infusion. Participants had to either view neutral and food images, or were asked to distract themselves from these images by solving an arithmetic task. Results: In response to viewing high-caloric food cues, we observed increased activation in reward-related brain areas. During food distraction, fronto-parietal brain regions were recruited, which are commonly related to attentional deployment and hedonic valuation. Furthermore, activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex showed increased functional connectivity with the insula and was correlated with subjective craving levels to food cues. Despite an increase of blood glucose levels in response to the glucose compared to the water infusion, neither subjective food craving nor neural regulation of food craving showed significant differences. Conclusions: These findings support a decreased satiation effect of sweet beverages, as intestinal glucose ingestion and signalling showed no significant effect on cortical brain circuits associated with food craving. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03075371.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion A Stopyra
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.,Psychological Institute, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Sailer
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabina Pauen
- Psychological Institute, Chair of Developmental and Biological Psychology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herzog
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joe J Simon
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Martins B, Florjanczyk J, Jackson NJ, Gatz M, Mather M. Age differences in emotion regulation effort: Pupil response distinguishes reappraisal and distraction for older but not younger adults. Psychol Aging 2019; 33:338-349. [PMID: 29658751 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In previous research, older adults show greater emotional benefits from distracting themselves than from reappraising an event when strategically regulating emotion. Older adults also demonstrate an attentional preference to avoid, while younger adults show a bias toward approaching negative stimuli. This suggests a possible age-related differentiation of cognitive effort across approach and avoidance of negative stimuli during emotion regulation. In this study, we tracked cognitive effort via pupil dilation during the use of distraction (avoidance) and reappraisal (approach) strategies across age. Forty-eight younger adults (M = 20.94, SD = 1.78; 19 men) and 48 older adults (M = 68.82, SD = 5.40; 15 men) viewed a slideshow of negative images and were instructed to distract, reappraise, or passively view each image. Older adults showed greater pupil dilation during reappraisal than distraction, but younger adults displayed no difference between conditions-an effect that survived when controlling for gaze patterns. Gaze findings revealed that older adults looked less within images during active emotion regulation compared with passive viewing (no difference between distraction and reappraisal), and younger adults showed no difference across strategies. Younger adults gazed less within the most emotional image areas during distraction, but this did not significantly contribute to pupil response. Our findings support that distraction is less cognitively effortful than reinterpreting negative information in later life. These findings could be explained by older adults' motivational bias to disengage from negative information because of the age-related positivity effect, or compensation for decreased working memory resources across the life span. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Martins
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Jan Florjanczyk
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Nicholas J Jackson
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Margaret Gatz
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Mara Mather
- Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
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18
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Engen HG, Anderson MC. Memory Control: A Fundamental Mechanism of Emotion Regulation. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:982-995. [PMID: 30122359 PMCID: PMC6198111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Memories play a ubiquitous role in our emotional lives, both causing vivid emotional experiences in their own right and imbuing perception of the external world with emotional significance. Controlling the emotional impact of memories therefore poses a major emotion-regulation challenge, suggesting that there might be a hitherto unexplored link between the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying memory control (MC) and emotion regulation. We present here a theoretical account of how the mechanisms of MC constitute core component processes of cognitive emotion regulation (CER), and how this observation may help to understand its basic mechanisms and their disruption in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haakon G Engen
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cognitive and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Neuroimaging Center, University Medicine Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Michael C Anderson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cognitive and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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19
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Panasiti MS, Ponsi G, Monachesi B, Lorenzini L, Panasiti V, Aglioti SM. Cognitive load and emotional processing in psoriasis: a thermal imaging study. Exp Brain Res 2018; 237:211-222. [PMID: 30374785 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic dermatologic disease which is frequently associated with psychological distress. Although studies suggest a relationship between this condition and difficulties in emotion regulation, behavioral and physiological evidence about this link is scarce. We measured implicit emotion regulation abilities of psoriasis patients and a healthy control group by examining the impact of distracting emotional (positive, negative or neutral) images on a working memory task ("Emotional N-Back") which could present high (2-back) or low (1-back) cognitive workload. Moreover, we used Functional Infrared Thermal Imaging to record participants' facial temperature and obtain a measure of the activation of the autonomic system. Rising of temperature over the peri-orbital areas and the nose tip are believed to reflect the activation and the de-activation of the sympathetic system, respectively. Patients scored higher than controls on the "Lack of emotional clarity" sub-scale of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Compared to controls, who performed much better in the low vs. high cognitive load condition, patients showed a smaller accuracy difference between the two conditions. Moreover, patients showed less sympathetic (lower peri-orbital and higher nasal tip temperature) activity (especially in the negative and neutral blocks) during the high vs. low cognitive load condition, suggesting that the former condition might be less emotionally demanding for them. Patients benefit more than controls from the load-dependent interference effect when dealing with emotional information; thus, therapeutic techniques aiming at teaching how to use cognitive strategies to downregulate emotions might be particularly appropriated for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Serena Panasiti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy. .,IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Ponsi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Monachesi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Lorenzini
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Panasiti
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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21
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Working Memory Training Improves Emotion Regulation Ability. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15012. [PMID: 30301906 PMCID: PMC6177433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion regulation deficits are associated with various emotional disorders. Therefore, studies have attempted to improve emotion regulation ability to prevent psychopathological symptoms. Studies have revealed that working memory training—specifically attention control—can promote emotion regulation. In the present study, participants completed a running memory task in a 20-day training period. The participants’ pre- and post-test data on attention network functions and late positive potential (LPP) were assessed and analyzed. Compared with the control group, the training group’s orientation function improved markedly. In addition, LPP in relation to emotion regulation decreased during the 20-day training period. These results suggest that working memory training can improve emotion regulation ability, and the orientation function in the attention network may also contribute to this improvement.
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22
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Lee TW, Xue SW. Does emotion regulation engage the same neural circuit as working memory? A meta-analytical comparison between cognitive reappraisal of negative emotion and 2-back working memory task. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203753. [PMID: 30212509 PMCID: PMC6136767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into cognitive emotion regulation (ER) extends our understanding of human cognition, which is capable of processing objective information and is crucial in maintaining subjective/internal homeostasis. Among various ER strategies, the alleviation of negative emotion via reappraisal is of particular importance for adaptation and psychological well-being. Although still debated, previous neuroimaging studies tend to infer that the reappraisal ER is mediated by the capability of working memory (WM), which has not been examined empirically. This meta-analytical study of published neuroimaging literature used activation likelihood estimation (ALE) to compare the neural circuits that regulate negative emotion (reappraisal tasks; 46 studies/1254 subjects) and execute WM (2-back tasks; 50 studies/1312 subjects), with special emphasis on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Taking the canonical WM network as a reference, ALE results revealed that the dorsal midline PFC was partly shared by both ER and WM, whereas ER-specific PFC structures were delineated in the inferior, middle, and superior frontal cortices, as well as in the posterior brain regions. The peak coordinates of ER in the middle frontal cortex were dorsal to those of WM by 15.1 mm (left) and 21.6 mm (right). The results support specialized emotion-related neural substrates in the PFC, negating the assumption that reappraisal ER and WM rely on the same neural resources. The holistic picture of "emotional brain" may need to incorporate the emotion-related PFC circuit, together with subcortical and limbic emotion centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Wen Lee
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Dajia Lee's General Hospital, Lee's Medical Corporation, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shao-Wei Xue
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
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23
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Theurel A, Gentaz E. The regulation of emotions in adolescents: Age differences and emotion-specific patterns. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195501. [PMID: 29879165 PMCID: PMC5991707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments addressed the issue of age-related differences and emotion-specific patterns in emotion regulation during adolescence. Experiment 1 examined emotion-specific patterns in the effectiveness of reappraisal and distraction strategies in 14-year-old adolescents (N = 50). Adolescents were instructed to answer spontaneously or to downregulate their responses by using either distraction or cognitive reappraisal strategies before viewing negative pictures and were asked to rate their emotional state after picture presentation. Results showed that reappraisal effectiveness was modulated by emotional content but distraction was not. Reappraisal was more effective than distraction at regulating fear or anxiety (threat-related pictures) but was similar to distraction regarding other emotions. Using the same paradigm, Experiment 2 examined in 12-year-old (N = 56), 13-year-old (N = 49) and 15-year-old adolescents (N = 54) the age-related differences a) in the effectiveness of reappraisal and distraction when implemented and b) in the everyday use of regulation strategies using the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Results revealed that regulation effectiveness was equivalent for both strategies in 12-year-olds, whereas a large improvement in reappraisal effectiveness was observed in 13- and 15-year-olds. No age differences were observed in the reported use of reappraisal, but older adolescents less frequently reported using distraction and more frequently reported using the rumination strategy. Taken together, these experiments provide new findings regarding the use and the effectiveness of cognitive regulation strategies during adolescence in terms of age differences and emotion specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Theurel
- SensoriMotor, Affective and Social Development Lab, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Edouard Gentaz
- SensoriMotor, Affective and Social Development Lab, Geneva, Switzerland
- University Grenoble Alpes, LPNC-CNRS, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
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24
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Abstract
The present study sought to evaluate whether social priming modulates neural responses to ostracism, such that making arbitrary interpersonal decisions increases the experience of social exclusion more than making arbitrary physical decisions. This exploratory event-related potential (ERP) study utilized the Lunchroom task, in which adults (N = 28) first selected one of two options that included either interpersonal or physical descriptors. Participants then received ostracism outcome feedback within a lunchroom scenario in which they were either excluded (e.g. sitting alone) or included (e.g. surrounded by others). While the N2 component was sensitive to priming decision condition, only the P3 component discriminated between ostracism decisions. Further inspection of the neural sources indicated that the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, and superior temporal gyrus were more engaged for exclusion than inclusion conditions during both N2 and P3 temporal windows. Evaluation of temporal source dynamics suggest that the effects of ostracism are predominant between 250-500 ms and were larger following interpersonal than physical decisions. These results suggest that being ostracized evokes a larger neural response that is modulated following priming of the social brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Hudac
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Center on Human Development and Disability , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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25
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Konietzny K, Suchan B, Kreddig N, Hasenbring MI, Chehadi O. [Emotion regulation and pain : Behavioral and neuronal correlates: a transdiagnostic approach]. Schmerz 2017; 30:412-420. [PMID: 27658393 DOI: 10.1007/s00482-016-0162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emotions and emotion regulation are of special importance in the perception and modulation of pain but the mechanisms underlying this reciprocal relationship remain unclear. The transdiagnostic model provides an approach to explain the link between pain and emotion regarding cognitive and neuronal mechanisms and aims to identify mutual processes, which are relevant for both. Structural and functional imaging studies of pain indicate the involvement of specific cortical and subcortical structures, which also play an important role in emotion regulation. While numerous studies have investigated emotion regulation and their correlates in the central nervous system in pathological states, the research on emotion regulation in pain is still young. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of experimental and clinical studies of neuronal and behavioral correlates of pain-related emotion regulation. The current transdiagnostic approach may be able to enhance pain relief in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Konietzny
- Abteilung für Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, MA 0/145, 44780, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - B Suchan
- Institut für Kognitive Neurowissenschaft, Abteilung Neuropsychologie, Fakultät für Psychologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - N Kreddig
- Abteilung für Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, MA 0/145, 44780, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - M I Hasenbring
- Abteilung für Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, MA 0/145, 44780, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - O Chehadi
- Abteilung für Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, MA 0/145, 44780, Bochum, Deutschland.
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Quirin M, Fröhlich S, Kuhl J. Implicit self and the right hemisphere: Increasing implicit self-esteem and implicit positive affect by left hand contractions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Quirin
- Stanford University; Stanford California USA
- Philipps University of Marburg; Marburg Germany
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27
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Changing views of emotion regulation and neurobiological models of the mechanism of action of psychotherapy. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 16:571-87. [PMID: 27351671 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Influential neurobiological models of the mechanism of action of psychotherapy attribute its success to increases of activity in prefrontal areas and decreases in limbic areas, interpreted as the successful and adaptive recruitment of controlled processes to achieve emotion regulation. In this article, we review the behavioral and neuroscientific evidence in support of this model and its applicability to explain the mechanism of action of psychotherapy. Neuroimaging studies of explicit emotion regulation, evidence on the neurobiological substrates of implicit emotion regulation, and meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies of the effect of psychotherapy consistently suggest that areas implicated in coding semantic representations play an important role in emotion regulation not covered by existing models based on controlled processes. We discuss the findings that implicate these same areas in supporting working memory, in encoding preferences and the prospective outcome of actions taken in rewarding or aversive contingencies, and show how these functions may be integrated into process models of emotion regulation that depend on elaborate semantic representations for their effectiveness. These alternative models also appear to be more consistent with internal accounts in the psychotherapeutic literature of how psychotherapy works.
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28
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Spangler DP, Friedman BH. A Little Goes a Long Way: Low Working Memory Load Is Associated with Optimal Distractor Inhibition and Increased Vagal Control under Anxiety. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:43. [PMID: 28217091 PMCID: PMC5289964 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety impairs both inhibition of distraction and attentional focus. It is unclear whether these impairments are reduced or exacerbated when loading working memory with non-affective information. Cardiac vagal control has been related to top-down regulation of anxiety; therefore, vagal control may reflect load-related inhibition of distraction under anxiety. The present study examined whether: (1) the enhancing and impairing effects of load on inhibition exist together in a non-linear function, (2) there is a similar association between inhibition and concurrent vagal control under anxiety. During anxiogenic threat-of-noise, 116 subjects maintained a digit series of varying lengths (0, 2, 4, and 6 digits) while completing a visual flanker task. The task was broken into four blocks, with a baseline period preceding each. Electrocardiography was acquired throughout to quantify vagal control as high-frequency heart rate variability (HRV). There were significant quadratic relations of working memory load to flanker performance and to HRV, but no associations between HRV and performance. Results indicate that low load was associated with relatively better inhibition and increased HRV. These findings suggest that attentional performance under anxiety depends on the availability of working memory resources, which might be reflected by vagal control. These results have implications for treating anxiety disorders, in which regulation of anxiety can be optimized for attentional focus.
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29
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Morawetz C, Bode S, Derntl B, Heekeren HR. The effect of strategies, goals and stimulus material on the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation: A meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 72:111-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Effects of expectation congruency on event-related potentials (ERPs) to facial expressions depend on cognitive load during the expectation phase. Biol Psychol 2016; 120:126-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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González-Roldán AM, Bomba IC, Diesch E, Montoya P, Flor H, Kamping S. Controllability and hippocampal activation during pain expectation in fibromyalgia syndrome. Biol Psychol 2016; 121:39-48. [PMID: 27678310 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To examine the role of perceived control in pain perception, fibromyalgia patients and healthy controls participated in a reaction time experiment under different conditions of pain controllability. No significant differences between groups were found in pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings. However, during the expectation of uncontrollable pain, patients compared to controls showed higher hippocampal activation. In addition, hippocampal activity during the pain expectation period predicted activation of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), precuneus and hippocampus during pain stimulation in fibromyalgia patients. The increased activation of the hippocampus during pain expectation and subsequent activation of the PCC/precuneus during the lack of control phase points towards an influence of pain perception through heightening of alertness and anxiety responses to pain in fibromyalgia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María González-Roldán
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Isabelle C Bomba
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eugen Diesch
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Pedro Montoya
- Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Sandra Kamping
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Section Pain Medicine and Pain Psychology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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32
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Aso T, Nishimura K, Kiyonaka T, Aoki T, Inagawa M, Matsuhashi M, Tobinaga Y, Fukuyama H. Dynamic interactions of the cortical networks during thought suppression. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00503. [PMID: 27547504 PMCID: PMC4980473 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thought suppression has spurred extensive research in clinical and preclinical fields, particularly with regard to the paradoxical aspects of this behavior. However, the involvement of the brain's inhibitory system in the dynamics underlying the continuous effort to suppress thoughts has yet to be clarified. This study aims to provide a unified perspective for the volitional suppression of internal events incorporating the current understanding of the brain's inhibitory system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty healthy volunteers underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while they performed thought suppression blocks alternating with visual imagery blocks. The whole dataset was decomposed by group-independent component analysis into 30 components. After discarding noise components, the 20 valid components were subjected to further analysis of their temporal properties including task-relatedness and between-component residual correlation. RESULTS Combining a long task period and a data-driven approach, we observed a right-side-dominant, lateral frontoparietal network to be strongly suppression related. This network exhibited increased fluctuation during suppression, which is compatible with the well-known difficulty of suppression maintenance. CONCLUSIONS Between-network correlation provided further insight into the coordinated engagement of the executive control and dorsal attention networks, as well as the reciprocal activation of imagery-related components, thus revealing neural substrates associated with the rivalry between intrusive thoughts and the suppression process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Aso
- Human Brain Research CenterKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | | | - Takashi Kiyonaka
- Human Brain Research CenterKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Takaaki Aoki
- Institute of Economic ResearchKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | | | - Masao Matsuhashi
- Human Brain Research CenterKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | | | - Hidenao Fukuyama
- Human Brain Research CenterKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
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Popescu M, Hughes JD, Popescu EA, Riedy G, DeGraba TJ. Reduced prefrontal MEG alpha-band power in mild traumatic brain injury with associated posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:3075-3085. [PMID: 27472543 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if changes in cortical alpha-band power in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are associated with the severity of their post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and if injury severity and level of exposure to psychologically traumatic events are predictors of these electrophysiological changes. METHODS Resting-state magnetoencephalographic recordings were analyzed in 32 patients with mTBI. Alpha-band power was estimated for each patient in 68 cortical regions and was compared between groups of patients with low versus high PTSD symptoms severity. RESULTS Participants with high PTSD symptom severity showed reduced alpha-band power bilaterally in the superior and middle frontal gyri and frontal poles, and in the left inferior frontal gyrus. Alpha-band power in bilateral middle frontal gyri and frontal poles was negatively correlated with scores reflecting symptoms of emotional numbing. Loss of consciousness (LOC) associated with mTBI and level of exposure to psychologically traumatic events were predictors of decreased prefrontal alpha-band power in some of these regions. CONCLUSION Altered prefrontal alpha-band activity, shown to be partly explained by mTBI-related LOC, is associated with PTSD symptoms severity. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings will guide future studies addressing the electrophysiological mechanisms underlying a higher incidence of PTSD in patients with mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Popescu
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John D Hughes
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of NeuroTrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Elena-Anda Popescu
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gerard Riedy
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J DeGraba
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Anxiety-potentiated amygdala-medial frontal coupling and attentional control. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e833. [PMID: 27271859 PMCID: PMC4931603 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders can be treated both pharmacologically and psychologically, but many individuals either fail to respond to treatment or relapse. Improving outcomes is difficult, in part because we have incomplete understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying current treatments. In a sequence of studies, we have identified 'affective bias-related' amygdala-medial cortical coupling as a candidate substrate underlying adaptive anxiety (that is, anxiety elicited by threat of shock in healthy individuals) and shown that it is also chronically engaged in maladaptive anxiety disorders. We have provided evidence that this circuit can be modulated pharmacologically, but whether this mechanism can be shifted by simple psychological instruction is unknown. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we extend a previously used translational anxiety induction (threat of shock) in healthy subjects (N=43) and cognitive task to include an element of instructed attentional control. Replicating our previous findings, we show that induced anxiety engages 'affective bias-related' amygdala-dorsal medial frontal coupling during the processing of emotional faces. By contrast, instructing subjects to attend to neutral shapes (and ignore faces) disengages this circuitry and increases putative 'attentional control-related' coupling between the amygdala and a more rostral prefrontal region. These neural coupling changes are accompanied by corresponding modulation of behavioural performance. Taken together, these findings serve to further highlight the potential role of amygdala-medial frontal coupling in the pathogenesis of anxiety and highlight a mechanism by which it can be modulated via psychological instructions. This, in turn, generates hypotheses for future work exploring the mechanisms underlying psychological therapeutic interventions for anxiety.
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Hamilton JP, Glover GH, Bagarinao E, Chang C, Mackey S, Sacchet MD, Gotlib IH. Effects of salience-network-node neurofeedback training on affective biases in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2016; 249:91-96. [PMID: 26862057 PMCID: PMC4803612 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Neural models of major depressive disorder (MDD) posit that over-response of components of the brain's salience network (SN) to negative stimuli plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of MDD. In the present proof-of-concept study, we tested this formulation directly by examining the affective consequences of training depressed persons to down-regulate response of SN nodes to negative material. Ten participants in the real neurofeedback group saw, and attempted to learn to down-regulate, activity from an empirically identified node of the SN. Ten other participants engaged in an equivalent procedure with the exception that they saw SN-node neurofeedback indices from participants in the real neurofeedback group. Before and after scanning, all participants completed tasks assessing emotional responses to negative scenes and to negative and positive self-descriptive adjectives. Compared to participants in the sham-neurofeedback group, from pre- to post-training, participants in the real-neurofeedback group showed a greater decrease in SN-node response to negative stimuli, a greater decrease in self-reported emotional response to negative scenes, and a greater decrease in self-reported emotional response to negative self-descriptive adjectives. Our findings provide support for a neural formulation in which the SN plays a primary role in contributing to negative cognitive biases in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Hamilton
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Gary H Glover
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Catie Chang
- Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sean Mackey
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Vytal KE, Arkin NE, Overstreet C, Lieberman L, Grillon C. Induced-anxiety differentially disrupts working memory in generalized anxiety disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:62. [PMID: 26976146 PMCID: PMC4791753 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0748-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety is characterized by a bias towards threatening information, anxious apprehension, and disrupted concentration. Previous research in healthy subjects suggests that working memory (WM) is disrupted by induced anxiety, but that increased task-demand reduces anxiety and WM is preserved. However, it is unknown if patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) can similarly normalize their performance on difficult WM tasks while reducing their anxiety. Increased threat-related bias and impoverished top-down control in trait anxiety suggests that patients may not reap the same cognitive and emotional benefits from demanding tasks that those low in anxiety. Here we examine this possibility using a WM task of varying difficulty. METHODS GAD patients (N = 30) and healthy controls (N = 30) performed an n-back task (no-load, 1-back, 2-back, and 3-back) while at risk for shock (threat) or safe from shock (safe). Anxiety was measured via startle reflex and self-report. RESULTS As predicted, healthy controls' performance was impaired under threat during low-load tasks and facilitated during high-load tasks. In contrast, GAD patients' performance was impaired under threat regardless of WM load. Anxiety was reduced as cognitive load increased in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The divergence of emotion regulation (reduction) and performance (persistent impairment) in the patient but not the control group, suggests that different top-down mechanisms may be operating to reduce anxiety. Continued WM disruption in patients indicates that attentional resources are allocated to emotion regulation instead of goal-directed behavior. Implications for our understanding of cognitive disruption in patients, and related therapeutic interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Vytal
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, 15K North Drive, MSC 2670, Bethesda, MD, 20892-2670, USA.
| | - Nicole E Arkin
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, 15K North Drive, MSC 2670, Bethesda, MD, 20892-2670, USA
| | - Cassie Overstreet
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, 15K North Drive, MSC 2670, Bethesda, MD, 20892-2670, USA
| | - Lynne Lieberman
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, 15K North Drive, MSC 2670, Bethesda, MD, 20892-2670, USA
| | - Christian Grillon
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, 15K North Drive, MSC 2670, Bethesda, MD, 20892-2670, USA
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Lin H, Schulz C, Straube T. Cognitive tasks during expectation affect the congruency ERP effects to facial expressions. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:596. [PMID: 26578938 PMCID: PMC4623202 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expectancy congruency has been shown to modulate event-related potentials (ERPs) to emotional stimuli, such as facial expressions. However, it is unknown whether the congruency ERP effects to facial expressions can be modulated by cognitive manipulations during stimulus expectation. To this end, electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded while participants viewed (neutral and fearful) facial expressions. Each trial started with a cue, predicting a facial expression, followed by an expectancy interval without any cues and subsequently the face. In half of the trials, participants had to solve a cognitive task in which different letters were presented for target letter detection during the expectancy interval. Furthermore, facial expressions were congruent with the cues in 75% of all trials. ERP results revealed that for fearful faces, the cognitive task during expectation altered the congruency effect in N170 amplitude; congruent compared to incongruent fearful faces evoked larger N170 in the non-task condition but the congruency effect was not evident in the task condition. Regardless of facial expression, the congruency effect was generally altered by the cognitive task during expectation in P3 amplitude; the amplitudes were larger for incongruent compared to congruent faces in the non-task condition but the congruency effect was not shown in the task condition. The findings indicate that cognitive tasks during expectation reduce the processing of expectation and subsequently, alter congruency ERP effects to facial expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Lin
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster Muenster, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulz
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster Muenster, Germany ; Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Muenster Muenster, Germany
| | - Thomas Straube
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster Muenster, Germany
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Lange I, Kasanova Z, Goossens L, Leibold N, De Zeeuw CI, van Amelsvoort T, Schruers K. The anatomy of fear learning in the cerebellum: A systematic meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 59:83-91. [PMID: 26441374 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent neuro-imaging studies have implicated the cerebellum in several higher-order functions. Its role in human fear conditioning has, however, received limited attention. The current meta-analysis examines the loci of cerebellar contributions to fear conditioning in healthy subjects, thus mapping, for the first time, the neural response to conditioned aversive stimuli onto the cerebellum. By using the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) technique for analyses, we identified several distinct regions in the cerebellum that activate in response to the presentation of the conditioned stimulus: the cerebellar tonsils, lobules HIV-VI, and the culmen. These regions have separately been implicated in fear acquisition, consolidation of fear memories and expression of conditioned fear responses. Their specific role in these processes may be attributed to the general contribution of cerebellar cortical networks to timing and prediction. Our meta-analysis highlights the potential role of the cerebellum in human cognition and emotion in general, and addresses the possibility how deficits in associative cerebellar learning may play a role in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Future studies are needed to further clarify the mechanistic role of the cerebellum in higher order functions and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lange
- Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Zuzana Kasanova
- Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbet Goossens
- Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Leibold
- Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Schruers
- Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands; University of Leuven, Faculty of Psychology, Center for Experimental and Learning Psychology, Leuven, Belgium
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Math anxiety: A review of its cognitive consequences, psychophysiological correlates, and brain bases. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 16:3-22. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-015-0370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hua M, Han ZR, Zhou R. Cognitive Reappraisal in Preschoolers: Neuropsychological Evidence of Emotion Regulation From an ERP Study. Dev Neuropsychol 2015; 40:279-90. [DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2015.1069827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Sladky R, Höflich A, Küblböck M, Kraus C, Baldinger P, Moser E, Lanzenberger R, Windischberger C. Disrupted effective connectivity between the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in social anxiety disorder during emotion discrimination revealed by dynamic causal modeling for FMRI. Cereb Cortex 2015; 25:895-903. [PMID: 24108802 PMCID: PMC4379995 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by over-reactivity of fear-related circuits in social or performance situations and associated with marked social impairment. We used dynamic causal modeling (DCM), a method to evaluate effective connectivity, to test our hypothesis that SAD patients would exhibit dysfunctions in the amygdala-prefrontal emotion regulation network. Thirteen unmedicated SAD patients and 13 matched healthy controls performed a series of facial emotion and object discrimination tasks while undergoing fMRI. The emotion-processing network was identified by a task-related contrast and motivated the selection of the right amygdala, OFC, and DLPFC for DCM analysis. Bayesian model averaging for DCM revealed abnormal connectivity between the OFC and the amygdala in SAD patients. In healthy controls, this network represents a negative feedback loop. In patients, however, positive connectivity from OFC to amygdala was observed, indicating an excitatory connection. As we did not observe a group difference of the modulatory influence of the FACE condition on the OFC to amygdala connection, we assume a context-independent reduction of prefrontal control over amygdalar activation in SAD patients. Using DCM, it was possible to highlight not only the neuronal dysfunction of isolated brain regions, but also the dysbalance of a distributed functional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sladky
- MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering
| | - Anna Höflich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Küblböck
- MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering
| | - Christoph Kraus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pia Baldinger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ewald Moser
- MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Windischberger
- MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering
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Kuhl J, Quirin M, Koole SL. Being Someone: The Integrated Self as a Neuropsychological System. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Dörfel D, Lamke JP, Hummel F, Wagner U, Erk S, Walter H. Common and differential neural networks of emotion regulation by Detachment, Reinterpretation, Distraction, and Expressive Suppression: A comparative fMRI investigation. Neuroimage 2014; 101:298-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Cannon RL, Baldwin DR, Diloreto DJ, Phillips ST, Shaw TL, Levy JJ. LORETA Neurofeedback in the Precuneus: Operant Conditioning in Basic Mechanisms of Self-Regulation. Clin EEG Neurosci 2014; 45:238-248. [PMID: 24590872 DOI: 10.1177/1550059413512796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Low-resolution brain electomagnetic tomography (LORETA) neurofeedback provides a mechanism to influence the electrical activity of the brain in intracranial space. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of LORETA neurofeedback (LNFB) in the precuneus as a mechanism for improving self-regulation in controls and a heterogeneous diagnostic group (DX). Thirteen participants completed between 10 and 20 sessions of LNFB training in a 3-voxel cluster in the left precuneus. The participants included 5 nonclinical university students, and 8 adults with heterogeneous psychiatric diagnoses. We assessed the effects of LNFB with neurophysiological measures as well as pre- and post-Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) subscales and selected subtests from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS). There was a significant total relative power increase at the precuneus for baseline contrasts for the control group. The DX group did not reach significant levels. All participants showed improvements in executive functions and tended to report significantly less psychopathology. The basic neural mechanisms of self-regulation are poorly understood. The data obtained in this study demonstrate that LNFB in a heterogeneous population enhances executive functions while concordantly decreasing endorsement of psychological symptoms. The alpha frequency in the brain may represent integrative functioning relative to operant efficiency and self-regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debora R Baldwin
- Biological Psychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Dominic J Diloreto
- Biological Psychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Sherman T Phillips
- Biological Psychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Tiffany L Shaw
- Biological Psychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jacob J Levy
- Counseling Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Silveira S, Graupmann V, Agthe M, Gutyrchik E, Blautzik J, Demirçapa I, Berndt A, Pöppel E, Frey D, Reiser M, Hennig-Fast K. Existential neuroscience: effects of mortality salience on the neurocognitive processing of attractive opposite-sex faces. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 9:1601-7. [PMID: 24078106 PMCID: PMC4187282 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Being reminded of the inherently finite nature of human existence has been demonstrated to elicit strivings for sexual reproduction and the formation and maintenance of intimate relationships. Recently, it has been proposed that the perception of potential mating partners is influenced by mortality salience. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the neurocognitive processing of attractive opposite-sex faces after priming with death-related words for heterosexual men and women. Significant modulations of behavioral and neural responses were found when participants were requested to decide whether they would like to meet the presented person. Men were more in favor of meeting attractive women after being primed with death-related words compared to a no-prime condition. Increased neural activation could be found under mortality salience in the left anterior insula and the adjacent lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) for both men and women. As previously suggested, we believe that the lPFC activation reflects an approach-motivated defense mechanism to overcome concerns that are induced by being reminded of death and dying. Our results provide insight on a neurocognitive level that approach motivation in general, and mating motivation in particular is modulated by mortality salience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Silveira
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Graupmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Agthe
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Evgeny Gutyrchik
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Janusch Blautzik
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Idil Demirçapa
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Berndt
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Frey
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Reiser
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Hennig-Fast
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
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Paret C, Kluetsch R, Ruf M, Demirakca T, Hoesterey S, Ende G, Schmahl C. Down-regulation of amygdala activation with real-time fMRI neurofeedback in a healthy female sample. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:299. [PMID: 25278851 PMCID: PMC4166899 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric conditions of emotion dysregulation are often characterized by difficulties in regulating the activity of limbic regions such as the amygdala. Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) allows to feedback brain activation and opens the possibility to establish a neurofeedback (NF) training of amygdala activation, e.g., for subjects suffering from emotion dysregulation. As a first step, we investigated whether feedback of the amygdala response to aversive scenes can improve down-regulation of amygdala activation. One group of healthy female participants received amygdala feedback (N = 16) and a control group was presented with feedback from a control region located in the basal ganglia [N(sum) = 32]. Subjects completed a one-session rt-fMRI-NF training where they viewed aversive pictures and received continuous visual feedback on brain activation (REGULATE condition). In a control condition, subjects were advised to respond naturally to aversive pictures (VIEW), and a neutral condition served as the non-affective control (NEUTRAL). In an adjacent run, subjects were presented with aversive pictures without feedback to test for transfer effects of learning. In a region of interest (ROI) analysis, the VIEW and the REGULATE conditions were contrasted to estimate brain regulation success. The ROI analysis was complemented by an exploratory analysis of activations at the whole-brain level. Both groups showed down-regulation of the amygdala response during training. Feedback from the amygdala but not from the control region was associated with down-regulation of the right amygdala in the transfer test. The whole-brain analysis did not detect significant group interactions. Results of the group whole-brain analyses are discussed. We present a proof-of-concept study using rt-fMRI-NF for amygdala down-regulation in the presence of aversive scenes. Results are in line with a potential benefit of NF training for amygdala regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Paret
- Department Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Kluetsch
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Ruf
- Department Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Traute Demirakca
- Department Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Steffen Hoesterey
- Department Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gabriele Ende
- Department Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
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Paret C, Kluetsch R, Ruf M, Demirakca T, Kalisch R, Schmahl C, Ende G. Transient and sustained BOLD signal time courses affect the detection of emotion-related brain activation in fMRI. Neuroimage 2014; 103:522-532. [PMID: 25204866 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A tremendous amount of effort has been dedicated to unravel the functional neuroanatomy of the processing and regulation of emotion, resulting in a well-described picture of limbic, para-limbic and prefrontal regions involved. Studies applying functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) often use the block-wise presentation of stimuli with affective content, and conventionally model brain activation as a function of stimulus or task duration. However, there is increasing evidence that regional brain responses may not always translate to task duration and rather show stimulus onset-related transient time courses. We assume that brain regions showing transient responses cannot be detected in block designs using a conventional fMRI analysis approach. At the same time, the probability of detecting these regions with conventional analyses may be increased when shorter stimulus timing or a more intense stimulation during a block is used. In a within-subject fMRI study, we presented aversive pictures to 20 healthy subjects and investigated the effect of experimental design (i.e. event-related and block design) on the detection of brain activation in limbic and para-limbic regions of interest of emotion processing. In addition to conventional modeling of sustained activation during blocks of stimulus presentation, we included a second response function into the general linear model (GLM), suited to detect transient time courses at block onset. In the conventional analysis, several regions like the amygdala, thalamus and periaqueductal gray were activated irrespective of design. However, we found a positive BOLD response in the anterior insula (AI) in event-related but not in block-design analyses. GLM analyses suggest that this difference may result from a transient response pattern which cannot be captured by the conventional fMRI analysis approach. Our results indicate that regions with a transient response profile like the AI can be missed in block designs if analyses do not account for transient responses. This may bias conclusions from empirical reports and meta-analyses towards an underestimation of these regions and their role in emotion and emotion regulation. The cognitive processes underlying differential time courses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Paret
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | - Rosemarie Kluetsch
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | - Matthias Ruf
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | - Traute Demirakca
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | - Raffael Kalisch
- Neuroimaging Center Mainz (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Ende
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany.
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Smoski MJ, LaBar KS, Steffens DC. Relative effectiveness of reappraisal and distraction in regulating emotion in late-life depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 22:898-907. [PMID: 24021222 PMCID: PMC3949222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study compares the effectiveness of two strategies, reappraisal and distraction, in reducing negative affect in older adults induced by focusing on personally relevant negative events and stressors. PARTICIPANTS 30 adults with major depressive disorger (MDD) and 40 never-depressed (ND) comparison participants ages 60 years and over (mean age = 69.7 years). DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS Participants underwent three affect induction trials, each followed by a different emotion regulation strategy: distraction, reappraisal, and a no-instruction control condition. Self-reported affect was recorded pre- and post-affect induction, and at one-minute intervals during regulation. RESULTS Across groups, participants reported greater reductions in negative affect with distraction than reappraisal or the no-instruction control condition. An interaction between group and regulation condition indicated that distraction was more effective in reducing negative affect in the MDD group than the ND group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that distraction is an especially effective strategy for reducing negative affect in older adults with MDD. Finding ways to incorporate distraction skills into psychotherapeutic interventions for late-life MDD may improve their effectiveness, especially for short-term improvement of affect following rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moria J. Smoski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710
| | - Kevin S. LaBar
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham NC 27710
| | - David C. Steffens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710
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Sheppes G, Brady WJ, Samson AC. In (visual) search for a new distraction: the efficiency of a novel attentional deployment versus semantic meaning regulation strategies. Front Psychol 2014; 5:346. [PMID: 24808871 PMCID: PMC4009415 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive emotion regulation strategies are considered the king’s highway to control affective reactions. Two broad categories of cognitive regulation are attentional deployment and semantic meaning. The basic distinctive feature between these categories is the type of conflict between regulatory and emotional processes for dominance, with an early attentional selection conflict in attentional deployment and a late appraisal selection conflict in semantic meaning. However, prior studies that tested the relative efficacy of these two regulatory categories varied the type and the degree of conflict. Our major goal was to test the relative efficacy of a novel attentional deployment strategy (visual search distraction) and a classic semantic meaning strategy (reappraisal) that have a different type of conflict but a matched degree of conflict. Specifically, visual search distraction involves a strong degree of attentional selection conflict manifested in attending subtle non-emotional features that are camouflaged within potent negative emotional stimuli. Reappraisal involves a strong degree of appraisal selection conflict manifested in construing neutral reappraisals that rely on potent negative emotional appraisals. Based on our theoretical model we hypothesized and found that visual search distraction was as effective as cognitive reappraisal in down-regulating the experience of low intensity of negative emotion (Study 1), but more effective, less effortful, and more strongly blocking emotional information processing than cognitive reappraisal when regulating high intensity (Study 2). A final study ruled out a demand characteristics explanation by showing that participants’ expectations about how they should feel diverged from how they actually reported feeling following regulation (Study 3). Our findings suggest that the basic difference in the type rather than degree of conflict between attentional deployment and semantic meaning determines strategies’ outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Sheppes
- The School of Psychological Sciences/Child Clinical, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - William J Brady
- Department of Psychology, New York University New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea C Samson
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
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Denny BT, Ochsner KN, Weber J, Wager TD. Anticipatory brain activity predicts the success or failure of subsequent emotion regulation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 9:403-11. [PMID: 23202664 PMCID: PMC3989121 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Expectations about an upcoming emotional event have the power to shape one's subsequent affective response for better or worse. Here, we used mediation analyses to examine the relationship between brain activity when anticipating the need to cognitively reappraise aversive images, amygdala responses to those images and subsequent success in diminishing negative affect. We found that anticipatory activity in right rostrolateral prefrontal cortex was associated with greater subsequent left amygdala responses to aversive images and decreased regulation success. In contrast, anticipatory ventral anterior insula activity was associated with reduced amygdala responses and greater reappraisal success. In both cases, left amygdala responses mediated the relationship between anticipatory activity and reappraisal success. These results suggest that anticipation facilitates successful reappraisal via reduced anticipatory prefrontal 'cognitive' elaboration and better integration of affective information in paralimbic and subcortical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan T Denny
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 324 Schermerhorn Hall, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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