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Pupíková M, Maceira-Elvira P, Harquel S, Šimko P, Popa T, Gajdoš M, Lamoš M, Nencha U, Mitterová K, Šimo A, Hummel FC, Rektorová I. Physiology-inspired bifocal fronto-parietal tACS for working memory enhancement. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37427. [PMID: 39315230 PMCID: PMC11417162 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging populations face significant cognitive challenges, particularly in working memory (WM). Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) offer promising avenues for cognitive enhancement, especially when inspired by brain physiology. This study (NCT04986787) explores the effect of multifocal tACS on WM performance in healthy older adults, focusing on fronto-parietal network modulation. Individualized physiology-inspired tACS applied to the fronto-parietal network was investigated in two blinded cross-over experiments. The first experiment involved monofocal/bifocal theta-tACS to the fronto-parietal network, while in the second experiment cross-frequency theta-gamma interactions between these regions were explored. Participants have done online WM tasks under the stimulation conditions. Network connectivity was assessed via rs-fMRI and multichannel electroencephalography. Prefrontal monofocal theta tACS modestly improved WM accuracy over sham (d = 0.30). Fronto-parietal stimulation enhanced WM task processing speed, with the strongest effects for bifocal in-phase theta tACS (d = 0.41). Cross-frequency stimulations modestly boosted processing speed with or without impairing task accuracy depending on the stimulation protocol. This research adds to the understanding of physiology-inspired brain stimulation for cognitive enhancement in older subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pupíková
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pablo Maceira-Elvira
- Neuro-X Institute (INX), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, CH, Geneva, Switzerland
- Neuro-X Institute (INX), EPFL Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation Sion, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Harquel
- Neuro-X Institute (INX), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, CH, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Šimko
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Traian Popa
- Neuro-X Institute (INX), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, CH, Geneva, Switzerland
- Neuro-X Institute (INX), EPFL Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation Sion, Switzerland
| | - Martin Gajdoš
- International Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and St. Anne's University Hospital, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Brain and Mind Research, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and St. Anne's University Hospital, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lamoš
- International Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and St. Anne's University Hospital, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Brain and Mind Research, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and St. Anne's University Hospital, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Umberto Nencha
- Neuro-X Institute (INX), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, CH, Geneva, Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kristína Mitterová
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and St. Anne's University Hospital, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Šimo
- First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and St. Anne's University Hospital, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Friedhelm C. Hummel
- Neuro-X Institute (INX), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, CH, Geneva, Switzerland
- Neuro-X Institute (INX), EPFL Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation Sion, Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Irena Rektorová
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and St. Anne's University Hospital, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and St. Anne's University Hospital, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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2
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Hu N, Long Q, Wang X, Li Q, Li Q, Chen A. Neural and Behavioral Measures of Stress-induced Impairment in Error Awareness and Post-error Adjustment. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:937-951. [PMID: 38070027 PMCID: PMC11250752 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stress negatively affects error processing, but the impact of stress on error awareness remains to be determined. In the present study, we examined the temporal dynamics of error awareness and post-error adjustment following acute stress. Forty-nine healthy men were randomly assigned to the control (n = 26) or stress group (n = 23). After stress induction, participants completed the error awareness task, and their brain activity was assessed by electroencephalography. Compared to the control group, the stress group demonstrated lower error awareness accuracy and smaller Pe (error positivity) and ΔPe amplitudes following aware error responses, which indicated impairment of error awareness following stress. Furthermore, the stress group had lower accuracy in post-aware error responses than in post-unaware error responses and the control group, which indicated poor post-error adjustment following stress. Our results showed a stress effect on sequential stages of error processing. Stress induces impaired error identification, which further generates maladaptive post-error performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Hu
- School of Preschool and Special Education, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Quanshan Long
- Faculty of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Xiaoxi Wang
- School of Preschool and Special Education, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Teacher Education, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655099, China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Antao Chen
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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3
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Breault MS, Sacré P, Fitzgerald ZB, Gale JT, Cullen KE, González-Martínez JA, Sarma SV. Internal states as a source of subject-dependent movement variability are represented by large-scale brain networks. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7837. [PMID: 38030611 PMCID: PMC10687170 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans' ability to adapt and learn relies on reflecting on past performance. These experiences form latent representations called internal states that induce movement variability that improves how we interact with our environment. Our study uncovered temporal dynamics and neural substrates of two states from ten subjects implanted with intracranial depth electrodes while they performed a goal-directed motor task with physical perturbations. We identified two internal states using state-space models: one tracking past errors and the other past perturbations. These states influenced reaction times and speed errors, revealing how subjects strategize from trial history. Using local field potentials from over 100 brain regions, we found large-scale brain networks such as the dorsal attention and default mode network modulate visuospatial attention based on recent performance and environmental feedback. Notably, these networks were more prominent in higher-performing subjects, emphasizing their role in improving motor performance by regulating movement variability through internal states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macauley Smith Breault
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Pierre Sacré
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, School of Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Zachary B Fitzgerald
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Kathleen E Cullen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Sridevi V Sarma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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4
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Reppert TR, Heitz RP, Schall JD. Neural mechanisms for executive control of speed-accuracy trade-off. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113422. [PMID: 37950871 PMCID: PMC10833473 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The medial frontal cortex (MFC) plays an important but disputed role in speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT). In samples of neural spiking in the supplementary eye field (SEF) in the MFC simultaneous with the visuomotor frontal eye field and superior colliculus in macaques performing a visual search with instructed SAT, during accuracy emphasis, most SEF neurons discharge less from before stimulus presentation until response generation. Discharge rates adjust immediately and simultaneously across structures upon SAT cue changes. SEF neurons signal choice errors with stronger and earlier activity during accuracy emphasis. Other neurons signal timing errors, covarying with adjusting response time. Spike correlations between neurons in the SEF and visuomotor areas did not appear, disappear, or change sign across SAT conditions or trial outcomes. These results clarify findings with noninvasive measures, complement previous neurophysiological findings, and endorse the role of the MFC as a critic for the actor instantiated in visuomotor structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Reppert
- Center for Integrative & Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; Department of Psychology, The University of the South, Sewanee, TN 37383, USA
| | - Richard P Heitz
- Center for Integrative & Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Schall
- Center for Integrative & Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; Centre for Vision Research, Vision Science to Applications, Department of Biology, York University, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
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5
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Leow LA, Marcos A, Nielsen E, Sewell D, Ballard T, Dux PE, Filmer HL. Dopamine Alters the Effect of Brain Stimulation on Decision-Making. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6909-6919. [PMID: 37648451 PMCID: PMC10573748 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1140-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), show promise in treating a range of psychiatric and neurologic conditions. However, optimization of such applications requires a better understanding of how tDCS alters cognition and behavior. Existing evidence implicates dopamine in tDCS alterations of brain activity and plasticity; however, there is as yet no causal evidence for a role of dopamine in tDCS effects on cognition and behavior. Here, in a preregistered, double-blinded study, we examined how pharmacologically manipulating dopamine altered the effect of tDCS on the speed-accuracy trade-off, which taps ubiquitous strategic operations. Cathodal tDCS was delivered over the left prefrontal cortex and the superior medial frontal cortex before participants (N = 62, 24 males, 38 females) completed a dot-motion task, making judgments on the direction of a field of moving dots under instructions to emphasize speed, accuracy, or both. We leveraged computational modeling to uncover how our interventions altered latent decisional processes driving the speed-accuracy trade-off. We show that dopamine in combination with tDCS (but not tDCS alone nor dopamine alone) not only impaired decision accuracy but also impaired discriminability, which suggests that these manipulations altered the encoding or representation of discriminative evidence. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first direct evidence implicating dopamine in the way tDCS affects cognition and behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT tDCS can improve cognitive and behavioral impairments in clinical conditions; however, a better understanding of its mechanisms is required to optimize future clinical applications. Here, using a pharmacological approach to manipulate brain dopamine levels in healthy adults, we demonstrate a role for dopamine in the effects of tDCS in the speed-accuracy trade-off, a strategic cognitive process ubiquitous in many contexts. In doing so, we provide direct evidence implicating dopamine in the way tDCS affects cognition and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ann Leow
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Anjeli Marcos
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Esteban Nielsen
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - David Sewell
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Timothy Ballard
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Paul E Dux
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Hannah L Filmer
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
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6
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Geuzebroek AC, Craddock H, O'Connell RG, Kelly SP. Balancing true and false detection of intermittent sensory targets by adjusting the inputs to the evidence accumulation process. eLife 2023; 12:e83025. [PMID: 37646405 PMCID: PMC10547474 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Decisions about noisy stimuli are widely understood to be made by accumulating evidence up to a decision bound that can be adjusted according to task demands. However, relatively little is known about how such mechanisms operate in continuous monitoring contexts requiring intermittent target detection. Here, we examined neural decision processes underlying detection of 1 s coherence targets within continuous random dot motion, and how they are adjusted across contexts with weak, strong, or randomly mixed weak/strong targets. Our prediction was that decision bounds would be set lower when weak targets are more prevalent. Behavioural hit and false alarm rate patterns were consistent with this, and were well captured by a bound-adjustable leaky accumulator model. However, beta-band EEG signatures of motor preparation contradicted this, instead indicating lower bounds in the strong-target context. We thus tested two alternative models in which decision-bound dynamics were constrained directly by beta measurements, respectively, featuring leaky accumulation with adjustable leak, and non-leaky accumulation of evidence referenced to an adjustable sensory-level criterion. We found that the latter model best explained both behaviour and neural dynamics, highlighting novel means of decision policy regulation and the value of neurally informed modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Geuzebroek
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Hannah Craddock
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College DublinDublinIreland
- Department of Statistics, University of WarwickWarwickUnited Kingdom
| | - Redmond G O'Connell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Simon P Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College DublinDublinIreland
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Alam S, Revi GS, Kerick SE, Yang X, Robucci R, Banerjee N, Spangler DP. Anticipatory cardiac deceleration estimates cognitive performance in virtual reality beyond tonic heart period and heart period variability. Biol Psychol 2023; 181:108602. [PMID: 37295768 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anticipatory cardiac deceleration is the lengthening of heart period before an expected event. It appears to reflect preparation that supports rapid action. The current study sought to bolster anticipatory deceleration as a practical and unique estimator of performance efficiency. To this end, we examined relationships between deceleration and virtual reality performance under low and high time pressure. Importantly, we investigated whether deceleration separately estimates performance beyond basal heart period and basal high-frequency heart rate variability (other vagally influenced metrics related to cognition). Thirty participants completed an immersive virtual reality (VR) cognitive performance task across six longitudinal sessions. Anticipatory deceleration and basal heart period/heart period variability were quantified from electrocardiography collected during pre-task anticipatory countdowns and baseline periods, respectively. At the between-person level, we found that greater anticipatory declaration was related to superior accuracy and faster response times (RT). The relation between deceleration and accuracy was stronger under high relative to low time pressure, when good performance requires greater efficiency. Findings for heart period and heart period variability largely converge with the prior literature, but importantly, were statistically separate from deceleration effects on performance. Lastly, deceleration effects were detected using anticipatory periods that are more practical (shorter and more intermittent) than those typically employed. Taken together, findings suggest that anticipatory deceleration is a unique and practical correlate of cognitive-motor efficiency apart from heart period and heart period variability in virtual reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sazedul Alam
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland - Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gabriela S Revi
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Ryan Robucci
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland - Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nilanjan Banerjee
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland - Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Derek P Spangler
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Lawlor J, Zagala A, Jamali S, Boubenec Y. Pupillary dynamics reflect the impact of temporal expectation on detection strategy. iScience 2023; 26:106000. [PMID: 36798438 PMCID: PMC9926307 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Everyday life's perceptual decision-making is informed by experience. In particular, temporal expectation can ease the detection of relevant events in noisy sensory streams. Here, we investigated if humans can extract hidden temporal cues from the occurrences of probabilistic targets and utilize them to inform target detection in a complex acoustic stream. To understand what neural mechanisms implement temporal expectation influence on decision-making, we used pupillometry as a proxy for underlying neuromodulatory activity. We found that participants' detection strategy was influenced by the hidden temporal context and correlated with sound-evoked pupil dilation. A model of urgency fitted on false alarms predicted detection reaction time. Altogether, these findings suggest that temporal expectation informs decision-making and could be implemented through neuromodulatory-mediated urgency signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lawlor
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Agnès Zagala
- International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), Montreal, Canada
| | - Sara Jamali
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM, Institut de l’Audition, Paris, France
| | - Yves Boubenec
- Laboratoire des systèmes perceptifs, Département d’études cognitives, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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Lee TL, Lee H, Kang N. A meta-analysis showing improved cognitive performance in healthy young adults with transcranial alternating current stimulation. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2023; 8:1. [PMID: 36593247 PMCID: PMC9807644 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-022-00152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation used for improving cognitive functions via delivering weak electrical stimulation with a certain frequency. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of tACS protocols on cognitive functions in healthy young adults. We identified 56 qualified studies that compared cognitive functions between tACS and sham control groups, as indicated by cognitive performances and cognition-related reaction time. Moderator variable analyses specified effect size according to (a) timing of tACS, (b) frequency band of simulation, (c) targeted brain region, and (b) cognitive domain, respectively. Random-effects model meta-analysis revealed small positive effects of tACS protocols on cognitive performances. The moderator variable analyses found significant effects for online-tACS with theta frequency band, online-tACS with gamma frequency band, and offline-tACS with theta frequency band. Moreover, cognitive performances were improved in online- and offline-tACS with theta frequency band on either prefrontal and posterior parietal cortical regions, and further both online- and offline-tACS with theta frequency band enhanced executive function. Online-tACS with gamma frequency band on posterior parietal cortex was effective for improving cognitive performances, and the cognitive improvements appeared in executive function and perceptual-motor function. These findings suggested that tACS protocols with specific timing and frequency band may effectively improve cognitive performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Lee Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hanall Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Nyeonju Kang
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea.
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea.
- Division of Sport Science & Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea.
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Altermann W, Gröpel P. Effects of acute endurance, strength, and coordination exercise interventions on attention in adolescents: A randomized controlled study. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 64:102300. [PMID: 37665800 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare three different modes of an acute bout of exercise - endurance, strength, and coordination - in their effects on adolescents' attention. DESIGN This was a preregistered, prospective, randomized intervention study with four groups and two distinct measurement occasions. METHOD Eighty adolescent students aged 15-18 years were randomized to one of three exercise intervention groups (endurance, strength, coordination) or to a non-exercise, control group. The exercise interventions lasted for 25 min. The random assignment to the study groups was stratified according to participants' age and gender. Before and after the exercise intervention, all participants completed the revised d2-test of attention. A 4 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA with contrast-coded test was used as the main analysis method. RESULTS Attentional test performance increased from before to after the exercise intervention for all exercise groups, as compared with the control group. The three exercise groups improved equally and did not differ in their attentional scores after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS An acute bout of exercise was in general beneficial for adolescent students' attention, while the mode of the provided exercise training was not decisive. School directors and teachers are encouraged to incorporate exercise-related breaks into their school plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Altermann
- Division of Sport Psychology, Department of Sport Science, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Gröpel
- Division of Sport Psychology, Department of Sport Science, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Computational analysis of speed-accuracy tradeoff. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21995. [PMID: 36539428 PMCID: PMC9768160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) in the decision making of humans and animals is a well-documented phenomenon, but its underlying neuronal mechanism remains unclear. Modeling approaches have conceptualized SAT through the threshold hypothesis as adjustments to the decision threshold. However, the leading neurophysiological view is the gain modulation hypothesis. This hypothesis postulates that the SAT mechanism is implemented through changes in the dynamics of the choice circuit, which increase the baseline firing rate and the speed of neuronal integration. In this paper, I investigated alternative computational mechanisms of SAT and showed that the threshold hypothesis was qualitatively consistent with the behavioral data, but the gain modulation hypothesis was not. In order to reconcile the threshold hypothesis with the neurophysiological evidence, I considered the interference of alpha oscillations with the decision process and showed that alpha oscillations could increase the discriminatory power of the decision system, although they slowed down the decision process. This suggests that the magnitude of alpha waves suppression during the event related desynchronization (ERD) of alpha oscillations depends on a SAT condition and the amplitude of alpha oscillations is lower in the speed condition. I also showed that the lower amplitude of alpha oscillations resulted in an increase in the baseline firing rate and the speed of neuronal intergration. Thus, the interference of the event related desynchronization of alpha oscillations with a SAT condition explains why an increase in the baseline firing rate and the speed of neuronal integration accompany the speed condition.
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12
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Mittelstädt V, Miller J, Leuthold H, Mackenzie IG, Ulrich R. The time-course of distractor-based activation modulates effects of speed-accuracy tradeoffs in conflict tasks. Psychon Bull Rev 2022; 29:837-854. [PMID: 34918279 PMCID: PMC9166868 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-021-02003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive processes underlying the ability of human performers to trade speed for accuracy is often conceptualized within evidence accumulation models, but it is not yet clear whether and how these models can account for decision-making in the presence of various sources of conflicting information. In the present study, we provide evidence that speed-accuracy tradeoffs (SATs) can have opposing effects on performance across two different conflict tasks. Specifically, in a single preregistered experiment, the mean reaction time (RT) congruency effect in the Simon task increased, whereas the mean RT congruency effect in the Eriksen task decreased, when the focus was put on response speed versus accuracy. Critically, distributional RT analyses revealed distinct delta plot patterns across tasks, thus indicating that the unfolding of distractor-based response activation in time is sufficient to explain the opposing pattern of congruency effects. In addition, a recent evidence accumulation model with the notion of time-varying conflicting information was successfully fitted to the experimental data. These fits revealed task-specific time-courses of distractor-based activation and suggested that time pressure substantially decreases decision boundaries in addition to reducing the duration of non-decision processes and the rate of evidence accumulation. Overall, the present results suggest that time pressure can have multiple effects in decision-making under conflict, but that strategic adjustments of decision boundaries in conjunction with different time-courses of distractor-based activation can produce counteracting effects on task performance with different types of distracting sources of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Mittelstädt
- Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Jeff Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Hartmut Leuthold
- Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ian Grant Mackenzie
- Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Ulrich
- Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Harris A, Hutcherson CA. Temporal dynamics of decision making: A synthesis of computational and neurophysiological approaches. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2022; 13:e1586. [PMID: 34854573 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As interest in the temporal dynamics of decision-making has grown, researchers have increasingly turned to computational approaches such as the drift diffusion model (DDM) to identify how cognitive processes unfold during choice. At the same time, technological advances in noninvasive neurophysiological methods such as electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography now allow researchers to map the neural time course of decision making with millisecond precision. Combining these approaches can potentially yield important new insights into how choices emerge over time. Here we review recent research on the computational and neurophysiological correlates of perceptual and value-based decision making, from DDM parameters to scalp potentials and oscillatory neural activity. Starting with motor response preparation, the most well-understood aspect of the decision process, we discuss evidence that urgency signals and shifts in baseline activation, rather than shifts in the physiological value of the choice-triggering response threshold, are responsible for adjusting response times under speeded choice scenarios. Research on the neural correlates of starting point bias suggests that prestimulus activity can predict biases in motor choice behavior. Finally, studies examining the time dynamics of evidence construction and evidence accumulation have identified signals at frontocentral and centroparietal electrodes associated respectively with these processes, emerging 300-500 ms after stimulus onset. These findings can inform psychological theories of decision-making, providing empirical support for attribute weighting in value-based choice while suggesting theoretical alternatives to dual-process accounts. Further research combining computational and neurophysiological approaches holds promise for providing greater insight into the moment-by-moment evolution of the decision process. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making Neuroscience > Cognition Economics > Individual Decision-Making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Harris
- Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, California, USA
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14
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Frömer R, Shenhav A. Filling the gaps: Cognitive control as a critical lens for understanding mechanisms of value-based decision-making. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 134:104483. [PMID: 34902441 PMCID: PMC8844247 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
While often seeming to investigate rather different problems, research into value-based decision making and cognitive control have historically offered parallel insights into how people select thoughts and actions. While the former studies how people weigh costs and benefits to make a decision, the latter studies how they adjust information processing to achieve their goals. Recent work has highlighted ways in which decision-making research can inform our understanding of cognitive control. Here, we provide the complementary perspective: how cognitive control research has informed understanding of decision-making. We highlight three particular areas of research where this critical interchange has occurred: (1) how different types of goals shape the evaluation of choice options, (2) how people use control to adjust the ways they make their decisions, and (3) how people monitor decisions to inform adjustments to control at multiple levels and timescales. We show how adopting this alternate viewpoint offers new insight into the determinants of both decisions and control; provides alternative interpretations for common neuroeconomic findings; and generates fruitful directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Frömer
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - A Shenhav
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
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15
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Moussawi K, Kim MJ, Baybayan S, Wood M, Mills KA. Deep brain stimulation effect on anterior pallidum reduces motor impulsivity in Parkinson's disease. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:23-31. [PMID: 34749005 PMCID: PMC8816820 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus internus is used to treat the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The former can worsen impulsive and compulsive behaviors after controlling for the reduction of dopaminergic medications. However, the effect of pallidal DBS on such behaviors in PD patients is less clear. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that greater stimulation spread to the pallidum with prefrontal connectivity would reduce motor impulsivity. METHODS Seven Parkinson's patients with stable globus pallidus internus DBS settings for 3 months, disease duration of 13 ± 1.3 years, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment of 26.8 ± 1.1 each had two stimulation settings defined based on reconstructions of lead placement and volume of tissue activation targeting either a dorsal or ventral position along the DBS electrode but still within the globus pallidus internus. Subjects performed a stop signal reaction time task with the DBS turned off vs. on in each of the defined stimulation settings, which was correlated with the degree of stimulation effect on pallidal subregions. RESULTS A shorter distance between the volume of tissue activation and the right prefrontally-connected GPi correlated with less impulsivity on the stop signal reaction time task (r = 0.69, p < 0.05). Greater volume of tissue activation overlap with the non-prefrontally-connected globus pallidus internus was associated with increased impulsivity. CONCLUSION These data can be leveraged to optimize DBS programming in PD patients with problematic impulsivity or in other disorders involving impulsive behaviors such as substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Moussawi
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Corresponding Author: Kelly A. Mills, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Dept. of Neurology, Meyer 6-181D, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, Phone: 410-502-0133,
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sydney Baybayan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Myles Wood
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelly A. Mills
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Corresponding Author: Kelly A. Mills, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Dept. of Neurology, Meyer 6-181D, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, Phone: 410-502-0133,
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16
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Leng X, Yee D, Ritz H, Shenhav A. Dissociable influences of reward and punishment on adaptive cognitive control. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009737. [PMID: 34962931 PMCID: PMC8746743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To invest effort into any cognitive task, people must be sufficiently motivated. Whereas prior research has focused primarily on how the cognitive control required to complete these tasks is motivated by the potential rewards for success, it is also known that control investment can be equally motivated by the potential negative consequence for failure. Previous theoretical and experimental work has yet to examine how positive and negative incentives differentially influence the manner and intensity with which people allocate control. Here, we develop and test a normative model of control allocation under conditions of varying positive and negative performance incentives. Our model predicts, and our empirical findings confirm, that rewards for success and punishment for failure should differentially influence adjustments to the evidence accumulation rate versus response threshold, respectively. This dissociation further enabled us to infer how motivated a given person was by the consequences of success versus failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiamin Leng
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Debbie Yee
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Harrison Ritz
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Amitai Shenhav
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
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17
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Vargas P, Sitaram R, Sepúlveda P, Montalba C, Rana M, Torres R, Tejos C, Ruiz S. Weighted neurofeedback facilitates greater self-regulation of functional connectivity between the primary motor area and cerebellum. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34587606 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac2b7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a tool that can be used to train brain self-regulation and influence specific activity patterns, including functional connectivity, through neurofeedback. The functional connectivity of the primary motor area (M1) and cerebellum play a critical role in motor recovery after a brain injury, such as stroke. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of achieving control of the functional connectivity between M1 and the cerebellum in healthy subjects. Additionally, we aimed to compare the brain self-regulation of two different feedback modalities and their effects on motor performance.Approach.Nine subjects were trained with a real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging BCI system. Two groups were conformed: equal feedback group (EFG), which received neurofeedback that weighted the contribution of both regions of interest (ROIs) equally, and weighted feedback group (WFG) that weighted each ROI differentially (30% cerebellum; 70% M1). The magnitude of the brain activity induced by self-regulation was evaluated with the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) percent change (BPC). Functional connectivity was assessed using temporal correlations between the BOLD signal of both ROIs. A finger-tapping task was included to evaluate the effect of brain self-regulation on motor performance.Main results.A comparison between the feedback modalities showed that WFG achieved significantly higher BPC in M1 than EFG. The functional connectivity between ROIs during up-regulation in WFG was significantly higher than EFG. In general, both groups showed better tapping speed in the third session compared to the first. For WFG, there were significant correlations between functional connectivity and tapping speed.Significance.The results show that it is possible to train healthy individuals to control M1-cerebellum functional connectivity with rtfMRI-BCI. Besides, it is also possible to use a weighted feedback approach to facilitate a higher activity of one region over another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Vargas
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Imaging Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ranganatha Sitaram
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Multimodal Functional Brain Imaging Hub, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Pradyumna Sepúlveda
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience (ICN), University College London, London, England
| | - Cristian Montalba
- Biomedical Imaging Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mohit Rana
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael Torres
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián Tejos
- Biomedical Imaging Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Ruiz
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Guan Q, Wang J, Chen Y, Liu Y, He H. Beyond information rate, the capacity of cognitive control predicts response criteria in perceptual decision-making. Brain Cogn 2021; 154:105788. [PMID: 34481205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that higher capacity of cognitive control (CCC) represents higher processing efficiency (i.e., high accuracy with fast speed). However, the speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) exists ubiquitously in decision-making, and little is known about whether and how the CCC is associated with SAT and whether the CCC-SAT relationship would be affected by changes in information entropy. In this study, fifty-nine college students performed a majority function task in which accuracy and response speed were equally emphasized. A Bayesian-based hierarchical drift diffusion modeling method was used to estimate three parameters of boundary separation, drift rate, and nondecision time for each participant in this task. In addition, the CCC of each participant was estimated. The results showed that the CCC was positively correlated with the SAT represented by jointly increasing accuracy and reaction time (RT), which was modulated by the change in task-relevant information entropy. Multiple mediation analyses indicated that drift rate served as the key mediator in the positive CCC-accuracy relationship while boundary separation played the major mediating role in the positive CCC-RT relationship. These findings suggest that the CCC reflects not only the rate of information processing but also decision strategies for achieving current goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guan
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Center for Neuroimaging, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Center of Psychosomatic Medicine of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiqi Chen
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hao He
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, China.
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19
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Fehring DJ, Samandra R, Haque ZZ, Jaberzadeh S, Rosa M, Mansouri FA. Investigating the sex-dependent effects of prefrontal cortex stimulation on response execution and inhibition. Biol Sex Differ 2021; 12:47. [PMID: 34404467 PMCID: PMC8369781 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-021-00390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Context-dependent execution or inhibition of a response is an important aspect of executive control, which is impaired in neuropsychological and addiction disorders. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been considered a remedial approach to address deficits in response control; however, considerable variability has been observed in tDCS effects. These variabilities might be related to contextual differences such as background visual-auditory stimuli or subjects' sex. In this study, we examined the interaction of two contextual factors, participants' sex and background acoustic stimuli, in modulating the effects of tDCS on response inhibition and execution. In a sham-controlled and cross-over (repeated-measure) design, 73 participants (37 females) performed a Stop-Signal Task in different background acoustic conditions before and after tDCS (anodal or sham) was applied over the DLPFC. Participants had to execute a speeded response in Go trials but inhibit their response in Stop trials. Participants' sex was fully counterbalanced across all experimental conditions (acoustic and tDCS). We found significant practice-related learning that appeared as changes in indices of response inhibition (stop-signal reaction time and percentage of successful inhibition) and action execution (response time and percentage correct). The tDCS and acoustic stimuli interactively influenced practice-related changes in response inhibition and these effects were uniformly seen in both males and females. However, the effects of tDCS on response execution (percentage of correct responses) were sex-dependent in that practice-related changes diminished in females but heightened in males. Our findings indicate that participants' sex influenced the effects of tDCS on the execution, but not inhibition, of responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Fehring
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ranshikha Samandra
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Zakia Z Haque
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Department of Physiotherapy, Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation & Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3199, Australia
| | - Marcello Rosa
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Farshad A Mansouri
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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20
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Vu AT, Feinberg DA. The Role of Cerebral Metabolism in Improving Time Pressured Decisions. Front Psychol 2021; 12:690198. [PMID: 34354635 PMCID: PMC8329240 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.690198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) theory dictates that decisions can be made more quickly by sacrificing accuracy. Here we investigate whether the human brain can operate in a brief metabolic overdrive to overcome SAT and successfully make decisions requiring both high levels of speed and accuracy. In the context of BOLD fMRI we expect “a brief metabolic overdrive” to involve an increase in cerebral oxygen metabolism prior to increased cerebral blood flow–a phenomenon known as the “initial dip” which results from a sudden drop in oxyhemoglobin in perfusing blood. Human subjects performed a motion discrimination task consisting of different difficulties while emphasizing either accuracy (i.e., without time pressure) or both speed and accuracy (i.e., with time pressure). Using simultaneous multi-slice fMRI, for very fast (333 ms) measurement of whole brain BOLD activity, revealed two modes of physiological overdrive responses when subjects emphasized both speed and accuracy. The majority of subjects exhibited the hypothesized enhancement of initial dip amplitude in posterior visual cortex (PVC) with the size of the enhancement significantly correlated with improvement in behavioral performance. For these subjects, the traditionally analyzed post-stimulus overshoot was not affected by task emphasis. These results demonstrate the complexity and variability of the BOLD hemodynamic response. The discovered relationships between BOLD response and behavior were only observed when subjects emphasized both speed and accuracy in more difficult trials suggesting that the brain can perform in a state of metabolic overdrive with enhanced neural processing of sensory information specifically in challenging situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Thanh Vu
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David A Feinberg
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Technologies, Sebastopol, CA, United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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21
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Lema A, Carvalho S, Fregni F, Gonçalves ÓF, Leite J. The effects of direct current stimulation and random noise stimulation on attention networks. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6201. [PMID: 33737661 PMCID: PMC7973424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85749-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention is a complex cognitive process that selects specific stimuli for further processing. Previous research suggested the existence of three attentional networks: alerting, orienting and executive. However, one important topic is how to enhance the efficiency of attentional networks. In this context, understanding how this system behaves under two different modulatory conditions, namely transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS), will provide important insights towards the understanding of the attention network system. Twenty-seven healthy students took part on a randomized single-blinded crossover study, testing the effects that involved three modalities of unilateral stimulation (tRNS, anodal tDCS, and sham) over the DLPFC, during the performance of the attention network test (ANT) in three different conditions: standard, speed and accuracy. Results showed that tRNS was able to increase attention during more complex situations, namely by increasing alerting and decreasing conflict effect in the executive network. Under the Speed condition, tRNS increased efficiency of the alerting network, as well as under the more demanding conflict network, tRNS overall increased the performance when comparing to sham. No statistical significant effects of tDCS were observed. These results are compatible with the attention requiring the synchronization of pre-existing networks, rather the reinforcement or creation of new pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Lema
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sandra Carvalho
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital & Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Óscar F Gonçalves
- Proaction Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Leite
- I2P-Portucalense Institute for Psychology, Portucalense University, Porto, Portugal.
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22
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Stocco A, Prat CS, Graham LK. Individual Differences in Reward-Based Learning Predict Fluid Reasoning Abilities. Cogn Sci 2021; 45:e12941. [PMID: 33619738 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability to reason and problem-solve in novel situations, as measured by the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM), is highly predictive of both cognitive task performance and real-world outcomes. Here we provide evidence that RAPM performance depends on the ability to reallocate attention in response to self-generated feedback about progress. We propose that such an ability is underpinned by the basal ganglia nuclei, which are critically tied to both reward processing and cognitive control. This hypothesis was implemented in a neurocomputational model of the RAPM task, which was used to derive novel predictions at the behavioral and neural levels. These predictions were then verified in one neuroimaging and two behavioral experiments. Furthermore, an effective connectivity analysis of the neuroimaging data confirmed a role for the basal ganglia in modulating attention. Taken together, these results suggest that individual differences in a neural circuit related to reward processing underpin human fluid reasoning abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stocco
- Department of Psychology & Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences (I-LABS), University of Washington
| | - Chantel S Prat
- Department of Psychology & Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences (I-LABS), University of Washington
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23
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Salomone M, Burle B, Fabre L, Berberian B. An Electromyographic Analysis of the Effects of Cognitive Fatigue on Online and Anticipatory Action Control. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:615046. [PMID: 33505260 PMCID: PMC7829365 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.615046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive fatigue is a problem for the safety of critical systems (e.g., aircraft) as it can lead to accidents, especially during unexpected events. In order to determine the extent to which it disrupts adaptive capabilities, we evaluated its effect on online and anticipatory control. Despite numerous studies conducted to determine its effects, the exact mechanism(s) affected by fatigue remains to be clarified. In this study, we used distribution and electromyographic analysis to assess whether cognitive fatigue increases the capture of the incorrect automatic response or if it impairs its suppression (online control), and whether the conflict adaptation effect is reduced (anticipatory control). To this end, we evaluated the evolution of the performance over time during the Simon task, a classic conflict task that elicits incorrect automatic responses. To accentuate the presence of fatigue during the Simon task, two groups previously performed a dual-task with two different cognitive load levels to create two different levels of fatigue. The results revealed that time on task impaired online control by disrupting the capacity to suppress the incorrect response but leaving unaffected the expression of the automatic response. Furthermore, participants emphasized speed rather than accuracy with time on task, with in addition more fast guesses, suggesting that they opted for a less effortful response strategy. As the implementation of the suppression mechanism requires cognitive effort, the conjunction of these results suggests that the deficits observed may be due to disengagement of effort over time rather than reflecting an incapacity to make an effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mick Salomone
- Information Processing and Systems, ONERA, Salon de Provence, Base Aérienne 701, France
| | - Boris Burle
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC UMR 7291, Marseille, France
| | - Ludovic Fabre
- Centre de Recherche de l'Ecole de l'Air, Salon de Provence, Base Aérienne 701, France
| | - Bruno Berberian
- Information Processing and Systems, ONERA, Salon de Provence, Base Aérienne 701, France
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24
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Balsdon T, Wyart V, Mamassian P. Confidence controls perceptual evidence accumulation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1753. [PMID: 32273500 PMCID: PMC7145794 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15561-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceptual decisions are accompanied by feelings of confidence that reflect the likelihood that the decision was correct. Here we aim to clarify the relationship between perception and confidence by studying the same perceptual task across three different confidence contexts. Human observers were asked to categorize the source of sequentially presented visual stimuli. Each additional stimulus provided evidence for making more accurate perceptual decisions, and better confidence judgements. We show that observers' ability to set appropriate evidence accumulation bounds for perceptual decisions is strongly predictive of their ability to make accurate confidence judgements. When observers were not permitted to control their exposure to evidence, they imposed covert bounds on their perceptual decisions but not on their confidence decisions. This partial dissociation between decision processes is reflected in behaviour and pupil dilation. Together, these findings suggest a confidence-regulated accumulation-to-bound process that controls perceptual decision-making even in the absence of explicit speed-accuracy trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarryn Balsdon
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles (Inserm U960), Département d'Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France.
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Perceptifs (CNRS UMR 8248), Département d'Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Valentin Wyart
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles (Inserm U960), Département d'Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Mamassian
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Perceptifs (CNRS UMR 8248), Département d'Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France
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Kent JS, Disner SG, Van Voorhis AC, Urošević S, Caligiuri MP, Sponheim SR. Exploring the Relationship of Transdiagnostic Mood and Psychosis Symptom Domains with Motor Dysfunction. Neuropsychobiology 2020; 79:301-312. [PMID: 31851987 PMCID: PMC8500525 DOI: 10.1159/000503928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of motor abnormalities have been reported in psychotic disorders, including dyskinesia and psychomotor slowing. There is also evidence for many of the same motor abnormalities in biological first-degree relatives and accruing evidence for motor abnormalities in bipolar disorder. In addition to motor dysfunction, there are also shared symptom domains amongst these populations. OBJECTIVES We explored the associations of (1) current and lifetime psychosis and mood symptom domains and (2) domains of psychosis proneness with various domains of motor function in a transdiagnostic sample (n = 149). METHOD Individuals with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder, biological first-degree relatives of individuals with a psychotic disorder, and controls completed measures of psychomotor speed and movement fluidity, and neural activity related to motor preparation (stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potential, S-LRP) and execution (response-locked LRP) was assessed using EEG. All participants completed the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; patients were additionally assessed for lifetime psychosis and mood episode symptoms, and relatives and controls completed the Chapman psychosis proneness scales. RESULTS Multiple regression revealed levels of current negative symptoms and mania were significantly positively associated with psychomotor slowing even after accounting for current antipsychotic medication dosage and duration of illness. S-LRP onset latency was significantly positively associated with magical ideation. CONCLUSION Domains of motor function are associated with various mood and psychosis symptom domains in a transdiagnostic sample, which may provide insight into brain abnormalities relevant to the expression of symptoms across disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerillyn S. Kent
- University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Jerillyn S. Kent, University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, 2450 Riverside Ave, Minneapolis, MN 55454 USA, 612-625-1472
| | - Seth G. Disner
- University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Snežana Urošević
- University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael P. Caligiuri
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scott R. Sponheim
- University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA,University of Minnesota, Department of Psychology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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26
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Weigard AS, Sathian K, Hampstead BM. Model-based assessment and neural correlates of spatial memory deficits in mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia 2020; 136:107251. [PMID: 31698011 PMCID: PMC7218757 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is characterized by subjective and objective memory impairments within the context of generally intact everyday functioning. Such memory deficits are typically thought to arise from medial temporal lobe dysfunction; however, differences in memory task performance can arise from a variety of altered processes (e.g., strategy adjustments) rather than, or in addition to, "pure" memory deficits. To address this problem, we applied the linear ballistic accumulator (LBA: Brown and Heathcote, 2008) model to data from individuals with MCI (n = 18) and healthy older adults (HOA; n = 16) who performed an object-location association memory retrieval task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The primary goals were to 1) assess between-group differences in model parameters indexing processes of interest (memory sensitivity, accumulation speed, caution and time spent on peripheral perceptual and motor processes) and 2) determine whether differences in model-based metrics were consistent with fMRI data. The LBA provided evidence that, relative to the HOA group, those with MCI displayed lower sensitivity (i.e., difficulty discriminating targets from lures), suggestive of memory impairment, and displayed higher evidence accumulation speed and greater caution, suggestive of increased arousal and strategic changes in this group, although these changes had little impact on MCI-related accuracy differences. Consistent with these findings, fMRI revealed reduced activation in brain regions previously linked to evidence accumulation and to the implementation of caution reductions in the MCI group. Findings suggest that multiple cognitive mechanisms differ during memory retrieval in MCI, and that these mechanisms may explain neuroimaging alterations outside of the medial temporal lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Weigard
- Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Sathian
- Department of Neurology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Psychology Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin M Hampstead
- Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Petilli MA, Marini F, Daini R. Distractor context manipulation in visual search: How expectations modulate proactive control. Cognition 2019; 196:104129. [PMID: 31765925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Visual search can be guided by top-down and bottom-up processes, with either one dominating the other depending on the task (e.g., feature versus conjunction). Moreover, different search tasks bring about different expectations about the type, or frequency, of distractor stimuli. These expectations could promote top-down "task-sets" that may impact performance even when distractors are temporarily absent. Here, we characterized the role and extent of recruitment of proactive top-down processes for distractor expectation in feature and conjunction search. Participants conducted feature and conjunction search tasks for a visual target among distractors, which were either frequently presented or completely absent. The effects of the recruitment of proactive top-down processes for distractor expectation entailed slower responses, yet more accurate, on distractor-absent trials in the frequent-distractor (versus no-distractor) context of both tasks. These effects were larger in the conjunction versus feature task and were not impacted by stimulus duration and time pressure (short/present in Experiment 1, unlimited/absent in Experiment 2, respectively). Results were replicated when the presence/absence of distractors at each trial was fully predictable (Experiment 3), and when several parameters of visual search were changed (Experiment 4). Our findings indicate that top-down task-sets related to distractor expectation entail performance costs and benefits in visual search. These effects occur throughout task blocks rather than trial-to-trial, are modulated by search type, and confirm that proactive top-down processes intervene in feature search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Petilli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesco Marini
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Roberta Daini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; NeuroMI - Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy; COMiB - Optics and Optometry Research Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
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28
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Pineda-Pardo JA, Obeso I, Guida P, Dileone M, Strange BA, Obeso JA, Oliviero A, Foffani G. Static magnetic field stimulation of the supplementary motor area modulates resting-state activity and motor behavior. Commun Biol 2019; 2:397. [PMID: 31701026 PMCID: PMC6823375 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal application of a strong static magnetic field over the human scalp induces measurable local changes in brain function. Whether it also induces distant effects across the brain and how these local and distant effects collectively affect motor behavior remains unclear. Here we applied transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) over the supplementary motor area (SMA) in healthy subjects. At a behavioral level, tSMS increased the time to initiate movement while decreasing errors in choice reaction-time tasks. At a functional level, tSMS increased SMA resting-state fMRI activity and bilateral functional connectivity between the SMA and both the paracentral lobule and the lateral frontotemporal cortex, including the inferior frontal gyrus. These results suggest that tSMS over the SMA can induce behavioral aftereffects associated with modulation of both local and distant functionally-connected cortical circuits involved in the control of speed-accuracy tradeoffs, thus offering a promising protocol for cognitive and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Pineda-Pardo
- CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Móstoles, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Obeso
- CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Móstoles, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pasqualina Guida
- CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Móstoles, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michele Dileone
- CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Móstoles, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bryan A. Strange
- Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, CTB, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neuroimaging, Alzheimer’s Disease Research Centre, Reina Sofia-CIEN Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Obeso
- CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Móstoles, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Guglielmo Foffani
- CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Móstoles, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
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29
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Eijsker N, Schröder A, Smit DJA, van Wingen G, Denys D. Neural Basis of Response Bias on the Stop Signal Task in Misophonia. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:765. [PMID: 31708818 PMCID: PMC6819955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Misophonia is a newly described condition in which specific ordinary sounds provoke disproportionately strong negative affect. Since evidence for psychobiological dysfunction underlying misophonia is scarce, we tested whether misophonia patients, like many patients with impulse control or obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, show impaired ability to inhibit an ongoing motor response. Methods: We collected functional magnetic resonance imaging data during a stop signal task in 22 misophonia patients and 21 matched healthy controls. Results: Compared to controls, patients tended to show longer stop signal delays, which is the time between stimuli signaling response initiation and inhibition. Additionally, patients tended to activate left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex more during responding rather than successful inhibition, as was seen in controls. Furthermore, patients lacked inhibition success-related activity in posterior cingulate cortices and activated the superior medial frontal gyri less during inhibition success compared to failure, a feature correlated with stop signal delays over the sample. Conclusions: Misophonia patients did not show impaired response inhibition. However, they tended to show a response bias on the stop signal task, favoring accuracy over speed. This implies perfectionism and compulsive, rather than impulsive, behavior. Moreover, brain activations were in line with patients, compared to controls, engaging more cognitive control for slowing responses, while employing more attentional resources for successful inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Eijsker
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arjan Schröder
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. A. Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guido van Wingen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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30
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van Maanen L, van der Mijn R, van Beurden MHPH, Roijendijk LMM, Kingma BRM, Miletić S, van Rijn H. Core body temperature speeds up temporal processing and choice behavior under deadlines. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10053. [PMID: 31296893 PMCID: PMC6624282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that human timing ability is compromised by heat. In particular, some studies suggest that increasing body temperature speeds up an internal clock, resulting in faster time perception. However, the consequences of this speed-up for other cognitive processes remain unknown. In the current study, we rigorously tested the speed-up hypothesis by inducing passive hyperthermia through immersion of participants in warm water. In addition, we tested how a change in time perception affects performance in decision making under deadline stress. We found that participants underestimate a prelearned temporal interval when body temperature increases, and that their performance in a two-alternative forced-choice task displays signatures of increased time pressure. These results show not only that timing plays an important role in decision-making, but also that this relationship is mediated by temperature. The consequences for decision-making in job environments that are demanding due to changes in body temperature may be considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leendert van Maanen
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Maurice H P H van Beurden
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Unit Defense Safety and Security, Department of Training and Performance Innovations, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | - Linsey M M Roijendijk
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Unit Defense Safety and Security, Department of Training and Performance Innovations, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | - Boris R M Kingma
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Unit Defense Safety and Security, Department of Training and Performance Innovations, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Miletić
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hedderik van Rijn
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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31
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Carland MA, Thura D, Cisek P. The Urge to Decide and Act: Implications for Brain Function and Dysfunction. Neuroscientist 2019; 25:491-511. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858419841553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Humans and other animals are motivated to act so as to maximize their subjective reward rate. Here, we propose that reward rate maximization is accomplished by adjusting a context-dependent “urgency signal,” which influences both the commitment to a developing action choice and the vigor with which the ensuing action is performed. We review behavioral and neurophysiological data suggesting that urgency is controlled by projections from the basal ganglia to cerebral cortical regions, influencing neural activity related to decision making as well as activity related to action execution. We also review evidence suggesting that different individuals possess specific policies for adjusting their urgency signal to particular contextual variables, such that urgency constitutes an individual trait which jointly influences a wide range of behavioral measures commonly related to the overall quality and hastiness of one’s decisions and actions. Consequently, we argue that a central mechanism for reward rate maximization provides a potential link between personality traits such as impulsivity, as well as some of the motivation-related symptomology of clinical disorders such as depression and Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Carland
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Thura
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Cisek
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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32
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Gosselin A, De Koninck J, Campbell KB. Disentangling specific inhibitory versus general decision-making processes during sleep deprivation using a Go/NoGo ERP paradigm. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 141:18-27. [PMID: 31022412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study used a Go/NoGo ERP paradigm in which Go and NoGo stimuli occurred rarely and equally often in an attempt to determine if sleep deprivation has a general effect on decision-making or a more specific effect on inhibition. A Go/NoGo task was administered six times to eleven participants during 36 h of sleep deprivation and once again post recovery sleep. In the Go condition, the participant was asked to respond to the rare stimulus. In the separate NoGo condition, the participant was asked to withhold the response to the rare stimulus. ERPs were recorded to the rare stimuli. The NoGo P3 should be attenuated if sleep loss mainly affects inhibitory processes. Both Go and NoGo P3 should be attenuated if sleep loss affects general detection processes. During sleep loss, accuracy decreased for both tasks. RT also gradually increased for the Go task. Performance during the NoGo task was more complex and was better accounted by a speed-accuracy trade-off. Overall, findings indicate that sleep deprivation did not have specific effects on inhibition. However, the amplitude of the Go P3 occurred as early as 12 h after waking and might reflect an effect of task repetition rather than true sleep deprivation. In contrast, the NoGo P3 amplitude was not significantly reduced until after 24 and 36 h of wakefulness, suggesting a true sleep deprivation effect. Both Go and NoGo P3 post recovery sleep did not return to baseline levels, possibly due to residual sleep inertia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anik Gosselin
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Canada; St. Lawrence Valley Correctional and Treatment Centre, The Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Ottawa, Canada; University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Canada.
| | - Joseph De Koninck
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Canada; University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Canada
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33
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Weigard A, Beltz A, Reddy SN, Wilson SJ. Characterizing the role of the pre-SMA in the control of speed/accuracy trade-off with directed functional connectivity mapping and multiple solution reduction. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:1829-1843. [PMID: 30569619 PMCID: PMC6865688 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several plausible theories of the neural implementation of speed/accuracy trade-off (SAT), the phenomenon in which individuals may alternately emphasize speed or accuracy during the performance of cognitive tasks, have been proposed, and multiple lines of evidence point to the involvement of the pre-supplemental motor area (pre-SMA). However, as the nature and directionality of the pre-SMA's functional connections to other regions involved in cognitive control and task processing are not known, its precise role in the top-down control of SAT remains unclear. Although recent advances in cross-sectional path modeling provide a promising way of characterizing these connections, such models are limited by their tendency to produce multiple equivalent solutions. In a sample of healthy adults (N = 18), the current study uses the novel approach of Group Iterative Multiple Model Estimation for Multiple Solutions (GIMME-MS) to assess directed functional connections between the pre-SMA, other regions previously linked to control of SAT, and regions putatively involved in evidence accumulation for the decision task. Results reveal a primary role of the pre-SMA for modulating activity in regions involved in the decision process but suggest that this region receives top-down input from the DLPFC. Findings also demonstrate the utility of GIMME-MS and solution-reduction methods for obtaining valid directional inferences from connectivity path models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriene Beltz
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | | | - Stephen J. Wilson
- Department of PsychologyPenn State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
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34
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Servant M, Tillman G, Schall JD, Logan GD, Palmeri TJ. Neurally constrained modeling of speed-accuracy tradeoff during visual search: gated accumulation of modulated evidence. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:1300-1314. [PMID: 30726163 PMCID: PMC6485731 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00507.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stochastic accumulator models account for response times and errors in perceptual decision making by assuming a noisy accumulation of perceptual evidence to a threshold. Previously, we explained saccade visual search decision making by macaque monkeys with a stochastic multiaccumulator model in which accumulation was driven by a gated feed-forward integration to threshold of spike trains from visually responsive neurons in frontal eye field that signal stimulus salience. This neurally constrained model quantitatively accounted for response times and errors in visual search for a target among varying numbers of distractors and replicated the dynamics of presaccadic movement neurons hypothesized to instantiate evidence accumulation. This modeling framework suggested strategic control over gate or over threshold as two potential mechanisms to accomplish speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT). Here, we show that our gated accumulator model framework can account for visual search performance under SAT instructions observed in a milestone neurophysiological study of frontal eye field. This framework captured key elements of saccade search performance, through observed modulations of neural input, as well as flexible combinations of gate and threshold parameters necessary to explain differences in SAT strategy across monkeys. However, the trajectories of the model accumulators deviated from the dynamics of most presaccadic movement neurons. These findings demonstrate that traditional theoretical accounts of SAT are incomplete descriptions of the underlying neural adjustments that accomplish SAT, offer a novel mechanistic account of decision-making mechanisms during speed-accuracy tradeoff, and highlight questions regarding the identity of model and neural accumulators. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A gated accumulator model is used to elucidate neurocomputational mechanisms of speed-accuracy tradeoff. Whereas canonical stochastic accumulators adjust strategy only through variation of an accumulation threshold, we demonstrate that strategic adjustments are accomplished by flexible combinations of both modulation of the evidence representation and adaptation of accumulator gate and threshold. The results indicate how model-based cognitive neuroscience can translate between abstract cognitive models of performance and neural mechanisms of speed-accuracy tradeoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Servant
- Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Gabriel Tillman
- Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jeffrey D Schall
- Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Gordon D Logan
- Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Thomas J Palmeri
- Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
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35
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Dick AS, Garic D, Graziano P, Tremblay P. The frontal aslant tract (FAT) and its role in speech, language and executive function. Cortex 2018; 111:148-163. [PMID: 30481666 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we examine the structural connectivity of a recently-identified fiber pathway, the frontal aslant tract (FAT), and explore its function. We first review structural connectivity studies using tract-tracing methods in non-human primates, and diffusion-weighted imaging and electrostimulation in humans. These studies suggest a monosynaptic connection exists between the lateral inferior frontal gyrus and the pre-supplementary and supplementary motor areas of the medial superior frontal gyrus. This connection is termed the FAT. We then review research on the left FAT's putative role in supporting speech and language function, with particular focus on speech initiation, stuttering and verbal fluency. Next, we review research on the right FAT's putative role supporting executive function, namely inhibitory control and conflict monitoring for action. We summarize the extant body of empirical work by suggesting that the FAT plays a domain general role in the planning, timing, and coordination of sequential motor movements through the resolution of competition among potential motor plans. However, we also propose some domain specialization across the hemispheres. On the left hemisphere, the circuit is proposed to be specialized for speech actions. On the right hemisphere, the circuit is proposed to be specialized for general action control of the organism, especially in the visuo-spatial domain. We close the review with a discussion of the clinical significance of the FAT, and suggestions for further research on the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dea Garic
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Paulo Graziano
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Pascale Tremblay
- Departement de Readaptation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, Canada
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36
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Hedge C, Powell G, Bompas A, Vivian-Griffiths S, Sumner P. Low and variable correlation between reaction time costs and accuracy costs explained by accumulation models: Meta-analysis and simulations. Psychol Bull 2018; 144:1200-1227. [PMID: 30265012 PMCID: PMC6195302 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The underpinning assumption of much research on cognitive individual differences (or group differences) is that task performance indexes cognitive ability in that domain. In many tasks performance is measured by differences (costs) between conditions, which are widely assumed to index a psychological process of interest rather than extraneous factors such as speed-accuracy trade-offs (e.g., Stroop, implicit association task, lexical decision, antisaccade, Simon, Navon, flanker, and task switching). Relatedly, reaction time (RT) costs or error costs are interpreted similarly and used interchangeably in the literature. All of this assumes a strong correlation between RT-costs and error-costs from the same psychological effect. We conducted a meta-analysis to test this, with 114 effects across a range of well-known tasks. Counterintuitively, we found a general pattern of weak, and often no, association between RT and error costs (mean r = .17, range -.45 to .78). This general problem is accounted for by the theoretical framework of evidence accumulation models, which capture individual differences in (at least) 2 distinct ways. Differences affecting accumulation rate produce positive correlation. But this is cancelled out if individuals also differ in response threshold, which produces negative correlations. In the models, subtractions between conditions do not isolate processing costs from caution. To demonstrate the explanatory power of synthesizing the traditional subtraction method within a broader decision model framework, we confirm 2 predictions with new data. Thus, using error costs or RT costs is more than a pragmatic choice; the decision carries theoretical consequence that can be understood through the accumulation model framework. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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O'Connell RG, Shadlen MN, Wong-Lin K, Kelly SP. Bridging Neural and Computational Viewpoints on Perceptual Decision-Making. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:838-852. [PMID: 30007746 PMCID: PMC6215147 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sequential sampling models have provided a dominant theoretical framework guiding computational and neurophysiological investigations of perceptual decision-making. While these models share the basic principle that decisions are formed by accumulating sensory evidence to a bound, they come in many forms that can make similar predictions of choice behaviour despite invoking fundamentally different mechanisms. The identification of neural signals that reflect some of the core computations underpinning decision formation offers new avenues for empirically testing and refining key model assumptions. Here, we highlight recent efforts to explore these avenues and, in so doing, consider the conceptual and methodological challenges that arise when seeking to infer decision computations from complex neural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redmond G O'Connell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Michael N Shadlen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behaviour Institute and Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - KongFatt Wong-Lin
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, University of Ulster, Magee Campus, Northland Road, Derry, BT48 7JL, UK
| | - Simon P Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Steinemann NA, O'Connell RG, Kelly SP. Decisions are expedited through multiple neural adjustments spanning the sensorimotor hierarchy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3627. [PMID: 30194305 PMCID: PMC6128824 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
When decisions are made under speed pressure, "urgency" signals elevate neural activity toward action-triggering thresholds independent of the sensory evidence, thus incurring a cost to choice accuracy. While urgency signals have been observed in brain circuits involved in preparing actions, their influence at other levels of the sensorimotor pathway remains unknown. We used a novel contrast-comparison paradigm to simultaneously trace the dynamics of sensory evidence encoding, evidence accumulation, motor preparation, and muscle activation in humans. Results indicate speed pressure impacts multiple sensorimotor levels but in crucially distinct ways. Evidence-independent urgency was applied to cortical action-preparation signals and downstream muscle activation, but not directly to upstream levels. Instead, differential sensory evidence encoding was enhanced in a way that partially countered the negative impact of motor-level urgency on accuracy, and these opposing sensory-boost and motor-urgency effects had knock-on effects on the buildup and pre-response amplitude of a motor-independent representation of cumulative evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Steinemann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, 3227 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Redmond G O'Connell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland.
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Perugini A, Ditterich J, Shaikh AG, Knowlton BJ, Basso MA. Paradoxical Decision-Making: A Framework for Understanding Cognition in Parkinson's Disease. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:512-525. [PMID: 29747856 PMCID: PMC6124671 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
People with Parkinson's disease (PD) show impaired decision-making when sensory and memory information must be combined. This recently identified impairment results from an inability to accumulate the proper amount of information needed to make a decision and appears to be independent of dopamine tone and reinforcement learning mechanisms. Although considerable work focuses on PD and decisions involving risk and reward, in this Opinion article we propose that the emerging findings in perceptual decision-making highlight the multisystem nature of PD, and that unraveling the neuronal circuits underlying perceptual decision-making impairment may help in understanding other cognitive impairments in people with PD. We also discuss how a decision-making framework may be extended to gain insights into mechanisms of motor impairments in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Perugini
- Fuster Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Brain Research Institute, The David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jochen Ditterich
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Aasef G Shaikh
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Barbara J Knowlton
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michele A Basso
- Fuster Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Brain Research Institute, The David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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40
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Richardson C, Micic G, Cain N, Bartel K, Maddock B, Gradisar M. Cognitive performance in adolescents with Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder: Treatment effects and a comparison with good sleepers. J Adolesc 2018; 65:72-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Improving Dual-Task Control With a Posture-Second Strategy in Early-Stage Parkinson Disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2018; 99:1540-1546.e2. [PMID: 29608901 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the task prioritization effects on postural-suprapostural dual-task performance in patients with early-stage Parkinson disease (PD) without clinically observed postural symptoms. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. Participants performed a force-matching task while standing on a mobile platform, and were instructed to focus their attention on either the postural task (posture-first strategy) or the force-matching task (posture-second strategy). SETTING University research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Individuals (N=16) with early-stage PD who had no clinically observed postural symptoms. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dual-task change (DTC; percent change between single-task and dual-task performance) of posture error, posture approximate entropy (ApEn), force error, and reaction time (RT). Positive DTC values indicate higher postural error, posture ApEn, force error, and force RT during dual-task conditions compared with single-task conditions. RESULTS Compared with the posture-first strategy, the posture-second strategy was associated with smaller DTC of posture error and force error, and greater DTC of posture ApEn. In contrast, greater DTC of force RT was observed under the posture-second strategy. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to typical recommendations, our results suggest that the posture-second strategy may be an effective dual-task strategy in patients with early-stage PD who have no clinically observed postural symptoms in order to reduce the negative effect of dual tasking on performance and facilitate postural automaticity.
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Cracco E, Brass M. The role of sensorimotor processes in social group contagion. Cogn Psychol 2018; 103:23-41. [PMID: 29501776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well known that action observation triggers an imitative response, not much is known about how these responses develop as a function of group size. Research on social contagion suggests that imitative tendencies initially increase but then stabilize as groups become larger. However, these findings have mainly been explained in terms of interpretative processes. Across seven experiments (N = 322), the current study investigated the contribution of sensorimotor processes to social group contagion by looking at the relation between group size and automatic imitation in a task that involved minimal interpretation. The results of Experiments 1-2 revealed that automatic imitation increased with group size according to an asymptotic curve on congruent trials but a linear curve on incongruent trials. The results of Experiments 3-7 showed that the asymptote on congruent trials disappeared when no control was needed, namely in the absence of incongruent trials. This suggests that the asymptote in the relation between group size and automatic imitation can be explained in terms of strategic control mechanisms that aim to prevent unintended imitative responses. The findings of the current study are in close correspondence with previous research in the social domain and as such support the hypothesis that sensorimotor processes contribute to the relation between group size and social contagion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel Cracco
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Marcel Brass
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
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Wang L, Rangarajan KV, Gerfen CR, Krauzlis RJ. Activation of Striatal Neurons Causes a Perceptual Decision Bias during Visual Change Detection in Mice. Neuron 2018; 97:1369-1381.e5. [PMID: 29503185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The basal ganglia are implicated in perceptual decision-making, although their specific contributions remain unclear. Here, we tested the causal role of the basal ganglia by manipulating neuronal activity in the dorsal striatum of mice performing a visual orientation-change detection (yes/no) task. Brief unilateral optogenetic stimulation caused large changes in task performance, shifting psychometric curves upward by increasing the probability of "yes" responses with only minor changes in sensitivity. For the direct pathway, these effects were significantly larger when the visual event was expected in the contralateral visual field, demonstrating a lateralized bias in responding to sensory inputs rather than a generalized increase in action initiation. For both direct and indirect pathways, the effects were specific to task epochs in which choice-relevant visual stimuli were present. These results indicate that the causal link between striatal activity and decision-making includes an additive perceptual bias in favor of expected or valued visual events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lupeng Wang
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Krsna V Rangarajan
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Charles R Gerfen
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard J Krauzlis
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Different mechanisms can account for the instruction induced proportion congruency effect. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 184:39-45. [PMID: 28366273 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
When performing a conflict task, performance is typically worse on trials with conflict between two responses (i.e., incongruent trials) compared to when there is no conflict (i.e., congruent trials), a finding known as the congruency effect. The congruency effect is reduced when the proportion of incongruent trials is high, relative to when most of the trials are congruent (i.e., the proportion congruency effect). In the current work, it was tested whether different kinds of instructions can be used to induce a proportion congruency effect, while holding the actual proportion of congruent trials constant. Participants were instructed to strategically use the (invalid) information that most of the trials would be congruent versus incongruent, or they were told to adopt a liberal versus a conservative response threshold. All strategies effectively altered the size of the congruency effect relative to baseline, although in terms of statistical significance the effect was mostly limited to the error rates. A diffusion-model analysis of the data was partially consistent with the hypothesis that both types of instructions induced a proportion congruency effect by means of different underlying mechanisms.
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Berkay D, Eser HY, Sack AT, Çakmak YÖ, Balcı F. The modulatory role of pre-SMA in speed-accuracy tradeoff: A bi-directional TMS study. Neuropsychologia 2017; 109:255-261. [PMID: 29274342 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Many perceptual decisions are inevitably subject to the tradeoff between speed and accuracy of choices (SAT). Sequential sampling models attribute this ubiquitous relation to random noise in the sensory evidence accumulation process, and assume that SAT is adaptively modulated by altering the decision thresholds at which the level of integrated evidence should reach for making a choice. Although, neuroimaging studies have shown a relationship between right presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) activity and threshold setting, only a limited number of brain stimulation studies aimed at establishing the causal link, results of which were inconsistent. Additionally, these studies were limited in scope as they only examined the effect of pre-SMA activity unidirectionally through experimentally inhibiting the neural activity in this region. The current study aims to investigate the predictions of the striatal theory of SAT by experimentally assessing the modulatory effect of right pre-SMA on threshold setting bi-directionally. To this end, we applied both offline inhibition and excitation to the right pre-SMA utilizing transcranial magnetic stimulation in a within-subjects design and tested participants on a Random Dot Motion Task. Decision thresholds were estimated using the Hierarchical Drift Diffusion Model. Findings of our planned comparisons showed that right pre-SMA inhibition leads to significantly higher, whereas right pre-SMA excitation leads to significantly lower thresholds without showing any effects on the evidence integration process itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Berkay
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hale Yapıcı Eser
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry, Koç University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alexander T Sack
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Fuat Balcı
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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46
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Shimizu RE, Wu AD, Samra JK, Knowlton BJ. The impact of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on learning fine-motor sequences. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0050. [PMID: 27872369 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum has been shown to be important for skill learning, including the learning of motor sequences. We investigated whether cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) would enhance learning of fine motor sequences. Because the ability to generalize or transfer to novel task variations or circumstances is a crucial goal of real world training, we also examined the effect of tDCS on performance of novel sequences after training. In Study 1, participants received either anodal, cathodal or sham stimulation while simultaneously practising three eight-element key press sequences in a non-repeating, interleaved order. Immediately after sequence practice with concurrent tDCS, a transfer session was given in which participants practised three interleaved novel sequences. No stimulation was given during transfer. An inhibitory effect of cathodal tDCS was found during practice, such that the rate of learning was slowed in comparison to the anodal and sham groups. In Study 2, participants received anodal or sham stimulation and a 24 h delay was added between the practice and transfer sessions to reduce mental fatigue. Although this consolidation period benefitted subsequent transfer for both tDCS groups, anodal tDCS enhanced transfer performance. Together, these studies demonstrate polarity-specific effects on fine motor sequence learning and generalization.This article is part of the themed issue 'New frontiers for statistical learning in the cognitive sciences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee E Shimizu
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Allan D Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jasmine K Samra
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Barbara J Knowlton
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Johnson B, Verma R, Sun M, Hanks TD. Characterization of decision commitment rule alterations during an auditory change detection task. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:2526-2536. [PMID: 28794191 PMCID: PMC5668458 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00071.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical component of decision making is determining when to commit to a choice. This involves stopping rules that specify the requirements for decision commitment. Flexibility of decision stopping rules provides an important means of control over decision-making processes. In many situations, these stopping rules establish a balance between premature decisions and late decisions. In this study we use a novel change detection paradigm to examine how subjects control this balance when invoking different decision stopping rules. The task design allows us to estimate the temporal weighting of sensory information for the decisions, and we find that different stopping rules did not result in systematic differences in that weighting. We also find bidirectional post-error alterations of decision strategy that depend on the type of error and effectively reduce the probability of making consecutive mistakes of the same type. This is a generalization to change detection tasks of the widespread observation of unidirectional post-error slowing in forced-choice tasks. On the basis of these results, we suggest change detection tasks as a promising paradigm to study the neural mechanisms that support flexible control of decision rules.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Flexible decision stopping rules confer control over decision processes. Using an auditory change detection task, we found that alterations of decision stopping rules did not result in systematic changes in the temporal weighting of sensory information. We also found that post-error alterations of decision stopping rules depended on the type of mistake subjects make. These results provide guidance for understanding the neural mechanisms that control decision stopping rules, one of the critical components of decision making and behavioral flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette Johnson
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California; and
| | - Rebeka Verma
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California; and
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Manying Sun
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California; and
| | - Timothy D Hanks
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California;
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California; and
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Top-Down Control of Perceptual Decision Making by the Prefrontal Cortex. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721417709807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although most work on perceptual decision making has focused on the processing within the visual, temporal, and parietal lobes, recent research points to an underappreciated but critical role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). PFC provides high-level control of perception, but it is unclear whether this control can be subdivided into different processes and whether different PFC regions have different roles. Here I review evidence that prefrontal top-down control is organized in the processes of selection control, decision control, and evaluation. These three processes overlap and interact with each other while at the same time maintaining a temporal hierarchy. Further, these different stages are supported by dissociable regions within the PFC that control hierarchically organized cognition. The current proposal for PFC’s role in perceptual control can serve as the basis for a deeper understanding of both the functional organization of PFC and the processes underlying perceptual decision making.
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Eisenreich BR, Akaishi R, Hayden BY. Control without Controllers: Toward a Distributed Neuroscience of Executive Control. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:1684-1698. [PMID: 28430042 PMCID: PMC7162733 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Executive control refers to the regulation of cognition and behavior by mental processes and is a hallmark of higher cognition. Most approaches to understanding its mechanisms begin with the assumption that our brains have anatomically segregated and functionally specialized control modules. The modular approach is intuitive: Control is conceptually distinct from basic mental processing, so an organization that reifies that distinction makes sense. An alternative approach sees executive control as self-organizing principles of a distributed organization. In distributed systems, control and controlled processes are colocalized within large numbers of dispersed computational agents. Control then is often an emergent consequence of simple rules governing the interaction between agents. Because these systems are unfamiliar and unintuitive, here we review several well-understood examples of distributed control systems, group living insects and social animals, and emphasize their parallels with neural systems. We then reexamine the cognitive neuroscience literature on executive control for evidence that its neural control systems may be distributed.
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I. Gold
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Alan A. Stocker
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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