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Ginieis R, Yan F, Franz EA, Peng M. Contrasting frontal cortical responses to food versus money rewards across BMI groups. Nutr Neurosci 2024; 27:688-697. [PMID: 37603004 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2023.2245212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has linked obesity with an altered perception of rewards. This study aimed to contrast frontal cortical activities across body mass index (BMI) groups, in responding to differential rewards (monetary versus food). A total of 60 male participants (27.43 ± 6.07 years of age; 21 normal weight [BMI: 18.5-24.9 kg·m-2]; 20 overweight [BMI: 25.0-29.9 kg·m-2]; and 19 individuals with obesity [BMI ≥ 30 kg·m-2]) were tested for their response bias towards food and money rewards using the Probabilistic Reward Task (PRT), while their frontal cortical responses were recorded using electroencephalography (EEG). The feedback-related negativity (FRN), a reliable measure of reward valuation and learning, was calculated for food (FRN(Food)) and money (FRN(Money)). Results indicate a left-lateralised frontal cortical activity associated with the food reward condition, in the group of overweight and obesity. In contrast, a right-lateralisation was observed in the money reward condition only in the group with obesity. More specifically, FRN(Food) was shown to significantly differ between left and right frontal cortical areas among individuals with obesity (p = 0.035) and overweight (p = 0.012), but not in normal-weight individuals (p = 0.153). Additionally, results revealed that FRN(Food) and FRN(Money) were significantly different for individuals with obesity (p = 0.019), but such a significant difference was not evident in the overweight and normal-weight individuals (p ≥ 0.05). These findings offer intriguing new insights into neuropsychological differentiation across BMI groups, adding to the understanding of obesity-related behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ginieis
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Fu Yan
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Mei Peng
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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2
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Mao R, Long C. Adaptive adjustment after conflict with group opinion: evidence from neural electrophysiology. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad484. [PMID: 38102971 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals inherently seek social consensus when making decisions or judgments. Previous studies have consistently indicated that dissenting group opinions are perceived as social conflict that demands attitude adjustment. However, the neurocognitive processes of attitude adjustment are unclear. In this electrophysiological study, participants were recruited to perform a face attractiveness judgment task. After forming their own judgment of a face, participants were informed of a purported group judgment (either consistent or inconsistent with their judgment), and then, critically, the same face was presented again. The neural responses to the second presented faces were measured. The second presented faces evoked a larger late positive potential after conflict with group opinions than those that did not conflict, suggesting that more motivated attention was allocated to stimulus. Moreover, faces elicited greater midfrontal theta (4-7 Hz) power after conflict with group opinions than after consistency with group opinions, suggesting that cognitive control was initiated to support attitude adjustment. Furthermore, the mixed-effects model revealed that single-trial theta power predicted behavioral change in the Conflict condition, but not in the No-Conflict condition. These findings provide novel insights into the neurocognitive processes underlying attitude adjustment, which is crucial to behavioral change during conformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Mao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Changquan Long
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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3
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Neel ML, Jeanvoine A, Key A, Stark AR, Norton ES, Relland LM, Hay K, Maitre NL. Behavioral and neural measures of infant responsivity increase with maternal multisensory input in non-irritable infants. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3253. [PMID: 37786238 PMCID: PMC10636412 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parents often use sensory stimulation during early-life interactions with infants. These interactions, including gazing, rocking, or singing, scaffold child development. Previous studies have examined infant neural processing during highly controlled sensory stimulus presentation paradigms. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated infant behavioral and neural responsiveness during a mother-child social interaction during which the mother provided infant stimulation with a progressive increase in the number of sensory modalities. METHODS We prospectively collected and analyzed video-coded behavioral interactions and electroencephalogram (EEG) frontal asymmetry (FAS) from infants (n = 60) at 2-4 months born at ≥ 34 weeks gestation. As the number of sensory modalities progressively increased during the interaction, infant behaviors of emotional connection in facial expressiveness, sensitivity to mother, and vocal communication increased significantly. Conversely, infant FAS for the entire cohort did not change significantly. However, when we accounted for infant irritability, both video-coded behaviors and EEG FAS markers of infant responsiveness increased across the interaction in the non-irritable infants. The non-irritable infants (49%) demonstrated positive FAS, indicating readiness to engage with, rather than to withdraw from, multisensory but not unisensory interactions with their mothers. RESULTS These results suggest that multisensory input from mothers is associated with greater infant neural approach state and highlight the importance of infant behavioral state during neural measures of infant responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lauren Neel
- Department of Pediatrics & NeonatologyEmory University School of Medicine & Children's Healthcare of AtlantaAtlanta, GAUSA
| | - Arnaud Jeanvoine
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbus, OHUSA
| | | | - Ann R. Stark
- Department of Pediatrics & NeonatologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center & Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MAUSA
| | | | - Lance M. Relland
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbus, OHUSA
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain MedicineNationwide Children's Hospital & The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OHUSA
| | - Krystal Hay
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbus, OHUSA
| | - Nathalie L. Maitre
- Department of Pediatrics & NeonatologyEmory University School of Medicine & Children's Healthcare of AtlantaAtlanta, GAUSA
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Han S, Gao J, Hu J, Ye Y, Huang H, Liu J, Liu M, Ai H, Qiu J, Luo Y, Xu P. Disruptions of salience network during uncertain anticipation of conflict control in anxiety. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 88:103721. [PMID: 37562270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety has been characterized by disrupted processing of conflict control, while little is known about anticipatory processing of conflicts in anxiety. Anticipation is the key factor in both anxiety and cognitive control, especially under uncertain conditions. The current study therefore examined neurocomputational mechanisms of uncertain anticipation of conflict control in anxiety. METHODS Twenty-six participants with high-trait anxiety and twenty-nine low-trait anxiety participants completed a cue-flanker task with functional magnetic resonance imaging. The hierarchical drift diffusion model (HDDM) was used to measure the cognitive computations during the task. To identify the neurocomputational mechanism of anticipatory control in anxiety, mediation analysis and dynamic causal modelling (DCM) analysis were conducted to examine the relationship between functional connectivity of brain networks and the parameters of HDDM. RESULTS We found influences of regulatory signals from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to dorsal anterior cingulate cortex on decision threshold in low-trait anxiety (LTA), but not in high-trait anxiety (HTA), especially for the condition with uncertain cues. The results indicate deficient top-down anticipatory control of upcoming conflicts in anxious individuals. DCM and HDDM analyses revealed that lower decision threshold was associated with higher intrinsic connectivity of salience network (SN) in anxious individuals, suggesting that dysfunctional SN disrupts anticipation of conflict control under uncertainty in anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest hyperfunction of the SN underlies the deficient information accumulation during uncertain anticipation of upcoming conflicts in anxiety. Our findings shed new light on the mechanisms of anticipation processing and the psychopathology of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Han
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Hu
- School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanghua Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huiya Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingfang Liu
- Community Health Service Center of Beijing Normal University, China
| | - Hui Ai
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianyin Qiu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuejia Luo
- School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China; Institute for Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| | - Pengfei Xu
- The State Key Lab of Cognitive and Learning, Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (BNU), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Emotion and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China.
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5
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Rösler IK, Amodio DM. Neural Basis of Prejudice and Prejudice Reduction. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:1200-1208. [PMID: 36402739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Social prejudices, based on race, ethnicity, gender, or other identities, pervade how we perceive, think about, and act toward others. Research on the neural basis of prejudice seeks to illuminate its effects by investigating the neurocognitive processes through which prejudice is formed, represented in the mind, expressed in behavior, and potentially reduced. In this article, we review current knowledge about the social neuroscience of prejudice regarding its influence on rapid social perception, representation in memory, emotional expression and relation to empathy, and regulation, and we discuss implications of this work for prejudice reduction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga K Rösler
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York.
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Yang B, Ma J, Ding R, Xia X, Ding X. The role of task demands in racial face encoding. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18896. [PMID: 36344573 PMCID: PMC9640591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19880-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
People more accurately remember faces of their own racial group compared to faces of other racial groups; this phenomenon is called the other-race effect. To date, numerous researchers have devoted themselves to exploring the reasons for this other-race effect, and they have posited several theoretical explanations. One integrated explanation is the categorization-individuation model, which addresses two primary ways (categorization and individuation) of racial face processing and emphasizes the emergence of these two ways during the encoding stage. Learning-recognition and racial categorization tasks are two classical tasks used to explore racial face processing. Event-related potentials can facilitate investigation of the encoding differences of own- and other-race faces under these two typical task demands. Unfortunately, to date, results have been mixed. In the current study, we investigated whether categorization and individuation differ for own- and other-race faces during the encoding stage by using racial categorization and learning-recognition tasks. We found that task demands not only influence the encoding of racial faces, but also have a more profound effect in the encoding stage of recognition tasks for other-race faces. More specifically, own-race faces demonstrate deeper structural encoding than other-race faces, with less attentional involvement. Moreover, recognitions tasks might ask for more individual-level encoding, requiring more attentional resources in the early stage that may be maintained until relatively late stages. Our results provide some evidence concerning task selection for future racial face studies and establish a groundwork for a unified interpretation of racial face encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 511400 China
| | - Jialin Ma
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XFaculty of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000 China
| | - Ran Ding
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 511400 China
| | - Xinyi Xia
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 511400 China
| | - Xiaobing Ding
- grid.412260.30000 0004 1760 1427School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
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Ma Y, Chen J, Liu G, Chen X. Insecurity primes influence attentional processing of infant emotions: the role of attachment styles. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Volpert-Esmond HI, Bartholow BD. A Functional Coupling of Brain and Behavior During Social Categorization of Faces. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 47:1580-1595. [PMID: 33419384 PMCID: PMC8263806 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220976688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Considerable research has focused on how people derive information about others' social category memberships from their faces. Theoretical models posit that early extraction of task-relevant information from a face should determine the efficiency with which that face is categorized, but evidence supporting this idea has been elusive. Here, we used a novel trial-level data analytic approach to examine the relationship between two event-related potential components-the P2, indexing early attention to category-relevant information, and the P3, indexing stimulus evaluation-and the speed of overt categorization judgments. As predicted, a larger face-elicited P2 on a particular trial was associated with faster overt race or gender categorization of that face. Moreover, this association was mediated by P3 latency, indicating that extraction of more category-relevant information early in processing facilitated stimulus evaluation. These findings support continuous flow models of information processing and the long-theorized functional significance of face-elicited neurophysiological responses for social categorization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce D. Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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9
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Oyler DL, Price-Blackshear MA, Pratscher SD, Bettencourt BA. Mindfulness and intergroup bias: A systematic review. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430220978694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
People’s proclivity for favoring their ingroups over outgroups has negative consequences for individuals, groups, and societies. Social psychologists have explored a variety of techniques to reduce these intergroup biases. Emerging research suggests that mindfulness may be effective for this purpose. Mindfulness is defined as present-moment attention and awareness with an accepting attitude, and it is often cultivated through meditation. Our systematic review of the mindfulness-intergroup literature suggests that, across the heterogeneity of paradigms, mindfulness attenuates intergroup bias. Supporting this supposition, for all studies in the current review, regardless of operationalization of mindfulness (i.e., mindfulness-based intervention, brief mindfulness induction, expert meditators, dispositional mindfulness), the overall effect size was g = +.29 ( k-number of studies = 36; 95% CI [0.20, 0.39]; Z = 5.94, p < .0001), suggesting a small but significant effect of mindfulness on improved levels of intergroup bias. In the current work, we review the eligible studies and their findings in detail and conclude by discussing critical issues and implications for future research.
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10
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Lan M, Peng M, Zhao X, Li H, Yang J. Neural processing of the physical attractiveness stereotype: Ugliness is bad vs. beauty is good. Neuropsychologia 2021; 155:107824. [PMID: 33713669 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The physical attractiveness stereotype (PAS) is characterized by the belief that beauty is good and ugliness is bad. Although the belief is not encouraged, people still express "beauty is good" explicitly. However, expressing that ugliness is bad is considered impolite in public. In this study, the neural underpinnings of PAS were investigated, particularly the comparison of the neural processing of ugliness is bad and beauty is good. During functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning, participants were asked to create trait-conformity judgments based on the facial attractiveness of the images. Our results showed that brain areas, including the fusiform, thalamus, anterior insula (AI), precuneus, inferior temporal gyrus, dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) were involved in the processing of PAS. The left AI, left dlPFC, and right dmPFC showed stronger activation for ugliness is bad than for the converse. Moreover, we found a stronger connectivity between the left dlPFC and AI in terms of ugliness is bad than in the converse. Our study suggests that participants were unwilling to express the stereotype of ugliness is bad, and more mental resources were needed to control its expression than the expression of beauty is good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Lan
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maoying Peng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huixiang Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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11
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Bao Q, Zhang LJ, Liang Y, Zhou YB, Shi GL. Neural Correlate Differences in Number Sense Between Children With Low and Middle/High Socioeconomic Status. Front Psychol 2020; 11:534367. [PMID: 33192775 PMCID: PMC7606985 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.534367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although some cognitive studies provided reasons that children with low socioeconomic status (SES) showed poor mathematical achievements, there was no explicit evidence to directly explain the root of lagged performance in children with low SES. Therefore, the present study explored the differences in neural correlates in the process of symbolic magnitude comparison between children with different SESs by the event-related potentials (ERPs). A total of 16 second-graders from low-SES families and 16 from middle/high-SES families participated in this study. According to the results of anterior N1 (early attention) and P2 (extraction of numerical meaning) over the frontal region, the differences among children with different SESs were manifested as differences in general neural activities in terms of attention and top-down cognitive control. In the late stage of cognitive processing, there was no significant difference in the average amplitude of the late positive component (LPC) between children with different SES, indicating that low SES did not influence the information encoding and memory updating of numerical representation, which was responsible by the parietal lobe. The educational implications of this study are mentioned in the discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Bao
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,School of Journalism and Communication, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Li Jin Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Bang Zhou
- Zhou Enlai School of Government, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gui Li Shi
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
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Abstract
The social neuroscience approach to prejudice investigates the psychology of intergroup bias by integrating models and methods of neuroscience with the social psychology of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. Here, we review major contemporary lines of inquiry, including current accounts of group-based categorization; formation and updating of prejudice and stereotypes; effects of prejudice on perception, emotion, and decision making; and the self-regulation of prejudice. In each section, we discuss key social neuroscience findings, consider interpretational challenges and connections with the behavioral literature, and highlight how they advance psychological theories of prejudice. We conclude by discussing the next-generation questions that will continue to guide the social neuroscience approach toward addressing major societal issues of prejudice and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; .,Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mina Cikara
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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13
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Volpert-Esmond HI, Bartholow BD. Explicit Categorization Goals Affect Attention-Related Processing of Race and Gender During Person Construal. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 85. [PMID: 32831396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Faces are categorized by gender and race very quickly, seemingly without regard to perceivers' goals or motivations, suggesting an automaticity to these judgments that has downstream consequences for evaluations, stereotypes, and social interactions. The current study investigated the extent to which early neurocognitive processes involved in the categorization of faces vary when participants' tasks goals were to categorize faces by race or by gender. In contrast to previous findings, task-related differences were found, such that differentiation in the P2 event-related potential (ERP) according to perceived gender was facilitated by having an explicit task goal of categorizing faces by gender; however, the P2 was sensitive to race regardless of task goals. Use of principal components analysis (PCA) revealed two underlying components that comprised the P2 and that were differentially sensitive to the gender and race of the faces, depending on participants' top-down task goals. Results suggest that top-down task demands facilitate discrimination of faces along the attended dimension within less than 200 ms, but that the effect of top-down task demands may not be evident when examining early ERP components that reflect more than one distinct underlying process.
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Ma Y, Ma H, Chen X. Security priming improves attentional processing to infant emotions among insecurely attached women: The different roles of supraliminal and subliminal priming. Neuropsychologia 2019; 134:107216. [PMID: 31580880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In two ERP experiments, we examined the attention-related mechanism involved in perceiving infant emotions following exposure to security priming. Specifically, we examined how security priming affected securely and insecurely attached women. We found that both supraliminal and subliminal security priming resulted in increased attention allocation in anxiously and avoidantly attached women but had no effect on securely attached women. Moreover, we also found that supraliminal and subliminal security priming differed in their effectiveness in increasing attention allocation among anxiously and avoidantly attached women. Supraliminal security priming were more effective for anxiously attached women, whereas subliminal security priming were more effective for avoidantly attached women. The implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiao Ma
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Haijing Ma
- Department of Communication, The University of OKlahoma, Oklahoma City, 73019, United States
| | - Xu Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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15
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Katsumi Y, Dolcos F, Moore M, Bartholow BD, Fabiani M, Dolcos S. Electrophysiological Correlates of Racial In-group Bias in Observing Nonverbal Social Encounters. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 32:167-186. [PMID: 31560271 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence identifying the role of group membership in social cognition, the neural mechanisms associated with the perception and evaluation of nonverbal behaviors displayed by in-group versus out-group members remain unclear. Here, 42 white participants underwent electroencephalographic recording while observing social encounters involving dynamic displays of nonverbal behaviors by racial in-group and out-group avatar characters. Dynamic behaviors included approach and avoidance poses and expressions, followed by the participants' ratings of the avatars displaying them. Behaviorally, participants showed longer RTs when evaluating in-group approach behavior compared with other behaviors, possibly suggesting increased interest and attention devoted to processing positive social encounters with their in-group members. Analyses of ERPs revealed differential sensitivity of the N450 and late positivity components to social cues, with the former showing initial sensitivity to the presence of a humanoid avatar character at the beginning of social encounters and the latter showing sensitivity to dynamic nonverbal behaviors displayed by the avatars. Moreover, time-frequency analysis of electroencephalography data also identified suppression of beta-range power linked to the observation of dynamic nonverbal behaviors. Notably, the magnitude of these responses was modulated by the degree of behavioral racial in-group bias. This suggests that differential neural sensitivity to nonverbal cues while observing social encounters is associated with subsequent in-group bias manifested in the evaluation of such encounters. Collectively, these findings shed light on the mechanisms of racial in-group bias in social cognition and have implications for understanding factors related to successful interactions with individuals from diverse racial backgrounds.
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Bagnis A, Celeghin A, Mosso CO, Tamietto M. Toward an integrative science of social vision in intergroup bias. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 102:318-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Weiß M, Gutzeit J, Rodrigues J, Mussel P, Hewig J. Do emojis influence social interactions? Neural and behavioral responses to affective emojis in bargaining situations. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13321. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Weiß
- Differential Psychology, Personality Psychology, and Psychological Diagnostics; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Julian Gutzeit
- Differential Psychology, Personality Psychology, and Psychological Diagnostics; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Johannes Rodrigues
- Differential Psychology, Personality Psychology, and Psychological Diagnostics; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Patrick Mussel
- Division Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Johannes Hewig
- Differential Psychology, Personality Psychology, and Psychological Diagnostics; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Amodio
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey J. Berg
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Reznik SJ, Allen JJB. Frontal asymmetry as a mediator and moderator of emotion: An updated review. Psychophysiology 2017; 55. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John J. B. Allen
- Department of Psychology; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
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20
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Schnuerch R, Pfattheicher S. Motivated malleability: Frontal cortical asymmetry predicts the susceptibility to social influence. Soc Neurosci 2017; 13:480-494. [PMID: 28699831 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2017.1355333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Humans, just as many other animals, regulate their behavior in terms of approaching stimuli associated with pleasure and avoiding stimuli linked to harm. A person's current and chronic motivational direction - that is, approach versus avoidance orientation - is reliably reflected in the asymmetry of frontal cortical low-frequency oscillations. Using resting electroencephalography (EEG), we show that frontal asymmetry is predictive of the tendency to yield to social influence: Stronger right- than left-side frontolateral activation during a resting-state session prior to the experiment was robustly associated with a stronger inclination to adopt a peer group's judgments during perceptual decision-making (Study 1). We posit that this reflects the role of a person's chronic avoidance orientation in socially adjusted behavior. This claim was strongly supported by additional survey investigations (Studies 2a, 2b, 2c), all of which consistently revealed that trait avoidance was positively linked to the susceptibility to social influence. The present contribution thus stresses the relevance of chronic avoidance orientation in social conformity, refining (yet not contradicting) the longstanding view that socially influenced behavior is motivated by approach-related goals. Moreover, our findings valuably underscore and extend our knowledge on the association between frontal cortical asymmetry and a variety of psychological variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schnuerch
- a Department of Psychology , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
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21
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Schmid PC, Hackel LM, Jasperse L, Amodio DM. Frontal cortical effects on feedback processing and reinforcement learning: Relation of EEG asymmetry with the feedback-related negativity and behavior. Psychophysiology 2017; 55. [PMID: 28675507 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reinforcement learning refers to the acquisition of approach or avoidance action tendencies through repeated reward/nonreward feedback. Although much research on reinforcement learning has focused on the striatum, the prefrontal cortex likely modulates this process. Given prior research demonstrating a consistent pattern of lateralized frontal cortical activity in affective responses and approach/avoidance tendencies in the EEG literature, we aimed to elucidate the role of frontal EEG asymmetry in reinforcement learning. Thirty-two participants completed a probabilistic selection task in which they learned to select some targets and avoid others though correct/incorrect feedback. EEG indices of frontal cortical asymmetry were computed from alpha power recorded at baseline and during task completion. We also examined the feedback-related negativity ERP component to assess feedback processing associated with activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Results revealed that greater right-lateralized frontal cortical activity during learning was associated with better avoidance learning, but neither left- nor right-sided asymmetry reliably related to approach learning. Results also suggested that left frontal activity may relate to reinforcement feedback processing, as indicated by the feedback-related negativity (FRN). These findings offer preliminary evidence regarding the role of frontal cortical activity in reinforcement learning while integrating classic and contemporary research on lateralized frontal cortical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C Schmid
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - David M Amodio
- New York University, New York, New York.,University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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22
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Volpert-Esmond HI, Merkle EC, Bartholow BD. The iterative nature of person construal: Evidence from event-related potentials. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:1097-1107. [PMID: 28402486 PMCID: PMC5490674 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a dynamic-interactive model of person construal (DI model) has been proposed, whereby the social categories a person represents are determined on the basis of an iterative integration of bottom-up and top-down influences. The current study sought to test this model by leveraging the high temporal resolution of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) as 65 participants viewed male faces that varied by race (White vs Black), fixating either between the eyes or on the forehead. Within face presentations, the effect of fixation, meant to vary bottom-up visual input, initially was large but decreased across early latency neural responses identified by a principal components analysis (PCA). In contrast, the effect of race, reflecting a combination of top-down and bottom-up factors, initially was small but increased across early latency principal components. These patterns support the DI model prediction that bottom-up and top-down processes are iteratively integrated to arrive at a stable construal within 230 ms. Additionally, exploratory multilevel modeling of single trial ERP responses representing a component linked to outgroup categorization (the P2) suggests change in effects of the manipulations over the course of the experiment. Implications of the findings for the DI model are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edgar C. Merkle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Bruce D. Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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23
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24
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Abstract
The present study aimed to reveal the temporal course and electrophysiological correlates of interpersonal guilt. Human participants were asked to perform multiple rounds of a dot-estimation task with their partners, while event-related potential being recorded. The paired participants were informed that they would win money if both responded correctly; otherwise, both of them would lose money. The feeling of guilt in Self-Wrong condition (SW) was significantly higher than that in Both-Wrong and Partner-Wrong conditions. At approximately 350 ms after the onset of feedback presentation, greater negativities were observed in the frontal regions in the guilt condition (i.e., SW) than those in the non-guilt condition. The guilt-modulated frontal negativity might reflect the interactions of self-reflection, condemnation, and negative emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Leng
- a School of Psychology , Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang , China.,b Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Science , Liaoning Normal University , Dalian , China
| | - Xiangling Wang
- b Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Science , Liaoning Normal University , Dalian , China
| | - Bihua Cao
- a School of Psychology , Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang , China
| | - Fuhong Li
- a School of Psychology , Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang , China.,b Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Science , Liaoning Normal University , Dalian , China
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25
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Wu H, Gui D, Lin W, Gu R, Zhu X, Liu X. The procrastinators want it now: Behavioral and event-related potential evidence of the procrastination of intertemporal choices. Brain Cogn 2016; 107:16-23. [PMID: 27363005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Much past research has focused on the correlation between procrastination and personality traits (e.g., impulsivity). According to the temporal motivation theory, procrastinators are impulsive and sensitive to delays in time. However, there is still a lack of direct evidence of the tendency of procrastinators to prefer immediate over future rewards. To investigate this question, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) in the brain while participants performed an intertemporal choice task involving both time delay and reward processing. The participants were assigned to a high procrastination group and a low procrastination group according to their scores on self-report measures. We found that high procrastination participants preferred immediate rewards compared to future ones whereas low procrastination participants did not. High procrastinators also exhibited a larger and delayed P2 component, indicating delay time processing and abnormal reward processing. No significant effect associated with procrastination was found on the P300 component. Taken together, these findings suggest that high procrastinators are more impulsive and encode the information of delay time more slowly but with a higher level of motivation-driven attention. The current study substantiates higher impulsivity in procrastination and verifies that a difference exists in the sensitivity to time delay between high and low procrastinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Danyang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wenzheng Lin
- School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangru Zhu
- Institute of Cognition and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Xun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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26
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Cassidy BS, Lee EJ, Krendl AC. Age and executive ability impact the neural correlates of race perception. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1752-1761. [PMID: 27330185 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased executive ability elicits racial bias. We clarified the neural correlates of how executive ability contributes to race perception by comparing young adults (YA) to a population with highly variable executive ability: older adults (OA). After replicating work showing higher race bias in OA vs YA and a negative association between bias and executive ability, a subsample of White YA and OA perceived Black and White faces and cars during functional magnetic resonance imaging. YA had higher executive ability than OA, and OA had higher variability in executive ability. When perceiving Black vs White faces, YA exhibited more dorsolateral prefrontal cortex recruitment-a region previously implicated in regulating prejudiced responses-than OA. Moreover, OA with relatively impaired executive ability had more amygdala activity toward Black faces vs OA with relatively intact executive ability, whereas responses to White faces did not differ. Both YA and OA with relatively intact executive ability had stronger amygdala-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex connectivity when perceiving Black vs White faces. These findings are the first to disentangle age from executive ability differences in neural recruitment when perceiving race, potentially informing past behavioral work on aging and race perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany S Cassidy
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Eunice J Lee
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Anne C Krendl
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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27
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Pfabigan DM, Holzner MT, Lamm C. Performance monitoring during a minimal group manipulation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1560-8. [PMID: 27217109 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The on-going (self-)monitoring of our behaviour is inextricably intertwined with the surrounding social context. In this study, we investigated whether a minimal group paradigm assigning individuals to arbitrary group categories is powerful enough to induce changes in behavioural, psychophysiological and event-related potential correlates of performance monitoring. Following arbitrary group assignment based on ostensible task performance and a group identification task, 22 volunteers performed a flanker-task during both in-group and out-group contexts, while electroencephalography was performed. More errors were committed in the out-group compared with the in-group context. Error-related negativity amplitudes were larger for in-group compared with out-group errors. However, subsequent processing reflected in late Pe amplitudes and stimulus-driven conflict reflected in N2 amplitudes were not affected by the group context. Heart rate deceleration (during both correct and incorrect trials) tended to be more pronounced during the out-group compared with the in-group context. This surprising observation was corroborated by subjective ratings of performance satisfaction, in which participants reported higher satisfaction with their out-group performance. This study identified specific stimulus evaluation processes to be affected by a minimal group manipulation and demonstrated thereby transient top-down effects of a social context manipulation on performance monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Pfabigan
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie-Theres Holzner
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claus Lamm
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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28
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Kleiman T, Trope Y, Amodio DM. Cognitive control modulates attention to food cues: Support for the control readiness model of self-control. Brain Cogn 2016; 110:94-101. [PMID: 27157690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-control in one's food choices often depends on the regulation of attention toward healthy choices and away from temptations. We tested whether selective attention to food cues can be modulated by a newly developed proactive self-control mechanism-control readiness-whereby control activated in one domain can facilitate control in another domain. In two studies, we elicited the activation of control using a color-naming Stroop task and tested its effect on attention to food cues in a subsequent, unrelated task. We found that control readiness modulates both overt attention, which involves shifts in eye gaze (Study 1), and covert attention, which involves shift in mental attention without shifting in eye gaze (Study 2). We further demonstrated that individuals for whom tempting food cues signal a self-control problem (operationalized by relatively higher BMI) were especially likely to benefit from control readiness. We discuss the theoretical contributions of the control readiness model and the implications of our findings for enhancing proactive self-control to overcome temptation in food choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Kleiman
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel.
| | - Yaacov Trope
- Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, United States
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29
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Gibbons H, Schnuerch R, Stahl J. From Positivity to Negativity Bias: Ambiguity Affects the Neurophysiological Signatures of Feedback Processing. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:542-57. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Previous studies on the neurophysiological underpinnings of feedback processing almost exclusively used low-ambiguity feedback, which does not fully address the diversity of situations in everyday life. We therefore used a pseudo trial-and-error learning task to investigate ERPs of low- versus high-ambiguity feedback. Twenty-eight participants tried to deduce the rule governing visual feedback to their button presses in response to visual stimuli. In the blocked condition, the same two feedback words were presented across several consecutive trials, whereas in the random condition feedback was randomly drawn on each trial from sets of five positive and five negative words. The feedback-related negativity (FRN-D), a frontocentral ERP difference between negative and positive feedback, was significantly larger in the blocked condition, whereas the centroparietal late positive complex indicating controlled attention was enhanced for negative feedback irrespective of condition. Moreover, FRN-D in the blocked condition was due to increased reward positivity (Rew-P) for positive feedback, rather than increased (raw) FRN for negative feedback. Our findings strongly support recent lines of evidence that the FRN-D, one of the most widely studied signatures of reinforcement learning in the human brain, critically depends on feedback discriminability and is primarily driven by the Rew-P. A novel finding concerned larger frontocentral P2 for negative feedback in the random but not the blocked condition. Although Rew-P points to a positivity bias in feedback processing under conditions of low feedback ambiguity, P2 suggests a specific adaptation of information processing in case of highly ambiguous feedback, involving an early negativity bias. Generalizability of the P2 findings was demonstrated in a second experiment using explicit valence categorization of highly emotional positive and negative adjectives.
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30
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Schnuerch R, Richter J, Koppehele-Gossel J, Gibbons H. Multiple neural signatures of social proof and deviance during the observation of other people's preferences. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:823-36. [PMID: 26928085 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Detecting one's agreement with or deviation from other people, a key principle of social cognition, relies on neurocognitive mechanisms involved in reward processing, mismatch detection, and attentional orienting. Previous studies have focused on explicit depictions of the (in)congruency of individual and group judgments. Here, we report data from a novel experimental paradigm in which participants first rated a set of images and were later simply confronted with other individuals' ostensible preferences. Participants strongly aligned their judgments in the direction of other people's deviation from their own initial rating, which was neither an effect of regression toward the mean nor of evaluative conditioning (Experiment 1). Most importantly, we provide neurophysiological evidence of the involvement of fundamental cognitive functions related to social comparison (Experiment 2), even though our paradigm did not overly boost this process. Mismatches, as compared to matches, of preferences were associated with an amplitude increase of a broadly distributed N400-like deflection, suggesting that social deviance is represented in the human brain in a similar way as conflicts or breaches of expectation. Also, both early (P2) and late (LPC) signatures of attentional selection were significantly modulated by the social (mis)match of preferences. Our data thus strengthen and valuably extend previous findings on the neurocognitive principles of social proof.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasmin Richter
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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31
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Schmid PC, Amodio DM. Power effects on implicit prejudice and stereotyping: The role of intergroup face processing. Soc Neurosci 2016; 12:218-231. [PMID: 26794726 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1144647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Power is thought to increase discrimination toward subordinate groups, yet its effect on different forms of implicit bias remains unclear. We tested whether power enhances implicit racial stereotyping, in addition to implicit prejudice (i.e., evaluative associations), and examined the effect of power on the automatic processing of faces during implicit tasks. Study 1 showed that manipulated high power increased both forms of implicit bias, relative to low power. Using a neural index of visual face processing (the N170 component of the ERP), Study 2 revealed that power affected the encoding of White ingroup vs. Black outgroup faces. Whereas high power increased the relative processing of outgroup faces during evaluative judgments in the prejudice task, it decreased the relative processing of outgroup faces during stereotype trait judgments. An indirect effect of power on implicit prejudice through enhanced processing of outgroup versus ingroup faces suggested a potential link between face processing and implicit bias. Together, these findings demonstrate that power can affect implicit prejudice and stereotyping as well as early processing of racial ingroup and outgroup faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C Schmid
- a Department of Psychology , New York University , New York , NY , USA.,b Department of Management, Technology, and Economics , ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - David M Amodio
- a Department of Psychology , New York University , New York , NY , USA
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32
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Cassidy BS, Krendl AC. Dynamic neural mechanisms underlie race disparities in social cognition. Neuroimage 2016; 132:238-246. [PMID: 26908320 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Race disparities in behavior may emerge in several ways, some of which may be independent of implicit bias. To mitigate the pernicious effects of different race disparities for racial minorities, we must understand whether they are rooted in perceptual, affective, or cognitive processing with regard to race perception. We used fMRI to disentangle dynamic neural mechanisms predictive of two separable race disparities that can be obtained from a trustworthiness ratings task. Increased coupling between regions involved in perceptual and affective processing when viewing Black versus White faces predicted less later racial trust disparity, which was related to implicit bias. In contrast, increased functional coupling between regions involved in controlled processing predicted less later disparity in the differentiation of Black versus White faces with regard to perceived trust, which was unrelated to bias. These findings reveal that distinct neural signatures underlie separable race disparities in social cognition that may or may not be related to implicit bias.
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33
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Jerónimo R, Volpert HI, Bartholow BD. Event-related potentials reveal early attention bias for negative, unexpected behavior. Soc Neurosci 2016; 12:232-236. [PMID: 26821691 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1144646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have documented that expectancy-violating (EV) behavior (i.e., behavior that violates existing person impressions) elicits more effortful cognitive processing compared to expectancy-consistent (EC) behavior. Some studies also have shown that this effect is modulated by the valence of behavior, though this finding is inconsistent with some extant models of expectancy processes. The current research investigated whether the valence of EV information affects very rapid attentional processes thought to tag goal-relevant information for more elaborative processing at later stages. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants read depictions of behavior that either were consistent with or violated established impressions about fictitious characters. Consistent with predictions, a very early attention-related ERP component, the frontal P2, differentiated negative from positive EV behavior but was unaffected by the valence of EC behavior. This effect occurred much earlier in processing than has been demonstrated in prior reports of EV effects on neural response, suggesting that impression formation goals tune attention to information that might signal the need to modify existing impressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Jerónimo
- a Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Hannah I Volpert
- b Department of Psychological Sciences , University of Missouri , Columbia , MO , USA
| | - Bruce D Bartholow
- b Department of Psychological Sciences , University of Missouri , Columbia , MO , USA
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34
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Anil S, Zawahir MS, Al-Naggar RA. Effectiveness of preventive medicine education and its determinants among medical students in Malaysia. Front Med 2015; 10:91-100. [PMID: 26715159 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-016-0428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Preventive medicine has been incorporated in the medical school curriculum, but its effectiveness and the factors that affect it are yet to be widely looked into in the context of Malaysia. We aimed to measure the familiarity with, perception about the importance to learn, and the ability to practice preventive medicine as well as its determinants among the medical students in Malaysia. Thus, a cross sectional study was conducted through an anonymous online survey among 387 randomly selected final year medical students of four large public medical schools in Malaysia from March to September 2014. Of the total sample, 340 (response rate 87.8%) gave a written informed consent and took part in the survey. The familiarity of the sample with preventive medicine was measured in 19 preventive medicine areas, and their perception about the importance of preventive medicine and their ability to practice it were gauged on a Likert scale (low score indicates disagreement and high indicates agreement). Descriptive statistical analysis was performed, followed by logistic regression. The mean age of the respondents was 23.7 (SD 0.77) years, and 61.2% (n = 208) of them were females. Results showed that 22.9% of the sample (n = 78) had a low familiarity with preventive medicine, whereas 76.8% (n = 261) had a high familiarity. The study sample specified that among all the preventive medicine subjects, screening and control as well as smoking cessation and immunization are "extremely important to learn." In univariable analysis, being a female, medical school, family size, and perception about the importance to learn preventive medicine were associated with the ability to practice it. In multivariable analysis, the perception towards the importance to learn preventive medicine was the only significant determinant: aOR (adjusted odds ratio) for those who "agreed" 17.28 (95% CI aOR 4.44-67.26, P < 0.001) and for "strongly agreed" 35.87 (95% CI aOR 8.04-159.87, P < 0.001). Considering these findings, the familiarity of medical students with preventive medicine should be increased. The perception about the importance to learn preventive medicine is a strong determinant for the ability to practice it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Anil
- Public Health Solutions Pakistan, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
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35
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Sellaro R, Derks B, Nitsche MA, Hommel B, van den Wildenberg WP, van Dam K, Colzato LS. Reducing Prejudice Through Brain Stimulation. Brain Stimul 2015; 8:891-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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36
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Schmid PC, Kleiman T, Amodio DM. Neural mechanisms of proactive and reactive cognitive control in social anxiety. Cortex 2015; 70:137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Schnuerch R, Gibbons H. Social proof in the human brain: Electrophysiological signatures of agreement and disagreement with the majority. Psychophysiology 2015; 52:1328-42. [PMID: 26087659 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Perceiving one's deviance from the majority usually instigates conformal adjustments of one's own behavior to that of the group. Using ERPs, we investigated the mechanisms by which agreeing and disagreeing with the majority are differentially represented in the human brain and affect subsequent cognitive processing. Replicating previous findings obtained in a slightly different paradigm, we found that learning about one's disagreement with the majority, as compared to learning about one's agreement with the majority, elicited a mediofrontal feedback negativity. Moreover, an enhanced posterior late positive complex was observed during the processing of agreement as compared to disagreement. Finally, when the to-be-judged faces were viewed for a second time, a stronger posterior P2 was observed for faces on whose judgment one had previously agreed with the majority than for those on which one had disagreed. We thus demonstrate that the brain places particular emphasis on the encoding of the rewarding experience of finding strong social proof for one's judgments. Likewise, having experienced agreement on the judgment of a certain item affects even the later reanalysis of this very item, as previous agreement increases early attention, as reflected in the P2. These findings corroborate and extend previous results and theories on the neurocognitive principles of social influence.
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Derks B, Stedehouder J, Ito TA. Social identity modifies face perception: an ERP study of social categorization. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 10:672-9. [PMID: 25140049 PMCID: PMC4420748 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two studies examined whether social identity processes, i.e. group identification and social identity threat, amplify the degree to which people attend to social category information in early perception [assessed with event-related brain potentials (ERPs)]. Participants were presented with faces of Muslims and non-Muslims in an evaluative priming task while ERPs were measured and implicit evaluative bias was assessed. Study 1 revealed that non-Muslims showed stronger differentiation between ingroup and outgroup faces in both early (N200) and later processing stages (implicit evaluations) when they identified more strongly with their ethnic group. Moreover, identification effects on implicit bias were mediated by intergroup differentiation in the N200. In Study 2, social identity threat (vs control) was manipulated among Muslims. Results revealed that high social identity threat resulted in stronger differentiation of Muslims from non-Muslims in early (N200) and late (implicit evaluations) processing stages, with N200 effects again predicting implicit bias. Combined, these studies reveal how seemingly bottom-up early social categorization processes are affected by individual and contextual variables that affect the meaning of social identity. Implications of these results for the social identity perspective as well as social cognitive theories of person perception are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belle Derks
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Leiden University, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Leiden University, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey Stedehouder
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Leiden University, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tiffany A Ito
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Leiden University, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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Zhou L, Thomas RD. Principal component analysis of the memory load effect in a change detection task. Vision Res 2015; 110:1-6. [PMID: 25765993 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous research using the change detection task has found little or no relationship between P3 amplitude and working memory load. This contrasts with findings from other paradigms that indicate a decrease in P3 amplitude with increases in working memory load. We adopted a principal component analysis strategy to resolve this discrepancy. After ERPs were decomposed, the P3 component decreased in amplitude when the memory load increased. Its amplitude was also associated with individuals' working memory capacity. In conclusion, P3 plays a critical role in change detection task as it does in other working memory tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Psychology and the Center for Human Psychophysiology, Miami University, United States
| | - Robin D Thomas
- Department of Psychology and the Center for Human Psychophysiology, Miami University, United States
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van Nunspeet F, Derks B, Ellemers N, Nieuwenhuis S. Moral Impression Management. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550614548076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous research revealed that emphasizing morality increases motivational processes that improve people’s task performance. Here we examined whether this emphasis differentially affects people’s performance in the presence of an in-group compared to an out-group member. Ostensibly while being evaluated by another person, participants performed an Implicit Association Test that was framed as a test of either their morality or their competence. Results showed a smaller bias toward Muslim women in the morality compared to the competence condition, but this effect was more pronounced when participants were evaluated by a member of their minimal in-group. Moreover, in that same condition, event-related potentials revealed increased perceptual attention (N1) and affected conflict and response monitoring (N450 and error-related negativity). These findings suggest that being moral is especially important when monitored by the in-group and reveal the cognitive processes associated with controlling intergroup bias in a social situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félice van Nunspeet
- Social and Organizational Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Belle Derks
- Social and Organizational Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Naomi Ellemers
- Social and Organizational Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Nieuwenhuis
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands
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41
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Abstract
Despite global increases in diversity, social prejudices continue to fuel intergroup conflict, disparities and discrimination. Moreover, as norms have become more egalitarian, prejudices seem to have 'gone underground', operating covertly and often unconsciously, such that they are difficult to detect and control. Neuroscientists have recently begun to probe the neural basis of prejudice and stereotyping in an effort to identify the processes through which these biases form, influence behaviour and are regulated. This research aims to elucidate basic mechanisms of the social brain while advancing our understanding of intergroup bias in social behaviour.
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Wang L, Bastiaansen M, Yang Y. ERP responses to person names as a measure of trait inference in person perception. Soc Neurosci 2014; 10:89-99. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2014.944995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ofan RH, Rubin N, Amodio DM. Situation-based social anxiety enhances the neural processing of faces: evidence from an intergroup context. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 9:1055-61. [PMID: 23709354 PMCID: PMC4127012 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Social anxiety is the intense fear of negative evaluation by others, and it emerges uniquely from a social situation. Given its social origin, we asked whether an anxiety-inducing social situation could enhance the processing of faces linked to the situational threat. While past research has focused on how individual differences in social anxiety relate to face processing, we tested the effect of manipulated social anxiety in the context of anxiety about appearing racially prejudiced in front of a peer. Visual processing of faces was indexed by the N170 component of the event-related potential. Participants viewed faces of Black and White males, along with nonfaces, either in private or while being monitored by the experimenter for signs of prejudice in a 'public' condition. Results revealed a difference in the N170 response to Black and Whites faces that emerged only in the public condition and only among participants high in dispositional social anxiety. These results provide new evidence that anxiety arising from the social situation modulates the earliest stages of face processing in a way that is specific to a social threat, and they shed new light on how anxiety effects on perception may contribute to the regulation of intergroup responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renana H Ofan
- Center for Neural Science, and Department of Psychology, New York University, NY, USA
| | - Nava Rubin
- Center for Neural Science, and Department of Psychology, New York University, NY, USACenter for Neural Science, and Department of Psychology, New York University, NY, USA
| | - David M Amodio
- Center for Neural Science, and Department of Psychology, New York University, NY, USACenter for Neural Science, and Department of Psychology, New York University, NY, USA
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Amodio DM, Bartholow BD, Ito TA. Tracking the dynamics of the social brain: ERP approaches for social cognitive and affective neuroscience. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 9:385-93. [PMID: 24319116 PMCID: PMC3980796 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Event-related potential (ERP) approaches to social cognitive and affective neuroscience (SCAN) are not as widely used as other neuroimaging techniques, yet they offer several unique advantages. In particular, the high temporal resolution of ERP measures of neural activity make them ideally suited for studying the dynamic interplay of rapidly unfolding cognitive and affective processes. In this article, we highlight the utility of ERP methods for scientists investigating questions of SCAN. We begin with a brief description of the physiological basis of ERPs and discussion of methodological practices. We then discuss how ERPs may be used to address a range of questions concerning social perception, social cognition, attitudes, affect and self-regulation, with examples of research that has used the ERP approach to contribute important theoretical advances in these areas. Whether used alone or in combination with other techniques, the ERP is an indispensable part of the social and affective neuroscientist's methodological toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003.
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R. Comer D, E. Sekerka L. Taking time for patience in organizations. JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1108/jmd-11-2013-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– Patience is underestimated in organizations. The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of patience and the individual and organizational benefits it confers. Then, the paper discuses emotional self-regulation and explain how two self-regulatory techniques can affect the patience of individuals in organizations.
Design/methodology/approach
– The paper considers religious, philosophical, and psychological perspectives on patience; and highlight the emotional underpinnings of patience.
Findings
– The paper argues that patience plays an important role in organizations and that individuals can use emotional self-regulation to enhance their patience. The paper offers two key points about the relationship between self-regulation strategies and patience: first, situation selection mitigates the need for patience and second cognitive reappraisal facilitates the execution of patient responses and the development of the virtue itself.
Practical implications
– The paper provides recommendations for increasing individuals’ patience in organizational settings.
Originality/value
– The virtue of patience has received scant research attention. This paper focusses on the importance of patience in the workplace and examines how emotional self-regulation can facilitate its activation.
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van Nunspeet F, Ellemers N, Derks B, Nieuwenhuis S. Moral concerns increase attention and response monitoring during IAT performance: ERP evidence. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 9:141-9. [PMID: 23175679 PMCID: PMC3907923 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has revealed that people value morality as a more important person characteristic than competence. In this study, we tested whether people adjust their less explicit behavior more to moral than competence values. Participants performed an Implicit Association Test (IAT) that was either framed as a test of their morality or as a test of their competence. The behavioral results revealed a smaller IAT effect (i.e. a weaker negative implicit bias toward Muslims) in the morality condition than in the competence condition. Moreover, event-related potentials indicated increased social categorization of faces (as indexed by the N1 and P150) and enhanced conflict- and error monitoring (N450 and error-related negativity) in the morality condition compared to the competence condition. These findings indicate that an emphasis on morality can increase attentional and motivational processes that help to improve people's task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félice van Nunspeet
- Social and Organizational Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Ratner KG, Amodio DM. Seeing “us vs. them”: Minimal group effects on the neural encoding of faces. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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48
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Kaul C, Ratner KG, Van Bavel JJ. Dynamic representations of race: processing goals shape race decoding in the fusiform gyri. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2012. [PMID: 23196632 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
People perceive and evaluate others on the basis of social categories, such as race, gender and age. Initial processing of targets in terms of visually salient social categories is often characterized as inevitable. In the current study, we investigated the influence of processing goals on the representation of race in the visual processing stream. Participants were assigned to one of two mixed-race teams and categorized faces according to their group membership or skin color. To assess neural representations of race, we employed multivariate pattern analysis to examined neural activity related to the presentation of Black and White faces. As predicted, patterns of neural activity within the early visual cortex and fusiform gyri (FG) could decode the race of face stimuli above chance and were moderated by processing goals. Race decoding in early visual cortex was above chance in both categorization tasks and below chance in a prefrontal control region. More importantly, race decoding was greater in the FG during the group membership vs skin color categorization task. The results suggest that, ironically, explicit racial categorization can diminish the representation of race in the FG. These findings suggest that representations of race are dynamic, reflecting current processing goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kaul
- Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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Gilbert SJ, Swencionis JK, Amodio DM. Evaluative vs. trait representation in intergroup social judgments: distinct roles of anterior temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:3600-11. [PMID: 22975194 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
When interacting with someone from another social group, one's responses may be influenced by both stereotypes and evaluations. Given behavioral results suggesting that stereotypes and evaluative associations operate independently, we used fMRI to test whether these biases are mediated by distinct brain systems. White participants viewed pairs of Black or White faces and judged them based on an evaluation (who would you befriend?) or a stereotype-relevant trait (who is more likely to enjoy athletic activities?). Multi-voxel pattern analysis revealed that a predominantly occipital network represented race in a context-invariant manner. However, lateral orbitofrontal cortex preferentially represented race during friendship judgments, whereas anterior medial prefrontal cortex preferentially represented race during trait judgments. Furthermore, representation of race in left temporal pole correlated with a behavioral measure of evaluative bias during friendship judgments and, independently, a measure of stereotyping during trait judgments. Whereas early sensory regions represent race in an apparently invariant manner, representations in higher-level regions are multi-componential and context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam J Gilbert
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK
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50
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Van Bavel JJ, Jenny Xiao Y, Cunningham WA. Evaluation is a Dynamic Process: Moving Beyond Dual System Models. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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