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Papadopoulos NG, Apostolidou E, Miligkos M, Xepapadaki P. Bacteria and viruses and their role in the preschool wheeze to asthma transition. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2024; 35:e14098. [PMID: 38445451 DOI: 10.1111/pai.14098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Wheezing is the cardinal symptom of asthma; its presence early in life, mostly caused by viral infections, is a major risk factor for the establishment of persistent or recurrent disease. Early-life wheezing and asthma exacerbations are triggered by common respiratory viruses, mainly rhinoviruses (RV), and to a lesser extent, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, human metapneumovirus, coronaviruses, adenoviruses, influenza, and bocavirus. The excess presence of bacteria, several of which are part of the microbiome, has also been identified in association with wheezing and acute asthma exacerbations, including haemophilus influenza, streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and chlamydophila pneumonia. While it is not clear when asthma starts, its characteristics develop over time. Airway remodeling already appears between the ages of 1 and 3 years of age even prior to the presence of atopic inflammation or an asthma diagnosis. The role of genetic defect or variations hampering the airway epithelium in response to environmental stimuli and severe disease morbidity are now considered as major determinants for early structural changes. Repeated viral infections can induce and perpetuate airway hyperresponsiveness. Allergic sensitization, that often precedes infection-induced wheezing, shifts inflammation toward type-2, while common respiratory infections themselves promote type-2 inflammation. Nevertheless, most children who wheeze with viral infections during infancy and during preschool years do not develop persistent asthma. Multiple factors, including illness severity, viral etiology, allergic sensitization, and the exposome, are associated with disease persistence. Here, we summarize current knowledge and developments in infection epidemiology of asthma in children, describing the known impact of each individual agent and mechanisms of transition from recurrent wheeze to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Michael Miligkos
- Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Xepapadaki
- Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Galanti M, Patiño-Galindo JA, Filip I, Morita H, Galianese A, Youssef M, Comito D, Ligon C, Lane B, Matienzo N, Ibrahim S, Tagne E, Shittu A, Elliott O, Perea-Chamblee T, Natesan S, Rosenbloom DS, Shaman J, Rabadan R. Virome Data Explorer: A web resource to longitudinally explore respiratory viral infections, their interactions with other pathogens and host transcriptomic changes in over 100 people. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002089. [PMID: 38236818 PMCID: PMC10796020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections are an important public health concern due to their prevalence, transmissibility, and potential to cause serious disease. Disease severity is the product of several factors beyond the presence of the infectious agent, including specific host immune responses, host genetic makeup, and bacterial coinfections. To understand these interactions within natural infections, we designed a longitudinal cohort study actively surveilling respiratory viruses over the course of 19 months (2016 to 2018) in a diverse cohort in New York City. We integrated the molecular characterization of 800+ nasopharyngeal samples with clinical data from 104 participants. Transcriptomic data enabled the identification of respiratory pathogens in nasopharyngeal samples, the characterization of markers of immune response, the identification of signatures associated with symptom severity, individual viruses, and bacterial coinfections. Specific results include a rapid restoration of baseline conditions after infection, significant transcriptomic differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic infections, and qualitatively similar responses across different viruses. We created an interactive computational resource (Virome Data Explorer) to facilitate access to the data and visualization of analytical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Galanti
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Juan Angel Patiño-Galindo
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ioan Filip
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Haruka Morita
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Angelica Galianese
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mariam Youssef
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Devon Comito
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Chanel Ligon
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Lane
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nelsa Matienzo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sadiat Ibrahim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eudosie Tagne
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Atinuke Shittu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Oliver Elliott
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tomin Perea-Chamblee
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Natesan
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel Scholes Rosenbloom
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Shaman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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Kumar N, Brar T, Kita H, Marks LA, Miglani A, Marino MJ, Lal D. Viruses in chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1237068. [PMID: 38116043 PMCID: PMC10728601 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1237068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) which is mostly viral in etiology, the role of viruses in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains unclear. Viruses may play a role in initiation, exacerbations or perpetuate chronic inflammatory responses in the sinonasal mucosa. Research needs to characterize whether viruses are part of the normal sinonasal microbiome, colonizers or pathogenic. Methods Systematic review of the English literature was conducted. Following databases were searched with an initial search conducted in November 2021 and then updated through June 2023: Ovid Medline (1946 to present), Ovid Embase (1988 to present), Scopus (2004 to present) and Web of Science (1975 to present). MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms included: viruses, virus diseases, sinusitis, and rhinovirus. Keywords: virus, viral infection*, sinusitis, rhinovirus, chronic rhinosinusitis, CRS, respiratory virus, respiratory infection*, and exacerbat*. A supplementary search was conducted through September 2023: Ovid Medline (1946 to present), Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations and Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily. Keywords used were: virus, viral infection*, sinusitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, CRS, respiratory virus, respiratory infection*, and exacerbat*. Results Thirty studies on viruses in CRS met inclusion criteria for full review. These included 17 studies on prevalence of virus in CRS, 5 examining probable causes of host susceptibility to viral infections in CRS, and 8 studies examining pathological pathways in viral association of CRS. The prevalence of viruses in nasal specimens of CRS subjects was higher as compared to controls in most studies, though a few studies showed otherwise. Rhinovirus was the most common virus detected. Studies showed that viruses may be associated with persistent hyper-responsiveness in the sinonasal mucosa, susceptibility to bacterial infections, upregulation of genes involved in the immune response and airway remodeling as well as CRS exacerbations. Presence of viruses was also associated with worse symptom severity scores in CRS subjects. Conclusion Most data show higher presence of viruses in nasal and serum samples of CRS subjects as compared to controls but their exact role in CRS pathophysiology in unclear. Large studies with longitudinal sampling at all disease phases (i.e., prior to disease initiation, during disease initiation, during disease persistence, and during exacerbations) using standardized sampling techniques are needed to definitively elucidate the role of virus in CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Kumar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Tripti Brar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Lisa A. Marks
- Library Services, Mayo Clinic Libraries-Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Amar Miglani
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Michael J. Marino
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Devyani Lal
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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Barton A, Hill J, O'Connor D, Jones C, Jones E, Camara S, Shrestha S, Jin C, Gibani MM, Dobinson HC, Waddington C, Darton TC, Blohmke CJ, Pollard AJ. Early transcriptional responses to human enteric fever challenge. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0010823. [PMID: 37725060 PMCID: PMC10581002 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00108-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric fever, caused by oral infection with typhoidal Salmonella serovars, presents as a non-specific febrile illness preceded by an incubation period of 5 days or more. The enteric fever human challenge model provides a unique opportunity to investigate the innate immune response during this incubation period, and how this response is altered by vaccination with the Vi polysaccharide or conjugate vaccine. We find that on the same day as ingestion of typhoidal Salmonella, there is already evidence of an immune response, with 199 genes upregulated in the peripheral blood transcriptome 12 hours post-challenge (false discovery rate <0.05). Gene sets relating to neutrophils, monocytes, and innate immunity were over-represented (false discovery rate <0.05). Estimating cell proportions from gene expression data suggested a possible increase in activated monocytes 12 hours post-challenge (P = 0.036, paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Furthermore, plasma TNF-α rose following exposure (P = 0.011, paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test). There were no significant differences in gene expression (false discovery rate <0.05) in the 12 hours response between those who did and did not subsequently develop clinical or blood culture confirmed enteric fever or between vaccination groups. Together, these results demonstrate early perturbation of the peripheral blood transcriptome after enteric fever challenge and provide initial insight into early mechanisms of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Barton
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel O'Connor
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Camara
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sonu Shrestha
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Celina Jin
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Malick M. Gibani
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel C. Dobinson
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Waddington
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas C. Darton
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph J. Blohmke
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Pandya R, He YD, Sweeney TE, Hasin-Brumshtein Y, Khatri P. A machine learning classifier using 33 host immune response mRNAs accurately distinguishes viral and non-viral acute respiratory illnesses in nasal swab samples. Genome Med 2023; 15:64. [PMID: 37641125 PMCID: PMC10463681 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral acute respiratory illnesses (viral ARIs) contribute significantly to human morbidity and mortality worldwide, but their successful treatment requires timely diagnosis of viral etiology, which is complicated by overlap in clinical presentation with the non-viral ARIs. Multiple pandemics in the twenty-first century to date have further highlighted the unmet need for effective monitoring of clinically relevant emerging viruses. Recent studies have identified conserved host response to viral infections in the blood. METHODS We hypothesize that a similarly conserved host response in nasal samples can be utilized for diagnosis and to rule out viral infection in symptomatic patients when current diagnostic tests are negative. Using a multi-cohort analysis framework, we analyzed 1555 nasal samples across 10 independent cohorts dividing them into training and validation. RESULTS Using six of the datasets for training, we identified 119 genes that are consistently differentially expressed in viral ARI patients (N = 236) compared to healthy controls (N = 146) and further down-selected 33 genes for classifier development. The resulting locked logistic regression-based classifier using the 33-mRNAs had AUC of 0.94 and 0.89 in the six training and four validation datasets, respectively. Furthermore, we found that although trained on healthy controls only, in the four validation datasets, the 33-mRNA classifier distinguished viral ARI from both healthy or non-viral ARI samples with > 80% specificity and sensitivity, irrespective of age, viral type, and viral load. Single-cell RNA-sequencing data showed that the 33-mRNA signature is dominated by macrophages and neutrophils in nasal samples. CONCLUSION This proof-of-concept signature has potential to be adapted as a clinical point-of-care test ('RespVerity') to improve the diagnosis of viral ARIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yudong D. He
- Inflammatix Inc., CA 94085 Sunnyvale, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Allen Institute of Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | - Purvesh Khatri
- Inflammatix Inc., CA 94085 Sunnyvale, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Department of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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Wang W, Sinha A, Lutter R, Yang J, Ascoli C, Sterk PJ, Nemsick NK, Perkins DL, Finn PW. Analysis of Exosomal MicroRNA Dynamics in Response to Rhinovirus Challenge in a Longitudinal Case-Control Study of Asthma. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112444. [PMID: 36366542 PMCID: PMC9695046 DOI: 10.3390/v14112444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma symptoms are often exacerbated by the common-cold-causing rhinovirus (RV). In this study, we characterized the temporal behavior of circulating exosomal microRNAs (ExoMiRNAs) in a longitudinal bi-phasic case-control study of mild asthmatics (n = 12) and matched non-atopic healthy controls (n = 12) inoculated with rhinovirus. We aimed to define clinical and immunologic characteristics associated with differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs. In total, 26 DE ExoMiRNAs, including hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-let-7a-5p, hsa-miR-122-5p, hsa-miR-101-3p, and hsa-miR-126-3p, were identified between asthmatic and healthy subjects after inoculation with RV. Time series clustering identified a unique Cluster of Upregulated DE ExoMiRNAs with augmenting mean expression and a distinct Cluster of Downregulated DE ExoMiRNAs with mean expression decline in asthmatic subjects upon RV challenge. Notably, the Upregulated Cluster correlated with Th1 and interferon-induced cytokines/chemokines (IFN-γ and IFN-γ-inducible protein-10) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Conversely, the Downregulated Cluster correlated with IL-13, a Th2 cytokine, pulmonary function measurements (FVC%, FEV1%, and PEF%), and inflammatory biomarkers (FeNO, eosinophil%, and neutrophil%). Key ExoMiRNA-target gene and anti-viral defense mechanisms of the Upregulated and Downregulated Clusters were identified by network and gene enrichment analyses. Our findings provide insight into the regulatory role of ExoMiRNAs in RV-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangfei Wang
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Anirban Sinha
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Lutter
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Christian Ascoli
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Peter J. Sterk
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole K. Nemsick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - David L. Perkins
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Patricia W. Finn
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence:
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Kyvsgaard JN, Ralfkiaer U, Følsgaard N, Jensen TM, Hesselberg LM, Schoos AMM, Bønnelykke K, Bisgaard H, Stokholm J, Chawes B. Azithromycin and high-dose vitamin D for treatment and prevention of asthma-like episodes in hospitalised preschool children: study protocol for a combined double-blind randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e054762. [PMID: 35418427 PMCID: PMC9014042 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous randomised controlled trials (RCTs) suggest antibiotics for treating episodes of asthma-like symptoms in preschool children. Further, high-dose vitamin D supplementation has been shown to reduce the rate of asthma exacerbations among adults with asthma, while RCTs in preschool children are lacking. The aims of this combined RCT are to evaluate treatment effect of azithromycin on episode duration and the preventive effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on subsequent episodes of asthma-like symptoms among hospitalised preschoolers. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Eligible participants, 1-5 years old children with a history of recurrent asthma-like symptoms hospitalised due to an acute episode, will be randomly allocated 1:1 to azithromycin (10 mg/kg/day) or placebo for 3 days (n=250). Further, independent of the azithromycin intervention participants will be randomly allocated 1:1 to high-dose vitamin D (2000 IU/day+ standard dose 400 IU/day) or standard dose (400 IU/day) for 1 year (n=320). Participants are monitored with electronic diaries for asthma-like symptoms, asthma medication, adverse events and sick-leave. The primary outcome for the azithromycin intervention is duration of asthma-like symptoms after treatment. Secondary outcomes include duration of hospitalisation and antiasthmatic treatment. The primary outcome for the vitamin D intervention is the number of exacerbations during the treatment period. Secondary outcomes include time to first exacerbation, symptom burden, asthma medication and safety. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The RCTs are approved by the Danish local ethical committee and conducted in accordance with the guiding principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Danish Medicines Agency has approved the azithromycin RCT, which is monitored by the local Unit for Good Clinical Practice. The vitamin D RCT has been reviewed and is not considered a medical intervention. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS NCT05028153, NCT05043116.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Nyholm Kyvsgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Peadiatrics, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Ralfkiaer
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Nilofar Følsgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Trine Mølbæk Jensen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Peadiatrics, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Laura Marie Hesselberg
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Ann-Marie M Schoos
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Peadiatrics, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Peadiatrics, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Bo Chawes
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
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Guo-Parke H, Linden D, Weldon S, Kidney JC, Taggart CC. Deciphering Respiratory-Virus-Associated Interferon Signaling in COPD Airway Epithelium. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:121. [PMID: 35056429 PMCID: PMC8781535 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COPD is a chronic lung disorder characterized by a progressive and irreversible airflow obstruction, and persistent pulmonary inflammation. It has become a global epidemic affecting 10% of the population, and is the third leading cause of death worldwide. Respiratory viruses are a primary cause of COPD exacerbations, often leading to secondary bacterial infections in the lower respiratory tract. COPD patients are more susceptible to viral infections and associated severe disease, leading to accelerated lung function deterioration, hospitalization, and an increased risk of mortality. The airway epithelium plays an essential role in maintaining immune homeostasis, and orchestrates the innate and adaptive responses of the lung against inhaled and pathogen insults. A healthy airway epithelium acts as the first line of host defense by maintaining barrier integrity and the mucociliary escalator, secreting an array of inflammatory mediators, and initiating an antiviral state through the interferon (IFN) response. The airway epithelium is a major site of viral infection, and the interaction between respiratory viruses and airway epithelial cells activates host defense mechanisms, resulting in rapid virus clearance. As such, the production of IFNs and the activation of IFN signaling cascades directly contributes to host defense against viral infections and subsequent innate and adaptive immunity. However, the COPD airway epithelium exhibits an altered antiviral response, leading to enhanced susceptibility to severe disease and impaired IFN signaling. Despite decades of research, there is no effective antiviral therapy for COPD patients. Herein, we review current insights into understanding the mechanisms of viral evasion and host IFN antiviral defense signaling impairment in COPD airway epithelium. Understanding how antiviral mechanisms operate in COPD exacerbations will facilitate the discovery of potential therapeutic interventions to reduce COPD hospitalization and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Guo-Parke
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK; (H.G.-P.); (D.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Dermot Linden
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK; (H.G.-P.); (D.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK; (H.G.-P.); (D.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Joseph C. Kidney
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Hospital Belfast, Belfast BT14 6AB, UK;
| | - Clifford C. Taggart
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK; (H.G.-P.); (D.L.); (S.W.)
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Gutierrez MJ, Perez GF, Gomez JL, Rodriguez-Martinez CE, Castro-Rodriguez JA, Nino G. Genes, environment, and developmental timing: New insights from translational approaches to understand early origins of respiratory diseases. Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56:3157-3165. [PMID: 34388306 PMCID: PMC8858026 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, "omics" approaches have advanced our understanding of the molecular programming of the airways in humans. Several studies have identified potential molecular mechanisms that contribute to early life epigenetic reprogramming, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, microRNAs, and the homeostasis of the respiratory mucosa (epithelial function and microbiota). Current evidence supports the notion that early infancy is characterized by heightened susceptibility to airway genetic reprogramming in response to the first exposures in life, some of which can have life-long consequences. Here, we summarize and analyze the latest insights from studies that support a novel epigenetic paradigm centered on human maturational and developmental programs including three cardinal elements: genes, environment, and developmental timing. The combination of these factors is likely responsible for the functional trajectory of the respiratory system at the molecular, functional, and clinical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Gutierrez
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Geovanny F Perez
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Oishei Children's Hospital, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jose L Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carlos E Rodriguez-Martinez
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia.,Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Jose A Castro-Rodriguez
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo Nino
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Hospital, George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA
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10
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Hossain FMA, Park SO, Kim HJ, Eo JC, Choi JY, Tanveer M, Uyangaa E, Kim K, Eo SK. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Hematopoietic Stem Cell-Derived Cells Suppresses Rhinovirus-Induced Neutrophilic Airway Inflammation by Regulating Th1- and Th17-Type Responses. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e26. [PMID: 34522439 PMCID: PMC8410990 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma exacerbations are a major cause of intractable morbidity, increases in health care costs, and a greater progressive loss of lung function. Asthma exacerbations are most commonly triggered by respiratory viral infections, particularly with human rhinovirus (hRV). Respiratory viral infections are believed to affect the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a limiting enzyme in tryptophan catabolism, which is presumed to alter asthmatic airway inflammation. Here, we explored the detailed role of IDO in the progression of asthma exacerbations using a mouse model for asthma exacerbation caused by hRV infection. Our results reveal that IDO is required to prevent neutrophilic inflammation in the course of asthma exacerbation caused by an hRV infection, as corroborated by markedly enhanced Th17- and Th1-type neutrophilia in the airways of IDO-deficient mice. This neutrophilia was closely associated with disrupted expression of tight junctions and enhanced expression of inflammasome-related molecules and mucin-inducing genes. In addition, IDO ablation enhanced allergen-specific Th17- and Th1-biased CD4+ T-cell responses following hRV infection. The role of IDO in attenuating Th17- and Th1-type neutrophilic airway inflammation became more apparent in chronic asthma exacerbations after repeated allergen exposures and hRV infections. Furthermore, IDO enzymatic induction in leukocytes derived from the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) lineage appeared to play a dominant role in attenuating Th17- and Th1-type neutrophilic inflammation in the airway following hRV infection. Therefore, IDO activity in HSC-derived leukocytes is required to regulate Th17- and Th1-type neutrophilic inflammation in the airway during asthma exacerbations caused by hRV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea.,Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Seong Ok Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Jun Cheol Eo
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Biosource Science, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Maryum Tanveer
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Erdenebelig Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
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11
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Chen P, Li Z, Cui S. Picornaviral 2C proteins: A unique ATPase family critical in virus replication. Enzymes 2021; 49:235-264. [PMID: 34696834 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The 2C proteins of Picornaviridae are unique members of AAA+ protein family. Although picornavirus 2C shares many conserved motifs with Super Family 3 DNA helicases, duplex unwinding activity of many 2C proteins remains undetected, and high-resolution structures of 2C hexamers are unavailable. All characterized 2C proteins exhibit ATPase activity, but the purpose of ATP hydrolysis is not fully understood. 2C is highly conserved among picornaviruses and plays crucial roles in nearly all steps of the virus lifecycle. It is therefore considered as an effective target for broad-spectrum antiviral drug development. Crystallographic investigation of enterovirus 2C proteins provide structural details important for the elucidation of 2C function and development of antiviral drugs. This chapter summarizes not only the findings of enzymatic activities, biochemical and structural characterizations of the 2C proteins, but also their role in virus replication, immune evasion and morphogenesis. The linkage between structure and function of the 2C proteins is discussed in detail. Inhibitors targeting the 2C proteins are also summarized to provide an overview of drug development. Finally, we raise several key questions to be addressed in this field and provide future research perspective on this unique class of ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Chen
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijian Li
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Cui
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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12
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Sarkar R, Nandi S, Lo M, Gope A, Chawla-Sarkar M. Viperin, an IFN-Stimulated Protein, Delays Rotavirus Release by Inhibiting Non-Structural Protein 4 (NSP4)-Induced Intrinsic Apoptosis. Viruses 2021; 13:1324. [PMID: 34372530 PMCID: PMC8310278 DOI: 10.3390/v13071324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections lead to expeditious activation of the host's innate immune responses, most importantly the interferon (IFN) response, which manifests a network of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that constrain escalating virus replication by fashioning an ill-disposed environment. Interestingly, most viruses, including rotavirus, have evolved numerous strategies to evade or subvert host immune responses to establish successful infection. Several studies have documented the induction of ISGs during rotavirus infection. In this study, we evaluated the induction and antiviral potential of viperin, an ISG, during rotavirus infection. We observed that rotavirus infection, in a stain independent manner, resulted in progressive upregulation of viperin at increasing time points post-infection. Knockdown of viperin had no significant consequence on the production of total infectious virus particles. Interestingly, substantial escalation in progeny virus release was observed upon viperin knockdown, suggesting the antagonistic role of viperin in rotavirus release. Subsequent studies unveiled that RV-NSP4 triggered relocalization of viperin from the ER, the normal residence of viperin, to mitochondria during infection. Furthermore, mitochondrial translocation of NSP4 was found to be impeded by viperin, leading to abridged cytosolic release of Cyt c and subsequent inhibition of intrinsic apoptosis. Additionally, co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that viperin associated with NSP4 through regions including both its radical SAM domain and its C-terminal domain. Collectively, the present study demonstrated the role of viperin in restricting rotavirus egress from infected host cells by modulating NSP4 mediated apoptosis, highlighting a novel mechanism behind viperin's antiviral action in addition to the intricacy of viperin-virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India; (R.S.); (S.N.); (M.L.); (A.G.)
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13
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PGC-1α mediates a metabolic host defense response in human airway epithelium during rhinovirus infections. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3669. [PMID: 34135327 PMCID: PMC8209127 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are common cold viruses associated with exacerbations of lower airways diseases. Although viral induced epithelial damage mediates inflammation, the molecular mechanisms responsible for airway epithelial damage and dysfunction remain undefined. Using experimental HRV infection studies in highly differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells grown at air-liquid interface (ALI), we examine the links between viral host defense, cellular metabolism, and epithelial barrier function. We observe that early HRV-C15 infection induces a transitory barrier-protective metabolic state characterized by glycolysis that ultimately becomes exhausted as the infection progresses and leads to cellular damage. Pharmacological promotion of glycolysis induces ROS-dependent upregulation of the mitochondrial metabolic regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), thereby restoring epithelial barrier function, improving viral defense, and attenuating disease pathology. Therefore, PGC-1α regulates a metabolic pathway essential to host defense that can be therapeutically targeted to rescue airway epithelial barrier dysfunction and potentially prevent severe respiratory complications or secondary bacterial infections. Epithelial host defense to rhinovirus infections is enhanced by targeting the mitochondrial metabolic regulator, PGC-1a. Using metabolomics and proteomics, Michi et al show that human airway epithelial cells mount a barrier-protective early glycolysis-shift in response to rhinovirus, and that by targeting PGC-1a early in infection, epithelial barrier function, viral defense and pathology are improved.
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14
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Holmdahl I, Filiou A, Stenberg Hammar K, Asarnoj A, Borres MP, van Hage M, Hedlin G, Söderhäll C, Konradsen JR. Early Life Wheeze and Risk Factors for Asthma-A Revisit at Age 7 in the GEWAC-Cohort. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8060488. [PMID: 34201058 PMCID: PMC8229161 DOI: 10.3390/children8060488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One third of all toddlers are in need of medical care because of acute wheeze and many of these children have persistent asthma at school age. Our aims were to assess risk factors for and the prevalence of asthma at age 7 in a cohort of children suffering from an acute wheezing episode as toddlers. A total of 113 children, included during an acute wheezing episode (cases), and 54 healthy controls were followed prospectively from early pre-school age to 7 years. The protocol included questionnaires, ACT, FeNO, nasopharyngeal virus samples, blood sampling for cell count, vitamin D levels, and IgE to food and airborne allergens. The prevalence of asthma at age 7 was 70.8% among cases and 1.9% among controls (p < 0.001). Acute wheeze caused by rhinovirus (RV) infection at inclusion was more common among cases with asthma at age 7 compared to cases without asthma (p = 0.011) and this association remained significant following adjustment for infection with other viruses (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.4–10.5). Cases with asthma at age 7 had been admitted to hospital more often (p = 0.024) and spent more days admitted (p = 0.01) during the year following inclusion compared to cases without asthma. RV infection stands out as the main associated factor for wheeze evolving to persistent asthma. Cases who developed asthma also had an increased need of hospital time and care for wheeze during the year after inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idun Holmdahl
- Astrid Lindgren’s Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.F.); (K.S.H.); (A.A.); (G.H.); (C.S.); (J.R.K.)
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence:
| | - Anastasia Filiou
- Astrid Lindgren’s Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.F.); (K.S.H.); (A.A.); (G.H.); (C.S.); (J.R.K.)
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Stenberg Hammar
- Astrid Lindgren’s Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.F.); (K.S.H.); (A.A.); (G.H.); (C.S.); (J.R.K.)
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Asarnoj
- Astrid Lindgren’s Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.F.); (K.S.H.); (A.A.); (G.H.); (C.S.); (J.R.K.)
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus P. Borres
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Marianne van Hage
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Gunilla Hedlin
- Astrid Lindgren’s Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.F.); (K.S.H.); (A.A.); (G.H.); (C.S.); (J.R.K.)
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cilla Söderhäll
- Astrid Lindgren’s Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.F.); (K.S.H.); (A.A.); (G.H.); (C.S.); (J.R.K.)
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon R. Konradsen
- Astrid Lindgren’s Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.F.); (K.S.H.); (A.A.); (G.H.); (C.S.); (J.R.K.)
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Marcellini A, Swieboda D, Guedán A, Farrow SN, Casolari P, Contoli M, Johnston SL, Papi A, Solari R. Glucocorticoids impair type I IFN signalling and enhance rhinovirus replication. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 893:173839. [PMID: 33359650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are recommended treatments for all degrees of asthma severity and in combination with bronchodilators are indicated for COPD patients with a history of frequent exacerbations. However, the long-term side effects of glucocorticoids (GCs) may include increased risk of respiratory infections, including viral triggered exacerbations. Rhinovirus (RV) infection is the main trigger of asthma and COPD exacerbations. Thus, we sought to explore the influence of GCs on viral replication. We demonstrate the ICS fluticasone propionate (FP) and two selective non-steroidal (GRT7) and steroidal (GRT10) glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists significantly suppress pro-inflammatory (IL-6 and IL-8) and antiviral (IFN-λ1) cytokine production and the expression of the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) OAS and viperin in RV-infected bronchial epithelial cells, with a consequent increase of viral replication. We also show that FP, GRT7 and GRT10 inhibit STAT1 Y701 and/or STAT2 Y690 phosphorylation and ISG mRNA induction following cell stimulation with recombinant IFN-β. In addition, we investigated the effects of the ICS budesonide (BD) and the long-acting β2 agonist (LABA) formoterol, alone or as an ICS/LABA combination, on RV-induced ISG expression and viral replication. Combination of BD/formoterol increases the suppression of OAS and viperin mRNA observed with both BD and formoterol alone, but an increase in viral RNA was only observed with BD treatment and not with formoterol. Overall, we provide evidence of an impairment of the innate antiviral immune response by GC therapy and the potential for GCs to enhance viral replication. These findings could have important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marcellini
- Research Centre on Asthma and COPD, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Dawid Swieboda
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anabel Guedán
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stuart N Farrow
- Cancer Research Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paolo Casolari
- Research Centre on Asthma and COPD, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Contoli
- Research Centre on Asthma and COPD, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Papi
- Research Centre on Asthma and COPD, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Solari
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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16
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Crosse KM, Monson EA, Dumbrepatil AB, Smith M, Tseng YY, Van der Hoek KH, Revill PA, Saker S, Tscharke DC, G Marsh EN, Beard MR, Helbig KJ. Viperin binds STING and enhances the type-I interferon response following dsDNA detection. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 99:373-391. [PMID: 33131099 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Viperin is an interferon-inducible protein that is pivotal for eliciting an effective immune response against an array of diverse viral pathogens. Here we describe a mechanism of viperin's broad antiviral activity by demonstrating the protein's ability to synergistically enhance the innate immune dsDNA signaling pathway to limit viral infection. Viperin co-localized with the key signaling molecules of the innate immune dsDNA sensing pathway, STING and TBK1; binding directly to STING and inducing enhanced K63-linked polyubiquitination of TBK1. Subsequent analysis identified viperin's necessity to bind the cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly component 2A, to prolong its enhancement of the type-I interferon response to aberrant dsDNA. Here we show that viperin facilitates the formation of a signaling enhanceosome, to coordinate efficient signal transduction following activation of the dsDNA signaling pathway, which results in an enhanced antiviral state. We also provide evidence for viperin's radical SAM enzymatic activity to self-limit its immunomodulatory functions. These data further define viperin's role as a positive regulator of innate immune signaling, offering a mechanism of viperin's broad antiviral capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keaton M Crosse
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Ebony A Monson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Arti B Dumbrepatil
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Monique Smith
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Yeu-Yang Tseng
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kylie H Van der Hoek
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Peter A Revill
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Subir Saker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - David C Tscharke
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - E Neil G Marsh
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael R Beard
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Karla J Helbig
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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17
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Michi AN, Love ME, Proud D. Rhinovirus-Induced Modulation of Epithelial Phenotype: Role in Asthma. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111328. [PMID: 33227953 PMCID: PMC7699223 DOI: 10.3390/v12111328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses have been linked both to the susceptibility of asthma development and to the triggering of acute exacerbations. Given that the human airway epithelial cell is the primary site of human rhinovirus (HRV) infection and replication, the current review focuses on how HRV-induced modulation of several aspects of epithelial cell phenotype could contribute to the development of asthma or to the induction of exacerbations. Modification of epithelial proinflammatory and antiviral responses are considered, as are alterations in an epithelial barrier function and cell phenotype. The contributions of the epithelium to airway remodeling and to the potential modulation of immune responses are also considered. The potential interactions of each type of HRV-induced epithelial phenotypic changes with allergic sensitization and allergic phenotype are also considered in the context of asthma development and of acute exacerbations.
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18
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He J, Yang Q, Xiao Q, Lei A, Li X, Zhou P, Liu T, Zhang L, Shi K, Yang Q, Dong J, Zhou J. IRF-7 Is a Critical Regulator of Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Allergic Airway Inflammation. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2718-2730.e6. [PMID: 31775040 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a highly prevalent airway disease triggered by hyperresponsiveness to inhaled allergens. Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) has been shown to be highly expressed in nasal aspirates from children with asthma. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent the major player in allergic airway inflammation. The role of IRF7 in ILC2-driven asthma remains to be explored. Here, we report that IRF7 expression in murine lung ILC2s is dramatically induced upon papain or interleukin-33 (IL-33) stimulation. ILC2s from asthma patients display a much higher level of IRF7 than those from healthy donors. Deficiency of IRF7 in mice significantly impairs the expansion and function of lung ILC2s in multiple models of allergic asthma. Furthermore, the regulation of ILC2s by IRF7 is cell intrinsic and mediated by the transcription factor Bcl11b. These observations identify IRF7 as a regulator of lung ILC2s, which may have immunotherapeutic value in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan He
- Joint Program in Immunology, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aihua Lei
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Shi
- Department of Gynaecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junchao Dong
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Joint Program in Immunology, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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19
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Dong F, He Y, Wang T, Han D, Lu H, Zhao H. Predicting viral exposure response from modeling the changes of co-expression networks using time series gene expression data. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:370. [PMID: 32842958 PMCID: PMC7449007 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-03705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deciphering the relationship between clinical responses and gene expression profiles may shed light on the mechanisms underlying diseases. Most existing literature has focused on exploring such relationship from cross-sectional gene expression data. It is likely that the dynamic nature of time-series gene expression data is more informative in predicting clinical response and revealing the physiological process of disease development. However, it remains challenging to extract useful dynamic information from time-series gene expression data. RESULTS We propose a statistical framework built on considering co-expression network changes across time from time series gene expression data. It first detects change point for co-expression networks and then employs a Bayesian multiple kernel learning method to predict exposure response. There are two main novelties in our method: the use of change point detection to characterize the co-expression network dynamics, and the use of kernel function to measure the similarity between subjects. Our algorithm allows exposure response prediction using dynamic network information across a collection of informative gene sets. Through parameter estimations, our model has clear biological interpretations. The performance of our method on the simulated data under different scenarios demonstrates that the proposed algorithm has better explanatory power and classification accuracy than commonly used machine learning algorithms. The application of our method to time series gene expression profiles measured in peripheral blood from a group of subjects with respiratory viral exposure shows that our method can predict exposure response at early stage (within 24 h) and the informative gene sets are enriched for pathways related to respiratory and influenza virus infection. CONCLUSIONS The biological hypothesis in this paper is that the dynamic changes of the biological system are related to the clinical response. Our results suggest that when the relationship between the clinical response and a single gene or a gene set is not significant, we may benefit from studying the relationships among genes in gene sets that may lead to novel biological insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Dong
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.,SJTU-Yale Joint Center of Biostatistics and Data Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yong He
- Institute for Financial Studies, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Tao Wang
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center of Biostatistics and Data Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.,School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dong Han
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hui Lu
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center of Biostatistics and Data Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.,School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center of Biostatistics and Data Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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20
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Ghosh S, Marsh ENG. Viperin: An ancient radical SAM enzyme finds its place in modern cellular metabolism and innate immunity. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11513-11528. [PMID: 32546482 PMCID: PMC7450102 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.012784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viperin plays an important and multifaceted role in the innate immune response to viral infection. Viperin is also notable as one of very few radical SAM-dependent enzymes present in higher animals; however, the enzyme appears broadly conserved across all kingdoms of life, which suggests that it represents an ancient defense mechanism against viral infections. Although viperin was discovered some 20 years ago, only recently was the enzyme's structure determined and its catalytic activity elucidated. The enzyme converts CTP to 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTP, which functions as novel chain-terminating antiviral nucleotide when misincorporated by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Moreover, in higher animals, viperin interacts with numerous other host and viral proteins, and it is apparent that this complex network of interactions constitutes another important aspect of the protein's antiviral activity. An emerging theme is that viperin appears to facilitate ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of some of the proteins it interacts with. Viperin-targeted protein degradation contributes to the antiviral response either by down-regulating various metabolic pathways important for viral replication or by directly targeting viral proteins for degradation. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the structure and catalytic activity of viperin, together with studies investigating the interactions between viperin and its target proteins. These studies have provided detailed insights into the biochemical processes underpinning this unusual enzyme's wide-ranging antiviral activity. We also highlight recent intriguing reports that implicate a broader role for viperin in regulating nonpathological cellular processes, including thermogenesis and protein secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumi Ghosh
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - E Neil G Marsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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21
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Rivera-Serrano EE, Gizzi AS, Arnold JJ, Grove TL, Almo SC, Cameron CE. Viperin Reveals Its True Function. Annu Rev Virol 2020; 7:421-446. [PMID: 32603630 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-011720-095930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most cells respond to viral infections by activating innate immune pathways that lead to the induction of antiviral restriction factors. One such factor, viperin, was discovered almost two decades ago based on its induction during viral infection. Since then, viperin has been shown to possess activity against numerous viruses via multiple proposed mechanisms. Most recently, however, viperin was demonstrated to catalyze the conversion of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTP (ddhCTP), a previously unknown ribonucleotide. Incorporation of ddhCTP causes premature termination of RNA synthesis by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of some viruses. To date, production of ddhCTP by viperin represents the only activity of viperin that links its enzymatic activity directly to an antiviral mechanism in human cells. This review examines the multiple antiviral mechanisms and biological functions attributed to viperin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efraín E Rivera-Serrano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;
| | - Anthony S Gizzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA; , .,Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Jamie J Arnold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;
| | - Tyler L Grove
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA; ,
| | - Steven C Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA; ,
| | - Craig E Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;
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22
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Ganjian H, Rajput C, Elzoheiry M, Sajjan U. Rhinovirus and Innate Immune Function of Airway Epithelium. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:277. [PMID: 32637363 PMCID: PMC7316886 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells, which lines the respiratory mucosa is in direct contact with the environment. Airway epithelial cells are the primary target for rhinovirus and other inhaled pathogens. In response to rhinovirus infection, airway epithelial cells mount both pro-inflammatory responses and antiviral innate immune responses to clear the virus efficiently. Some of the antiviral responses include the expression of IFNs, endoplasmic reticulum stress induced unfolded protein response and autophagy. Airway epithelial cells also recruits other innate immune cells to establish antiviral state and resolve the inflammation in the lungs. In patients with chronic lung disease, these responses may be either defective or induced in excess leading to deficient clearing of virus and sustained inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying antiviral innate immunity and the dysregulation of some of these mechanisms in patients with chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Ganjian
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Charu Rajput
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Manal Elzoheiry
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Umadevi Sajjan
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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23
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Gern JE, Lee WM, Swenson CA, Nakagome K, Lee I, Wolff M, Grindle K, Sigelman S, Liggett SB, Togias A, Evans M, Denlinger L, Gangnon R, Bochkov YA, Crisafi G. Development of a Rhinovirus Inoculum Using a Reverse Genetics Approach. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:187-194. [PMID: 30383246 PMCID: PMC6581892 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental inoculation is an important tool for common cold and asthma research. Producing rhinovirus (RV) inocula from nasal secretions has required prolonged observation of the virus donor to exclude extraneous pathogens. We produced a RV-A16 inoculum using reverse genetics and determined the dose necessary to cause moderate colds in seronegative volunteers. Methods The consensus sequence of RV-A16 from a previous inoculum was cloned, and inoculum virus was produced using reverse genetics techniques. After safety testing, volunteers were inoculated with either RV-A16 (n = 26) or placebo (n = 10), Jackson cold scores were recorded, and nasal secretions were tested for shedding of RV-A16 ribonucleic acid. Results The reverse genetics process produced infectious virus that was neutralized by specific antisera and had a mutation rate similar to conventional virus growth techniques. The 1000 median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) dose produced moderate colds in most individuals with effects similar to that of a previously tested conventional RV-A16 inoculum. Conclusions Reverse genetics techniques produced a RV-A16 inoculum that can cause clinical colds in seronegative volunteers, and they also serve as a stable source of virus for laboratory use. The recombinant production procedures eliminate the need to derive seed virus from nasal secretions, thus precluding introduction of extraneous pathogens through this route.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Iris Lee
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine
| | | | | | - Steven Sigelman
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockford, MD
| | - Stephen B Liggett
- Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa FL
| | - Alkis Togias
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockford, MD
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24
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Yu J, Peterson DR, Baran AM, Bhattacharya S, Wylie TN, Falsey AR, Mariani TJ, Storch GA. Host Gene Expression in Nose and Blood for the Diagnosis of Viral Respiratory Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1151-1161. [PMID: 30339221 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently there has been a growing interest in the potential for host transcriptomic analysis to augment the diagnosis of infectious diseases. METHODS We compared nasal and blood samples for evaluation of the host transcriptomic response in children with acute respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, symptomatic non-RSV respiratory virus infection, asymptomatic rhinovirus infection, and virus-negative asymptomatic controls. We used nested leave-one-pair-out cross-validation and supervised principal components analysis to define small sets of genes whose expression patterns accurately classified subjects. We validated gene classification scores using an external data set. RESULTS Despite lower quality of nasal RNA, the number of genes detected by microarray in each sample type was equivalent. Nasal gene expression signal derived mainly from epithelial cells but also included a variable leukocyte contribution. The number of genes with increased expression in virus-infected children was comparable in nasal and blood samples, while nasal samples also had decreased expression of many genes associated with ciliary function and assembly. Nasal gene expression signatures were as good or better for discriminating between symptomatic, asymptomatic, and uninfected children. CONCLSUSIONS Our results support the use of nasal samples to augment pathogen-based tests to diagnose viral respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Yu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Derick R Peterson
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York
| | - Andrea M Baran
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York
| | - Soumyaroop Bhattacharya
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York
| | - Todd N Wylie
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ann R Falsey
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York
| | - Gregory A Storch
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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25
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Li M, Liao Z, Xu Z, Zou X, Wang Y, Peng H, Li Y, Ou X, Deng Y, Guo Y, Gan W, Peng T, Chen D, Cai M. The Interaction Mechanism Between Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Glycoprotein D and Host Antiviral Protein Viperin. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2810. [PMID: 31921110 PMCID: PMC6917645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viperin is an interferon-inducible protein that responsible for a variety of antiviral responses to different viruses. Our previous study has shown that the ribonuclease UL41 of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) can degrade the mRNA of viperin to promote HSV-1 replication. However, it is not clear whether other HSV-1 encoded proteins can regulate the function of viperin. Here, one novel viperin associated protein, glycoprotein D (gD), was identified. To verify the interaction between gD and viperin, gD and viperin expression plasmids were firstly co-transfected into COS-7 cells, and fluorescence microscope showed they co-localized at the perinuclear region, then this potential interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays. Moreover, confocal microscopy demonstrated that gD and viperin co-localized at the Golgi body and lipid droplets. Furthermore, dual-luciferase reporter and Co-IP assays showed gD and viperin interaction leaded to the increase of IRF7-mediated IFN-β expression through promoting viperin and IRAK1 interaction and facilitating K63-linked IRAK1 polyubiquitination. Nevertheless, gD inhibited TRAF6-induced NF-κB activity by decreasing the interaction of viperin and TRAF6. In addition, gD restrained viperin-mediated interaction between IRAK1 and TRAF6. Eventually, gD and viperin interaction was corroborated to significantly inhibit the proliferation of HSV-1. Taken together, this study would open up new avenues toward delineating the function and physiological significance of gD and viperin during HSV-1 replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongmin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Scientific Research and Education, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shaoguan, China
| | - Zuo Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingmei Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanfang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangxi Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,South China Vaccine Corporation Limited, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daixiong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingsheng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Mills JT, Schwenzer A, Marsh EK, Edwards MR, Sabroe I, Midwood KS, Parker LC. Airway Epithelial Cells Generate Pro-inflammatory Tenascin-C and Small Extracellular Vesicles in Response to TLR3 Stimuli and Rhinovirus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1987. [PMID: 31497021 PMCID: PMC6712508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are a common cause of asthma exacerbations, with human rhinoviruses (RV) the most common trigger. RV signals through a number of different receptors, including toll-like receptor (TLR)3. Tenascin-C (TN-C) is an immunomodulatory extracellular matrix protein present in high quantities in the airway of people with asthma, and expression is also upregulated in nasal lavage fluid in response to RV infection. Respiratory viral infection has been demonstrated to induce the release of small extracellular vesicles (sEV) such as exosomes, whilst exosomal cargo can also be modified in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of people with asthma. These sEVs may potentiate airway inflammation and regulate the immune response to infection. This study characterizes the relationship between RV infection of bronchial epithelial cells and the release of TN-C, and the release of sEVs following stimulation with the TLR3 agonist and synthetic viral mimic, poly(I:C), as well as the function of the released protein/vesicles. The BEAS-2B airway epithelial cell line and primary human bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) from asthmatic and non-asthmatic donors were infected with RV or treated with poly(I:C). TN-C expression, release and localization to sEVs was quantified. TN-C expression was also assessed following intra-nasal challenge of C57BL/6 mice with poly(I:C). BEAS-2B cells and macrophages were subsequently challenged with TN-C, or with sEVs generated from BEAS-2B cells pre-treated with siRNA targeted to TN-C or control. The results revealed that poly(I:C) stimulation induced TN-C release in vivo, whilst both poly(I:C) stimulation and RV infection promoted release in vitro, with elevated TN-C release from PBECs obtained from people with asthma. Poly(I:C) also induced the release of TN-C-rich sEVs from BEAS-2B cells. TN-C, and sEVs from poly(I:C) challenged cells, induced cytokine synthesis in macrophages and BEAS-2B cells, whilst sEVs from control cells did not. Moreover, sEVs with ~75% reduced TN-C content did not alter the capacity of sEVs to induce inflammation. This study identifies two novel components of the inflammatory pathway that regulates the immune response following RV infection and TLR3 stimulation, highlighting TN-C release and pro-inflammatory sEVs in the airway as relevant to the biology of virally induced exacerbations of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake T. Mills
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Schwenzer
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth K. Marsh
- School of Human Sciences, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Edwards
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sabroe
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kim S. Midwood
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa C. Parker
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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27
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Basharat U, Aiche MM, Kim MM, Sohal M, Chang EH. Are rhinoviruses implicated in the pathogenesis of sinusitis and chronic rhinosinusitis exacerbations? A comprehensive review. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2019; 9:1159-1188. [DOI: 10.1002/alr.22403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Usmaan Basharat
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ
| | - Mazen M. Aiche
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ
| | - Marianne M. Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ
| | - Maheep Sohal
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ
| | - Eugene H. Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ
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28
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Warner SM, Wiehler S, Michi AN, Proud D. Rhinovirus replication and innate immunity in highly differentiated human airway epithelial cells. Respir Res 2019; 20:150. [PMID: 31299975 PMCID: PMC6626354 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections are the primary cause of the common cold and are a major trigger for exacerbations of lower airway diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Although human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE) are the natural host for HRV infections, much of our understanding of how HRV replicates and induces host antiviral responses is based on studies using non-airway cell lines (e.g. HeLa cells). The current study examines the replication cycle of HRV, and host cell responses, in highly differentiated cultures of HBE. Methods Highly differentiated cultures of HBE were exposed to initial infectious doses ranging from 104 to 101 50% tissue culture-infective dose (TCID50) of purified HRV-16, and responses were monitored up to 144 h after infection. Viral genomic RNA and negative strand RNA template levels were monitored, along with levels of type I and II interferons and selected antivirals. Results Regardless of initial infectious dose, relatively constant levels of both genomic and negative strand RNA are generated during replication, with negative strand copy numbers being10,000-fold lower than those of genomic strands. Infections were limited to a small percentage of ciliated cells and did not result in any overt signs of epithelial death. Importantly, regardless of infectious dose, HRV-16 infections were cleared by HBE in the absence of immune cells. Levels of type I and type III interferons (IFNs) varied with initial infectious dose, implying that factors other than levels of double-stranded RNA regulate IFN induction, but the time-course of HRV-16 clearance HBE was the same regardless of levels of IFNs produced. Patterns of antiviral viperin and ISG15 expression suggest they may be generated in an IFN-independent manner during HRV-16 infections. Conclusions These data challenge a number of aspects of dogma generated from studies in HeLa cells and emphasize the importance of appropriate cell context when studying HRV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Warner
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Shahina Wiehler
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Aubrey N Michi
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - David Proud
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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29
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Proud D. Reverse Genetics and Rhinovirus-A New Approach to an Old Problem? J Infect Dis 2019; 220:181-183. [PMID: 30383231 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Proud
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Canada
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30
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Kurokawa C, Iankov ID, Galanis E. A key anti-viral protein, RSAD2/VIPERIN, restricts the release of measles virus from infected cells. Virus Res 2019; 263:145-150. [PMID: 30684519 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV), a paramyxovirus, is one of the most contagious human pathogens and is responsible for thousands of deaths annually. Wild-type MV evolved to counter the innate immune system by avoiding both type I interferon (IFN) induction and inhibiting IFN signaling through the JAK/STAT pathway. However, virus replication is significantly inhibited in IFN-pretreated cells. Similarly, MV vaccine derived strains are inhibited by IFN pretreatment, but vaccine strains also induce IFN. Despite the significant progress in understanding the interactions between MV and the IFN pathway, the IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) that inhibit MV replication remain largely unknown. The aim of this study is to identify specific ISGs that mediate restriction of MV. In this study, we report that Radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 (RSAD2) restricts MV infection at the stage of virus release in infected 293T cells. Furthermore, attenuated MV strains are currently being developed as a novel treatment for solid and hematological malignancies. Therefore, we tested the impact of RSAD2 expression in an oncolytic virotherapy context using a MV permissive ovarian cancer line (SR-B2). As measured in 293T cells, MV release was also impaired in SR-B2 cells transduced to express RSAD2 in vitro. Additionally, oncolytic MV therapeutic efficacy was impaired in SR-B2 cells transduced to express RSAD2 in vivo. Overall, we identify RSAD2 as a novel restriction factor for MV by inhibiting the release of virus. These results provide important information regarding the interaction between MV and the innate immune system, as well as implications for the design of oncolytic MV platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyne Kurokawa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Ianko D Iankov
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Evanthia Galanis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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DUSP10 Negatively Regulates the Inflammatory Response to Rhinovirus through Interleukin-1β Signaling. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01659-18. [PMID: 30333178 PMCID: PMC6321923 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01659-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses are one of the causes of the common cold. In patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, viral infections, including those with rhinovirus, are the commonest cause of exacerbations. Novel therapeutics to limit viral inflammation are clearly required. The work presented here identifies DUSP10 as an important protein involved in limiting the inflammatory response in the airway without affecting immune control of the virus. Rhinoviral infection is a common trigger of the excessive inflammation observed during exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Rhinovirus (RV) recognition by pattern recognition receptors activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which are common inducers of inflammatory gene production. A family of dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) can regulate MAPK function, but their roles in rhinoviral infection are not known. We hypothesized that DUSPs would negatively regulate the inflammatory response to RV infection. Our results revealed that the p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPKs play key roles in the inflammatory response of epithelial cells to RV infection. Three DUSPs previously shown to have roles in innate immunity (DUSPs 1, 4, and 10) were expressed in primary bronchial epithelial cells, and one of them, DUSP10, was downregulated by RV infection. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of DUSP10 identified a role for the protein in negatively regulating inflammatory cytokine production in response to interleukin-1β (IL-1β), alone and in combination with RV, without any effect on RV replication. This study identifies DUSP10 as an important regulator of airway inflammation in respiratory viral infection. IMPORTANCE Rhinoviruses are one of the causes of the common cold. In patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, viral infections, including those with rhinovirus, are the commonest cause of exacerbations. Novel therapeutics to limit viral inflammation are clearly required. The work presented here identifies DUSP10 as an important protein involved in limiting the inflammatory response in the airway without affecting immune control of the virus.
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Viperin Inhibits Enterovirus A71 Replication by Interacting with Viral 2C Protein. Viruses 2018; 11:v11010013. [PMID: 30587778 PMCID: PMC6357129 DOI: 10.3390/v11010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EVA71) is a human enterovirus belonging to the Picornaviridae family and mostly causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease in infants. Viperin is an important interferon-stimulated gene with a broad antiviral activity against various viruses. However, the effect of viperin on human enteroviruses and the interaction mechanism between EVA71 and viperin remains elusive. Here, we confirmed the EVA71-induced expression of viperin in a mouse model and cell lines and showed that viperin upregulation by EVA71 infection occurred on both the mRNA and protein level. Viperin knockdown and overexpression in EVA71-infected cells indicated that this protein can markedly inhibit EVA71 infection. Interestingly, immunofluorescent confocal microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation assays indicated that viperin interacts and colocalizes with the EVA71 protein 2C in the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, amino acids 50⁻60 in the N-terminal domain of viperin were the key residues responsible for viperin interaction with 2C. More importantly, the N-terminal domain of viperin was found responsible for inhibiting EVA71 replication. Our findings can potentially aid future research on the prevention and treatment of nervous system damage caused by EVA71 and may provide a potential target for antiviral therapy.
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Han M, Rajput C, Ishikawa T, Jarman CR, Lee J, Hershenson MB. Small Animal Models of Respiratory Viral Infection Related to Asthma. Viruses 2018; 10:E682. [PMID: 30513770 PMCID: PMC6316391 DOI: 10.3390/v10120682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are strongly associated with asthma exacerbations. Rhinovirus is most frequently-detected pathogen; followed by respiratory syncytial virus; metapneumovirus; parainfluenza virus; enterovirus and coronavirus. In addition; viral infection; in combination with genetics; allergen exposure; microbiome and other pathogens; may play a role in asthma development. In particular; asthma development has been linked to wheezing-associated respiratory viral infections in early life. To understand underlying mechanisms of viral-induced airways disease; investigators have studied respiratory viral infections in small animals. This report reviews animal models of human respiratory viral infection employing mice; rats; guinea pigs; hamsters and ferrets. Investigators have modeled asthma exacerbations by infecting mice with allergic airways disease. Asthma development has been modeled by administration of virus to immature animals. Small animal models of respiratory viral infection will identify cell and molecular targets for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Han
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Charu Rajput
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Tomoko Ishikawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Caitlin R Jarman
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Julie Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Marc B Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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34
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Lo D, Kennedy JL, Kurten RC, Panettieri RA, Koziol-White CJ. Modulation of airway hyperresponsiveness by rhinovirus exposure. Respir Res 2018; 19:208. [PMID: 30373568 PMCID: PMC6206673 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) exposure has been implicated in childhood development of wheeze evoking asthma and exacerbations of underlying airways disease. Studies such as the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC) and Childhood Origins of ASThma (COAST) have identified RV as a pathogen inducing severe respiratory disease. RVs also modulate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), a key characteristic of such diseases. Although potential factors underlying mechanisms by which RV induces AHR have been postulated, the precise mechanisms of AHR following RV exposure remain elusive. A challenge to RV-related research stems from inadequate models for study. While human models raise ethical concerns and are relatively difficult in terms of subject recruitment, murine models are limited by susceptibility of infection to the relatively uncommon minor group (RV-B) serotypes, strains that are generally associated with infrequent clinical respiratory virus infections. Although a transgenic mouse strain that has been developed has enhanced susceptibility for infection with the common major group (RV-A) serotypes, few studies have focused on RV in the context of allergic airways disease rather than understanding RV-induced AHR. Recently, the receptor for the virulent RV-C CDHR3, was identified, but a dearth of studies have examined RV-C-induced effects in humans. Currently, the mechanisms by which RV infections modulate airway smooth muscle (ASM) shortening or excitation-contraction coupling remain elusive. Further, only one study has investigated the effects of RV on bronchodilatory mechanisms, with only speculation as to mechanisms underlying RV-mediated modulation of bronchoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lo
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Joshua L Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Richard C Kurten
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Cynthia J Koziol-White
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Fourati S, Talla A, Mahmoudian M, Burkhart JG, Klén R, Henao R, Yu T, Aydın Z, Yeung KY, Ahsen ME, Almugbel R, Jahandideh S, Liang X, Nordling TEM, Shiga M, Stanescu A, Vogel R, Pandey G, Chiu C, McClain MT, Woods CW, Ginsburg GS, Elo LL, Tsalik EL, Mangravite LM, Sieberts SK. A crowdsourced analysis to identify ab initio molecular signatures predictive of susceptibility to viral infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4418. [PMID: 30356117 PMCID: PMC6200745 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The response to respiratory viruses varies substantially between individuals, and there are currently no known molecular predictors from the early stages of infection. Here we conduct a community-based analysis to determine whether pre- or early post-exposure molecular factors could predict physiologic responses to viral exposure. Using peripheral blood gene expression profiles collected from healthy subjects prior to exposure to one of four respiratory viruses (H1N1, H3N2, Rhinovirus, and RSV), as well as up to 24 h following exposure, we find that it is possible to construct models predictive of symptomatic response using profiles even prior to viral exposure. Analysis of predictive gene features reveal little overlap among models; however, in aggregate, these genes are enriched for common pathways. Heme metabolism, the most significantly enriched pathway, is associated with a higher risk of developing symptoms following viral exposure. This study demonstrates that pre-exposure molecular predictors can be identified and improves our understanding of the mechanisms of response to respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slim Fourati
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Aarthi Talla
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Mehrad Mahmoudian
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
- Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Joshua G Burkhart
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Riku Klén
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Ricardo Henao
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Thomas Yu
- Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - Zafer Aydın
- Department of Computer Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, 38080, Turkey
| | - Ka Yee Yeung
- School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, 98402, USA
| | - Mehmet Eren Ahsen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Reem Almugbel
- School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, 98402, USA
| | | | - Xiao Liang
- School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, 98402, USA
| | - Torbjörn E M Nordling
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Motoki Shiga
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Ana Stanescu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of West Georgia, Carrolton, GA, 30116, USA
| | - Robert Vogel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Gaurav Pandey
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Micah T McClain
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Medical Service, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Christopher W Woods
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Medical Service, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Laura L Elo
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Ephraim L Tsalik
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Emergency Medicine Service, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
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Howell C, Smith JR, Shute JK. Targeting matrix metalloproteinase-13 in bronchial epithelial repair. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:1214-1221. [PMID: 29924890 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral infection of the bronchial epithelium disrupts the barrier properties of the epithelium in healthy individuals and those with lung disease. Repair of the bronchial epithelium is dependent of the formation of a provisional fibrin matrix and migration of epithelial cells to cover denuded areas, followed by proliferation and differentiation. OBJECTIVE The objective was to test the hypothesis that poly I:C, a model of viral infection, limits epithelial repair through the stimulated release of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13). METHODS Confluent layers of cultured normal human primary bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) and SV-40 virus-transformed 16HBE14o- bronchial epithelial cells were mechanically wounded, and video microscopy used to measure the rate of wound closure over 2 hours, in the absence and presence of poly I:C (1-20 μg/mL). MMP-13, tissue factor and endothelin release were measured by ELISA. The effect of inhibitors of MMP-13 activity and expression and a nonspecific endothelin receptor antagonist, bosentan, on the rate of epithelial repair was investigated. RESULTS Poly I:C limited the rate of epithelial repair, and NHBE were significantly more sensitive to poly I:C effects than 16HBE14o- cells. NHBE, but not 16HBE14o-, released MMP-13 in response to poly I:C. Inhibitors of MMP-13 activity (WAY 170523) and expression (dimethyl fumarate) significantly enhanced the rate of repair. Bosentan enhanced the rate of bronchial epithelial repair by a mechanism that was independent of MMP-13. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Bronchial epithelial repair is limited by endothelin and by MMP-13, a protease that degrades coagulation factors, such as fibrinogen, and matrix proteins essential for epithelial repair. Further studies with primary cells from patients are needed to confirm whether repurposing bosentan and inhibitors of MMP-13 expression or activity, for inhalation may be a useful therapeutic strategy in diseases where repeated cycles of epithelial injury and repair occur, such as asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Howell
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - James R Smith
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Janis K Shute
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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A naturally occurring antiviral ribonucleotide encoded by the human genome. Nature 2018; 558:610-614. [PMID: 29925952 PMCID: PMC6026066 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections continue to represent major public health challenges, demanding enhanced mechanistic understanding of the processes contributing to viral lifecycles for the realization of new therapeutic strategies1. Viperin, a member of the radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) superfamily of enzymes, is an interferon inducible protein implicated in inhibiting the replication of a remarkable range of RNA and DNA viruses, including dengue virus, West Nile virus, hepatitis C virus, influenza A virus, rabies virus2 and HIV3,4. Viperin has been suggested to elicit these broad antiviral activities through interactions with a large number of functionally unrelated host and viral proteins3,4. In contrast, herein, we demonstrate that viperin catalyzes the conversion of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to 3′-deoxy-3′,4′-didehydro-CTP (ddhCTP), a previously undescribed biologically relevant molecule, via a SAM-dependent radical mechanism. We show that mammalian cells expressing viperin, and macrophages stimulated with IFN-α, produce substantial quantities of ddhCTP. We also establish that ddhCTP acts as a chain terminator for the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerases from multiple members of the flavivirus family, and present evidence that ddhCTP directly inhibits in vivo replication of ZIKA virus. These findings suggest a partially unifying mechanism, based on intrinsic catalytic/enzymatic properties, for the broad antiviral effects of viperin, which involves the generation of a naturally occurring replication chain terminator encoded by mammalian genomes.
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Bongen E, Vallania F, Utz PJ, Khatri P. KLRD1-expressing natural killer cells predict influenza susceptibility. Genome Med 2018; 10:45. [PMID: 29898768 PMCID: PMC6001128 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-018-0554-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza infects tens of millions of people every year in the USA. Other than notable risk groups, such as children and the elderly, it is difficult to predict what subpopulations are at higher risk of infection. Viral challenge studies, where healthy human volunteers are inoculated with live influenza virus, provide a unique opportunity to study infection susceptibility. Biomarkers predicting influenza susceptibility would be useful for identifying risk groups and designing vaccines. METHODS We applied cell mixture deconvolution to estimate immune cell proportions from whole blood transcriptome data in four independent influenza challenge studies. We compared immune cell proportions in the blood between symptomatic shedders and asymptomatic nonshedders across three discovery cohorts prior to influenza inoculation and tested results in a held-out validation challenge cohort. RESULTS Natural killer (NK) cells were significantly lower in symptomatic shedders at baseline in both discovery and validation cohorts. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) were higher in symptomatic shedders at baseline in discovery cohorts. Although the HSPCs were higher in symptomatic shedders in the validation cohort, the increase was statistically nonsignificant. We observed that a gene associated with NK cells, KLRD1, which encodes CD94, was expressed at lower levels in symptomatic shedders at baseline in discovery and validation cohorts. KLRD1 expression in the blood at baseline negatively correlated with influenza infection symptom severity. KLRD1 expression 8 h post-infection in the nasal epithelium from a rhinovirus challenge study also negatively correlated with symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS We identified KLRD1-expressing NK cells as a potential biomarker for influenza susceptibility. Expression of KLRD1 was inversely correlated with symptom severity. Our results support a model where an early response by KLRD1-expressing NK cells may control influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Bongen
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305 CA USA
| | - Francesco Vallania
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Paul J. Utz
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305 CA USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305 CA USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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Do LAH, Pellet J, van Doorn HR, Tran AT, Nguyen BH, Tran TTL, Tran QH, Vo QB, Tran Dac NA, Trinh HN, Nguyen TTH, Le Binh BT, Nguyen HMK, Nguyen MT, Thai QT, Vo TV, Ngo NQM, Dang TKH, Cao NH, Tran TV, Ho LV, De Meulder B, Auffray C, Hofstra JJ, Farrar J, Bryant JE, de Jong M, Hibberd ML. Host Transcription Profile in Nasal Epithelium and Whole Blood of Hospitalized Children Under 2 Years of Age With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 217:134-146. [PMID: 29029245 PMCID: PMC5853303 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most insights into the cascade of immune events after acute respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection have been obtained from animal experiments or in vitro models. Methods In this study, we investigated host gene expression profiles in nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs and whole blood samples during natural RSV and rhinovirus (hRV) infection (acute versus early recovery phase) in 83 hospitalized patients <2 years old with lower respiratory tract infections. Results Respiratory syncytial virus infection induced strong and persistent innate immune responses including interferon signaling and pathways related to chemokine/cytokine signaling in both compartments. Interferon-α/β, NOTCH1 signaling pathways and potential biomarkers HIST1H4E, IL7R, ISG15 in NP samples, or BCL6, HIST2H2AC, CCNA1 in blood are leading pathways and hub genes that were associated with both RSV load and severity. The observed RSV-induced gene expression patterns did not differ significantly in NP swab and blood specimens. In contrast, hRV infection did not as strongly induce expression of innate immunity pathways, and significant differences were observed between NP swab and blood specimens. Conclusions We conclude that RSV induced strong and persistent innate immune responses and that RSV severity may be related to development of T follicular helper cells and antiviral inflammatory sequelae derived from high activation of BCL6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Anh Ha Do
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, in partnership with the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Johann Pellet
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, in partnership with the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Quoc Bao Vo
- Children Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thanh Vu Vo
- Children Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | - Lu Viet Ho
- Children Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Charles Auffray
- European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Lyon, France
| | - Jorrit-Jan Hofstra
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy Farrar
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, in partnership with the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Juliet E Bryant
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, in partnership with the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Menno de Jong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, in partnership with the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin L Hibberd
- Genome Institute of Singapore
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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Barton AJ, Hill J, Pollard AJ, Blohmke CJ. Transcriptomics in Human Challenge Models. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1839. [PMID: 29326715 PMCID: PMC5741696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human challenge models, in which volunteers are experimentally infected with a pathogen of interest, provide the opportunity to directly identify both natural and vaccine-induced correlates of protection. In this review, we highlight how the application of transcriptomics to human challenge studies allows for the identification of novel correlates and gives insight into the immunological pathways required to develop functional immunity. In malaria challenge trials for example, innate immune pathways appear to play a previously underappreciated role in conferring protective immunity. Transcriptomic analyses of samples obtained in human challenge studies can also deepen our understanding of the immune responses preceding symptom onset, allowing characterization of innate immunity and early gene signatures, which may influence disease outcome. Influenza challenge studies demonstrate that these gene signatures have diagnostic potential in the context of pandemics, in which presymptomatic diagnosis of at-risk individuals could allow early initiation of antiviral treatment and help limit transmission. Furthermore, gene expression analysis facilitates the identification of host factors contributing to disease susceptibility, such as C4BPA expression in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Overall, these studies highlight the exceptional value of transcriptional data generated in human challenge trials and illustrate the broad impact molecular data analysis may have on global health through rational vaccine design and biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber J Barton
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph J Blohmke
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Yahya M, Rulli M, Toivonen L, Waris M, Peltola V. Detection of Host Response to Viral Respiratory Infection by Measurement of Messenger RNA for MxA, TRIM21, and Viperin in Nasal Swabs. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1099-1103. [PMID: 28968760 PMCID: PMC7107421 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses frequently cause symptomatic infections in children but are often detected also in healthy children. We investigated myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA), viperin, and tripartite-motif 21 (TRIM21) messenger RNA indexes in nasal swabs as potential biomarkers of viral respiratory infection in children. Respiratory viruses were detected by polymerase chain reaction in the same swabs. Nasal MxA and viperin indexes were increased in symptomatic virus-positive children. Nasal viperin index was found to be a robust marker of viral respiratory tract infection with a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 94% in distinguishing children with symptomatic virus infections from asymptomatic virus-negative children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Yahya
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Maris Rulli
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Toivonen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Waris
- Department of Clinical Virology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Peltola
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Turku, Finland
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42
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Wolf S, Perez GF, Mukharesh L, Isaza N, Preciado D, Freishtat RJ, Pillai D, Rose MC, Nino G. Conditional reprogramming of pediatric airway epithelial cells: A new human model to investigate early-life respiratory disorders. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28:810-817. [PMID: 28981980 PMCID: PMC5868353 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway epithelial cells (AEC) are quite difficult to access in newborns and infants. It is critically important to develop robust life-extended models to conduct translational studies in this age group. We propose the use of a recently described cell culture technology (conditionally reprogrammed cells-CRC) to generate continuous primary cell cultures from nasal and bronchial AEC of young children. METHODS We collected nasal and/or bronchial AEC from a total of 23 subjects of different ages including newborns/infants/toddlers (0-2 years; N = 9), school-age children (4-11 years; N = 6), and a group of adolescent/adult donors (N = 8). For CRC generation, we used conditioned medium from mitotically inactivated 3T3 fibroblasts and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor (Y-27632). Antiviral immune responses were studied using 25 key antiviral genes and protein production of type III epithelial interferon (IFN λ1) after double-stranded (ds) RNA exposure. RESULTS CRC derived from primary AEC of neonates/infants and young children exhibited: (i) augmented proliferative capacity and life extension, (ii) preserved airway epithelial phenotype after multiple passages, (iii) robust immune responses characterized by the expression of innate antiviral genes and parallel nasal/bronchial production of IFN λ1 after exposure to dsRNA, and (iv) induction of airway epithelial inflammatory and remodeling responses to dsRNA (eg, CXCL8 and MMP9). CONCLUSION Conditional reprogramming of AEC from young children is a feasible and powerful translational approach to investigate early-life airway epithelial immune responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wolf
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - G F Perez
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L Mukharesh
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - N Isaza
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Neonatology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D Preciado
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R J Freishtat
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D Pillai
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M C Rose
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - G Nino
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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43
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Xi Y, Troy NM, Anderson D, Pena OM, Lynch JP, Phipps S, Bosco A, Upham JW. Critical Role of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Regulating Gene Expression and Innate Immune Responses to Human Rhinovirus-16. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1351. [PMID: 29118754 PMCID: PMC5660993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Though human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are usually innocuous viruses, they can trigger serious consequences in certain individuals, especially in the setting of impaired interferon (IFN) synthesis. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are key IFN producing cells, though we know little about the role of pDC in HRV-induced immune responses. Herein, we used gene expression microarrays to examine HRV-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy people, in combination with pDC depletion, to assess whether observed gene expression patterns were pDC dependent. As expected, pDC depletion led to a major reduction in IFN-α release. This was associated with profound differences in gene expression between intact PBMC and pDC-depleted PBMC, and major changes in upstream regulators: 70–80% of the HRV activated genes appeared to be pDC dependent. Real-time PCR confirmed key changes in gene expression, in which the following selected genes were shown to be highly pDC dependent: the transcription factor IRF7, both IL-27 chains (IL-27p28 and EBI3), the alpha chain of the IL-15 receptor (IL-15RA) and the IFN-related gene IFI27. HRV-induced IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-27 protein synthesis were also highly pDC dependent. Supplementing pDC-depleted cultures with recombinant IL-15, IFN-γ, IL-27, or IL-6 was able to restore the IFN-α response, thereby compensating for the absence of pDC. Though pDC comprise only a minority population of migratory leukocytes, our findings highlight the profound extent to which these cells contribute to the immune response to HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xi
- Lung and Allergy Research Center, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Niamh M Troy
- Systems Immunology, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Denise Anderson
- Systems Immunology, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Olga M Pena
- Lung and Allergy Research Center, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason P Lynch
- Respiratory Immunology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon Phipps
- Respiratory Immunology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Systems Immunology, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - John W Upham
- Lung and Allergy Research Center, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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44
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Edwards MR, Strong K, Cameron A, Walton RP, Jackson DJ, Johnston SL. Viral infections in allergy and immunology: How allergic inflammation influences viral infections and illness. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:909-920. [PMID: 28987220 PMCID: PMC7173222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral respiratory tract infections are associated with asthma inception in early life and asthma exacerbations in older children and adults. Although how viruses influence asthma inception is poorly understood, much research has focused on the host response to respiratory viruses and how viruses can promote; or how the host response is affected by subsequent allergen sensitization and exposure. This review focuses on the innate interferon-mediated host response to respiratory viruses and discusses and summarizes the available evidence that this response is impaired or suboptimal. In addition, the ability of respiratory viruses to act in a synergistic or additive manner with TH2 pathways will be discussed. In this review we argue that these 2 outcomes are likely linked and discuss the available evidence that shows reciprocal negative regulation between innate interferons and TH2 mediators. With the renewed interest in anti-TH2 biologics, we propose a rationale for why they are particularly successful in controlling asthma exacerbations and suggest ways in which future clinical studies could be used to find direct evidence for this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Edwards
- COPD & Asthma Section, National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Katherine Strong
- COPD & Asthma Section, National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aoife Cameron
- COPD & Asthma Section, National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ross P Walton
- COPD & Asthma Section, National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Jackson
- COPD & Asthma Section, National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom; Guy's & St Thomas's Hospital London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- COPD & Asthma Section, National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
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45
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Sousa FH, Casanova V, Findlay F, Stevens C, Svoboda P, Pohl J, Proudfoot L, Barlow PG. Cathelicidins display conserved direct antiviral activity towards rhinovirus. Peptides 2017; 95:76-83. [PMID: 28764966 PMCID: PMC5577862 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the most common cause of viral respiratory tract infections, and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals and patients with pre-existing pulmonary conditions. The therapeutic options available are extremely limited and therefore novel therapeutics for HRV infections are of significant interest. Cathelicidins have been shown to have potent antiviral activity against a range of pathogens and are known to be key immunomodulatory mediators during infection. We therefore assessed the antiviral potential of cathelicidins from humans and other mammalian species against HRV, together with the potential for the human cathelicidin to modulate apoptotic pathways and alter cell viability during HRV infection. We demonstrate that LL-37, the porcine cathelicidin Protegrin-1, and the ovine cathelicidin SMAP-29 display potent antiviral activity towards HRV and that this activity is visible when either the virus is exposed to the peptides prior to cell infection or after cells have been infected. We further demonstrate that, in contrast to established findings with bacterial infection models, LL-37 does not induce apoptosis or necrosis in HRV-infected lung epithelial cells at physiological or superphysiological concentrations, but does reduce the metabolic activity of infected cells compared to uninfected cells treated with similar peptide concentrations. Collectively, the findings from this study demonstrate that the mechanism of action of cathelicidins against rhinovirus is by directly affecting the virus and we propose that the delivery of exogenous cathelicidins, or novel synthetic analogues, represent an exciting and novel therapeutic strategy for rhinovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Henderson Sousa
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Casanova
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Fern Findlay
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Stevens
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Pavel Svoboda
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Jan Pohl
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Lorna Proudfoot
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Barlow
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom.
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46
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Steinke JW, Borish L. Immune Responses in Rhinovirus-Induced Asthma Exacerbations. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 16:78. [PMID: 27796793 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0661-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute asthma exacerbations are responsible for urgent care visits and hospitalizations; they interfere with school and work productivity, thereby driving much of the morbidity and mortality associated with asthma. Approximately 80 to 85 % of asthma exacerbations in children, adolescents, and less frequently adults are associated with viral upper respiratory tract viral infections, and rhinovirus (RV) accounts for ∼60-70 % of these virus-associated exacerbations. Evidence suggests that it is not the virus itself but the nature of the immune response to RV that drives this untoward response. In particular, evidence supports the concept that RV acts to exacerbate an ongoing allergic inflammatory response to environmental allergens present at the time of the infection. The interaction of the ongoing IgE- and T cell-mediated response to allergen superimposed on the innate and adaptive immune responses to the virus and how this leads to triggering of an asthma exacerbation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Steinke
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-1355, USA
| | - Larry Borish
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-1355, USA.
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47
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VanLeuven JT, Ridenhour BJ, Gonzalez AJ, Miller CR, Miura TA. Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and shared gene expression responses to infection by diverse respiratory viruses. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178408. [PMID: 28575086 PMCID: PMC5456070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The severity of respiratory viral infections is partially determined by the cellular response mounted by infected lung epithelial cells. Disease prevention and treatment is dependent on our understanding of the shared and unique responses elicited by diverse viruses, yet few studies compare host responses to viruses from different families while controlling other experimental parameters. Murine models are commonly used to study the pathogenesis of respiratory viral infections, and in vitro studies using murine cells provide mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis observed in vivo. We used microarray analysis to compare changes in gene expression of murine lung epithelial cells infected individually by three respiratory viruses causing mild (rhinovirus, RV1B), moderate (coronavirus, MHV-1), and severe (influenza A virus, PR8) disease in mice. RV1B infection caused numerous gene expression changes, but the differential effect peaked at 12 hours post-infection. PR8 altered an intermediate number of genes whose expression continued to change through 24 hours. MHV-1 had comparatively few effects on host gene expression. The viruses elicited highly overlapping responses in antiviral genes, though MHV-1 induced a lower type I interferon response than the other two viruses. Signature genes were identified for each virus and included host defense genes for PR8, tissue remodeling genes for RV1B, and transcription factors for MHV-1. Our comparative approach identified universal and specific transcriptional signatures of virus infection that can be used to distinguish shared and virus-specific mechanisms of pathogenesis in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. VanLeuven
- Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Ridenhour
- Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Andres J. Gonzalez
- Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Craig R. Miller
- Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Tanya A. Miura
- Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Reza Etemadi M, Ling KH, Zainal Abidin S, Chee HY, Sekawi Z. Gene expression patterns induced at different stages of rhinovirus infection in human alveolar epithelial cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176947. [PMID: 28558071 PMCID: PMC5448745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV) is the common virus that causes acute respiratory infection (ARI) and is frequently associated with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). We aimed to investigate whether HRV infection induces a specific gene expression pattern in airway epithelial cells. Alveolar epithelial cell monolayers were infected with HRV species B (HRV-B). RNA was extracted from both supernatants and infected monolayer cells at 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours post infection (hpi) and transcriptional profile was analyzed using Affymetrix GeneChip and the results were subsequently validated using quantitative Real-time PCR method. HRV-B infects alveolar epithelial cells which supports implication of the virus with LRTIs. In total 991 genes were found differentially expressed during the course of infection. Of these, 459 genes were up-regulated whereas 532 genes were down-regulated. Differential gene expression at 6 hpi (187 genes up-regulated vs. 156 down-regulated) were significantly represented by gene ontologies related to the chemokines and inflammatory molecules indicating characteristic of viral infection. The 75 up-regulated genes surpassed the down-regulated genes (35) at 12 hpi and their enriched ontologies fell into discrete functional entities such as regulation of apoptosis, anti-apoptosis, and wound healing. At later time points of 24 and 48 hpi, predominated down-regulated genes were enriched for extracellular matrix proteins and airway remodeling events. Our data provides a comprehensive image of host response to HRV infection. The study suggests the underlying molecular regulatory networks genes which might be involved in pathogenicity of the HRV-B and potential targets for further validations and development of effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Etemadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shahidee Zainal Abidin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hui-Yee Chee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Zamberi Sekawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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49
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Heymann PW, Nguyen HT, Steinke JW, Turner RB, Woodfolk JA, Platts-Mills TAE, Martin L, He H, Biagini Myers J, Lindsey M, Sivaprasad U, Medvedovic M, Mahi N, Carper H, Murphy DD, Patrie J, Khurana Hershey GK. Rhinovirus infection results in stronger and more persistent genomic dysregulation: Evidence for altered innate immune response in asthmatics at baseline, early in infection, and during convalescence. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178096. [PMID: 28552993 PMCID: PMC5446117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinovirus (HRV) is associated with the large majority of virus-induced asthma exacerbations in children and young adults, but the mechanisms remain poorly defined. METHODS Asthmatics and non-asthmatic controls were inoculated with HRV-A16, and nasal epithelial samples were obtained 7 days before, 36 hours after, and 7 days after viral inoculation. RNA was extracted and subjected to RNA-seq analysis. RESULTS At baseline, 57 genes were differentially expressed between asthmatics and controls, and the asthmatics had decreased expression of viral replication inhibitors and increased expression of genes involved in inflammation. At 36 hours (before the emergence of peak symptoms), 1329 genes were significantly altered from baseline in the asthmatics compared to 62 genes in the controls. At this time point, asthmatics lacked an increase in IL-10 signaling observed in the controls. At 7 days following HRV inoculation, 222 genes were significantly dysregulated in the asthmatics, whereas only 4 genes were dysregulated among controls. At this time point, the controls but not asthmatics demonstrated upregulation of SPINK5. CONCLUSIONS As judged by the magnitude and persistence of dysregulated genes, asthmatics have a substantially different host response to HRV-A16 infection compared with non-asthmatic controls. Gene expression differences illuminate biologically plausible mechanisms that contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of HRV-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Heymann
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Huyen-Tran Nguyen
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John W. Steinke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ronald B. Turner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Judith A. Woodfolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. E. Platts-Mills
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lisa Martin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hua He
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn Biagini Myers
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark Lindsey
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Umasundari Sivaprasad
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Naim Mahi
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Holliday Carper
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Deborah D. Murphy
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - James Patrie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Gurjit K. Khurana Hershey
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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Pulmonary microRNA profiles identify involvement of Creb1 and Sec14l3 in bronchial epithelial changes in allergic asthma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46026. [PMID: 28383034 PMCID: PMC5382551 DOI: 10.1038/srep46026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is highly prevalent, but current therapies cannot influence the chronic course of the disease. It is thus important to understand underlying early molecular events. In this study, we aimed to use microRNAs (miRNAs) - which are critical regulators of signaling cascades - to identify so far uncharacterized asthma pathogenesis pathways. Therefore, deregulation of miRNAs was assessed in whole lungs from mice with ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway inflammation (AAI). In silico predicted target genes were confirmed in reporter assays and in house-dust-mite (HDM) induced AAI and primary human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) cultured at the air-liquid interface. We identified and validated the transcription factor cAMP-responsive element binding protein (Creb1) and its transcriptional co-activators (Crtc1-3) as targets of miR-17, miR-144, and miR-21. Sec14-like 3 (Sec14l3) - a putative target of Creb1 - was down-regulated in both asthma models and in NHBE cells upon IL13 treatment, while it’s expression correlated with ciliated cell development and decreased along with increasing goblet cell metaplasia. Finally, we propose that Creb1/Crtc1-3 and Sec14l3 could be important for early responses of the bronchial epithelium to Th2-stimuli. This study shows that miRNA profiles can be used to identify novel targets that would be overlooked in mRNA based strategies.
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