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Gatterer H, Villafuerte FC, Ulrich S, Bhandari SS, Keyes LE, Burtscher M. Altitude illnesses. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2024; 10:43. [PMID: 38902312 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-024-00526-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Millions of people visit high-altitude regions annually and more than 80 million live permanently above 2,500 m. Acute high-altitude exposure can trigger high-altitude illnesses (HAIs), including acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude cerebral oedema (HACE) and high-altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE). Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) can affect high-altitude resident populations worldwide. The prevalence of acute HAIs varies according to acclimatization status, rate of ascent and individual susceptibility. AMS, characterized by headache, nausea, dizziness and fatigue, is usually benign and self-limiting, and has been linked to hypoxia-induced cerebral blood volume increases, inflammation and related trigeminovascular system activation. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier leads to HACE, characterized by altered mental status and ataxia, and increased pulmonary capillary pressure, and related stress failure induces HAPE, characterized by dyspnoea, cough and exercise intolerance. Both conditions are progressive and life-threatening, requiring immediate medical intervention. Treatment includes supplemental oxygen and descent with appropriate pharmacological therapy. Preventive measures include slow ascent, pre-acclimatization and, in some instances, medications. CMS is characterized by excessive erythrocytosis and related clinical symptoms. In severe CMS, temporary or permanent relocation to low altitude is recommended. Future research should focus on more objective diagnostic tools to enable prompt treatment, improved identification of individual susceptibilities and effective acclimatization and prevention options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Gatterer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy.
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism (ISAG), UMIT TIROL-Private University for Health Sciences and Health Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria.
| | - Francisco C Villafuerte
- Laboratorio de Fisiología del Transporte de Oxígeno y Adaptación a la Altura - LID, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Silvia Ulrich
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sanjeeb S Bhandari
- Mountain Medicine Society of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Emergency Department, UPMC Western Maryland Health, Cumberland, MD, USA
| | - Linda E Keyes
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Hermand E, Lesaint L, Denis L, Richalet JP, Lhuissier FJ. A Step Test to Evaluate the Susceptibility to Severe High-Altitude Illness in Field Conditions. High Alt Med Biol 2024. [PMID: 38682358 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2023.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Hermand, Eric, Léo Lesaint, Laura Denis, Jean-Paul Richalet, and François J. Lhuissier. A step test to evaluate the susceptibility to severe high-altitude illness in field conditions. High Alt Med Biol. 00:000-000, 2024.-A laboratory-based hypoxic exercise test, performed on a cycle ergometer, can be used to predict susceptibility to severe high-altitude illness (SHAI) through the calculation of a clinicophysiological SHAI score. Our objective was to design a field-condition test and compare its derived SHAI score and various physiological parameters, such as peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), and cardiac and ventilatory responses to hypoxia during exercise (HCRe and HVRe, respectively), to the laboratory test. A group of 43 healthy subjects (15 females and 28 males), with no prior experience at high altitude, performed a hypoxic cycle ergometer test (simulated altitude of 4,800 m) and step tests (20 cm high step) at 3,000, 4,000, and 4,800 m simulated altitudes. According to tested altitudes, differences were observed in O2 desaturation, heart rate, and minute ventilation (p < 0.001), whereas the computed HCRe and HVRe were not different (p = 0.075 and p = 0.203, respectively). From the linear relationships between the step test and SHAI scores, we defined a risk zone, allowing us to evaluate the risk of developing SHAI and take adequate preventive measures in field conditions, from the calculated step test score for the given altitude. The predictive value of this new field test remains to be validated in real high-altitude conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hermand
- Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, Université Artois, Université Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7369-URePSSS-Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Dunkerque, France
| | - Léo Lesaint
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, UMR INSERM 1272 Hypoxie et poumon, Bobigny Cedex, France
| | - Laura Denis
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, UMR INSERM 1272 Hypoxie et poumon, Bobigny Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Paul Richalet
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, UMR INSERM 1272 Hypoxie et poumon, Bobigny Cedex, France
- Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - François J Lhuissier
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, UMR INSERM 1272 Hypoxie et poumon, Bobigny Cedex, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Médecine de l'exercice et du sport, Bondy, France
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Zeng Y, Cao W, Huang Y, Zhang H, Li C, He J, Liu Y, Gong H, Su Y. Huangqi Baihe Granules alleviate hypobaric hypoxia-induced acute lung injury in rats by suppressing oxidative stress and the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 324:117765. [PMID: 38228230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Huangqi Baihe Granules (HQBHG) are a modified formulation based on the traditional recipe "Huangqi Baihe porridge" and the Dunhuang medical prescription "Cistanche Cistanche Soup." The Herbal medicine moistens the lungs and tones the kidneys in addition to replenishing Qi and feeding Yin, making it an ideal choice for enhancing adaptability to high-altitude hypoxic environments. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to examine a potential molecular mechanism for the treatment and prevention of hypoxic acute lung injury (ALI) in rats using Huangqi Baihe Granules. MATERIALS AND METHODS The HCP-III laboratory animal low-pressure simulation chamber was utilized to simulate high-altitude environmental exposure and establish an ALI model in rats. The severity of lung damage was evaluated using a battery of tests that included spirometry, a wet/dry lung ratio, H&E staining, and transmission electron microscopy. Using immunofluorescence, the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lung tissue was determined. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in lung tissue were determined using this kit. Serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), and antiinflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Gene expression changes in lung tissue were identified using transcriptomics, and the relative expression of proteins and mRNA involved in the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB p65)/Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) pathway were determined using western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS HQBHG was shown to enhance lung function considerably, decrease the wet/dry ratio of the lungs, attenuate lung tissue damage, suppress ROS and MDA formation, and increase SOD activity and GSH expression. The research also demonstrated that HQBHG inhibited the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB p65/NLPR3 signaling pathway in lung tissue, reducing the release of downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS HQBHG exhibits potential therapeutic effects against ALI induced by altitude hypoxia through suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory response. This suggests it may be a novel drug for treating and preventing ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanding Zeng
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine & Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medicine, Ministry of Education, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Wangjie Cao
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine & Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medicine, Ministry of Education, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Yong Huang
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine & Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medicine, Ministry of Education, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Han Zhang
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine & Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medicine, Ministry of Education, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Congyi Li
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine & Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medicine, Ministry of Education, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Jianzheng He
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine & Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medicine, Ministry of Education, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Yongqi Liu
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine & Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medicine, Ministry of Education, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Hongxia Gong
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine & Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medicine, Ministry of Education, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Yun Su
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine & Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medicine, Ministry of Education, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.
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Li Y, Frandsen KM, Guo W, Lu Y, Hvelplund MH, Suolang B, Xi Z, Duan M, Liu L. Impact of altitude on the dosage of indoor particulates entering an individual's small airways. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133856. [PMID: 38394896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The complexity of indoor particulate exposure intensifies at higher altitudes owing to the increased lung capacity that residents develop to meet the higher oxygen demands. Altitude variations impact atmospheric pressure and alter particulate dynamics in ambient air and the human respiratory tract, complicating particulate inhalation. This study assessed the fraction of PM2.5 and PM10 entering small airways. This assessment covered an altitude range from 400 m above sea level to 3650 m, and an in vitro respiratory tract model was used. The experimental results confirmed that with increasing altitude, the penetration fractions of PM2.5 and PM10 significantly increased from 0.133 ± 0.031 and 0.141 ± 0.045 to 0.404 ± 0.159 and 0.353 ± 0.132, respectively. Additionally, the computational fluid dynamics simulation results revealed that among particles with sizes of 0.1 to 10 µm, the 7.5-μm particles exhibited the most substantial reduction in deposition in the upper airway, displaying a decrease of 6.27%. Our findings underscore the health risks faced by low-altitude residents during acclimatization to higher altitudes, as they experience heightened exposure to particulate matter sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Eco-Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | | | - Weiqi Guo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Eco-Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiran Lu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Eco-Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | | | - Baimu Suolang
- School of Engineering, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet 850000, China
| | - Ziang Xi
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Eco-Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mengjie Duan
- Laboratory of Eco-Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Eco-Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Burtscher J, Raberin A, Brocherie F, Malatesta D, Manferdelli G, Citherlet T, Krumm B, Bourdillon N, Antero J, Rasica L, Burtscher M, Millet GP. Recommendations for Women in Mountain Sports and Hypoxia Training/Conditioning. Sports Med 2024; 54:795-811. [PMID: 38082199 PMCID: PMC11052836 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The (patho-)physiological responses to hypoxia are highly heterogeneous between individuals. In this review, we focused on the roles of sex differences, which emerge as important factors in the regulation of the body's reaction to hypoxia. Several aspects should be considered for future research on hypoxia-related sex differences, particularly altitude training and clinical applications of hypoxia, as these will affect the selection of the optimal dose regarding safety and efficiency. There are several implications, but there are no practical recommendations if/how women should behave differently from men to optimise the benefits or minimise the risks of these hypoxia-related practices. Here, we evaluate the scarce scientific evidence of distinct (patho)physiological responses and adaptations to high altitude/hypoxia, biomechanical/anatomical differences in uphill/downhill locomotion, which is highly relevant for exercising in mountainous environments, and potentially differential effects of altitude training in women. Based on these factors, we derive sex-specific recommendations for mountain sports and intermittent hypoxia conditioning: (1) Although higher vulnerabilities of women to acute mountain sickness have not been unambiguously shown, sex-dependent physiological reactions to hypoxia may contribute to an increased acute mountain sickness vulnerability in some women. Adequate acclimatisation, slow ascent speed and/or preventive medication (e.g. acetazolamide) are solutions. (2) Targeted training of the respiratory musculature could be a valuable preparation for altitude training in women. (3) Sex hormones influence hypoxia responses and hormonal-cycle and/or menstrual-cycle phases therefore may be factors in acclimatisation to altitude and efficiency of altitude training. As many of the recommendations or observations of the present work remain partly speculative, we join previous calls for further quality research on female athletes in sports to be extended to the field of altitude and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Manferdelli
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tom Citherlet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Krumm
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bourdillon
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juliana Antero
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale Et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (EA 7329), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Letizia Rasica
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Guo Y, Liu X, Zhang Q, Shi Z, Zhang M, Chen J. Can acute high-altitude sickness be predicted in advance? REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2024; 39:27-36. [PMID: 36165715 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In high-altitude environments, the oxygen and air density are decreased, and the temperature and humidity are low. When individuals enter high-altitude areas, they are prone to suffering from acute mountain sickness (AMS) because they cannot tolerate hypoxia. Headache, fatigue, dizziness, and gastrointestinal reactions are the main symptoms of AMS. When these symptoms cannot be effectively alleviated, they can progress to life-threatening high-altitude pulmonary edema or high-altitude cerebral edema. If the risk of AMS can be effectively assessed before people enter high-altitude areas, then the high-risk population can be promptly discouraged from entering the area, or drug intervention can be established in advance to prevent AMS occurrence and avoid serious outcomes. This article reviews recent studies related to the early-warning biological indicators of AMS to provide a new perspective on the prevention of AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Pathology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The 960th Hospital of PLA, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Zhongshan Shi
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ge er mu People's Hospital, Ge er mu, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Menglan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pathology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
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Han C, Zheng XX, Zhang WF. High altitude retinopathy: An overview and new insights. Travel Med Infect Dis 2024; 58:102689. [PMID: 38295966 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2024.102689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
High altitude retinopathy (HAR) is a common ocular disorder that occurs on ascent to high altitude. There are many clinical symptoms, retinal vascular dilatation, retinal edema and hemorrhage are common. These usually do not or slightly affect vision; rarely, severe cases develop serious or permanent vision loss. At present, the research progress of HAR mainly focuses on hemodynamic changes, blood-retinal barrier damage, oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Although the related studies on HAR are limited, it shows that HAR still belongs to hypoxia, and hypobaric hypoxia plays an aggravating role in promoting the development of the disease. Various studies have demonstrated the correlation of HAR with acute mountain sickness (AMS) and high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), so a deeper understanding of HAR is important. The slow ascent rates and ascent altitude are the key to preventing any altitude sickness. Research on traditional chinese medicine (TCM) and western medicine has been gradually carried out. Further exploration of the pathogenesis and prevention strategies of HAR will provide better guidance for doctors and high-altitude travelers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China.
| | - Xing-Xing Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China.
| | - Wen-Fang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China.
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Allado E, Chenuel B, Vauthier JC, Hily O, Richard S, Poussel M. Transient Central Facial Palsy at High Altitude: A Case Report. High Alt Med Biol 2024; 25:100-102. [PMID: 34191597 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2020.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Allado, Edem, Bruno Chenuel, Jean-Charles Vauthier, Oriane Hily, Sébastien Richard, and Mathias Poussel. Transient central facial palsy at high altitude: a case report. High Alt Med Biol. 25:100-102, 2024.-High altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is a severe form of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Besides this life-threatening condition, other neurological disorders may develop at high altitude, even if the precise pathophysiological mechanisms generally remain undetermined and are often debated. We report the case of a 34-year-old woman presenting with moderate AMS during an ascent of Mount Kilimanjaro. While descending from the summit, she suddenly experienced focal neurological symptoms of visual blurring, tinnitus, lightheadedness, and the findings of left-sided central facial palsy (flattened nasolabial fold, fall of labial commissure, dysarthria, difficulty in whistling, and facial dysesthesia). These symptoms and signs were confirmed in the field by a physician. Her symptoms regressed spontaneously and completely while continuing to descend. The etiology of this neurological episode at high altitude is discussed. The most probable diagnosis is a transient ischemic attack based on personal and familial vascular history, confirmed unilateral transient central facial palsy and normal results on standard blood work and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. In this case, migraine should also be considered based on association of headache and transient focal neurological impairment. Overall, special attention should be given to mountaineers presenting with neurological conditions at altitude. Not only HACE should be considered but also the wide spectrum of other neurological conditions that fall outside the usual definition of altitude sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edem Allado
- CHRU-Nancy, University Centre of Sports Medicine and Adapted Physical Activity, Nancy, France
- EA 3450 DevAH-Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Chenuel
- CHRU-Nancy, University Centre of Sports Medicine and Adapted Physical Activity, Nancy, France
- EA 3450 DevAH-Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Charles Vauthier
- Department of General Practice, Maison de Santé des Trois Monts, Dommartin-lès-Remiremont, France
| | - Oriane Hily
- CHRU-Nancy, University Centre of Sports Medicine and Adapted Physical Activity, Nancy, France
| | - Sébastien Richard
- CHRU-Nancy, Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit, CIC-P 1433, INSERM U1116, Nancy, France
| | - Mathias Poussel
- CHRU-Nancy, University Centre of Sports Medicine and Adapted Physical Activity, Nancy, France
- EA 3450 DevAH-Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
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Mateikaitė-Pipirienė K, Jean D, Paal P, Horakova L, Kriemler S, Rosier AJ, Andjelkovic M, Beidleman BA, Derstine M, Hefti JP, Hillebrandt D, Keyes LE. Menopause and High Altitude: A Scoping Review-UIAA Medical Commission Recommendations. High Alt Med Biol 2024; 25:1-8. [PMID: 37922458 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2023.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mateikaitė-Pipirienė, Kastė, Dominique Jean, Peter Paal, Lenka Horakova, Susi Kriemler, Alison J. Rosier, Marija Andjelkovic, Beth A. Beidleman, Mia Derstine, Jacqueline Pichler Hefti, David Hillebrandt, and Linda E. Keyes for the UIAA MedCom writing group on Women's Health in the Mountains. Menopause and high altitude: A scoping review-UIAA Medical Commission Recommendations. High Alt Med Biol. 25:1-8, 2024. Background: Older people are an important fraction of mountain travelers and climbers, many of them postmenopausal women. The aim of this work was to review health issues that older and postmenopausal women may experience at high altitude, including susceptibility to high-altitude illness. Methods: We performed a scoping review for the UIAA Medical Commission series on Women's Health in the mountains. We searched PubMed and Cochrane libraries and performed an additional manual search. The primary search focused on articles assessing lowland women sojourning at high altitude. Results: We screened 7,165 potential articles. The search revealed three relevant articles, and the manual search another seven articles and one abstract. Seven assessed menopausal low-altitude residents during a high-altitude sojourn or performing hypoxic tests. Four assessed high-altitude residents. We summarize the results of these 11 studies. Conclusions: Data are limited on the effects of high altitude on postmenopausal women. The effects of short-term, high-altitude exposure on menopause symptoms are unknown. Menopause has minimal effect on the physiological responses to hypoxia in physically fit women and does not increase the risk of acute mountain sickness. Postmenopausal women have an increased risk of urinary tract infections, which may be exacerbated during mountain travel. More research is needed on the physiology and performance of older women at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kastė Mateikaitė-Pipirienė
- Medical Commission of the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA), Bern, Switzerland
- Diaverum Clinics, Elektrėnai Division, Lithuania
| | - Dominique Jean
- Medical Commission of the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA), Bern, Switzerland
- Paediatrics, Infectious Diseases and Altitude Medicine, Grenoble, France
| | - Peter Paal
- Medical Commission of the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA), Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. John of God Hospital, Paracelesus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lenka Horakova
- Medical Commission of the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA), Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alison J Rosier
- Medical Commission of the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marija Andjelkovic
- Medical Commission of the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA), Bern, Switzerland
- Pharmacy, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Beth A Beidleman
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Performance Division, Natick MA
| | - Mia Derstine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - David Hillebrandt
- Medical Commission of the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA), Bern, Switzerland
- General Medical Practitioner, Holsworthy, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Linda E Keyes
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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10
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Luks AM, Beidleman BA, Freer L, Grissom CK, Keyes LE, McIntosh SE, Rodway GW, Schoene RB, Zafren K, Hackett PH. Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Acute Altitude Illness: 2024 Update. Wilderness Environ Med 2024; 35:2S-19S. [PMID: 37833187 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
To provide guidance to clinicians about best practices, the Wilderness Medical Society (WMS) convened an expert panel to develop evidence-based guidelines for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of acute mountain sickness, high altitude cerebral edema, and high altitude pulmonary edema. Recommendations are graded based on the quality of supporting evidence and the balance between the benefits and risks/burdens according to criteria put forth by the American College of Chest Physicians. The guidelines also provide suggested approaches for managing each form of acute altitude illness that incorporate these recommendations as well as recommendations on how to approach high altitude travel following COVID-19 infection. This is an updated version of the original WMS Consensus Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Acute Altitude Illness published in Wilderness & Environmental Medicine in 2010 and the subsequently updated WMS Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Acute Altitude Illness published in 2014 and 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Luks
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Beth A Beidleman
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | - Luanne Freer
- Everest ER, Himalayan Rescue Association, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Colin K Grissom
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Healthcare and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Linda E Keyes
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Section of Wilderness Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Scott E McIntosh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - George W Rodway
- Department of Family Medicine-Sports Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV
| | - Robert B Schoene
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sound Physicians, St. Mary's Medical Center and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ken Zafren
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Himalayan Rescue Association, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Peter H Hackett
- Altitude Research Center, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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11
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Shen TC, Lin MC, Lin CL, Lin WH, Chuang BK. Acute mountain sickness on Jade Mountain: Results from the real-world practice (2018-2019). J Formos Med Assoc 2024:S0929-6646(24)00083-4. [PMID: 38331638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2024.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is initiated in response to a hypoxic and hypobaric environment at a high altitude. The precise prevalence of AMS in Jade Mountain climbers remained largely unknown, particularly data obtained from real medical consultations. An overnight stay at the Pai-Yun Lodge (3402 m) is usually required before an ascent of the Jade Mountain. Since 2004, a Pai-Yun Clinic has been established in the Pai-Yun Lodge. The Pai-Yun Clinic provided regular and emergency medical service every weekend. We conducted a retrospective study by using medical records from the Pai-Yun Clinic between 2018 and 2019. A total of 1021 patients were enrolled, with 56.2 % males. Different age groups were 3.2 %, 54.5 %, 37.9 %, and 4.4 % in <20, 20-39, 40-59, and ≥60 years, respectively. There were 582 (57.0 %) patients diagnosed to have AMS (230 [39.5 %] were mild type and 352 [60.5 %] were severe type). The factors associated with AMS development included young age, absence of climbing history (>3000 m) within the last 3 months, first climbing (>3000 m) experience, taking preventive medication, low oxygen saturation, and a high Lake Louise AMS score (LLAMSS). The factors associated with AMS severity included absence of taking preventive medication, low oxygen saturation, and a high LLAMSS. Approximately 15 % of Jade Mountain climbers needed medical service, of which 60 % had AMS. 60 % of patients with AMS must require oxygen supply or medication prescription. Oxygen saturation measure and LLAMSS evaluation are reasonable tools to predict the occurrence and severity of AMS on Jade Mountain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Chun Shen
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Chu Shang Show Chwan Hospital, Nantou, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chen Lin
- Department of Nursing, Chu Shang Show Chwan Hospital, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Li Lin
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ho Lin
- Management Office, Jade Mountain National Park, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Kun Chuang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chu Shang Show Chwan Hospital, Nantou, Taiwan.
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12
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Raberin A, Burtscher J, Citherlet T, Manferdelli G, Krumm B, Bourdillon N, Antero J, Rasica L, Malatesta D, Brocherie F, Burtscher M, Millet GP. Women at Altitude: Sex-Related Physiological Responses to Exercise in Hypoxia. Sports Med 2024; 54:271-287. [PMID: 37902936 PMCID: PMC10933174 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in physiological responses to various stressors, including exercise, have been well documented. However, the specific impact of these differences on exposure to hypoxia, both at rest and during exercise, has remained underexplored. Many studies on the physiological responses to hypoxia have either excluded women or included only a limited number without analyzing sex-related differences. To address this gap, this comprehensive review conducted an extensive literature search to examine changes in physiological functions related to oxygen transport and consumption in hypoxic conditions. The review encompasses various aspects, including ventilatory responses, cardiovascular adjustments, hematological alterations, muscle metabolism shifts, and autonomic function modifications. Furthermore, it delves into the influence of sex hormones, which evolve throughout life, encompassing considerations related to the menstrual cycle and menopause. Among these physiological functions, the ventilatory response to exercise emerges as one of the most sex-sensitive factors that may modify reactions to hypoxia. While no significant sex-based differences were observed in cardiac hemodynamic changes during hypoxia, there is evidence of greater vascular reactivity in women, particularly at rest or when combined with exercise. Consequently, a diffusive mechanism appears to be implicated in sex-related variations in responses to hypoxia. Despite well-established sex disparities in hematological parameters, both acute and chronic hematological responses to hypoxia do not seem to differ significantly between sexes. However, it is important to note that these responses are sensitive to fluctuations in sex hormones, and further investigation is needed to elucidate the impact of the menstrual cycle and menopause on physiological responses to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tom Citherlet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Manferdelli
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Krumm
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bourdillon
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juliana Antero
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale Et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (EA 7329), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Letizia Rasica
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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13
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Janssen Daalen JM, Koopman WJH, Saris CGJ, Meinders MJ, Thijssen DHJ, Bloem BR. The Hypoxia Response Pathway: A Potential Intervention Target in Parkinson's Disease? Mov Disord 2024; 39:273-293. [PMID: 38140810 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which only symptomatic treatments are available. Both preclinical and clinical studies suggest that moderate hypoxia induces evolutionarily conserved adaptive mechanisms that enhance neuronal viability and survival. Therefore, targeting the hypoxia response pathway might provide neuroprotection by ameliorating the deleterious effects of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, which underlie neurodegeneration in PD. Here, we review experimental studies regarding the link between PD pathophysiology and neurophysiological adaptations to hypoxia. We highlight the mechanistic differences between the rescuing effects of chronic hypoxia in neurodegeneration and short-term moderate hypoxia to improve neuronal resilience, termed "hypoxic conditioning". Moreover, we interpret these preclinical observations regarding the pharmacological targeting of the hypoxia response pathway. Finally, we discuss controversies with respect to the differential effects of hypoxia response pathway activation across the PD spectrum, as well as intervention dosing in hypoxic conditioning and potential harmful effects of such interventions. We recommend that initial clinical studies in PD should focus on the safety, physiological responses, and mechanisms of hypoxic conditioning, as well as on repurposing of existing pharmacological compounds. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules M Janssen Daalen
- Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Werner J H Koopman
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan G J Saris
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan J Meinders
- Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Richalet JP, Hermand E, Lhuissier FJ. Cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology at high altitude. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:75-88. [PMID: 37783743 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen is vital for cellular metabolism; therefore, the hypoxic conditions encountered at high altitude affect all physiological functions. Acute hypoxia activates the adrenergic system and induces tachycardia, whereas hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction increases pulmonary artery pressure. After a few days of exposure to low oxygen concentrations, the autonomic nervous system adapts and tachycardia decreases, thereby protecting the myocardium against high energy consumption. Permanent exposure to high altitude induces erythropoiesis, which if excessive can be deleterious and lead to chronic mountain sickness, often associated with pulmonary hypertension and heart failure. Genetic factors might account for the variable prevalence of chronic mountain sickness, depending on the population and geographical region. Cardiovascular adaptations to hypoxia provide a remarkable model of the regulation of oxygen availability at the cellular and systemic levels. Rapid exposure to high altitude can have adverse effects in patients with cardiovascular diseases. However, intermittent, moderate hypoxia might be useful in the management of some cardiovascular disorders, such as coronary heart disease and heart failure. The aim of this Review is to help physicians to understand the cardiovascular responses to hypoxia and to outline some recommendations that they can give to patients with cardiovascular disease who wish to travel to high-altitude destinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Richalet
- Hypoxie et Poumon, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM U1272, Paris, France.
| | - Eric Hermand
- Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, ULR 7369-URePSSS, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, Université Artois, Université Lille, CHU Lille, Dunkirk, France
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15
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Louis A, Pröpper C, Savina Y, Tanne C, Duperrex G, Robach P, Zellner P, Doutreleau S, Boulet JM, Frey A, Pillard F, Pistea C, Poussel M, Thuet T, Richalet JP, Lecoq-Jammes F. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Response to Hypoxia. High Alt Med Biol 2023; 24:321-328. [PMID: 37843910 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2022.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Louis, Alexandre, Charlotte Pröpper, Yann Savina, Corentin Tanne, Guy Duperrex, Paul Robach, Pascal Zellner, Stéphane Doutreleau, Jean-Michel Boulet, Alain Frey, Fabien Pillard, Cristina Pistea, Mathias Poussel, Thomas Thuet, Jean-Paul Richalet, and François Lecoq-Jammes. The impact of COVID-19 on the response to hypoxia. High Alt Med Biol. 24:321-328, 2023. Background: Severe high-altitude illness (SHAI) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), while differing in most aspects of pathophysiology, both involve respiratory capacity. We examined the long-term impact of COVID-19 on response to hypoxia in individuals free of symptoms but having tested positive during the pandemic. The need for recommendations for such individuals planning a stay at high altitude are discussed. Methods: This multicenter study recruited participants from the multiSHAI cohort, all of whom had previously undergone a hypoxic exercise test. These participants were classified into two groups depending on whether they had since suffered mild-to-moderate COVID-19 (COVID+) or not (Control) and then asked to retake the test. Primary outcomes were: desaturation induced by hypoxia at exercise (ΔSpE), hypoxic cardiac response at exercise, hypoxic ventilatory response at exercise, and SHAI risk score. Results: A total of 68 participants retook the test, 36 classified in the COVID+ group. Analyses of primary outcomes showed no significant differences between groups. However, the COVID+ group showed significantly increased ventilation (VE) parameters during both hypoxic (p = 0.003) and normoxic exercise (p = 0.007). However, only the VE/oxygen consumption relationship during hypoxic exercise was significantly different. Conclusion: This study demonstrates no negative impact of COVID-19 on response to hypoxia as evaluated by the Richalet test. Clinical Trial Registration: NTC number: NCT05167357.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Louis
- IFREMMONT (Training and Research Institute of Mountain Medicine), Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, France
| | | | - Yann Savina
- IFREMMONT (Training and Research Institute of Mountain Medicine), Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, France
- UPR-4278 Laboratoire de Physiologie Expérimentale Cardiovasculaire (LaPEC)-Avignon Université, Avignon, France
| | - Corentin Tanne
- IFREMMONT (Training and Research Institute of Mountain Medicine), Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, France
- Pediatric Service, Metropole Savoie Hospital Center, Chambéry, France
| | - Guy Duperrex
- IFREMMONT (Training and Research Institute of Mountain Medicine), Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, France
| | - Paul Robach
- National School for Mountain Sports, Site of the National School for Skiing and Mountaineering (ENSA), Chamonix, France
| | - Pascal Zellner
- IFREMMONT (Training and Research Institute of Mountain Medicine), Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, France
| | | | | | - Alain Frey
- Sports Medicine Department, CHI Poissy/St Germain, Poissy, France
| | - Fabien Pillard
- Sports Medicine Department, University Sports Clinic, Pierre Paul Riquet University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Cristina Pistea
- Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress, and Muscle Protection, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Physiology and Functional Exploration Service, University Hospital of Strasbourg, CHU, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathias Poussel
- Department of Pulmonary Function Testing and Exercise Physiology, Nancy University Hospital, Nancy, France
| | - Thomas Thuet
- Sports Medicine Department, CHI Poissy/St Germain, Poissy, France
| | - Jean-Paul Richalet
- INSERM U1272, University Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
- Medical Pole, INSEP, Paris, France
| | - François Lecoq-Jammes
- IFREMMONT (Training and Research Institute of Mountain Medicine), Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, France
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16
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Derstine M, Jean D, Beidleman BA, Pichler Hefti J, Hillebrandt D, Horakova L, Kriemler S, Mateikaitė-Pipirienė K, Paal P, Rosier AJ, Andjelkovic M, Keyes LE. Acute Mountain Sickness and High Altitude Cerebral Edema in Women: A Scoping Review-UIAA Medical Commission Recommendations. High Alt Med Biol 2023; 24:259-267. [PMID: 37870579 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2023.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Derstine, Mia, Dominique Jean, Beth A. Beidleman, Jacqueline Pichler Hefti, David Hillebrandt, Lenka Horakova, Susi Kriemler, Kasté Mateikaité-Pipiriené, Peter Paal, Alison Rosier, Marija Andjelkovic, and Linda E. Keyes. Acute mountain sickness and high altitude cerebral edema in women: A scoping review-UIAA Medical Commission recommendations. High Alt Med Biol. 24:259-267, 2023. Background: Acute mountain sickness (AMS) and high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) are illnesses associated with rapid ascent to altitudes over 2,500 m in unacclimatized lowlanders. The aim of this scoping review is to summarize the current knowledge on sex differences in the epidemiology, pathophysiology, symptomatology, and treatment of AMS and HACE, especially in women. Methods and Results: The UIAA Medical Commission convened an international author team to review women's health issues at high altitude and to publish updated recommendations. Pertinent literature from PubMed and Cochrane was identified by keyword search combinations (including AMS, HACE, and high altitude), with additional publications found by hand search. The primary search focus was for articles assessing lowland women sojourning at high altitude. Results: The literature search yielded 7,165 articles, 37 of which were ultimately included. The majority of publications included did not find women at increased risk for AMS or HACE. There was extremely limited sex-specific data on risk factors or treatment. Conclusions: There is a limited amount of data on female-specific findings regarding AMS and HACE, with most publications addressing only prevalence or incidence with regard to sex. As such, general prevention and treatment strategies for AMS and HACE should be used regardless of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Derstine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Dominique Jean
- Medical Commission of the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA), Bern, Switzerland
- Paediatrics, Infectious Diseases and Altitude Medicine, Grenoble, France
| | - Beth A Beidleman
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Performance Division, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - David Hillebrandt
- Medical Commission of the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA), Bern, Switzerland
- General Medical Practitioner, Holsworthy, United Kingdom
| | - Lenka Horakova
- Medical Commission of the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA), Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kastė Mateikaitė-Pipirienė
- Medical Commission of the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA), Bern, Switzerland
- Diaverum Clinics, Elektrėnai Division, Lithuania
| | - Peter Paal
- Medical Commission of the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA), Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. John of God Hospital, Paracelesus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alison J Rosier
- Medical Commission of the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marija Andjelkovic
- Medical Commission of the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA), Bern, Switzerland
- Pharmacy, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Linda E Keyes
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Liao Y, Chen Z, Yang Y, Shen D, Chai S, Ma Y, Ge R, Wang X, Wang S, Liu S. Antibiotic intervention exacerbated oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in SD rats under hypobaric hypoxia exposure. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 209:70-83. [PMID: 37806597 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining host nutrition, metabolism, and immune homeostasis, particularly in extreme environmental conditions. However, the regulatory mechanisms of the gut microbiota in animal organisms hypobaric hypoxia exposure require further study. We conducted a research by comparing SD rats treated with an antibiotic (ABX) cocktail and untreated SD rats that were housed in a low-pressure oxygen chamber (simulating low pressure and hypoxic environment at 6000 m altitude) for 30 days. After the experiment, blood, feces, and lung tissues from SD rats were collected for analysis of blood, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, and non-targeted metabolomics. The results demonstrated that the antibiotic cocktail-treated SD rats exhibited elevated counts of neutrophil (Neu) and monocyte (Mon) cells, an enrichment of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SBC), reduced levels of glutathione, and accumulated phospholipid compounds. Notably, the accumulation of phospholipid compounds, particularly lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), along with the aforementioned changes, contributed to heightened oxidative stress and inflammation in the organism. In addition, we explored the resistance mechanisms of SD rats in low-oxygen and low-pressure environments and found that increasing the quantity of the Prevotellaceae and related beneficial bacteria (especially Lactobacillus) could reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. These findings offer valuable insights into enhancing the adaptability of low-altitude animals under hypobaric hypoxia exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liao
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yingkui Yang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Di Shen
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Shatuo Chai
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Rili Ge
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Xun Wang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Shuxiang Wang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China.
| | - Shujie Liu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China.
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18
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Narang BJ, Manferdelli G, Bourdillon N, Millet GP, Debevec T. Ventilatory responses to independent and combined hypoxia, hypercapnia and hypobaria in healthy pre-term-born adults. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37796451 DOI: 10.1113/jp285300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-term birth is associated with physiological sequelae that persist into adulthood. In particular, modulated ventilatory responsiveness to hypoxia and hypercapnia has been observed in this population. Whether pre-term birth per se causes these effects remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to assess pulmonary ventilation and blood gases under various environmental conditions, comparing 17 healthy prematurely born individuals (mean ± SD; gestational age, 28 ± 2 weeks; age, 21 ± 4 years; peak oxygen uptake, 48.1 ± 11.2 ml kg-1 min-1 ) with 16 well-matched adults born at term (gestational age, 40 ± 1 weeks; age, 22 ± 2 years; peak oxygen uptake, 51.2 ± 7.7 ml kg-1 min-1 ). Participants were exposed to seven combinations of hypoxia/hypobaria (equivalent to ∼3375 m) and/or hypercapnia (3% CO2 ), at rest for 6 min. Pulmonary ventilation, pulse oxygen saturation and the arterial partial pressures of O2 and CO2 were similar in pre-term and full-term individuals under all conditions. Higher ventilation in hypoxia compared to normoxia was only observed at terrestrial altitude, despite an equivalent (normobaric) hypoxic stimulus administered at sea level (0.138F i O 2 ${F_{{\mathrm{i}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ ). Assessment of oscillations in key variables revealed that combined hypoxic hypercapnia induced greater underlying fluctuations in ventilation in pre-term individuals only. In general, higher pulse oxygen saturation fluctuations were observed with hypoxia, and lower fluctuations in end-tidal CO2 with hypercapnia, despite similar ventilatory oscillations observed between conditions. These findings suggest that healthy prematurely born adults display similar overall ventilation to their term-born counterparts under various environmental stressors, but that combined ventilatory stimuli could induce an irregular underlying ventilatory pattern. Moreover, barometric pressure may be an important factor when assessing ventilatory responsiveness to moderate hypoxic stimuli. KEY POINTS: Evidence exists for unique pulmonary and respiratory function under hypoxic conditions in adult survivors of pre-term birth. Whether pre-term birth per se causes these differences requires a comparison of conventionally healthy prematurely born adults with an appropriately matched sample of term-born individuals. According to the present data, there is no difference between healthy pre-term and well-matched term-born individuals in the magnitude of pulmonary ventilation or arterial blood gases during independent and combined hypobaria, hypoxia and hypercapnia. Terrestrial altitude (hypobaria) was necessary to induce differences in ventilation between normoxia and a hypoxic stimulus equivalent to ∼3375 m of altitude. Furthermore, peak power in pulse oxygen saturation was similar between hypobaric normoxia and normobaric hypoxia. The observed similarities between groups suggest that ventilatory regulation under various environmental stimuli is not impaired by pre-term birth per se. Instead, an integrated combination of neonatal treatment strategies and cardiorespiratory fitness/disease status might underlie previously observed chemosensitivity impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Narang
- Department of Automatics, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Nicolas Bourdillon
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tadej Debevec
- Department of Automatics, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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19
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Berger MM, Hüsing A, Niessen N, Schiefer LM, Schneider M, Bärtsch P, Jöckel KH. Prevalence and knowledge about acute mountain sickness in the Western Alps. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291060. [PMID: 37708123 PMCID: PMC10501682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of acute mountain sickness (AMS) in 1370 mountaineers at four different altitudes in the Western Alps. We also examined the influence of potential risk factors and the knowledge about AMS on its prevalence. METHODS In this observational cross-sectional study AMS was assessed on the day of ascent by the Lake Louise score (LLS, cut-off ≥3, version 2018) and the AMS-Cerebral (AMS-C) score of the environmental symptom questionnaire (cut-off ≥0,70). The latter was also obtained in the next morning. Knowledge regarding AMS and high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) and the potential risk factors for AMS were evaluated by questionnaires. RESULTS On the day of ascent, the prevalence of AMS assessed by the LLS and AMS-C score was 5.8 and 3.9% at 2850 m, 2.1 and 3.1% at 3050 m, 14.8 and 10.1% at 3650 m, and 21.9 and 15% at 4559 m, respectively. The AMS prevalence increased overnight from 10.1 to 14.5% and from 15 to 25.2% at 3650 m and 4559 m, respectively, and was unchanged at 2850 m and 3050 m. A history of AMS, higher altitude, lower degree of pre-acclimatization, and younger age were identified as risk factors for developing AMS. Slow ascent was weakly associated with AMS prevalence, and sex and knowledge about AMS and HACE were indistinct. CONCLUSION AMS is common at altitudes ≥ 3650 m and better knowledge about AMS and HACE was not associated with less AMS in mountaineers with on average little knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Moritz Berger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anika Hüsing
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nicolai Niessen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Schneider
- Institute for Health Services Research and Clinical Epidemiology, Philipps-Universitaet Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter Bärtsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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20
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Small E, Phillips C, Bunzel W, Cleaver L, Joshi N, Gardner L, Maharjan R, Marvel J. Prior Ambulatory Mild Coronavirus Disease 2019 Does Not Increase Risk of Acute Mountain Sickness. High Alt Med Biol 2023; 24:201-208. [PMID: 37306966 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2022.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Small, Elan, Caleb Phillips, William Bunzel, Lakota Cleaver, Nishant Joshi, Laurel Gardner, Rony Maharjan, and James Marvel. Prior ambulatory mild coronavirus disease 2019 does not increase risk of acute mountain sickness. High Alt Med Biol. 24:201-208, 2023. Background: Given its long-term morbidity, understanding how prior coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may affect acute mountain sickness (AMS) susceptibility is important for preascent risk stratification. The objective of this study was to examine if prior COVID-19 impacts risk of AMS. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted in Lobuje (4,940 m) and Manang (3,519 m), Nepal, from April to May 2022. AMS was defined by the 2018 Lake Louise Questionnaire criteria. COVID-19 severity was defined using the World Health Organization-developed criteria. Results: In the Lobuje cohort of 2,027, 46.2% of surveyed individuals reported history of COVID-19, with 25.7% AMS point-prevalence. There was no significant relationship between prior ambulatory mild COVID-19 and AMS (p = 0.6) or moderate AMS (p = 1.0). In the Manang cohort of 908, 42.8% reported history of COVID-19, with 14.7% AMS point-prevalence. There was no significant relationship between prior ambulatory mild COVID-19 and AMS (p = 0.3) or moderate AMS (p = 0.4). Average months since COVID-19 was 7.4 (interquartile range [IQR] 3-10) for Lobuje, 6.2 (IQR 3-6) for Manang. Both cohorts rarely exhibited moderate COVID-19 history. Conclusions: Prior ambulatory mild COVID-19 was not associated with increased risk of AMS and should not preclude high-altitude travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan Small
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Caleb Phillips
- Department of Computational Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - William Bunzel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Francisco Fresno, Fresno, California, USA
| | - Lakota Cleaver
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale New Haven Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nishant Joshi
- Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Laurel Gardner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Rony Maharjan
- Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - James Marvel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
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21
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Ye X, Sun M, Yu S, Yang J, Liu Z, Lv H, Wu B, He J, Wang X, Huang L. Smartwatch-Based Maximum Oxygen Consumption Measurement for Predicting Acute Mountain Sickness: Diagnostic Accuracy Evaluation Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2023; 11:e43340. [PMID: 37410528 PMCID: PMC10360014 DOI: 10.2196/43340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiorespiratory fitness plays an important role in coping with hypoxic stress at high altitudes. However, the association of cardiorespiratory fitness with the development of acute mountain sickness (AMS) has not yet been evaluated. Wearable technology devices provide a feasible assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness, which is quantifiable as maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) and may contribute to AMS prediction. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the validity of VO2max estimated by the smartwatch test (SWT), which can be self-administered, in order to overcome the limitations of clinical VO2max measurements. We also aimed to evaluate the performance of a VO2max-SWT-based model in predicting susceptibility to AMS. METHODS Both SWT and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) were performed for VO2max measurements in 46 healthy participants at low altitude (300 m) and in 41 of them at high altitude (3900 m). The characteristics of the red blood cells and hemoglobin levels in all the participants were analyzed by routine blood examination before the exercise tests. The Bland-Altman method was used for bias and precision assessment. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to analyze the correlation between AMS and the candidate variables. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the efficacy of VO2max in predicting AMS. RESULTS VO2max decreased after acute high altitude exposure, as measured by CPET (25.20 [SD 6.46] vs 30.17 [SD 5.01] at low altitude; P<.001) and SWT (26.17 [SD 6.71] vs 31.28 [SD 5.17] at low altitude; P<.001). Both at low and high altitudes, VO2max was slightly overestimated by SWT but had considerable accuracy as the mean absolute percentage error (<7%) and mean absolute error (<2 mL·kg-1·min-1), with a relatively small bias compared with VO2max-CPET. Twenty of the 46 participants developed AMS at 3900 m, and their VO2max was significantly lower than that of those without AMS (CPET: 27.80 [SD 4.55] vs 32.00 [SD 4.64], respectively; P=.004; SWT: 28.00 [IQR 25.25-32.00] vs 32.00 [IQR 30.00-37.00], respectively; P=.001). VO2max-CPET, VO2max-SWT, and red blood cell distribution width-coefficient of variation (RDW-CV) were found to be independent predictors of AMS. To increase the prediction accuracy, we used combination models. The combination of VO2max-SWT and RDW-CV showed the largest area under the curve for all parameters and models, which increased the area under the curve from 0.785 for VO2max-SWT alone to 0.839. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that the smartwatch device can be a feasible approach for estimating VO2max. In both low and high altitudes, VO2max-SWT showed a systematic bias toward a calibration point, slightly overestimating the proper VO2max when investigated in healthy participants. The SWT-based VO2max at low altitude is an effective indicator of AMS and helps to better identify susceptible individuals following acute high-altitude exposure, particularly by combining the RDW-CV at low altitude. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2200059900; https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=170253.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Ye
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of People's Liberation Army, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Mengjia Sun
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of People's Liberation Army, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyong Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of People's Liberation Army, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of People's Liberation Army, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of People's Liberation Army, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hailin Lv
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of People's Liberation Army, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Boji Wu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of People's Liberation Army, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyu He
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of People's Liberation Army, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xuhong Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of People's Liberation Army, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of People's Liberation Army, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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22
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Sidhar K, Elliott K, Ibrahem M. Heat, Cold, and Environmental Emergencies in Athletes. Clin Sports Med 2023; 42:441-461. [PMID: 37208058 DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in outdoor events, there is an inevitable rise in climate-related environmental emergencies. Heat exposure can place athletes at risk for life-threatening heatstroke which requires emergent diagnosis and rapid in-field management. Cold exposure can lead to hypothermia, frostbite, and other nonfreezing injuries that require prompt evaluation and management to minimize morbidity and mortality. Altitude exposure can lead to acute mountain sickness or other serious neurologic or pulmonary emergencies. Finally, harsh climate exposure can be life-threatening and require appropriate prevention and event planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Sidhar
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 300 North Ingalls Street, NI4C06, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5435, USA.
| | - Katlyn Elliott
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, McKeesport Family Medicine Residency, 2347 5th Avenue, McKeesport, PA 15132, USA
| | - Michael Ibrahem
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Shadyside Family Medicine Residency, 5215 Center Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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23
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Burtscher J, Swenson ER, Hackett PH, Millet GP, Burtscher M. Flying to high-altitude destinations: Is the risk of acute mountain sickness greater? J Travel Med 2023; 30:taad011. [PMID: 36694981 PMCID: PMC10289512 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altitude sojourns increasingly attract individuals of all ages and different health statuses due to the appeal of high-altitude destinations worldwide and easy access to air travel. The risk of acute mountain sickness (AMS) when flying to high-altitude destinations remains underemphasized. Thus, this review aims to evaluate the altitude-dependent AMS incidence depending on the mode of ascending, e.g. by air vs terrestrial travel. METHODS A literature search was performed to identify the observational studies assessing AMS incidence after acute ascent of primarily healthy adults to real high altitude. In addition, placebo arms of interventional trials evaluating the prophylactic efficacy of various drugs have been separately analysed to confirm or refute the findings from the observational studies. Linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the altitude-dependent AMS incidence. RESULTS Findings of 12 observational studies, in which the AMS incidence in 11 021 individuals ascending to 19 different altitudes (2200-4559 m) was evaluated, revealed an impressive 4.5-fold steeper increase in the AMS incidence for air travel as compared with slower ascent modes, i.e. hiking or combined car and/or air travel and hiking. The higher AMS incidence following transportation by flight vs slower means was also confirmed in placebo-treated participants in 10 studies of drug prophylaxis against AMS. CONCLUSIONS Due to the short time span in going from low to high altitude, reduced acclimatization likely is the main reason for a higher AMS risk when travelling to high-altitude destinations by flight. To avoid frustrating travel experiences and health risks, appropriate and timely medical advice on how to prepare for air travel to high altitude is of vital importance. Effective preparation options include the use of modern pre-acclimatization strategies and pharmacological prophylaxis by acetazolamide or dexamethasone, or even considering alternate itineraries with more gradual ascent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
| | - Erik R Swenson
- VA Puget Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter H Hackett
- Altitude Research Center, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
- Austrian Society for Alpine and High-Altitude Medicine, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
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24
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Miserocchi G. The impact of heterogeneity of the air-blood barrier on control of lung extravascular water and alveolar gas exchange. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 3:1142245. [PMID: 37251706 PMCID: PMC10213913 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2023.1142245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The architecture of the air-blood barrier is effective in optimizing the gas exchange as long as it retains its specific feature of extreme thinness reflecting, in turn, a strict control on the extravascular water to be kept at minimum. Edemagenic conditions may perturb this equilibrium by increasing microvascular filtration; this characteristically occurs when cardiac output increases to balance the oxygen uptake with the oxygen requirement such as in exercise and hypoxia (either due to low ambient pressure or reflecting a pathological condition). In general, the lung is well equipped to counteract an increase in microvascular filtration rate. The loss of control on fluid balance is the consequence of disruption of the integrity of the macromolecular structure of lung tissue. This review, merging data from experimental approaches and evidence in humans, will explore how the heterogeneity in morphology, mechanical features and perfusion of the terminal respiratory units might impact on lung fluid balance and its control. Evidence is also provided that heterogeneities may be inborn and they could actually get worse as a consequence of a developing pathological process. Further, data are presented how in humans inter-individual heterogeneities in morphology of the terminal respiratory hinder the control of fluid balance and, in turn, hamper the efficiency of the oxygen diffusion-transport function.
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25
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Gruet M, Behrens M, Peyré-Tartaruga LA. Editorial: Improving exercise testing methods and interpretation in human health and diseases. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1188429. [PMID: 37082247 PMCID: PMC10111030 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1188429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Gruet
- IAPS Laboratory, University of Toulon, Toulon, France
- *Correspondence: Mathieu Gruet,
| | - Martin Behrens
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Leonardo A Peyré-Tartaruga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Pneumológicas, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto, Alegre/Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- LaBiodin Biodynamics Laboratory, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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26
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Nourkami-Tutdibi N, Küllmer J, Dietrich S, Monz D, Zemlin M, Tutdibi E. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor is a potential biomarker for acute mountain sickness. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1083808. [PMID: 37064896 PMCID: PMC10098311 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1083808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is the most common disease caused by hypobaric hypoxia (HH) in high-altitude (HA) associated with high mortality when progressing to high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and/or high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE). There is evidence for a role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in development of AMS, but biological pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying AMS remain elusive. We aimed to measure changes in blood cytokine levels and their possible association with the development of AMS.Method: 15 healthy mountaineers were included into this prospective clinical trial. All participants underwent baseline normoxic testing with venous EDTA blood sampling at the Bangor University in United Kingdom (69 m). The participants started from Beni at an altitude of 869 m and trekked same routes in four groups the Dhaulagiri circuit in the Nepali Himalaya. Trekking a 14-day route, the mountaineers reached the final HA of 5,050 m at the Hidden Valley Base Camp (HVBC). Venous EDTA blood sampling was performed after active ascent to HA the following morning after arrival at 5,050 m (HVBC). A panel of 21 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors were assessed using Luminex system (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-1ra, sIL-2Rα, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, IP-10, G-CSF, GM-CSF, EGF, FGF-2, VEGF, and TGF-β1).Results: There was a significant main effect for the gradual ascent from sea-level (SL) to HA on nearly all cytokines. Serum levels for TNF-α, sIL-2Rα, G-CSF, VEGF, EGF, TGF-β1, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1β, and IP-10 were significantly increased at HA compared to SL, whereas levels for IFN-γ and MIP-1α were significantly decreased. Serum VEGF was higher in AMS susceptible versus AMS resistant subjects (p < 0.027, main effect of AMS) and increased after ascent to HA in both AMS groups (p < 0.011, main effect of HA). Serum VEGF increased more from SL values in the AMS susceptible group than in the AMS resistant group (p < 0.049, interaction effect).Conclusion: Cytokine concentrations are significantly altered in HA. Within short interval after ascent, cytokine concentrations in HH normalize to values at SL. VEGF is significantly increased in mountaineers suffering from AMS, indicating its potential role as a biomarker for AMS.
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27
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Doherty CJ, Chang JC, Thompson BP, Swenson ER, Foster GE, Dominelli PB. The Impact of Acetazolamide and Methazolamide on Exercise Performance in Normoxia and Hypoxia. High Alt Med Biol 2023; 24:7-18. [PMID: 36802203 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2022.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Doherty, Connor J., Jou-Chung Chang, Benjamin P. Thompson, Erik R. Swenson, Glen E. Foster, and Paolo B. Dominelli. The impact of acetazolamide and methazolamide on exercise performance in normoxia and hypoxia. High Alt Med Biol. 24:7-18, 2023.-Carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors are commonly prescribed for acute mountain sickness (AMS). In this review, we sought to examine how two CA inhibitors, acetazolamide (AZ) and methazolamide (MZ), affect exercise performance in normoxia and hypoxia. First, we briefly describe the role of CA inhibition in facilitating the increase in ventilation and arterial oxygenation in preventing and treating AMS. Next, we detail how AZ affects exercise performance in normoxia and hypoxia and this is followed by a discussion on MZ. We emphasize that the overarching focus of the review is how the two drugs potentially affect exercise performance, rather than their ability to prevent/treat AMS per se, their interrelationship will be discussed. Overall, we suggest that AZ hinders exercise performance in normoxia, but may be beneficial in hypoxia. Based upon head-to-head studies of AZ and MZ in humans on diaphragmatic and locomotor strength in normoxia, MZ may be a better CA inhibitor when exercise performance is crucial at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Doherty
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jou-Chung Chang
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin P Thompson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erik R Swenson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Washington, USA
- Medical Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Glen E Foster
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paolo B Dominelli
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Alcantara-Zapata DE, Lucero N, De Gregorio N, Astudillo Cornejo P, Ibarra Villanueva C, Baltodano-Calle MJ, Gonzales GF, Behn C. Women's mood at high altitude. sexual dimorphism in hypoxic stress modulation by the tryptophan-melatonin axis. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1099276. [PMID: 36733695 PMCID: PMC9887123 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1099276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual (and gender)-dimorphism in tolerance to hypobaric hypoxia increasingly matters for a differential surveillance of human activities at high altitude (HA). At low altitudes, the prevalence of anxiety and depression in women has already been found to double when compared with men; it could be expected to even increase on exposure to HA. In purposefully caring for the health of women at HA, the present work explores the potential involvement of the tryptophan (Trp)-melatonin axis in mood changes on exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. The present work highlights some already known anxiogenic effects of HA exposure. Hypoxia and insomnia reduce serotonin (5-HT) availability; the latter defect being expressed as failure of brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and mood disorders. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep organization and synapsis restoration that are additionally affected by hypoxia impair memory consolidation. Affective complaints may thus surge, evolving into anxiety and depression. Sex-related differences in neural network organization and hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, and certainly also during the life cycle, underscore the possibility of 5-HT-related mood alterations, particularly in women on HA exposure. The mean brain rate of 5-HT synthesis at sea level is already 1.5-fold higher in males than in females. sexual dimorphism also evidences the overexpression effects of SERT, a 5-HT transporter protein. Gonadal and thyroid hormones, as influenced by HA exposure, further modulate 5-HT availability and its effects in women. Besides caring for adequate oxygenation and maintenance of one's body core temperature, special precautions concerning women sojourning at HA should include close observations of hormonal cycles and, perhaps, also trials with targeted antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. E. Alcantara-Zapata
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Reproducción, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo (LID), Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - N. Lucero
- Occupational Health Program, School of Public Health, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - N. De Gregorio
- Laboratory of Extreme Environments, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Science Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P. Astudillo Cornejo
- Occupational Ergonomics Program, Department of Kinesiology, University of Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
| | - C. Ibarra Villanueva
- Occupational Ergonomics Program, Department of Kinesiology, University of Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
| | - M. J. Baltodano-Calle
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Reproducción, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo (LID), Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - G. F. Gonzales
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Reproducción, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo (LID), Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú,High Altitude Research Institute, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - C. Behn
- Laboratory of Extreme Environments, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Science Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile,Faculty of Medicine, University of Atacama, Copiapó, Chile,*Correspondence: C. Behn,
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29
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Mallet RT, Burtscher J, Pialoux V, Pasha Q, Ahmad Y, Millet GP, Burtscher M. Molecular Mechanisms of High-Altitude Acclimatization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021698. [PMID: 36675214 PMCID: PMC9866500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
High-altitude illnesses (HAIs) result from acute exposure to high altitude/hypoxia. Numerous molecular mechanisms affect appropriate acclimatization to hypobaric and/or normobaric hypoxia and curtail the development of HAIs. The understanding of these mechanisms is essential to optimize hypoxic acclimatization for efficient prophylaxis and treatment of HAIs. This review aims to link outcomes of molecular mechanisms to either adverse effects of acute high-altitude/hypoxia exposure or the developing tolerance with acclimatization. After summarizing systemic physiological responses to acute high-altitude exposure, the associated acclimatization, and the epidemiology and pathophysiology of various HAIs, the article focuses on molecular adjustments and maladjustments during acute exposure and acclimatization to high altitude/hypoxia. Pivotal modifying mechanisms include molecular responses orchestrated by transcription factors, most notably hypoxia inducible factors, and reciprocal effects on mitochondrial functions and REDOX homeostasis. In addition, discussed are genetic factors and the resultant proteomic profiles determining these hypoxia-modifying mechanisms culminating in successful high-altitude acclimatization. Lastly, the article discusses practical considerations related to the molecular aspects of acclimatization and altitude training strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. Mallet
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA7424, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, FR-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Qadar Pasha
- Institute of Hypoxia Research, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Yasmin Ahmad
- Defense Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defense Research & Development Organization(DRDO), New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Austrian Society for Alpine and High-Altitude Medicine, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence:
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Miserocchi G, Beretta E. A century of exercise physiology: lung fluid balance during and following exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1-24. [PMID: 36264327 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review recalls the principles developed over a century to describe trans-capillary fluid exchanges concerning in particular the lung during exercise, a specific condition where dyspnea is a leading symptom, the question being whether this symptom simply relates to fatigue or also implies some degree of lung edema. METHOD Data from experimental models of lung edema are recalled aiming to: (1) describe how extravascular lung water is strictly controlled by "safety factors" in physiological conditions, (2) consider how waning of "safety factors" inevitably leads to development of lung edema, (3) correlate data from experimental models with data from exercising humans. RESULTS Exercise is a strong edemagenic condition as the increase in cardiac output leads to lung capillary recruitment, increase in capillary surface for fluid exchange and potential increase in capillary pressure. The physiological low microvascular permeability may be impaired by conditions causing damage to the interstitial matrix macromolecular assembly leading to alveolar edema and haemorrhage. These conditions include hypoxia, cyclic alveolar unfolding/folding during hyperventilation putting a tensile stress on septa, intensity and duration of exercise as well as inter-individual proneness to develop lung edema. CONCLUSION Data from exercising humans showed inter-individual differences in the dispersion of the lung ventilation/perfusion ratio and increase in oxygen alveolar-capillary gradient. More recent data in humans support the hypothesis that greater vasoconstriction, pulmonary hypertension and slower kinetics of alveolar-capillary O2 equilibration relate with greater proneness to develop lung edema due higher inborn microvascular permeability possibly reflecting the morpho-functional features of the air-blood barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Miserocchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Egidio Beretta
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy.
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Fabries P, Gomez-Merino D, Sauvet F, Malgoyre A, Koulmann N, Chennaoui M. Sleep loss effects on physiological and cognitive responses to systemic environmental hypoxia. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1046166. [PMID: 36579023 PMCID: PMC9792101 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1046166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of their missions or training, alpinists, but also mountain combat forces and mountain security services, professional miners, aircrew, aircraft and glider pilots and helicopter crews are regularly exposed to altitude without oxygen supplementation. At altitude, humans are exposed to systemic environmental hypoxia induced by the decrease in barometric pressure (<1,013 hPa) which decreases the inspired partial pressure of oxygen (PIO2), while the oxygen fraction is constant (equal to approximately 20.9%). Effects of altitude on humans occur gradually and depend on the duration of exposure and the altitude level. From 1,500 m altitude (response threshold), several adaptive responses offset the effects of hypoxia, involving the respiratory and the cardiovascular systems, and the oxygen transport capacity of the blood. Fatigue and cognitive and sensory disorders are usually observed from 2,500 m (threshold of prolonged hypoxia). Above 3,500 m (the threshold for disorders), the effects are not completely compensated and maladaptive responses occur and individuals develop altitude headache or acute altitude illness [Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)]. The magnitude of effects varies considerably between different physiological systems and exhibits significant inter-individual variability. In addition to comorbidities, the factors of vulnerability are still little known. They can be constitutive (genetic) or circumstantial (sleep deprivation, fatigue, speed of ascent.). In particular, sleep loss, a condition that is often encountered in real-life settings, could have an impact on the physiological and cognitive responses to hypoxia. In this review, we report the current state of knowledge on the impact of sleep loss on responses to environmental hypoxia in humans, with the aim of identifying possible consequences for AMS risk and cognition, as well as the value of behavioral and non-pharmacological countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Fabries
- REF-Aero Department, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute—IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France,Laboratoire de Biologie de l’Exercice pour la Performance et la Santé (LBEPS), UMR, Université Paris-Saclay, IRBA, Evry-Courcouronnes, France,French Military Health Academy—Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Place Alphonse Laveran, Paris, France,*Correspondence: Pierre Fabries,
| | - Danielle Gomez-Merino
- REF-Aero Department, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute—IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France,Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique (VIFASOM) URP 7330, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Sauvet
- REF-Aero Department, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute—IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France,French Military Health Academy—Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Place Alphonse Laveran, Paris, France,Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique (VIFASOM) URP 7330, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Malgoyre
- REF-Aero Department, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute—IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France,Laboratoire de Biologie de l’Exercice pour la Performance et la Santé (LBEPS), UMR, Université Paris-Saclay, IRBA, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Nathalie Koulmann
- Laboratoire de Biologie de l’Exercice pour la Performance et la Santé (LBEPS), UMR, Université Paris-Saclay, IRBA, Evry-Courcouronnes, France,French Military Health Academy—Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Place Alphonse Laveran, Paris, France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- REF-Aero Department, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute—IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France,Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique (VIFASOM) URP 7330, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Louis J, Bennett S, Owens DJ, Tiollier E, Brocherie F, Carneiro MAS, Nunes PRP, Costa B, Castro-e-Souza P, Lima LA, Lisboa F, Oliveira-Júnior G, Kassiano W, Cyrino ES, Orsatti FL, Bossi AH, Matta G, Tolomeu de Oliveira G, Renato Melo F, Rocha Soares E, Ocelli Ungheri B, Daros Pinto M, Nuzzo JL, Latella C, van den Hoek D, Mallard A, Spathis J, DeBlauw JA, Ives SJ, Ravanelli N, Narang BJ, Debevec T, Baptista LC, Padrão AI, Oliveira J, Mota J, Zacca R, Nikolaidis PT, Lott DJ, Forbes SC, Cooke K, Taivassalo T, Elmer SJ, Durocher JJ, Fernandes RJ, Silva G, Costa MJ. Commentaries on Viewpoint: Hoping for the best, prepared for the worst: can we perform remote data collection in sport sciences? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:1433-1440. [PMID: 36509417 PMCID: PMC9762970 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00613.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Bennett
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom,Center for Biological Clocks Research, Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Daniel J Owens
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eve Tiollier
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Marcelo A. S. Carneiro
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil,Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Exercise Research Group, Exercise Biology Research Lab (BioEx), Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo P. Nunes
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Exercise Research Group, Exercise Biology Research Lab (BioEx), Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Brazil,Department of Body and Human Movement, Minas Gerais State University (UEMG), Passos, Brazil
| | - Bruna Costa
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Castro-e-Souza
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Luís A. Lima
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Felipe Lisboa
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Gersiel Oliveira-Júnior
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Exercise Research Group, Exercise Biology Research Lab (BioEx), Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Brazil,Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Witalo Kassiano
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Edilson S. Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Fábio L. Orsatti
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Exercise Research Group, Exercise Biology Research Lab (BioEx), Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Arthur Henrique Bossi
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,The Mountain Bike Centre of Scotland, Peel Tower, Peebles, United Kingdom
| | - Guilherme Matta
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Social Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Géssyca Tolomeu de Oliveira
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil,Aquatic Activities Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Ferreira Renato Melo
- Aquatic Activities Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Everton Rocha Soares
- Physical Evaluation and Resistance Training Research Group, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ocelli Ungheri
- Leisure, Management and Policy Group, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Matheus Daros Pinto
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - James L. Nuzzo
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher Latella
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia,Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel van den Hoek
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alistair Mallard
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jemima Spathis
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin A. DeBlauw
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, United States
| | - Stephen J. Ives
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, United States
| | - Nicholas Ravanelli
- School of Kinesiology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin J. Narang
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia,Department of Automatics, Biocybernetics, and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Debevec
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia,Department of Automatics, Biocybernetics, and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Liliana C. Baptista
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal,Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal,Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Ana Isabel Padrão
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal,Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - José Oliveira
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal,Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Mota
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal,Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Zacca
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal,Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Donovan J. Lott
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Sean C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Korey Cooke
- University of Florida Health Rehab Hospital, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Tanja Taivassalo
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Steven J. Elmer
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States,Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
| | - John J. Durocher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Human Health Program, Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, Indiana, United States,Integrative Physiology and Health Sciences Center, Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, Indiana, United States
| | - Ricardo J. Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Silva
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário J. Costa
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Fabries P, Drogou C, Sauvet F, Nespoulous O, Erkel MC, Marchandot V, Bouaziz W, Lepetit B, Hamm-Hornez AP, Malgoyre A, Koulmann N, Gomez-Merino D, Chennaoui M. The HMOX2 polymorphism contributes to the carotid body chemoreflex in European sea-level residents by regulating hypoxic ventilatory responses. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1000786. [PMID: 36405624 PMCID: PMC9669423 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates whether a functional single nucleotide polymorphism of HMOX2 (heme oxygenase-2) (rs4786504 T>C) is involved in individual chemosensitivity to acute hypoxia, as assessed by ventilatory responses, in European individuals. These responses were obtained at rest and during submaximal exercise, using a standardized and validated protocol for exposure to acute normobaric hypoxia. Carriers of the ancestral T allele (n = 44) have significantly lower resting and exercise hypoxic ventilatory responses than C/C homozygous carriers (n = 40). In the literature, a hypoxic ventilatory response threshold to exercise has been identified as an independent predictor of severe high altitude-illness (SHAI). Our study shows that carriers of the T allele have a higher risk of SHAI than carriers of the mutated C/C genotype. Secondarily, we were also interested in COMT (rs4680 G > A) polymorphism, which may be indirectly involved in the chemoreflex response through modulation of autonomic nervous system activity. Significant differences are present between COMT genotypes for oxygen saturation and ventilatory responses to hypoxia at rest. In conclusion, this study adds information on genetic factors involved in individual vulnerability to acute hypoxia and supports the critical role of the ≪ O2 sensor ≫ - heme oxygenase-2 - in the chemosensitivity of carotid bodies in Humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Fabries
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- French Military Health Academy - Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie de l'Exercice pour la Performance et la Santé – LBEPS – UMR, Université Paris-Saclay, IRBA, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Catherine Drogou
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique – VIFASOM – UPR 7330, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Sauvet
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- French Military Health Academy - Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Paris, France
- Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique – VIFASOM – UPR 7330, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Nespoulous
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Marie-Claire Erkel
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique – VIFASOM – UPR 7330, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Walid Bouaziz
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Benoît Lepetit
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie de l'Exercice pour la Performance et la Santé – LBEPS – UMR, Université Paris-Saclay, IRBA, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | | | - Alexandra Malgoyre
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie de l'Exercice pour la Performance et la Santé – LBEPS – UMR, Université Paris-Saclay, IRBA, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Nathalie Koulmann
- French Military Health Academy - Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie de l'Exercice pour la Performance et la Santé – LBEPS – UMR, Université Paris-Saclay, IRBA, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Danielle Gomez-Merino
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique – VIFASOM – UPR 7330, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute – IRBA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique – VIFASOM – UPR 7330, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Ascent rate and the Lake Louise scoring system: An analysis of one year of emergency ward entries for high-altitude sickness at the Mustang district hospital, Nepal. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276901. [PMID: 36301827 PMCID: PMC9612449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
More travellers are making swift ascents to higher altitudes without sufficient acclimatization or pharmaceutical prophylaxis as road connectivity develops in the Himalayan region of Nepal. Our study connects ascent rate with prevalence and severity of acute mountain sickness (AMS) among patients admitted to the emergency ward of the Mustang district hospital in Nepal. A register-based, cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2018 and June 2019 to explore associations of Lake Louise scores with ascent profile, sociodemographic characteristics, and comorbidities using chi-square test, t-test, and Bayesian logistic regression. Of 105 patients, incidence of AMS was 74%, of which 61%, 36%, and 3% were mild, moderate, and severe cases, respectively. In the Bayesian-ordered logistic model of AMS severity, ascent rate (odds ratio 3.13) and smoking (odds ratio 0.16) were significant at a 99% credible interval. Based on the model-derived counterfactual, the risk of developing moderate or severe AMS for a middle-aged, non-smoking male traveling from Pokhara to Muktinath (2978m altitude gain) in a single day is twice that of making the ascent in three days. Ascent rate was strongly associated with the likelihood of developing severe AMS among travellers with AMS symptoms visiting Mustang Hospital's Emergency Ward.
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Horiuchi M, Dobashi S, Kiuchi M, Fukuoka Y, Koyama K. Hypoxic-induced resting ventilatory and circulatory responses under multistep hypoxia is related to decline in peak aerobic capacity in hypoxia. J Physiol Anthropol 2022; 41:36. [PMID: 36280884 PMCID: PMC9590180 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-022-00310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several factors have been shown to contribute to hypoxic-induced declined in aerobic capacity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of resting hypoxic ventilatory and cardiac responses (HVR and HCR) on hypoxic-induced declines in peak oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{\mathrm V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak). Methods Peak oxygen uptakes was measured in normobaric normoxia (room air) and hypoxia (14.1% O2) for 10 young healthy men. The resting HVR and HCR were evaluated at multiple steps of hypoxia (1 h at each of 21, 18, 15 and 12% O2). Arterial desaturation (ΔSaO2) was calculate by the difference between SaO2 at normoxia—at each level of hypoxia (%). HVR was calculate by differences in pulmonary ventilation between normoxia and each level of hypoxia against ΔSaO2 (L min−1 %−1 kg−1). Similarly, HCR was calculated by differences in heart rate between normoxia and each level of hypoxia against ΔSaO2 (beats min−1 %−1). Results \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{\mathrm V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak significantly decreased in hypoxia by 21% on average (P < 0.001). HVR was not associated with changes in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{\mathrm V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak. ΔSaO2 from normoxia to 18% or 15% O2 and HCR between normoxia and 12% O2 were associated with changes in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{\mathrm V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak (P < 0.05, respectively). The most optimal model using multiple linear regression analysis found that ΔHCR at 12% O2 and ΔSaO2 at 15% O2 were explanatory variables (adjusted R2 = 0.580, P = 0.02). Conclusion These results suggest that arterial desaturation at moderate hypoxia and heart rate responses at severe hypoxia may account for hypoxic-induced declines in peak aerobic capacity, but ventilatory responses may be unrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Horiuchi
- grid.419589.80000 0001 0725 4036Faculty of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Shiromizu town 1, Kanoya city, Kagoshima, 8912393 Japan ,Division of Human Environmental Science, Mt. Fuji Research Institute, Kami-yoshida 5597-1, Fuji-yoshida city, Yamanashi, 4030005 Japan
| | - Shohei Dobashi
- grid.267500.60000 0001 0291 3581Graduate School of Education, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-4-37, Kofu city, Yamanashi, 4008510 Japan ,grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Hiraka-gakuendai 1-1, Inzai city, Chiba, 2701695 Japan
| | - Masataka Kiuchi
- grid.267500.60000 0001 0291 3581Graduate School Department of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-4-37, Kofu city, Yamanashi, 4008510 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuoka
- grid.255178.c0000 0001 2185 2753Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Tatara-miyakodani 1-3, Kyotanabe city, Kyoto, 6100394 Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Koyama
- grid.267500.60000 0001 0291 3581Graduate School Department of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-4-37, Kofu city, Yamanashi, 4008510 Japan ,grid.444168.b0000 0001 2161 7710Faculty of Sport Science, Yamanashi Gakuin University, Sakaori 2-4-5, Kofu city, Yamanashi, 4008575 Japan
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High-altitude illness: Menace in Himalayas of Nepal. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 81:104494. [PMID: 36072561 PMCID: PMC9441300 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nepal is a country of Himalayas including Mt Everest, the tallest mountain in the world, where a lot of people travel to high altitudes. Significant number of people develop high-altitude illness which includes acute mountain sickness (AMS), high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) leading even to death. Addressing this issue demands more efforts on both the preventive and treatment aspects to decrease the sufferings of people in this modern time of advanced healthcare and technology.
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Dzhalilova DS, Makarova OV. The Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor in the Mechanisms of Aging. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:995-1014. [PMID: 36180993 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922090115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by a reduction in the oxygen delivery to all organs and tissues and decrease in the oxygen partial pressure in them, resulting in the development of hypoxia. The lack of oxygen activates cell signaling pathway mediated by the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF), which exists in three isoforms - HIF-1, HIF-2, and HIF-3. HIF regulates expression of several thousand genes and is a potential target for the development of new drugs for the treatment of many diseases, including those associated with age. Human organism and organisms of laboratory animals differ in their tolerance to hypoxia and expression of HIF and HIF-dependent genes, which may contribute to the development of inflammatory, tumor, and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, the data on changes in the HIF expression with age are contradictory, which is mostly due to the fact that such studies are conducted in different age groups, cell types, and model organisms, as well as under different hypoxic conditions and mainly in vitro. Furthermore, the observed discrepancies can be due to the individual tolerance of the studied organisms to hypoxia, which is typically not taken into account. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to analyze the published data on the connection between the mechanisms of aging, basal tolerance to hypoxia, and changes in the level of HIF expression with age. Here, we summarized the data on the age-related changes in the hypoxia tolerance, HIF expression and the role of HIF in aging, which is associated with its involvement in the molecular pathways mediated by insulin and IGF-1 (IIS), sirtuins (SIRTs), and mTOR. HIF-1 interacts with many components of the IIS pathway, in particular with FOXO, the activation of which reduces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases hypoxia tolerance. Under hypoxic conditions, FOXO is activated via both HIF-dependent and HIF-independent pathways, which contributes to a decrease in the ROS levels. The activity of HIF-1 is regulated by all members of the sirtuin family, except SIRT5, while the mechanisms of SIRT interaction with HIF-2 and HIF-3 are poorly understood. The connection between HIF and mTOR and its inhibitor, AMPK, has been identified, but its exact mechanism has yet to be studied. Understanding the role of HIF and hypoxia in aging and pathogenesis of age-associated diseases is essential for the development of new approaches to the personalized therapy of these diseases, and requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzhuliia Sh Dzhalilova
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, Moscow, 117418, Russia.
| | - Olga V Makarova
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, Moscow, 117418, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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Contribution of Adenosine in the Physiological Changes and Injuries Secondary to Exposure to Extreme Oxygen Pressure in Healthy Subjects. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092059. [PMID: 36140160 PMCID: PMC9495509 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Climbers and aviators are exposed to severe hypoxia at high altitudes, whereas divers are exposed to hyperoxia at depth. The aim of this study was to report changes in the adenosinergic system induced by exposure to extreme oxygen partial pressures. At high altitudes, the increased adenosine concentration contributes to brain protection against hypoxia through various mechanisms such as stimulation of glycogenolysis for ATP production, reduction in neuronal energy requirements, enhancement in 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate production, and increase in cerebral blood flow secondary to vasodilation of cerebral arteries. In the context of mountain illness, the increased level of A2AR expression leads to glial dysfunction through neuroinflammation and is involved in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Nonetheless, a high level of adenosine concentration can protect against high-altitude pulmonary edema via a decrease in pulmonary arterial pressure. The adenosinergic system is also involved in the acclimatization phenomenon induced by prolonged exposure to altitude hypoxia. During hyperoxic exposure, decreased extracellular adenosine and low A2A receptor expression contribute to vasoconstriction. The resulting decrease in cerebral blood flow is considered a preventive phenomenon against cerebral oxygen toxicity through the decrease in oxygen delivery to the brain. With regard to lung oxygen toxicity, hyperoxia leads to an increase in extracellular adenosine, which acts to preserve pulmonary barrier function. Changes in the adenosinergic system induced by exposure to extreme oxygen partial pressures frequently have a benefit in decreasing the risk of adverse effects.
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Croughs M, Nyakunga GB, Sakita FM, Kilonzo K, Mmbaga BT, Soentjens P. Incidence and predictors of severe altitude illness symptoms in Mt. Kilimanjaro hikers: a prospective cohort study. J Travel Med 2022; 29:6554584. [PMID: 35348739 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Each year several Mt. Kilimanjaro hikers die due to altitude illness (AI) although urgent descent is technically easily possible. The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence and predictors of severe altitude illness (SAI) symptoms and of summit success in Mt. Kilimanjaro hikers, and the measures taken when AI symptoms develop. METHODS A prospective observational cohort study in Mt. Kilimanjaro hikers was conducted from December 2019 until March 2020. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire at the entrance gate and one at the descend gate. A multivariate logistic regression was performed to study the relations between the variables. RESULTS A total of 1237 recreational hikers and 266 porters or guides were included. The incidence of severe symptoms was 8.6% in recreational hikers and 1.5% in porters and guides. One percent (1.1%) of hikers was hospitalized due to SAI. A history of SAI, young age, summit failure and lack of clear advice predicted the development of severe symptoms. Uhuru peak was reached by 87.9% of the hikers. Absence of severe symptoms, acetazolamide prophylaxis, climbing higher in daytime, young age and climbing in more days predicted summit success. The majority climbed further despite the presence of mild or severe symptoms. The only measure taken in case of mild symptoms that was associated with a lower incidence of severe symptoms was not climbing further. CONCLUSION The incidence of SAI symptoms in Mt. Kilimanjaro hikers was observed to be high. However, how hikers reacted during symptoms was not appropriate. Therefore, travel health counsellors should emphasize even more that hikers do not ascend higher until mild symptoms have resolved and that it is vital to descend immediately when severe symptoms develop. In addition, they can be informed on the measures, which improved summit success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Croughs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Gissela B Nyakunga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC), Moshi 3010, Tanzania.,Clinical Trial Unit, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute (KCRI), Moshi 2236, Tanzania.,Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMCUCO), Moshi 2240, Tanzania
| | - Francis M Sakita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC), Moshi 3010, Tanzania.,Clinical Trial Unit, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute (KCRI), Moshi 2236, Tanzania.,Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMCUCO), Moshi 2240, Tanzania
| | - Kajiru Kilonzo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC), Moshi 3010, Tanzania.,Clinical Trial Unit, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute (KCRI), Moshi 2236, Tanzania.,Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMCUCO), Moshi 2240, Tanzania
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC), Moshi 3010, Tanzania.,Clinical Trial Unit, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute (KCRI), Moshi 2236, Tanzania.,Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMCUCO), Moshi 2240, Tanzania
| | - Patrick Soentjens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp 2000, Belgium.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Brussels 1120, Belgium
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Avcil M, Yolcubal A, Özlüer YE, Yetiş Ç. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and substance-P as predictors for early-stage diagnosis of acute mountain sickness. Am J Emerg Med 2022; 59:100-105. [PMID: 35820276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although acute mountain sickness (AMS) can be a life-threatening condition, early diagnosis is difficult due to vague and non-specific symptoms. The aim of this study is to investigate biochemical markers that can detect high-altitude diseases in advance. Eight different biomarkers (BNP, HIF-1α, NGAL, MMP-3, MMP-9, SESN2, substance P (SP), and U-II) were studied, and their relationship with AMS was investigated. METHODS Of the 84 mountaineers who participated in the mountaineering training organized by the Turkish Mountaineering Federation in the Rize Kaçkar Mountains in 2018, 52 volunteered to participate in the study. Twelve hours after the participants reached an altitude of 2200 m (exposed to moderate hypoxia), their vital parameters were measured, and blood samples were taken for biochemistry tests. Vital signs and Lake Louise (LL) AMS scores were recorded every 24 h during the following 72 h. The participants were divided into two groups according to their LL scores: those with AMS and those without (AMS+ and AMS -), and the vital parameters and biomarker levels of both groups were compared and evaluated. RESULTS Of the volunteers participating in the study, 35 (67.3%) were male and 17 (32.7%) were female, although there was no gender difference in terms of susceptibility to AMS. Among the investigated markers in the AMS + group, MMP-9 and SP were statistically significantly higher (p = 0.037 and p = 0.038, respectively). There were no statistical differences between AMS- and AMS+ groups with regard to heart rate, oxygen saturation, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure values (p = 0.507, p = 0.929, p = 0.955, p = 0.572, respectively). CONCLUSION There were significant differences between the AMS- and AMS+ groups in terms of MMP-9 and SP. However, differences in physical indexes between the groups were not statistically significant. This could provide objective indexes for scanning and screening individuals susceptible to AMS in the early stages of rapid ascending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mücahit Avcil
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Efeler, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Akın Yolcubal
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Efeler, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Yunus Emre Özlüer
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Efeler, Aydın, Turkey.
| | - Çağaç Yetiş
- Aydın Söke Fehime Faik Kocagöz State Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Söke, Aydın, Turkey
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Drago S, Campodónico J, Sandoval M, Berendsen R, Buijze GA. Voluntary Increase of Minute Ventilation for Prevention of Acute Mountain Sickness. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:971-977. [PMID: 35760082 DOI: 10.1055/a-1832-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of voluntary sustained hyperventilation during rapid ascent to high altitude for the prevention of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Study subjects (n=32) were volunteer participants in a 2-day expedition to Mount Leoneras (4954 m), starting at 2800m (base camp at 4120 m). Subjects were randomized to either: 1) an intervention group using the voluntary hyperventilation (VH) technique targeting an end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2)<20 mmHg; or 2) a group using acetazolamide (AZ). During the expedition, respiratory rate (28±20 vs. 18±5 breaths/min, mean±SD, P<0.01) and SpO2 (95%±4% vs. 89%±5%, mean±SD, P<0.01) were higher, and ETCO2 (17±4 vs. 26±4 mmHg, mean±SD, P<0.01) was lower in the VH group compared to the AZ group - as repeatedly measured at equal fixed intervals during the ascent - showing the feasibility of the VH technique. Regarding efficacy, the incidence of 6 (40%) subjects registering an LLS score≥3 in the VH group was non-inferior to the 3 (18%) subjects in the acetazolamide group (P=0.16, power 28%). Voluntary increase in minute ventilation is a feasible technique, but - despite the underpowered non-inferiority in this small-scale proof-of-concept trial - it is not likely to be as effective as acetazolamide to prevent AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Drago
- Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital del Trabajador, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Campodónico
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Grupo de rescate médico en montaña (GREMM), Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Sandoval
- Sport Medicine Department; Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Remco Berendsen
- Anesthesia, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Geert Alexander Buijze
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Clinique Générale, Annecy, France.,Orthopaedic Surgery, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier University Medical Center, Montpellier, France.,Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Debevec T, Narang BJ, Manferdelli G, Millet GP. Premature birth: a neglected consideration for altitude adaptation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:975-978. [PMID: 35708701 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00201.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tadej Debevec
- Faculty of Sport, grid.8954.0University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Benjamin J Narang
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics, and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Giorgio Manferdelli
- Institute of Sport Sciences, grid.9851.5University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kelly TD, Meier M, Weinman JP, Ivy D, Brinton JT, Liptzin DR. High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema in Colorado Children: A Cross-Sectional Survey and Retrospective Review. High Alt Med Biol 2022; 23:119-124. [PMID: 35384735 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2021.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kelly, Timothy D., Maxene Meier, Jason P. Weinman, Dunbar Ivy, John T. Brinton, and Deborah R. Liptzin. High-altitude pulmonary edema in Colorado children: a cross-sectional survey and retrospective review. High Alt Med Biol. 23:119-124, 2022. Introduction: Few studies of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) are specific to the pediatric population. The purpose of this investigation was to further characterize the radiographic patterns of pediatric HAPE, and to better understand ongoing risk following an initial pediatric HAPE episode. Methods: This study uses both a retrospective chart review and cross-sectional survey. Pediatric patients with HAPE at a single quaternary referral center in the Rocky Mountain Region were identified between the years 2013 and 2020. Patients were eligible if they presented with a clinical diagnosis of HAPE and had a viewable chest radiograph (CXR). Surveys were sent to eligible patients/families to gather additional information relating to family history, puberty, and HAPE recurrence. Results: Forty-two individuals met criteria for clinical diagnosis of HAPE with a viewable CXR. A majority of CXRs (24/42, 57.1%) demonstrated predominant right-sided involvement. Similarly, 24 CXRs (24/42, 57.1%) demonstrated predominant upper lobe involvement. Twenty-one (21/42, 50%) surveys were completed. A minority of individuals went on to experience at least one other HAPE episode (8/19, 42.1%). Conclusion: The most common radiographic pattern seen in pediatric HAPE is pulmonary edema that favors the right lung and upper lobes. After an initial HAPE presentation, some children will experience additional HAPE episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Kelly
- Indiana University Emergency Medicine Residency, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Maxene Meier
- Research Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jason P Weinman
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Dunbar Ivy
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - John T Brinton
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Deborah R Liptzin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Gandhi S, Chinnadurai V, Bhadra K, Gupta I, Kanwar RS. Urinary metabolic modulation in human participants residing in Siachen: a 1H NMR metabolomics approach. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9070. [PMID: 35641596 PMCID: PMC9156790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The main physiological challenge in high altitude environment is hypoxia which affects the aerobic metabolism reducing the energy supply. These changes may further progress toward extreme environment-related diseases. These are further reflected in changes in small molecular weight metabolites and metabolic pathways. In the present study, metabolic changes due to chronic environmental hypoxia were assessed using 1H NMR metabolomics by analysing the urinary metabolic profile of 70 people at sea level and 40 people at Siachen camp (3700 m) for 1 year. Multivariate statistical analysis was carried out, and PLSDA detected 15 metabolites based on VIP score > 1. ROC analysis detected cis-aconitate, Nicotinamide Mononucleotide, Tyrosine, Choline and Creatinine metabolites with a high range of sensitivity and specificity. Pathway analysis revealed 16 pathways impact > 0.05, and phenylalanine tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis was the most prominent altered pathway indicating metabolic remodelling to meet the energy requirements. TCA cycle, Glycine serine and Threonine metabolism, Glutathione metabolism and Cysteine alterations were other metabolic pathways affected during long-term high-altitude hypoxia exposure. Present findings will help unlock a new dimension for the potential application of NMR metabolomics to address extreme environment-related health problems, early detection and developing strategies to combat high altitude hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gandhi
- Metabolomics Research Facility, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
| | - Vijayakumar Chinnadurai
- Cognitive Control and Machine Learning Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Kuntal Bhadra
- Department of Endocrinology and Thyroid Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Isha Gupta
- Metabolomics Research Facility, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Ratnesh Singh Kanwar
- Department of Endocrinology and Thyroid Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, 110054, India
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Narang BJ, Manferdelli G, Millet GP, Debevec T. Respiratory responses to hypoxia during rest and exercise in individuals born pre-term: a state-of-the-art review. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1991-2003. [PMID: 35589858 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pre-term birth survival rate has increased considerably in recent decades, and research investigating the long-term effects of premature birth is growing. Moreover, altitude sojourns are increasing in popularity and are often accompanied by various levels of physical activity. Individuals born pre-term appear to exhibit altered acute ventilatory responses to hypoxia, potentially predisposing them to high-altitude illness. These impairments are likely due to the use of perinatal hyperoxia stunting the maturation of carotid body chemoreceptors, but may also be attributed to limited lung diffusion capacity and/or gas exchange inefficiency. Aerobic exercise capacity also appears to be reduced in this population. This may relate to the aforementioned respiratory impairments, or could be due to physiological limitations in pulmonary blood flow or at the exercising muscle (e.g. mitochondrial efficiency). However, surprisingly, the debilitative effects of exercise when performed at altitude do not seem to be exacerbated by premature birth. In fact, it is reasonable to speculate that pre-term birth could protect against the consequences of exercise combined with hypoxia. The mechanisms that underlie this assertion might relate to differences in oxidative stress responses or in cardiopulmonary morphology in pre-term individuals, compared to their full-term counterparts. Further research is required to elucidate the independent effects of neonatal treatment, sex differences and chronic lung disease, and to establish causality in some of the proposed mechanisms that could underlie the differences discussed throughout this review. A more in-depth understanding of the acclimatisation responses to chronic altitude exposures would also help to inform appropriate interventions in this clinical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Narang
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,Faculty for Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tadej Debevec
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty for Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Miserocchi G, Beretta E, Rivolta I, Bartesaghi M. Role of the Air-Blood Barrier Phenotype in Lung Oxygen Uptake and Control of Extravascular Water. Front Physiol 2022; 13:811129. [PMID: 35418875 PMCID: PMC8996119 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.811129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The air blood barrier phenotype can be reasonably described by the ratio of lung capillary blood volume to the diffusion capacity of the alveolar membrane (Vc/Dm), which can be determined at rest in normoxia. The distribution of the Vc/Dm ratio in the population is normal; Vc/Dm shifts from ∼1, reflecting a higher number of alveoli of smaller radius, providing a high alveolar surface and a limited extension of the capillary network, to just opposite features on increasing Vc/Dm up to ∼6. We studied the kinetics of alveolar-capillary equilibration on exposure to edemagenic conditions (work at ∼60% maximum aerobic power) in hypoxia (HA) (PIO2 90 mmHg), based on an estimate of time constant of equilibration (τ) and blood capillary transit time (Tt). A shunt-like effect was described for subjects having a high Vc/Dm ratio, reflecting a longer τ (>0.5 s) and a shorter Tt (<0.8 s) due to pulmonary vasoconstriction and a larger increase in cardiac output (>3-fold). The tendency to develop lung edema in edemagenic conditions (work in HA) was found to be directly proportional to the value of Vc/Dm as suggested by an estimate of the mechanical properties of the respiratory system with the forced frequency oscillation technique.
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Liu X, Pan C, Si L, Tong S, Niu Y, Qiu H, Gan G. Definition of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome on the Plateau of Xining, Qinghai: A Verification of the Berlin Definition Altitude-PaO 2/FiO 2-Corrected Criteria. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:648835. [PMID: 35280910 PMCID: PMC8904903 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.648835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common critical respiratory illness. Hypoxia at high altitude is a factor that influences the progression of ARDS. Currently, we lack clear diagnostic criteria for high-altitude ARDS. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of the application of the Berlin Definition altitude-PaO2/FiO2-corrected criteria for ARDS in Xining, Qinghai (2,261 m). Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of patients with ARDS admitted to the Department of Critical Care Medicine of the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University from January 2018 to December 2018. The severity of ARDS was categorized according to the Berlin Definition, Berlin Definition altitude-PaO2/FiO2-corrected criteria, and the diagnostic criteria for acute lung injury (ALI)/ARDS at high altitudes in Western China (Zhang criteria). In addition, the differences between the three criteria were compared. Results Among 1,221 patients, 512 were treated with mechanical ventilation. In addition, 253 met the Berlin Definition, including 49 (19.77%) with mild ARDS, 148 (58.50%) with moderate ARDS, and 56 (22.13%) with severe ARDS. A total of 229 patients met the altitude-PaO2/FiO2-corrected criteria, including 107 with mild ARDS (46.72%), 84 with moderate ARDS (36.68%), and 38 (16.59%) with severe ARDS. Intensive care unit (ICU) mortality increased with the severity of ARDS (mild, 17.76%; moderate, 21.43%; and severe, 47.37%). Twenty-eight-day mortality increased with worsening ARDS (mild 23.36% vs. moderate 44.05% vs. severe 63.16%) (p < 0.001). There were 204 patients who met the Zhang criteria, including 87 (42.65%) with acute lung injury and 117 (57.35%) with ARDS. The area under receiver operating characteristics (AUROCs) of the Berlin Definition, the altitude-P/F-corrected criteria, and the Zhang criteria were 0.6675 (95% CI 0.5866–0.7484), 0.6216 (95% CI 0.5317–0.7116), and 0.6050 (95% CI 0.5084–0.7016), respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the three diagnostic criteria. Conclusion For Xining, Qinghai, the altitude-PaO2/FiO2-corrected criteria for ARDS can distinguish the severity of ARDS, but these results need to be confirmed in a larger sample and in multicenter clinical studies. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT04199650.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Chun Pan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lining Si
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Shijun Tong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yi Niu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guifen Gan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
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Georges T, Menu P, Le Blanc C, Ferreol S, Dauty M, Fouasson-Chailloux A. Contribution of Hypoxic Exercise Testing to Predict High-Altitude Pathology: A Systematic Review. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030377. [PMID: 35330129 PMCID: PMC8950822 DOI: 10.3390/life12030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Altitude travelers are exposed to high-altitude pathologies, which can be potentially serious. Individual susceptibility varies widely and this makes it difficult to predict who will develop these complications. The assessment of physiological adaptations to exercise performed in hypoxia has been proposed to help predict altitude sickness. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the contribution of hypoxic exercise testing, achieved in normobaric conditions, in the prediction of severe high-altitude pathology. We performed a systematic review using the databases PubMed, Science Direct and Embase in October 2021 to collect studies reporting physiological adaptations under hypoxic exercise testing and its interest in predicting high-altitude pathology. Eight studies were eligible, concerning 3558 patients with a mean age of 46.9 years old, and a simulated mean altitude reaching of 5092 m. 597 patients presented an acute mountain sickness during their altitude travels. Three different protocols of hypoxic exercise testing were used. Acute mountain sickness was defined using Hackett’s score or the Lake Louise score. Ventilatory and cardiac responses to hypoxia, desaturation in hypoxia, cerebral oxygenation, core temperature, variation in body mass index and some perceived sensations were the highlighted variables associated with acute mountain sickness. A decision algorithm based on hypoxic exercise tests was proposed by one team. Hypoxic exercise testing provides promising information to help predict altitude complications. Its interest should be confirmed by different teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Georges
- CHU Nantes, Service de Médecine Physique et Réadapatation Locomotrice et Respiratoire, 44093 Nantes, France; (T.G.); (P.M.); (C.L.B.); (S.F.); (M.D.)
| | - Pierre Menu
- CHU Nantes, Service de Médecine Physique et Réadapatation Locomotrice et Respiratoire, 44093 Nantes, France; (T.G.); (P.M.); (C.L.B.); (S.F.); (M.D.)
- CHU Nantes, Service de Médecine du Sport, 44093 Nantes, France
- Institut Régional de Médecine du Sport (IRMS), 44093 Nantes, France
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, F-44042 Nantes, France
| | - Camille Le Blanc
- CHU Nantes, Service de Médecine Physique et Réadapatation Locomotrice et Respiratoire, 44093 Nantes, France; (T.G.); (P.M.); (C.L.B.); (S.F.); (M.D.)
| | - Sophie Ferreol
- CHU Nantes, Service de Médecine Physique et Réadapatation Locomotrice et Respiratoire, 44093 Nantes, France; (T.G.); (P.M.); (C.L.B.); (S.F.); (M.D.)
| | - Marc Dauty
- CHU Nantes, Service de Médecine Physique et Réadapatation Locomotrice et Respiratoire, 44093 Nantes, France; (T.G.); (P.M.); (C.L.B.); (S.F.); (M.D.)
- CHU Nantes, Service de Médecine du Sport, 44093 Nantes, France
- Institut Régional de Médecine du Sport (IRMS), 44093 Nantes, France
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, F-44042 Nantes, France
| | - Alban Fouasson-Chailloux
- CHU Nantes, Service de Médecine Physique et Réadapatation Locomotrice et Respiratoire, 44093 Nantes, France; (T.G.); (P.M.); (C.L.B.); (S.F.); (M.D.)
- CHU Nantes, Service de Médecine du Sport, 44093 Nantes, France
- Institut Régional de Médecine du Sport (IRMS), 44093 Nantes, France
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, F-44042 Nantes, France
- Correspondence:
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Small E, Phillips C, Marvel J, Lipman G. Older Age as a Predictive Risk Factor for Acute Mountain Sickness. Am J Med 2022; 135:386-392.e1. [PMID: 34715059 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older populations are increasing and comprise a substantial portion of high-altitude travelers. Aging physiology may influence susceptibility to acute mountain sickness, though prior research remains inconclusive. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between increasing age and acute mountain sickness. METHODS This study was a pooled analysis of 5 prospective randomized controlled trials conducted at White Mountain, California from 2010, 2016-2019 with identical 4-hour rapid ascent from 1242 m to overnight sojourn at 3810 m. Acute mountain sickness was defined by the 2018 Lake Louise Questionnaire criteria. RESULTS There were 491 participants analyzed, 234 (48%) diagnosed with acute mountain sickness and 71 (14%) with moderate acute mountain sickness. Mean age was 37 years (±13). There was no significant correlation between Lake Louise Questionnaire severity and age (r = -0.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.11-0.07, P = .7), 40-year-old dichotomy (t = -0.6; 95% CI, -0.53-0.28, P = .6), or decade of life (P = .4). Logistic regression found no increased odds of acute mountain sickness for increasing age by decade of life (odds ratio [OR] 1.0; 95% CI, 0.97-1.0) or 40-year-old dichotomy (OR 1.4; 95% CI, 0.97-2.1). A history of acute mountain sickness increased odds of acute mountain sickness (OR 3.2; 95% CI, 1.5-7.7). CONCLUSIONS Older age was not associated with incidence nor severity of acute mountain sickness. A history of altitude illness increased odds of acute mountain sickness and should be used for pre-ascent risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan Small
- Emergency Medicine Residency, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif.
| | - Caleb Phillips
- Department of Computational Science, University of Colorado, Boulder
| | - James Marvel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Grant Lipman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif
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Wang Y, Huang X, Peng F, Han H, Gu Y, Liu X, Feng Z. Association of variants m.T16172C and m.T16519C in whole mtDNA sequences with high altitude pulmonary edema in Han Chinese lowlanders. BMC Pulm Med 2022; 22:72. [PMID: 35216582 PMCID: PMC8881820 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a hypoxia-induced non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema that typically occurred in un-acclimatized lowlanders, which inevitably leads to life-threatening consequences. Apart from multiple factors involved, the genetic factors also play an important role in the pathogenesis of HAPE. So far, researchers have put more energy into the nuclear genome and HAPE, and ignored the relationship between the mitochondrion DNA (mtDNA) variants and HAPE susceptibility. Methods We recruited a total of 366 individuals including 181 HAPE patients and 185 non-HAPE populations through two times. The first time, 49 HAPE patients and 58 non-HAPE individuals were performed through whole mtDNA sequences to search the mutations and haplogroups. The second time, 132 HAPE patients and 127 non-HAPE subjects were collected to apply verifying these mutations and haplogroups of mtDNA with the routine PCR method. Results We analyzed and summarized the clinical characteristics and sequence data for the 49 HAPE patients and 58 non-HAPE individuals. We found that a series of routine blood indexes including systolic arterial blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR), white blood cell (WBC), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the HAPE group presented higher and displayed significant differences compared with those in the non-HAPE group. Although the average numbers of variants in different region and group samples were not statistically significant (P > 0.05), the mutation densities of different regions in the internal group showed significant differences. Then we found two mutations (T16172C and T16519C) associated with the HAPE susceptibility, the T16172C mutation increased the risk of HAPE, and the T16519C mutation decreased the HAPE rating. Furthermore, the two mutations were demonstrated with 132 HAPE patients and 127 non-HAPE individuals. Unfortunately, all the haplogroups were not associated with the HAPE haplogroups. Conclusions We provided evidence of differences in mtDNA polymorphism frequencies between HAPE and non-HAPE Han Chinese. Genotypes of mtDNA 16172C and 16519C were correlated with HAPE susceptibility, indicating the role of the mitochondrial genome in the pathogenesis of HAPE. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12890-021-01791-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Clinical Biobank Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fu Xin Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100853, China. .,BaYi Children's Hospital, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, No.5 Nan Men Cang, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Xuewen Huang
- The Mountain Sickness Prevention Research Center of the General Hospital of Tibet Military Command, Tibet, China
| | - Fujun Peng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Huiling Han
- BaYi Children's Hospital, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, No.5 Nan Men Cang, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yanan Gu
- BaYi Children's Hospital, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, No.5 Nan Men Cang, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xin Liu
- BaYi Children's Hospital, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, No.5 Nan Men Cang, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Zhichun Feng
- BaYi Children's Hospital, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, No.5 Nan Men Cang, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, 100700, China.
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