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Wu Y, Gong X, Shen J, Zhu K. Postantibiotic leukocyte enhancement-mediated reduction of intracellular bacteria by macrophages. J Adv Res 2024; 58:117-128. [PMID: 37290606 PMCID: PMC10982861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Potentiation of the bactericidal activities of leukocytes, including macrophages, upon antibacterial agent administration has been observed for several decades and is summarized as the postantibiotic leukocyte enhancement (PALE) theory. Antibiotics-induced bacterial sensitization to leukocytes is commonly recognized as the mechanism of PALE. However, the degree of sensitization drastically varies with antibiotic classes, and little is known about whether and how the potentiation of leukocytes contributes to PALE. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aim to develop a mechanistic understanding of PALE by investigating the immunoregulation of traditional antibiotics on macrophages. METHODS Interaction models between bacteria and macrophages were constructed to identify the effects of different antibiotics on the bactericidal activities of macrophages. Oxygen consumption rate, expression of oxidases, and antioxidants were then measured to evaluate the effects of fluoroquinolones (FQs) on the oxidative stress of macrophages. Furthermore, the modulation in endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation upon antibiotic treatment was detected to analyze the mechanisms. At last, the peritoneal infection model was utilized to verify the PALE in vivo. RESULTS Enrofloxacin significantly reduced the intracellular burden of diverse bacterial pathogens through promoting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The upregulated oxidative response accordingly reprograms the electron transport chain with decreased production of antioxidant enzymes to reduce internalized pathogens. Additionally, enrofloxacin modulated the expression and spatiotemporal localization of myeloperoxidase (MPO) to facilitate ROS accumulation to target invaded bacteria and downregulated inflammatory response to alleviate cellular injury. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the crucial role of leukocytes in PALE, shedding light on the development of new host-directed antibacterial therapies and the design of rational dosage regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoxia Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kui Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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2
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Flórez-Barrós F, Bearder S, Pavlidis P, Robson MG. Antimyeloperoxidase antibodies modulate inflammatory responses and activate profibrotic pathways in human monocytes. J Autoimmun 2023; 139:103060. [PMID: 37331172 PMCID: PMC10828547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Antimyeloperoxidase (anti-MPO) and antiproteinase 3 (anti-PR3) antibodies are found in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). We investigated the effect of both anti-MPO and anti-PR3 IgG on human monocytes. Peripheral blood monocytes were cultured under a range of conditions that included TLR agonists, anti-MPO IgG and anti-PR3 IgG with appropriate controls. Experiments included whole transcriptome profiling and an assessment of the role of Fc receptors. When monocytes were stimulated with LPS or R848, anti-MPO but not anti-PR3 IgG, caused a reduction in IL-10 secretion and had a profound effect on cell-surface marker expression. Anti-MPO but not anti-PR3 IgG enhanced monocyte survival in the absence of TLR stimulation. These effects depended on the Fc receptor CD32a. With TLR stimulation, the effect of anti-MPO but not anti-PR3 IgG on the transcriptional response at 6 h was variable, but we identified a core set of transcripts likely to be important. Without TLR stimulation, there was a robust effect of anti-MPO but not anti-PR3 IgG on the transcriptional response at 24 h, and there was a highly significant enrichment of genes encoding extracellular matrix and extracellular matrix-associated proteins. Analysis with nCounter confirmed many of the differentially expressed transcripts and supported a role for CD32a. These data show that anti-MPO, but not anti-PR3 IgG, from patients with AAV has wide-ranging effects on monocytes which depend on CD32a. The activation of a profibrotic transcriptional response by anti-MPO but not anti-PR3 IgG may give insights into the differences in disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siobhan Bearder
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | | | - Michael G Robson
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK.
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3
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He R, Ma M, Luo P, Guo Q. An overlap of IgG4-related tubulointerstitial nephritis and microscopic polyangiitis-associated glomerulonephritis: a case-based review. Clin Rheumatol 2023; 42:1459-1467. [PMID: 36593364 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06493-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Because of some similarities in organ involvement, clinical manifestations, and histopathological features, IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) may occur concurrently with some clinicopathologic variants of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). An overlap syndrome of IgG4-RD and AAV has recently been proposed in clinical and/or histopathological studies, indicating that there may be some potential pathophysiological associations between the two disease entities; however, the mechanisms underlying these are incompletely understood. Here, we describe a rare case of a 63-year-old man with IgG4-related tubulointerstitial nephritis (IgG4-TIN) and microscopic polyangiitis-associated glomerulonephritis (MPA-GN) overlap syndrome. The clinical diagnosis of MPA was based on the 2022 American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European League Against Rheumatology (EULAR) classification criteria. Remission induction therapy with intravenous methylprednisolone was initiated, followed by oral prednisone maintenance therapy with gradual tapering. The patient remained asymptomatic and his renal function was essentially normalized within 3.5 months of follow-up. The serum IgG4 levels decreased to 5 g/L. We also conducted a literature review to identify clinical findings, treatment options, and outcomes of patients with concurrent IgG4-RD and MPA and briefly discussed the potential pathophysiological association between IgG4-RD and MPA. Our findings enrich the database of this rare overlap syndrome and provide a basis for the diagnosis and early intervention in both diseases. These results provide some insights for clinicians to recognize and treat this overlap syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China
| | - Mingqi Ma
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China
| | - Ping Luo
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China
| | - Qiaoyan Guo
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China.
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4
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Flórez-Barrós F, Freeley S, Tham EL, Robson MG. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase δ Deficiency Protects From Antimyeloperoxidase Vasculitis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:64-70. [PMID: 35818684 PMCID: PMC10099887 DOI: 10.1002/art.42298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a systemic autoimmune disease in which glomerulonephritis is an important manifestation. Antibodies against myeloperoxidase (MPO) or proteinase 3 are thought to be important in pathogenesis. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ (PI3Kδ) mediates a number of effects in lymphocytes, but its role in myeloid cell responses is less clear. Therefore, this study was undertaken to assess this in a preclinical model of glomerulonephritis induced by the transfer of antibodies to MPO. METHODS D910A mice with inactive PI3Kδ were compared with wild-type controls. Disease protocols allowed for a comparison of experimental groups in the setting of both mild and more severe disease. Adoptive transfer experiments were performed, with flow cytometric analysis of digested kidneys taken at the end of the experiment. RESULTS With mild disease, D910A mice had fewer glomerular macrophages, fewer glomerular neutrophils, and reduced albuminuria compared with wild-type controls. With more severe disease, they also had fewer glomerular crescents and lower serum creatinine levels, indicating protection from acute kidney injury. Adoptive transfer experiments showed a defect in the recruitment of D910A monocytes to the diseased kidney. CONCLUSION Mice with inactive PI3Kδ were protected from anti-MPO vasculitis. This is due to cell intrinsic defect in the recruitment of monocytes to the kidney. These findings suggest that PI3Kδ is a potential therapeutic target in AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Flórez-Barrós
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Simon Freeley
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - El Li Tham
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael G Robson
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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5
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Scurt FG, Bose K, Hammoud B, Brandt S, Bernhardt A, Gross C, Mertens PR, Chatzikyrkou C. Old known and possible new biomarkers of ANCA-associated vasculitis. J Autoimmun 2022; 133:102953. [PMID: 36410262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) comprises a group of multisystem disorders involving severe, systemic, small-vessel vasculitis with short- and long term serious and life-threating complications. Despite the simplification of treatment, fundamental aspects concerning assessment of its efficacy and its adaptation to encountered complications or to the relapsing/remitting/subclinical disease course remain still unknown. The pathogenesis of AAV is complex and unique, and despite the progress achieved in the last years, much has not to be learnt. Foremost, there is still no accurate marker enabling us to monitoring disease and guide therapy. Therefore, the disease management relays often on clinical judgment and follows a" trial and error approach". In the recent years, an increasing number of new molecules s have been explored and used for this purpose including genomics, B- and T-cell subpopulations, complement system factors, cytokines, metabolomics, biospectroscopy and components of our microbiome. The aim of this review is to discuss both the role of known historical and clinically established biomarkers of AAV, as well as to highlight potential new ones, which could be used for timely diagnosis and monitoring of this devastating disease, with the goal to improve the effectiveness and ameliorate the complications of its demanding therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian G Scurt
- University Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - K Bose
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ben Hammoud
- University Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - S Brandt
- University Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - A Bernhardt
- University Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - C Gross
- University Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- University Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
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6
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An XN, Wei ZN, Xie YY, Xu J, Shen Y, Ni LY, Shi H, Shen PY, Zhang W, Chen YX. CD206+CD68+ mono-macrophages and serum soluble CD206 level are increased in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies associated glomerulonephritis. BMC Immunol 2022; 23:55. [PMID: 36376784 PMCID: PMC9664714 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-022-00529-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA) associated glomerulonephritis (AGN) is a group of autoimmune diseases and mono-macrophages are involved in its glomerular injuries. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of CD206+ mono-macrophages in AGN. Methods 27 AGN patients (14 active AGN, 13 remissive AGN) together with healthy controls (n = 9), disease controls (n = 6) and kidney function adjusted controls (n = 9) from Department of Nephrology, Ruijin hospital were recruited. Flow cytometry was used to study proportion of CD206+ cells in peripheral blood. Immunohistochemistry for CD206 staining was performed and CD206 expression was scored in different kidney regions. Serum soluble CD206 (sCD206) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We also generated murine myeloperoxidase (MPO) (muMPO) ANCA by immunizing Mpo−/− mice. Mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from wild C57BL/6 mice and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) derived macrophages from healthy donors were treated with MPO ANCA with or without its inhibitor AZD5904 to investigate the effects of MPO-ANCA on CD206 expression. Results The proportion of peripheral CD206+CD68+ cells in active AGN patients were significantly higher than that in remissive patients (p < 0.001), healthy controls (p < 0.001) and kidney function adjusted controls (p < 0.001). Serum sCD206 level in active AGN patients was higher than that in healthy controls (p < 0.05) and remissive patients (p < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry showed CD206 was highly expressed in different kidney regions including fibrinoid necrosis or crescent formation, glomeruli, periglomerular and tubulointerstitial compartment in active AGN patients in comparison with disease controls. Further studies showed MPO ANCA could induce CD206 expression in BMDMs and PBMC derived macrophages and such effects could be reversed by its inhibitor AZD5904. Conclusion ANCA could induce CD206 expression on mono-macrophages and CD206+ mono-macrophages are activated in AGN. CD206 might be involved in the pathogenesis of AAV and may be a potential target for the disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12865-022-00529-w.
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Xu Y, Chen Y, Zhang X, Ma J, Liu Y, Cui L, Wang F. Glycolysis in Innate Immune Cells Contributes to Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:920029. [PMID: 35844594 PMCID: PMC9284233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.920029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) refer to connective tissue inflammation caused by aberrant autoantibodies resulting from dysfunctional immune surveillance. Most of the current treatments for AIDs use non-selective immunosuppressive agents. Although these therapies successfully control the disease process, patients experience significant side effects, particularly an increased risk of infection. There is a great need to study the pathogenesis of AIDs to facilitate the development of selective inhibitors for inflammatory signaling to overcome the limitations of traditional therapies. Immune cells alter their predominant metabolic profile from mitochondrial respiration to glycolysis in AIDs. This metabolic reprogramming, known to occur in adaptive immune cells, i.e., B and T lymphocytes, is critical to the pathogenesis of connective tissue inflammation. At the cellular level, this metabolic switch involves multiple signaling molecules, including serine-threonine protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Although glycolysis is less efficient than mitochondrial respiration in terms of ATP production, immune cells can promote disease progression by enhancing glycolysis to satisfy cellular functions. Recent studies have shown that active glycolytic metabolism may also account for the cellular physiology of innate immune cells in AIDs. However, the mechanism by which glycolysis affects innate immunity and participates in the pathogenesis of AIDs remains to be elucidated. Therefore, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms, including key enzymes, signaling pathways, and inflammatory factors, that could explain the relationship between glycolysis and the pro-inflammatory phenotype of innate immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Additionally, we summarize the impact of glycolysis on the pathophysiological processes of AIDs, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis, and ankylosing spondylitis, and discuss potential therapeutic targets. The discovery that immune cell metabolism characterized by glycolysis may regulate inflammation broadens the avenues for treating AIDs by modulating immune cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongkang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Center of Biotherapy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yudong Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyan Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Rousselle A, Sonnemann J, Amann K, Mildner A, Lodka D, Kling L, Bieringer M, Schneider U, Leutz A, Enghard P, Kettritz R, Schreiber A. CSF2-dependent monocyte education in the pathogenesis of ANCA-induced glomerulonephritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81:1162-1172. [PMID: 35418479 PMCID: PMC9279749 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-221984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Myeloid cell activation by antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) is pivotal for necrotising vasculitis, including necrotising crescentic glomerulonephritis (NCGN). In contrast to neutrophils, the contribution of classical monocyte (CM) and non-classical monocyte (NCM) remains poorly defined. We tested the hypothesis that CMs contribute to antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) and that colony-stimulating factor-2 (CSF2, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)) is an important monocyte-directed disease modifier. Methods Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-immunised MPO−/− mice were transplanted with haematopoietic cells from wild-type (WT) mice, C–C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2)−/− mice to abrogate CM, or transcription factor CCAAT–enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPβ)−/− mice to reduce NCM, respectively. Monocytes were stimulated with CSF2, and CSF2 receptor subunit beta (CSF2rb)-deficient mice were used. Urinary monocytes and CSF2 were quantified and kidney Csf2 expression was analysed. CSF2-blocking antibody was used in the nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN) model. Results Compared with WT mice, CCR2−/− chimeric mice showed reduced circulating CM and were protected from NCGN. C/EBPβ−/− chimeric mice lacked NCM but developed NCGN similar to WT chimeric mice. Kidney and urinary CSF2 were upregulated in AAV mice. CSF2 increased the ability of ANCA-stimulated monocytes to generate interleukin-1β and to promote TH17 effector cell polarisation. CSF2rb−/− chimeric mice harboured reduced numbers of kidney TH17 cells and were protected from NCGN. CSF2 neutralisation reduced renal damage in the NTN model. Finally, patients with active AAV displayed increased urinary CM numbers, CSF2 levels and expression of GM-CSF in infiltrating renal cells. Conclusions CMs but not NCMs are important for inducing kidney damage in AAV. CSF2 is a crucial pathological factor by modulating monocyte proinflammatory functions and thereby TH17 cell polarisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Rousselle
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janis Sonnemann
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Mildner
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dörte Lodka
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lovis Kling
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Bieringer
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS Klinik Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Schneider
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim Leutz
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Enghard
- Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Kettritz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrian Schreiber
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany .,Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Jerke U, Eulenberg-Gustavus C, Rousselle A, Nicklin P, Kreideweiss S, Grundl MA, Eickholz P, Nickles K, Schreiber A, Korkmaz B, Kettritz R. Targeting Cathepsin C in PR3-ANCA Vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:936-947. [PMID: 35292437 PMCID: PMC9063889 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021081112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ANCA autoantigens proteinase 3 (PR3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) are exclusively expressed by neutrophils and monocytes. ANCA-mediated activation of these cells is the key driver of the vascular injury process in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV), and neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) are disease mediators. Cathepsin C (CatC) from zymogens activates the proteolytic function of NSPs, including PR3. Lack of NSP zymogen activation results in neutrophils with strongly reduced NSP proteins. METHODS To explore AAV-relevant consequences of blocking NSP zymogen activation by CatC, we used myeloid cells from patients with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome, a genetic deficiency of CatC, to assess NSPs and NSP-mediated endothelial cell injury. We also examined pharmacologic CatC inhibition in neutrophil-differentiated human hematopoietic stem cells, primary human umbilical vein cells, and primary glomerular microvascular endothelial cells. RESULTS Patients with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome showed strongly reduced NSPs in neutrophils and monocytes. Neutrophils from these patients produced a negative PR3-ANCA test, presented less PR3 on the surface of viable and apoptotic cells, and caused significantly less damage in human umbilical vein cells. These findings were recapitulated in human stem cells, in which a highly specific CatC inhibitor, but not prednisolone, reduced NSPs without affecting neutrophil differentiation, reduced membrane PR3, and diminished neutrophil activation upon PR3-ANCA but not MPO-ANCA stimulation. Compared with healthy controls, neutrophils from patients with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome transferred less proteolytically active NSPs to glomerular microvascular endothelial cells, the cell type targeted in ANCA-induced necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis. Finally, both genetic CatC deficiency and pharmacologic inhibition, but not prednisolone, reduced neutrophil-induced glomerular microvascular endothelial cell damage. CONCLUSIONS These findings may offer encouragement for clinical studies of adjunctive CatC inhibitor in patients with PR3-AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Jerke
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Eulenberg-Gustavus
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anthony Rousselle
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Nicklin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Marc A Grundl
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Peter Eickholz
- Peridontology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Katrin Nickles
- Peridontology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Adrian Schreiber
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ralph Kettritz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany .,Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Hu J, Lei H, Liu L, Xu D. Lipoprotein(a), a Lethal Player in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:812368. [PMID: 35155427 PMCID: PMC8830536 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.812368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcified aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common valvular cardiovascular disease with increasing incidence and mortality. The primary treatment for CAVD is surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement and there remains a lack of effective drug treatment. Recently, lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) has been considered to play a crucial role in CAVD pathophysiology. Multiple studies have shown that Lp(a) represents an independent risk factor for CAVD. Moreover, Lp(a) mediates the occurrence and development of CAVD by affecting aortic valve endothelial dysfunction, indirectly promoting foam cell formation through oxidized phospholipids (OxPL), inflammation, oxidative stress, and directly promotes valve calcification. However, there is a lack of clinical trials with Lp(a) reduction as a primary endpoint. This review aims to explore the relationship and mechanism between Lp(a) and CAVD, and focuses on the current drugs that can be used as potential therapeutic targets for CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Lei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Leiling Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Danyan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Danyan Xu,
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11
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Chalayer E, Gramont B, Zekre F, Goguyer-Deschaumes R, Waeckel L, Grange L, Paul S, Chung AW, Killian M. Fc receptors gone wrong: A comprehensive review of their roles in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 21:103016. [PMID: 34915182 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.103016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases have a complex and only partially known pathophysiology with various abnormalities involving all the components of the immune system. Among these components, antibodies, and especially autoantibodies are key elements contributing to autoimmunity. The interaction of antibody fragment crystallisable (Fc) and several distinct receptors, namely Fc receptors (FcRs), have gained much attention during the recent years, with possible major therapeutic perspectives for the future. The aim of this review is to comprehensively describe the known roles for FcRs (activating and inhibitory FcγRs, neonatal FcR [FcRn], FcαRI, FcεRs, Ro52/tripartite motif containing 21 [Ro52/TRIM21], FcδR, and the novel Fc receptor-like [FcRL] family) in systemic autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, namely rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, mixed connective tissue disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, immunoglobulin (Ig) A vasculitis, Behçet's disease, Kawasaki disease, IgG4-related disease, immune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, antiphospholipid syndrome and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Chalayer
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Cancérologie Lucien Neuwirth, Saint-Etienne, France; INSERM U1059-Sainbiose, dysfonction vasculaire et hémostase, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Baptiste Gramont
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Internal Medicine, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Franck Zekre
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Pediatrics, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Roman Goguyer-Deschaumes
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Louis Waeckel
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Immunology, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Lucile Grange
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Internal Medicine, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Immunology, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Amy W Chung
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin Killian
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Internal Medicine, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France.
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12
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Vegting Y, Vogt L, Anders HJ, de Winther MPJ, Bemelman FJ, Hilhorst ML. Monocytes and macrophages in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102911. [PMID: 34298153 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV) are characterized by inflammation of small-to-medium-sized blood vessels and the presence of autoantibodies against cytoplasmic proteases sited in neutrophils and monocytes. Increasing evidence indicates a substantial role of monocytes and macrophages in the pathogenesis of AAV. Activated monocytes and macrophages contribute to necroinflammation in peripheral vasculitic lesions as well as to central and peripheral mechanisms of autoimmunity. The intermediate monocyte subset (CD14++CD16+) is increased and monocytes show elevated expression of CD14, Toll-like receptor 2/4, MHCII and integrins, likely reflecting activation and increased monocyte extravasation. Monocytes differentiate locally predominantly into alternatively activated (M2) macrophages, which are known for cell-clearance and phagocytosis, but may ultimately lead to fibrosis. Phagocytotic function of macrophages can be impaired by surface expression of cytoplasmic proteases on apoptotic neutrophils and causes release of inflammatory cytokines and immunogenic contents, presumably resulting in a vicious circle of increased neutrophil, T and B cell activation and consequent ANCA production. Considering their crucial role in initiating necroinflammation as well as fibrogenesis, monocytes and macrophages may represent a logic first-line target for new treatment options in AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosta Vegting
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Liffert Vogt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederike J Bemelman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc L Hilhorst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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13
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Müller A, Krause B, Kerstein-Stähle A, Comdühr S, Klapa S, Ullrich S, Holl-Ulrich K, Lamprecht P. Granulomatous Inflammation in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126474. [PMID: 34204207 PMCID: PMC8234846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) comprises granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). While systemic vasculitis is a hallmark of all AAV, GPA is characterized by extravascular granulomatous inflammation, preferentially affecting the respiratory tract. The mechanisms underlying the emergence of neutrophilic microabscesses; the appearance of multinucleated giant cells; and subsequent granuloma formation, finally leading to scarred or destroyed tissue in GPA, are still incompletely understood. This review summarizes findings describing the presence and function of molecules and cells contributing to granulomatous inflammation in the respiratory tract and to renal inflammation observed in GPA. In addition, factors affecting or promoting the development of granulomatous inflammation such as microbial infections, the nasal microbiome, and the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) are discussed. Further, on the basis of numerous results, we argue that, in situ, various ways of exposure linked with a high number of infiltrating proteinase 3 (PR3)- and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-expressing leukocytes lower the threshold for the presentation of an altered PR3 and possibly also of MPO, provoking the local development of ANCA autoimmune responses, aided by the formation of ectopic lymphoid structures. Although extravascular granulomatous inflammation is unique to GPA, similar molecular and cellular patterns can be found in both the respiratory tract and kidney tissue of GPA and MPA patients; for example, the antimicrobial peptide LL37, CD163+ macrophages, or regulatory T cells. Therefore, we postulate that granulomatous inflammation in GPA or PR3-AAV is intertwined with autoimmune and destructive mechanisms also seen at other sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Müller
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (B.K.); (A.K.-S.); (S.C.); (S.K.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-451-5005-0867
| | - Bettina Krause
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (B.K.); (A.K.-S.); (S.C.); (S.K.); (P.L.)
- Institute of Anatomy & Experimental Morphology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Anja Kerstein-Stähle
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (B.K.); (A.K.-S.); (S.C.); (S.K.); (P.L.)
| | - Sara Comdühr
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (B.K.); (A.K.-S.); (S.C.); (S.K.); (P.L.)
| | - Sebastian Klapa
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (B.K.); (A.K.-S.); (S.C.); (S.K.); (P.L.)
- Institute of Experimental Medicine c/o German Naval Medical Institute, Carl-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24119 Kronshagen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ullrich
- Institute of Anatomy & Experimental Morphology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
- Municipal Hospital Kiel, 24116 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Peter Lamprecht
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (B.K.); (A.K.-S.); (S.C.); (S.K.); (P.L.)
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14
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Granel J, Korkmaz B, Nouar D, Weiss SAI, Jenne DE, Lemoine R, Hoarau C. Pathogenicity of Proteinase 3-Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody in Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis: Implications as Biomarker and Future Therapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:571933. [PMID: 33679731 PMCID: PMC7930335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.571933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare but serious necrotizing auto-immune vasculitis. GPA is mostly associated with the presence of Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) targeting proteinase 3 (PR3-ANCA), a serine protease contained in neutrophil granules but also exposed at the membrane. PR3-ANCAs have a proven fundamental role in GPA: they bind neutrophils allowing their auto-immune activation responsible for vasculitis lesions. PR3-ANCAs bind neutrophil surface on the one hand by their Fab binding PR3 and on the other by their Fc binding Fc gamma receptors. Despite current therapies, GPA is still a serious disease with an important mortality and a high risk of relapse. Furthermore, although PR3-ANCAs are a consistent biomarker for GPA diagnosis, relapse management currently based on their level is inconsistent. Indeed, PR3-ANCA level is not correlated with disease activity in 25% of patients suggesting that not all PR3-ANCAs are pathogenic. Therefore, the development of new biomarkers to evaluate disease activity and predict relapse and new therapies is necessary. Understanding factors influencing PR3-ANCA pathogenicity, i.e. their potential to induce auto-immune activation of neutrophils, offers interesting perspectives in order to improve GPA management. Most relevant factors influencing PR3-ANCA pathogenicity are involved in their interaction with neutrophils: level of PR3 autoantigen at neutrophil surface, epitope of PR3 recognized by PR3-ANCA, isotype and glycosylation of PR3-ANCA. We detailed in this review the advances in understanding these factors influencing PR3-ANCA pathogenicity in order to use them as biomarkers and develop new therapies in GPA as part of a personalized approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Granel
- Université de Tours, Plateforme B Cell Ressources (BCR) EA4245, Tours, France.,Service d'Immunologie Clinique et d'Allergologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France
| | - Dalila Nouar
- Service d'Immunologie Clinique et d'Allergologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Stefanie A I Weiss
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dieter E Jenne
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Roxane Lemoine
- Université de Tours, Plateforme B Cell Ressources (BCR) EA4245, Tours, France
| | - Cyrille Hoarau
- Université de Tours, Plateforme B Cell Ressources (BCR) EA4245, Tours, France.,Service d'Immunologie Clinique et d'Allergologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
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15
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Leacy E, Brady G, Little MA. Pathogenesis of ANCA-associated vasculitis: an emerging role for immunometabolism. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 59:iii33-iii41. [PMID: 32348520 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a severe systemic autoimmune disease. A key feature of AAV is the presence of Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA) directed against myeloperoxidase (MPO) or proteinase-3 (PR3). ANCA are key to the pathogenesis of AAV, where they activate innate immune cells to drive inflammation. Pre-activation or 'priming' of immune cells appears to be important for complete cellular activation in AAV. The burgeoning field of immunometabolism has illuminated the governance of immune cell function by distinct metabolic pathways. There is ample evidence that the priming events synonymous with AAV alter immune cell metabolism. In this review we discuss the pathogenesis of AAV and its intersection with recent insights into immune cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Leacy
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gareth Brady
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark A Little
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Leacy E, Brady G, Conlon N, Scott J, Dunne J, Phelan T, McCormack WJ, Griffin MD, Kennedy A, Verrelli A, Molloy E, O'Sullivan D, Power J, Clarkson M, Zgaga L, O'Saughnessy M, Little MA. Study Protocol for DeCOmPRESS: Defining the Disease Course and Immune Profile of COVID-19 in the Immunosuppressed Patient. HRB Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.13094.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Current advisory guidelines for high-risk groups—including people with autoimmune disease taking immunosuppressive therapies—are to take increased precautions and avoid any unnecessary contacts. The aim of the DeCOmPRESS study is to define the disease course and immune profile of COVID-19 in immunosuppressed patients. We will clinically phenotype patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) who develop COVID-19 using a customized REDCap data collection instrument embedded within the Rare Kidney Disease (RKD) Biobank. This dataset will be interoperable with the rheum-COVID, Global Rheumatology Alliance, and SPRINT-SARI datasets, facilitating international data linkage. Acute and convalescent blood samples will be analysed by flow cytometry and ELISA to define the immunophenotype and cytokine profile. Patients will track COVID-19 and AAV symptoms through a bespoke smartphone app. DeCOmPRESS study findings will rapidly inform management of immunosuppressed patients who contract COVID-19 by defining the natural history and immunological manifestations of the disease in these patients. We will also determine whether pre-existing immunosuppressant therapy lessens the cytokine storm associated with severe COVID-19 disease, thereby paradoxically improving rather than worsening clinical outcomes. This protocol document details the procedures for end-to-end completion of the DeCOmPRESS project and is complemented by an associated comprehensive Study Manual (accessible at: https://www.tcd.ie/medicine/thkc/decompress/).
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17
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Immunopathogenesis of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197319. [PMID: 33023023 PMCID: PMC7584042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis is an autoimmune disorder which affects small- and, to a lesser degree, medium-sized vessels. ANCA-associated vasculitis encompasses three disease phenotypes: granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). This classification is largely based on clinical presentations and has several limitations. Recent research provided evidence that genetic background, risk of relapse, prognosis, and co-morbidities are more closely related to the ANCA serotype, proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA, compared to the disease phenotypes GPA or MPA. This finding has been extended to the investigation of biomarkers predicting disease activity, which again more closely relate to the ANCA serotype. Discoveries related to the immunopathogenesis translated into clinical practice as targeted therapies are on the rise. This review will summarize the current understanding of the immunopathogenesis of ANCA-associated vasculitis and the interplay between ANCA serotype and proposed disease biomarkers and illustrate how the extending knowledge of the immunopathogenesis will likely translate into development of a personalized medicine approach in the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis.
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18
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Granel J, Lemoine R, Morello E, Gallais Y, Mariot J, Drapeau M, Musnier A, Poupon A, Pugnière M, Seren S, Nouar D, Gouilleux-Gruart V, Watier H, Korkmaz B, Hoarau C. 4C3 Human Monoclonal Antibody: A Proof of Concept for Non-pathogenic Proteinase 3 Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies in Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:573040. [PMID: 33101296 PMCID: PMC7546423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a severe autoimmune vasculitis associated with the presence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) mainly targeting proteinase 3 (PR3), a neutrophilic serine proteinase. PR3-ANCA binding to membrane-bound PR3 on neutrophils induce their auto-immune activation responsible for vascular lesions. However, the correlation between PR3-ANCA level and disease activity remains inconsistent, suggesting the existence of non-pathogenic PR3-ANCA. In order to prove their existence, we immortalized B lymphocytes from blood samples of GPA patients in remission having persistent PR3-ANCA to isolate non-activating PR3-ANCA. We obtained for the first time a non-activating human IgG1κ anti-PR3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) named 4C3. This new mAb binds soluble PR3 with a high affinity and membrane-bound PR3 on an epitope close to the PR3 hydrophobic patch and in the vicinity of the active site. 4C3 is able to bind FcγRIIA and FcγRIIIB and has a G2F glycosylation profile on asparagine 297. 4C3 did not induce activation of neutrophils and could inhibit human polyclonal PR3-ANCA-induced activation suggesting that 4C3 is non-pathogenic. This characteristic relies on the recognized epitope on PR3 rather than to the Fc portion properties. The existence of non-pathogenic PR3-ANCA, which do not activate neutrophils, could explain the persistence of high PR3-ANCA levels in some GPA patients in remission and why PR3-ANCA would not predict relapse. Finally, these results offer promising perspectives particularly regarding the understanding of PR3-ANCA pathogenicity and the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in GPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Granel
- Plateforme B Cell Ressources (BCR) EA4245, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Service transversal d'Immunologie Clinique et d'Allergologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Roxane Lemoine
- Plateforme B Cell Ressources (BCR) EA4245, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Eric Morello
- Plateforme B Cell Ressources (BCR) EA4245, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Yann Gallais
- Plateforme B Cell Ressources (BCR) EA4245, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Julie Mariot
- Plateforme B Cell Ressources (BCR) EA4245, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Marion Drapeau
- Plateforme B Cell Ressources (BCR) EA4245, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Anne Poupon
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR 0085, CNRS UMR 7247, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Martine Pugnière
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie, Institut Régional du Cancer, INSERM U1194, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Seda Seren
- Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, INSERM, UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Dalila Nouar
- Service transversal d'Immunologie Clinique et d'Allergologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Valérie Gouilleux-Gruart
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Hervé Watier
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, INSERM, UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Cyrille Hoarau
- Plateforme B Cell Ressources (BCR) EA4245, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Service transversal d'Immunologie Clinique et d'Allergologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
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19
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O'Brien EC, White CA, Wyse J, Leacy E, Porter RK, Little MA, Hickey FB. Pro-inflammatory Stimulation of Monocytes by ANCA Is Linked to Changes in Cellular Metabolism. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:553. [PMID: 33015103 PMCID: PMC7509421 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental data suggest that pathogenesis in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis is driven by ANCA-mediated activation of neutrophils and monocytes. While the role of neutrophils has been extensively investigated, the function of monocytes remains relatively understudied. We have previously demonstrated that stimulation of monocytes with anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO), but not anti-proteinase-3 (PR3), antibodies results in production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Changes in cellular metabolism, particularly a switch to glycolysis, have recently been linked to activation of immune cells and production of IL-1β. Therefore, we investigated the metabolic profile of monocytes following ANCA stimulation. We found a significant increase in glucose uptake in anti-MPO stimulated monocytes. Interestingly, both anti-MPO and anti-PR3 stimulation resulted in an immediate increase in glycolysis, measured by Seahorse extracellular flux analysis. However, this increase in glycolysis was sustained (for up to 4 h) in anti-MPO- but not anti-PR3-treated cells. In addition, only anti-MPO-treated cells exhibited increased oxidative phosphorylation, a metabolic response that correlated with IL-1β production. These data indicate that monocyte metabolism is altered by ANCA, with divergent responses to anti-MPO and anti-PR3 antibodies. These metabolic changes may underlie pathologic immune activation in ANCA associated vasculitis, as well as potentially contributing to the differing clinical phenotype between PR3- and MPO-ANCA positive patients. These metabolic pathways may therefore be potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eóin C O'Brien
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carla A White
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jason Wyse
- Discipline of Statistics and Information Systems, School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emma Leacy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard K Porter
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark A Little
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fionnuala B Hickey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Functional effects of immune complexes formed between pembrolizumab and patient-generated anti-drug antibodies. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:2453-2464. [PMID: 32556495 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The PD-1-targeting IgG4 antibody pembrolizumab has significant anti-tumor activity in a proportion of stage IV melanoma patients. A subset of patients develop anti-drug antibodies (ADA) which can form immune complexes (IC) with pembrolizumab. Although IC can induce powerful, Fc-mediated, immune-regulatory effects, their functional impact during pembrolizumab treatment is unclear. The functional effects of IC generated in vitro using pembrolizumab and patient-derived ADA was, therefore, investigated. Screening identified a patient whose trough serum samples from three treatment cycles contained both ADA with neutralizing activity and low levels of pembrolizumab. This patient responded well to therapy over 2 years and had ongoing, infusion-related, hypersensitivity reactions despite the later absence of detectable ADA. The components of IC were mimicked by forming a complex of pembrolizumab by absorption onto a solid phase with or without subsequent exposure to the ADA+ patient sera. Complexes comprised of pembrolizumab alone significantly inhibited TLR4 (LPS)-driven IL-10 production by PBMC and stimulated the generation of reactive oxygen species by granulocytes. In contrast, soluble and solid-phase F(ab´)2 fragments of pembrolizumab had no effect demonstrating the requirement for cross-linked Fc regions. IC containing pembrolizumab and ADA could additionally induce complement and NK activation. The results of this study demonstrate that, when oligomerized, the Fc region of pembrolizumab alone can provide immuno-regulatory signals. Furthermore, IC containing both pembrolizumab and patient-generated ADA can induce additional signals. These Fc-mediated signals may modulate both hypersensitivity reactions and anti-tumor responses associated with pembrolizumab therapy.
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Sun X, Seidman JS, Zhao P, Troutman TD, Spann NJ, Que X, Zhou F, Liao Z, Pasillas M, Yang X, Magida JA, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA, Downes M, Evans RM, Saltiel AR, Tsimikas S, Glass CK, Witztum JL. Neutralization of Oxidized Phospholipids Ameliorates Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Cell Metab 2020; 31:189-206.e8. [PMID: 31761566 PMCID: PMC7028360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs), which arise due to oxidative stress, are proinflammatory and proatherogenic, but their roles in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are unknown. Here, we show that OxPLs accumulate in human and mouse NASH. Using a transgenic mouse that expresses a functional single-chain variable fragment of E06, a natural antibody that neutralizes OxPLs, we demonstrate the causal role of OxPLs in NASH. Targeting OxPLs in hyperlipidemic Ldlr-/- mice improved multiple aspects of NASH, including steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, hepatocyte death, and progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. Mechanistically, we found that OxPLs promote ROS accumulation to induce mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatocytes. Neutralizing OxPLs in AMLN-diet-fed Ldlr-/- mice reduced oxidative stress, improved hepatic and adipose-tissue mitochondrial function, and fatty-acid oxidation. These results suggest targeting OxPLs may be an effective therapeutic strategy for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Jason S Seidman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ty D Troutman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nathanael J Spann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xuchu Que
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fangli Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhongji Liao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Martina Pasillas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jason A Magida
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Heeringa P, Alan Little M. Releasing the complement brakes: is myeloperoxidase the missing link between factor H and C5a in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody vasculitis? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2019; 57:2070-2071. [PMID: 29757426 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Heeringa
- Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Alan Little
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Popat RJ, Robson MG. Neutrophils are not consistently activated by antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in vitro. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 78:709-711. [PMID: 30514699 PMCID: PMC6517801 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reena J Popat
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael G Robson
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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24
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Que X, Hung MY, Yeang C, Gonen A, Prohaska TA, Sun X, Diehl C, Määttä A, Gaddis DE, Bowden K, Pattison J, MacDonald JG, Ylä-Herttuala S, Mellon PL, Hedrick CC, Ley K, Miller YI, Glass CK, Peterson KL, Binder CJ, Tsimikas S, Witztum JL. Oxidized phospholipids are proinflammatory and proatherogenic in hypercholesterolaemic mice. Nature 2018; 558:301-306. [PMID: 29875409 PMCID: PMC6033669 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) are ubiquitous, are formed in many inflammatory tissues, including atherosclerotic lesions, and frequently mediate proinflammatory changes 1 . Because OxPL are mostly the products of non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation, mechanisms to specifically neutralize them are unavailable and their roles in vivo are largely unknown. We previously cloned the IgM natural antibody E06, which binds to the phosphocholine headgroup of OxPL, and blocks the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) by macrophages and inhibits the proinflammatory properties of OxPL2-4. Here, to determine the role of OxPL in vivo in the context of atherogenesis, we generated transgenic mice in the Ldlr-/- background that expressed a single-chain variable fragment of E06 (E06-scFv) using the Apoe promoter. E06-scFv was secreted into the plasma from the liver and macrophages, and achieved sufficient plasma levels to inhibit in vivo macrophage uptake of OxLDL and to prevent OxPL-induced inflammatory signalling. Compared to Ldlr-/- mice, Ldlr -/- E06-scFv mice had 57-28% less atherosclerosis after 4, 7 and even 12 months of 1% high-cholesterol diet. Echocardiographic and histologic evaluation of the aortic valves demonstrated that E06-scFv ameliorated the development of aortic valve gradients and decreased aortic valve calcification. Both cholesterol accumulation and in vivo uptake of OxLDL were decreased in peritoneal macrophages, and both peritoneal and aortic macrophages had a decreased inflammatory phenotype. Serum amyloid A was decreased by 32%, indicating decreased systemic inflammation, and hepatic steatosis and inflammation were also decreased. Finally, the E06-scFv prolonged life as measured over 15 months. Because the E06-scFv lacks the functional effects of an intact antibody other than the ability to bind OxPL and inhibit OxLDL uptake in macrophages, these data support a major proatherogenic role of OxLDL and demonstrate that OxPL are proinflammatory and proatherogenic, which E06 counteracts in vivo. These studies suggest that therapies inactivating OxPL may be beneficial for reducing generalized inflammation, including the progression of atherosclerosis, aortic stenosis and hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchu Que
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ming-Yow Hung
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Calvin Yeang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ayelet Gonen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Prohaska
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cody Diehl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Brigham Young University Idaho, Rexburg, ID, USA
| | - Antti Määttä
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dalia E Gaddis
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karen Bowden
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Pattison
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Pamela L Mellon
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yury I Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kirk L Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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