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Ebrahimi N, Abdulwahid AHRR, Mansouri A, Karimi N, Bostani RJ, Beiranvand S, Adelian S, Khorram R, Vafadar R, Hamblin MR, Aref AR. Targeting the NF-κB pathway as a potential regulator of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:106. [PMID: 38418707 PMCID: PMC10902086 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Advances in cancer immunotherapy over the last decade have led to the development of several agents that affect immune checkpoints. Inhibitory receptors expressed on T cells that negatively regulate the immune response include cytotoxic T‑lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), which have been studied more than similar receptors. Inhibition of these proteins and other immune checkpoints can stimulate the immune system to attack cancer cells, and prevent the tumor from escaping the immune response. However, the administration of anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4 antibodies has been associated with adverse inflammatory responses similar to autoimmune diseases. The current review discussed the role of the NF-κB pathway as a tumor promoter, and how it can govern inflammatory responses and affect various immune checkpoints. More precise knowledge about the communication between immune checkpoints and NF-κB pathways could increase the effectiveness of immunotherapy and reduce the adverse effects of checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Ebrahimi
- Genetics Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Atena Mansouri
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Karimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Islamic Azad University Damghan Branch, Damghan, Iran
| | | | - Sheida Beiranvand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Samaneh Adelian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Roya Khorram
- Bone and Joint Diseases Research Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Vafadar
- Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Xsphera Biosciences, Translational Medicine Group, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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2
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Jo W, Won T, Daoud A, Čiháková D. Immune checkpoint inhibitors associated cardiovascular immune-related adverse events. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1340373. [PMID: 38375475 PMCID: PMC10875074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are specialized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target immune checkpoints and their ligands, counteracting cancer cell-induced T-cell suppression. Approved ICIs like cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed death-1 (PD-1), its ligand PD-L1, and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) have improved cancer patient outcomes by enhancing anti-tumor responses. However, some patients are unresponsive, and others experience immune-related adverse events (irAEs), affecting organs like the lung, liver, intestine, skin and now the cardiovascular system. These cardiac irAEs include conditions like myocarditis, atherosclerosis, pericarditis, arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy. Ongoing clinical trials investigate promising alternative co-inhibitory receptor targets, including T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) and T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT). This review delves into the mechanisms of approved ICIs (CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, and LAG-3) and upcoming options like Tim-3 and TIGIT. It explores the use of ICIs in cancer treatment, supported by both preclinical and clinical data. Additionally, it examines the mechanisms behind cardiac toxic irAEs, focusing on ICI-associated myocarditis and atherosclerosis. These insights are vital as ICIs continue to revolutionize cancer therapy, offering hope to patients, while also necessitating careful monitoring and management of potential side effects, including emerging cardiac complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonyoung Jo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Taejoon Won
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Abdel Daoud
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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3
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Perswani P, Ismail SM, Mumtaz H, Uddin N, Asfand M, Khalil ABB, Ijlal A, Khan SE, Usman M, Younas H, Rai A. Rethinking HDL-C: An In-Depth Narrative Review of Its Role in Cardiovascular Health. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102152. [PMID: 37852560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between HDL-C and LDL levels are closely intertwined with the cardiovascular system. High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) is a well-known biomarker traditionally being interpreted as higher the HDL-C levels, minimal the risk of adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. However, recent research has unveiled a more complex relationship between HDL-C levels and cardiovascular outcomes, including genetic influences and potential risks associated with extremely high HDL-C levels. Intriguingly, extremely high HDL-C levels have been linked to unexpected cardiovascular risks. Up To date research suggests that individuals with genetically linked ultra-high HDL-C levels may depict an increased susceptibility to CVD, challenging the conventional realm that higher HDL-C is always beneficial. The mechanisms underlying this mystery are not fully understood but may involve HDL particle functionality and composition. In a nutshell, the relationship between HDL-C levels and cardiovascular outcomes is multifactorial. While low HDL-C remains a recognized risk factor for CVD, the genetic determinants of HDL-C levels add complexity to this association. Furthermore, extremely high HDL-C levels may not exhibit the expected protective benefits and may even pose unprecedented cardiovascular risks. A comprehensive understanding of these dynamics is essential for advancing our knowledge of CVD risk assessment and developing targeted therapeutic interventions. Further studies are needed to unravel the intricacies of HDL-C's role in cardiovascular health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hassan Mumtaz
- Care Coordinator: Association for Social Development, Islamabad, Pakistan; International Practitioner: Faculty of Public Health UK.
| | - Naseer Uddin
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | | | | | - Aisha Ijlal
- South City Institute of physical therapy and rehabilitation, Karachi.
| | - Shaheer Ellahi Khan
- Associate Professor of Public Health: Health services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Adjunct Professor: Dala Lana School Of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | | | - Hadia Younas
- Services institute of medical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Anushree Rai
- Govt. Chhattisgarh institute of Medical sciences, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India.
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4
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Chehab O, Akl E, Abdollahi A, Zeitoun R, Ambale-Venkatesh B, Wu C, Tracy R, Blumenthal RS, Post WS, Lima JAC, Rodriguez A. Higher HDL cholesterol levels are associated with increased markers of interstitial myocardial fibrosis in the MultiEthnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Sci Rep 2023; 13:20115. [PMID: 37978334 PMCID: PMC10656454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging research indicates that high HDL-C levels might not be cardioprotective, potentially worsening cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. Yet, there is no data on HDL-C's association with other CVD risk factors like myocardial fibrosis, a key aspect of cardiac remodeling predicting negative outcomes. We therefore aimed to study the association between HDL-C levels with interstitial myocardial fibrosis (IMF) and myocardial scar measured by CMR T1-mapping and late-gadolinium enhancement (LGE), respectively. There were 1863 participants (mean age of 69 years) who had both serum HDL-C measurements and underwent CMR. Analysis was done among those with available indices of interstitial fibrosis (extracellular volume fraction [ECV]; N = 1172 and native-T1; N = 1863) and replacement fibrosis by LGE (N = 1172). HDL-C was analyzed as both logarithmically-transformed and categorized into < 40 (low),40-59 (normal), and ≥ 60mg/dL (high). Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were constructed to assess the associations of HDL-C with CMR-obtained measures of IMF, ECV% and native-T1 time, and myocardial scar, respectively. In the fully adjusted model, each 1-SD increment of log HDL-C was associated with a 1% increment in ECV% (p = 0.01) and an 18-ms increment in native-T1 (p < 0.001). When stratified by HDL-C categories, those with high HDL-C (≥ 60mg/dL) had significantly higher ECV (β = 0.5%, p = 0.01) and native-T1 (β = 7 ms, p = 0.01) compared with those with normal HDL-C levels. Those with low HDL-C were not associated with IMF. Results remained unchanged after excluding individuals with a history of myocardial infarction. Neither increasing levels of HDL-C nor any HDL-C category was associated with the prevalence of myocardial scar. Increasing levels of HDL-C were associated with increased markers of IMF, with those with high levels of HDL-C being linked to subclinical fibrosis in a community-based setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Chehab
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elie Akl
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashkan Abdollahi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ralph Zeitoun
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Colin Wu
- Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Russell Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Roger S Blumenthal
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wendy S Post
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joao A C Lima
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Annabelle Rodriguez
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
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5
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Daei Sorkhabi A, Komijani E, Sarkesh A, Ghaderi Shadbad P, Aghebati-Maleki A, Aghebati-Maleki L. Advances in immune checkpoint-based immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: rationale and practice. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:321. [PMID: 37946301 PMCID: PMC10634124 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the encouraging results and broad clinical applicability of immune checkpoint (ICP) inhibitors in cancer therapy, ICP-based immunotherapies in the context of autoimmune disease, particularly multiple sclerosis (MS), have garnered considerable attention and hold great potential for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Given the well-established immunoregulatory role of ICPs in maintaining a balance between stimulatory and inhibitory signaling pathways to promote immune tolerance to self-antigens, a dysregulated expression pattern of ICPs has been observed in a significant proportion of patients with MS and its animal model called experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is associated with autoreactivity towards myelin and neurodegeneration. Consequently, there is a rationale for developing immunotherapeutic strategies to induce inhibitory ICPs while suppressing stimulatory ICPs, including engineering immune cells to overexpress ligands for inhibitory ICP receptors, such as program death-1 (PD-1), or designing fusion proteins, namely abatacept, to bind and inhibit the co-stimulatory pathways involved in overactivated T-cell mediated autoimmunity, and other strategies that will be discussed in-depth in the current review. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Daei Sorkhabi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Erfan Komijani
- Department of Veterinary, Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aila Sarkesh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pedram Ghaderi Shadbad
- Department of Veterinary, Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Aghebati-Maleki
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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6
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Chehab O, Akl E, Abdollahi A, Zeitoun R, Ambale-Venkatesh B, Wu C, Tracy R, Blumenthal R, Post W, Lima J, Rodriguez A. Higher HDL Cholesterol Levels Are Associated with Increased Markers of Interstitial Myocardial Fibrosis: Insights from The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3299344. [PMID: 37790448 PMCID: PMC10543254 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3299344/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Emerging research indicates that high HDL-C levels might not be cardioprotective, potentially worsening cardiovascular disease(CVD)outcomes. Yet, there's no data on HDL-C's association with other CVD risk factors like myocardial fibrosis, a key aspect of cardiac remodeling predicting negative outcomes. We therefore aimed to study the association between HDL-C levels with interstitial myocardial fibrosis (IMF) and myocardial scar measured by CMR T1-mapping and late-gadolinium enhancement(LGE), respectively. Methods There were 1,863 participants (mean age of 69-years) who had both serum HDL-C measurements and underwent CMR. Analysis was done among those with available indices of interstitial fibrosis (extracellular volume fraction[ECV];N=1,172 and native-T1;N=1,863) and replacement fibrosis by LGE(N=1,172). HDL-C was analyzed as both logarithmically-transformed and categorized into <40 (low), 40-59 (normal), and ≥60mg/dL (high). Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were constructed to assess the associations of HDL-C with CMR-obtained measures of IMF, ECV% and native-T1 time, and myocardial scar, respectively. Results In the fully adjusted model, each 1-SD increment of log HDL-C was associated with a 1% increment in ECV%(p=0.01) and an 18-ms increment in native-T1(p<0.001). When stratified by HDL-C categories, those with high HDL-C(≥60mg/dL) had significantly higher ECV(β=0.5%,p=0.01) and native-T1(β =7ms,p=0.01) compared with those with normal HDL-C levels. Those with low HDL-C were not associated with IMF. Results remained unchanged after excluding individuals with a history of myocardial infarction. Neither increasing levels of HDL-C nor any HDL-C category was associated with the prevalence of myocardial scar. Conclusions Increasing levels of HDL-C were associated with increased markers of IMF, with those with high levels of HDL-C being linked to subclinical fibrosis in a community-based setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Colin Wu
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
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7
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Lin J, Ehinger E, Hanna DB, Qi Q, Wang T, Ghosheh Y, Mueller K, Anastos K, Lazar JM, Mack WJ, Tien PC, Berman JW, Cohen MH, Ofotokun I, Gange S, Liu C, Heath SL, Tracy RP, Hodis HN, Landay AL, Ley K, Kaplan RC. HIV infection and cardiovascular disease have both shared and distinct monocyte gene expression features: Women's Interagency HIV study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285926. [PMID: 37205656 PMCID: PMC10198505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent inflammation contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) as an HIV-associated comorbidity. Innate immune cells such as monocytes are major drivers of inflammation in men and women with HIV. The study objectives are to examine the contribution of circulating non-classical monocytes (NCM, CD14dimCD16+) and intermediate monocytes (IM, CD14+CD16+) to the host response to long-term HIV infection and HIV-associated CVD. Women with and without chronic HIV infection (H) were studied. Subclinical CVD (C) was detected as plaques imaged by B-mode carotid artery ultrasound. The study included H-C-, H+C-, H-C+, and H+C+ participants (23 of each, matched on race/ethnicity, age and smoking status), selected from among enrollees in the Women's Interagency HIV Study. We assessed transcriptomic features associated with HIV or CVD alone or comorbid HIV/CVD comparing to healthy (H-C-) participants in IM and NCM isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. IM gene expression was little affected by HIV alone or CVD alone. In IM, coexisting HIV and CVD produced a measurable gene transcription signature, which was abolished by lipid-lowering treatment. In NCM, versus non-HIV controls, women with HIV had altered gene expression, irrespective of whether or not they had comorbid CVD. The largest set of differentially expressed genes was found in NCM among women with both HIV and CVD. Genes upregulated in association with HIV included several potential targets of drug therapies, including LAG3 (CD223). In conclusion, circulating monocytes from patients with well controlled HIV infection demonstrate an extensive gene expression signature which may be consistent with the ability of these cells to serve as potential viral reservoirs. Gene transcriptional changes in HIV patients were further magnified in the presence of subclinical CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Erik Ehinger
- Department of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - David B. Hanna
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Yanal Ghosheh
- Department of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Karin Mueller
- Department of Cardiology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kathryn Anastos
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Lazar
- Department of Medicine, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Wendy J. Mack
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Phyllis C. Tien
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Veterans Affairs, Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Joan W. Berman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Mardge H. Cohen
- Department of Medicine, John Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Igho Ofotokun
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division and Grady Health Care System, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Stephen Gange
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Chenglong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Sonya L. Heath
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Russell P. Tracy
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Colchester, VT, United States of America
| | - Howard N. Hodis
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Klaus Ley
- Department of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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Suero-Abreu GA, Zanni MV, Neilan TG. Atherosclerosis With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: Evidence, Diagnosis, and Management: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review. JACC CardioOncol 2022; 4:598-615. [PMID: 36636438 PMCID: PMC9830225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As the clinical applications of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) expand, our knowledge of the potential adverse effects of these drugs continues to broaden. Emerging evidence supports the association between ICI therapy with accelerated atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) events. We discuss the biological plausibility and the clinical evidence supporting an effect of inhibition of these immune checkpoints on atherosclerotic CV disease. Further, we provide a perspective on potential diagnostic and pharmacological strategies to reduce atherosclerotic risk in ICI-treated patients. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of ICI-related atherosclerosis is in its early stages. Further research is needed to identify the mechanisms linking ICI therapy to atherosclerosis, leverage the insight that ICI therapy provides into CV biology, and develop robust approaches to manage the expanding cohort of patients who may be at risk for atherosclerotic CV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markella V. Zanni
- Metabolism Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tomas G. Neilan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology and Department of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Address for correspondence: Dr Tomas G. Neilan, Cardio-Oncology Program and Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center (CIRC), Massachusetts General Hospital, 165 Cambridge Street, Suite 400, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. @TomasNeilan
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LAG3 Regulates T Cell Activation and Plaque Infiltration in Atherosclerotic Mice. JACC CardioOncol 2022; 4:635-645. [PMID: 36636446 PMCID: PMC9830219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immune checkpoint receptor lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) is a new target for immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), but the effects of LAG3 on atherosclerosis are not known. Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of LAG3 on plaque inflammation using murine hypercholesterolemic models of atherosclerosis. Methods To study the role of LAG3 in atherosclerosis, we investigated both bone marrow chimeras lacking LAG3 in hematopoietic cells as well as global Lag3 -/- knockout mice. Effects of anti-LAG3 monoclonal antibody monotherapy and combination therapy with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) were tested in hypercholesterolemic low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr -/- ) mice and evaluated by histology and flow cytometry. Results LAG3-deficiency or treatment with blocking anti-LAG3 monoclonal antibodies led to increased levels of both interferon gamma-producing T helper 1 cells and effector/memory T cells, balanced by increased levels of regulatory T cells. Plaque size was affected by neither LAG3 deficiency nor LAG3 blockade, although density of T cells in plaques was 2-fold increased by loss of LAG3. Combination therapy of anti-PD-1 and anti-LAG3 had an additive effect on T cell activation and cytokine production and promoted plaque infiltration of T cells. Conclusions Loss of LAG3 function promoted T cell activation and accumulation in plaques while not affecting plaque burden. Our report supports further clinical studies investigating cardiovascular risk in patients treated with anti-LAG3 ICB.
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Key Words
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4
- HCD, high-cholesterol diet
- ICB, immune checkpoint blockade
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- LAG3, lymphocyte-activation gene 3
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein-1
- PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1
- T cells
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- WT, wild-type
- atherosclerosis
- cardiovascular disease
- immune checkpoint blockade
- inflammation
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Yousif LI, Tanja AA, de Boer RA, Teske AJ, Meijers WC. The role of immune checkpoints in cardiovascular disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:989431. [PMID: 36263134 PMCID: PMC9574006 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.989431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are monoclonal antibodies which bind to immune checkpoints (IC) and their ligands to prevent inhibition of T-cell activation by tumor cells. Currently, multiple ICI are approved targeting Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), Programmed Death Protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1, and Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3). This therapy has provided potent anti-tumor effects and improved prognosis for many cancer patients. However, due to systemic effects, patients can develop immune related adverse events (irAE), including possible life threatening cardiovascular irAE, like atherosclerosis, myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Inhibition of vascular IC is associated with increased atherosclerotic burden and plaque instability. IC protect against atherosclerosis by inhibiting T-cell activity and cytokine production, promoting regulatory T-cell differentiation and inducing T-cell exhaustion. In addition, PD-L1 on endothelial cells might promote plaque stability by reducing apoptosis and increasing expression of tight junction molecules. In the heart, IC downregulate the immune response to protect against cardiac injury by reducing T-cell activity and migration. Here, inhibition of IC could induce life-threatening T-cell-mediated-myocarditis. One proposed purpose behind lymphocyte infiltration is reaction to cardiac antigens, caused by decreased self-tolerance, and thereby increased autoimmunity because of IC inhibition. In addition, there are several reports of ICI-mediated cardiomyopathy with immunoglobulin G expression on cardiomyocytes, indicating an autoimmune response. IC are mostly known due to their cardiotoxicity. However, t his review compiles current knowledge on mechanisms behind IC function in cardiovascular disease with the aim of providing an overview of possible therapeutic targets in prevention or treatment of cardiovascular irAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I. Yousif
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anniek A. Tanja
- Graduate School of Life Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A. de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arco J. Teske
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wouter C. Meijers
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Xiong X, Duan Z, Zhou H, Niu L, Luo Z, Li W. The relationship between soluble lymphocyte activation gene-3 and coronary artery disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:988582. [PMID: 36247429 PMCID: PMC9558825 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.988582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Soluble lymphocyte activation gene 3 (sLAG3) may be used for diagnosis or prognosis in various diseases. However, the relationship between sLAG3 and coronary artery disease (CAD) are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the levels of sLAG3 in patients with CAD, and its potential clinical association with the disease. Methods A total of 66 subjects (49 patients with CAD and 17 control subjects without CAD) were enrolled. The sLAG3 level was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Clinical variables included demographics, biochemical markers, coronary angiography status, and ejection fraction of the heart (EF) were collected, and Gensini scores were calculated. LAG3 gene data was extracted from three datasets (GSE23561, GSE61144, GSE60993) in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to compare differential expression between CAD and control subjects. Results The sLAG3 level was significantly lower in the CAD vs. the controls (P < 0.05), and negatively associated with CAD [odds ratio (OR): 0.212, 95% confidential interval (CI): 0.060–0.746, P < 0.05]. Furthermore, the area under the curve (AUC) of sLAG3 level was significant (P < 0.05). The sLAG3 level in subjects with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24 kg/m2 was lower compared to those with BMI < 24 kg/m2 (P < 0.05). The sLAG3 level was also negatively associated with BMI and diabetes mellitus (P < 0.05), though not associated with the Gensini scores or EF (P > 0.05). Lastly, the LAG3 gene expression in peripheral whole blood of patients with CAD were down-regulated compared to healthy controls (P < 0.05). Conclusion The sLAG3 level was negatively associated with the occurrence but not severity of CAD. Meanwhile, the sLAG3 was negatively associated with BMI and diabetes mellitus, suggesting the reduced sLAG3 might be a novel risk factor for developing CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zonggang Duan
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Niu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhenhua Luo
- Department of Central Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Basic Medical College, Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenhua Luo,
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Wei Li,
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12
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Chocarro L, Bocanegra A, Blanco E, Fernández-Rubio L, Arasanz H, Echaide M, Garnica M, Ramos P, Piñeiro-Hermida S, Vera R, Escors D, Kochan G. Cutting-Edge: Preclinical and Clinical Development of the First Approved Lag-3 Inhibitor. Cells 2022; 11:2351. [PMID: 35954196 PMCID: PMC9367598 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized medical practice in oncology since the FDA approval of the first ICI 11 years ago. In light of this, Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG-3) is one of the most important next-generation immune checkpoint molecules, playing a similar role as Programmed cell Death protein 1 (PD-1) and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4). 19 LAG-3 targeting molecules are being evaluated at 108 clinical trials which are demonstrating positive results, including promising bispecific molecules targeting LAG-3 simultaneously with other ICIs. Recently, a new dual anti-PD-1 (Nivolumab) and anti-LAG-3 (Relatimab) treatment developed by Bristol Myers Squibb (Opdualag), was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as the first LAG-3 blocking antibody combination for unresectable or metastatic melanoma. This novel immunotherapy combination more than doubled median progression-free survival (PFS) when compared to nivolumab monotherapy (10.1 months versus 4.6 months). Here, we analyze the large clinical trial responsible for this historical approval (RELATIVITY-047), and discuss the preclinical and clinical developments that led to its jump into clinical practice. We will also summarize results achieved by other LAG-3 targeting molecules with promising anti-tumor activities currently under clinical development in phases I, I/II, II, and III. Opdualag will boost the entry of more LAG-3 targeting molecules into clinical practice, supporting the accumulating evidence highlighting the pivotal role of LAG-3 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Chocarro
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Ana Bocanegra
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Ester Blanco
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leticia Fernández-Rubio
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Miriam Echaide
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Maider Garnica
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Pablo Ramos
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Sergio Piñeiro-Hermida
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Ruth Vera
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - David Escors
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Oncoimmunology Research Unit, Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31001 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (L.F.-R.); (H.A.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.); (S.P.-H.); (D.E.); (G.K.)
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13
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Lymphocyte activation gene-3-associated protein networks are associated with HDL-cholesterol and mortality in the Trans-omics for Precision Medicine program. Commun Biol 2022; 5:362. [PMID: 35501457 PMCID: PMC9061762 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of the immune checkpoint lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3) protein is significantly associated with both elevated HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and myocardial infarction risk. We determined the association of genetic variants within ±500 kb of LAG3 with plasma LAG3 and defined LAG3-associated plasma proteins with HDL-C and clinical outcomes. Whole genome sequencing and plasma proteomics were obtained from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) cohorts as part of the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine program. In situ Hi-C chromatin capture was performed in EBV-transformed cell lines isolated from four MESA participants. Genetic association analyses were performed in MESA using multivariate regression models, with validation in FHS. A LAG3-associated protein network was tested for association with HDL-C, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality. We identify an association between the LAG3 rs3782735 variant and plasma LAG3 protein. Proteomics analysis reveals 183 proteins significantly associated with LAG3 with four proteins associated with HDL-C. Four proteins discovered for association with all-cause mortality in FHS shows nominal associations in MESA. Chromatin capture analysis reveals significant cis interactions between LAG3 and C1S, LRIG3, TNFRSF1A, and trans interactions between LAG3 and B2M. A LAG3-associated protein network has significant associations with HDL-C and mortality. Rodriguez et al. use whole genome sequencing and plasma proteomics from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) cohorts of the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine program and perform in situ Hi-C chromatin capture in cell lines isolated from four MESA participants. They demonstrate that lymphocyte activation gene-3 protein networks are associated with HDL-cholesterol and mortality, which could guide the development of precision medicine.
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14
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Vuong JT, Stein-Merlob AF, Nayeri A, Sallam T, Neilan TG, Yang EH. Immune Checkpoint Therapies and Atherosclerosis: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 79:577-593. [PMID: 35144750 PMCID: PMC8983019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has revolutionized the treatment of advanced malignancies in recent years. Numerous reports have detailed the myriad of possible adverse inflammatory effects of immune checkpoint therapies, including within the cardiovascular system. However, these reports have been largely limited to myocarditis. The critical role of inflammation and adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis has been well characterized in preclinical studies, and several emerging clinical studies indicate a potential role of immune checkpoint targeting therapies in the development and exacerbation of atherosclerosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of T-cell immunity in atherogenesis and describe the molecular effects and clinical associations of both approved and investigational immune checkpoint therapy on atherosclerosis. We also highlight the role of cholesterol metabolism in oncogenesis and discuss the implications of these associations on future treatment and monitoring of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the oncologic population receiving immune checkpoint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline T Vuong
- Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ashley F Stein-Merlob
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arash Nayeri
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tamer Sallam
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tomas G Neilan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric H Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; UCLA Cardio-Oncology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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15
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Garcia Cruz D, Giri RR, Gamiotea Turro D, Balsbaugh JL, Adler AJ, Rodriguez A. Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 Regulates Dendritic Cell Metabolic Programing and T Cell Priming Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2374-2384. [PMID: 34588222 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3) is significantly associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk with in vitro results demonstrating increased TNF-α and decreased IL-10 secretion from LAG3-deficient human B lymphoblasts. The hypothesis tested in this study was that Lag3 deficiency in dendritic cells (DCs) would significantly affect cytokine expression, alter cellular metabolism, and prime naive T cells to greater effector differentiation. Experimental approaches used included differentiation of murine bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) to measure secreted cytokines, cellular metabolism, RNA sequencing, whole cell proteomics, adoptive OT-II CD4+Lag3 +/+ donor cells into wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 and Lag3 -/- recipient mice, and ex vivo measurements of IFN-γ from cultured splenocytes. Results showed that Lag3 -/- BMDCs secreted more TNF-α, were more glycolytic, used fewer fatty acids for mitochondrial respiration, and glycolysis was significantly reduced by exogenous IL-10 treatment. Under basal conditions, RNA sequencing revealed increased expression of CD40 and CD86 and other cytokine-signaling targets as compared with WT. Whole cell proteomics identified a significant number of proteins up- and downregulated in Lag3 -/- BMDCs, with significant differences noted in exogenous IL-10 responsiveness compared with WT cells. Ex vivo, IFN-γ expression was significantly higher in Lag3 -/- mice as compared with WT. With in vivo adoptive T cell and in vitro BMDC:T coculture experiments, Lag3 -/- BMDCs showed greater T cell effector differentiation and proliferation, respectively, compared with WT BMDCs. In conclusion, Lag3 deficiency in DCs is associated with an inflammatory phenotype that provides a plausible mechanism for increased cardiovascular disease risk in humans with LAG3 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeremy L Balsbaugh
- Center for Open Research Resources and Equipment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; and
| | - Adam J Adler
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
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16
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Sarkar S, Haberlen S, Post WS, Kelesidis T, Wiley D, Kingsley L, Kim EY, Palella FJ, Witt MD, Budoff MJ, Rodriguez A, Brown TT. Short Communication: Plasma Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 and Subclinical Coronary Artery Disease in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:842-845. [PMID: 34542321 PMCID: PMC8817687 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2021.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation, including among people with HIV (PWH), elevates immune cell expression of lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3); however, low plasma LAG3 predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in the general population. The associations among LAG3 plasma levels, subclinical atherosclerosis, inflammation, and HIV infection have not been well described. We measured plasma LAG3 in 704 men with and without HIV from the multicenter AIDS cohort study, who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography. HIV serostatus was not independently associated with LAG3 after adjustment for sociodemographic and CVD risk factors. Current smoking status and African American race were associated with lower LAG3, and age and sTNFαRI concentration were associated with greater LAG3. LAG3 was not associated with coronary artery stenosis. Thus, no difference was found in plasma LAG3 concentration by HIV serostatus, and no association between LAG3 and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in men with and without HIV was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipa Sarkar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabina Haberlen
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendy S. Post
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Theodoros Kelesidis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dorothy Wiley
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lawrence Kingsley
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Frank J. Palella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mallory D. Witt
- The Lundquist Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Matthew J. Budoff
- The Lundquist Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Annabelle Rodriguez
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Todd T. Brown
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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17
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Franczyk B, Rysz J, Ławiński J, Rysz-Górzyńska M, Gluba-Brzózka A. Is a High HDL-Cholesterol Level Always Beneficial? Biomedicines 2021; 9:1083. [PMID: 34572269 PMCID: PMC8466913 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The specific interest concerning HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) is related to its ability to uptake and return surplus cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver and, therefore, to its role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction, but also transient ischemic attack and stroke. Previous epidemiological studies have indicated that HDL-C concentration is inversely associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease and that it can be used for risk prediction. Some genetic disorders are characterized by markedly elevated levels of HDL-C; however, they do not translate into diminished cardiovascular risk. The search of the potential causative relationship between HDL-C and adverse events has shifted the attention of researchers towards the composition and function of the HDL molecule/subfractions. HDL possesses various cardioprotective properties. However, currently, it appears that higher HDL-C is not necessarily protective against cardiovascular disease, but it can even be harmful in extremely high quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Franczyk
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (B.F.); (J.R.)
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (B.F.); (J.R.)
| | - Janusz Ławiński
- Department of Urology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-549 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Rysz-Górzyńska
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Gluba-Brzózka
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (B.F.); (J.R.)
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18
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Chocarro L, Blanco E, Zuazo M, Arasanz H, Bocanegra A, Fernández-Rubio L, Morente P, Fernández-Hinojal G, Echaide M, Garnica M, Ramos P, Vera R, Kochan G, Escors D. Understanding LAG-3 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105282. [PMID: 34067904 PMCID: PMC8156499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) is a cell surface inhibitory receptor with multiple biological activities over T cell activation and effector functions. LAG-3 plays a regulatory role in immunity and emerged some time ago as an inhibitory immune checkpoint molecule comparable to PD-1 and CTLA-4 and a potential target for enhancing anti-cancer immune responses. LAG-3 is the third inhibitory receptor to be exploited in human anti-cancer immunotherapies, and it is considered a potential next-generation cancer immunotherapy target in human therapy, right next to PD-1 and CTLA-4. Unlike PD-1 and CTLA-4, the exact mechanisms of action of LAG-3 and its relationship with other immune checkpoint molecules remain poorly understood. This is partly caused by the presence of non-conventional signaling motifs in its intracellular domain that are different from other conventional immunoregulatory signaling motifs but with similar inhibitory activities. Here we summarize the current understanding of LAG-3 signaling and its role in LAG-3 functions, from its mechanisms of action to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Chocarro
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Ester Blanco
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Miren Zuazo
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra CHN-IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
| | - Ana Bocanegra
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Leticia Fernández-Rubio
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Pilar Morente
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Gonzalo Fernández-Hinojal
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra CHN-IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
| | - Miriam Echaide
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Maider Garnica
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Pablo Ramos
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Ruth Vera
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra CHN-IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence: (G.K.); (D.E.)
| | - David Escors
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed-Public University of Navarre, IdISNA, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (L.C.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (H.A.); (A.B.); (L.F.-R.); (P.M.); (G.F.-H.); (M.E.); (M.G.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence: (G.K.); (D.E.)
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19
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Cornwell A, Palli R, Singh MV, Benoodt L, Tyrell A, Abe JI, Schifitto G, Maggirwar SB, Thakar J. Molecular characterization of atherosclerosis in HIV positive persons. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3232. [PMID: 33547350 PMCID: PMC7865026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82429-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV are at higher risk of atherosclerosis (AS). The pathogenesis of this risk is not fully understood. To assess the regulatory networks involved in AS we sequenced mRNA of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and measured cytokine and chemokine levels in the plasma of 13 persons living with HIV and 12 matched HIV-negative persons with and without AS. microRNAs (miRNAs) are known to play a role in HIV infection and may modulate gene regulation to drive AS. Hence, we further assessed miRNA expression in PBMCs of a subset of 12 HIV+ people with and without atherosclerosis. We identified 12 miRNAs differentially expressed between HIV+ AS+ and HIV+ , and validated 5 of those by RT-qPCR. While a few of these miRNAs have been implicated in HIV and atherosclerosis, others are novel. Integrating miRNA measurements with mRNA, we identified 27 target genes including SLC4A7, a critical sodium and bicarbonate transporter, that are potentially dysregulated during atherosclerosis. Additionally, we uncovered that levels of plasma cytokines were associated with transcription factor activity and miRNA expression in PBMCs. For example, BACH2 activity was associated with IL-1β, IL-15, and MIP-1α. IP10 and TNFα levels were associated with miR-124-3p. Finally, integration of all data types into a single network revealed increased importance of miRNAs in network regulation of the HIV+ group in contrast with increased importance of cytokines in the HIV+ AS+ group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Cornwell
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Rohith Palli
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Biophysics, Structural, and Computational Biology PhD Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Meera V Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lauren Benoodt
- Biophysics, Structural, and Computational Biology PhD Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alicia Tyrell
- Department of Neurology, General Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jun-Ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology-Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas A&M Health Science Center Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giovanni Schifitto
- Department of Neurology, General Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sanjay B Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washing University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Juilee Thakar
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, , Box 672, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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20
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Graydon CG, Mohideen S, Fowke KR. LAG3's Enigmatic Mechanism of Action. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615317. [PMID: 33488626 PMCID: PMC7820757 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
LAG3 is an important immune checkpoint with relevance in cancer, infectious disease and autoimmunity. However, despite LAG3's role in immune exhaustion and the great potential of LAG3 inhibition as treatment, much remains unknown about its biology, particularly its mechanism of action. This review describes the knowns, unknowns and controversies surrounding LAG3. This includes examination of how LAG3 is regulated transcriptionally and post-translationally by endocytosis and proteolytic cleavage. We also discuss the interactions of LAG3 with its ligands and the purpose thereof. Finally, we review LAG3's mechanism of action, including the roles of LAG3 intracellular motifs and the lack of a role for CD4 competition. Overall, understanding the biology of LAG3 can provide greater insight on LAG3 function, which may broaden the appreciation for LAG3's role in disease and potentially aid in the development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G. Graydon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shifa Mohideen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Keith R. Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,Department of Medical Micobiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya,Department of Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya,*Correspondence: Keith R. Fowke,
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21
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Abstract
Purpose of the Review To evaluate recent studies related to the paradox of high HDL-C with mortality and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. Recent Findings Two observational studies (Cardiovascular Health in Ambulatory Care Research Team [CANHEART] and Copenhagen City Heart Study and the Copenhagen General Population Study [Copenhagen Heart Studies]) of adults without pre-existing ASCVD have shown a significant U-shaped association of HDL-C with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Both studies showed that low HDL-C levels consistently increased hazard risk (HR) for all-cause and cause-specific mortality. In the CANHEART study, high HDL-C levels, HDL-C > 90 mg/dL, were associated with increased HR for non-CVD/non-cancer mortality. In the Copenhagen Heart Studies, women with HDL-C ≥ 135 mg/dL showed increased HR for all-cause and CVD mortality, while men with HDL-C > 97 mg/dL showed increased HR for all-cause and CVD mortality. Genetic association studies failed to show that genetic etiologies of high HDL-C significantly reduced risk for myocardial infarction (MI), while hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 (HNF4A) was significantly associated with high HDL-C and increased MI risk. Candidate gene studies have identified scavenger receptor B class I (SCARB1) and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3) as genes significantly associated with high HDL-C and increased MI risk. Summary Low HDL-C remains as a significant factor for increased disease risk while high HDL-C levels are not associated with cardioprotection. Clinical CVD risk calculators need revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Rodriguez
- Cell Biology, Linda and David Roth Chair of Cardiovascular Health, Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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22
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Novel human immunomodulatory T cell receptors and their double-edged potential in autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:919-935. [PMID: 33235388 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, approaches based on T cells and their immunomodulatory receptors have emerged as a solid improvement in treatments for various types of cancer. However, the roles of these molecules in the therapeutic context of autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases are still relatively unexplored. Here, we review the best known and most commonly used immunomodulatory T cell receptors in clinical practice (PD-1 and CTLA-4), along with the rest of the receptors with known functions in animal models, which have great potential as modulators in human pathologies in the medium term. Among these other receptors is the receptor CD69, which has recently been described to be expressed in mouse and human T cells in autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. However, inhibition of these receptors individually or in combination by drugs or monoclonal antibodies generates a loss of immunological tolerance and can trigger multiple autoimmune disorders in different organs and immune-related adverse effects. In the coming decades, knowledge on the functions of different immunomodulatory receptors will be pivotal for the development of new and better therapies with less harmful side effects. In this review, we discuss the roles of these receptors in the control of immunity from a perspective focused on therapeutic potential in not only cancer but also autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, and myocarditis.
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23
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Rodriguez A, Trigatti BL, Mineo C, Knaack D, Wilkins JT, Sahoo D, Asztalos BF, Mora S, Cuchel M, Pownall HJ, Rosales C, Bernatchez P, Ribeiro Martins da Silva A, Getz GS, Barber JL, Shearer GC, Zivkovic AM, Tietge UJF, Sacks FM, Connelly MA, Oda MN, Davidson WS, Sorci-Thomas MG, Vaisar T, Ruotolo G, Vickers KC, Martel C. Proceedings of the Ninth HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Workshop: Focus on Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:2457-2467. [PMID: 31597448 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The HDL (high-density lipoprotein) Workshop was established in 2009 as a forum for candid discussions among academic basic scientists, clinical investigators, and industry researchers about the role of HDL in cardiovascular disease. This ninth HDL Workshop was held on May 16 to 17, 2019 in Boston, MA, and included outstanding oral presentations from established and emerging investigators. The Workshop featured 5 sessions with topics that tackled the role of HDL in the vasculature, its structural complexity, its role in health and disease states, and its interaction with the intestinal microbiome. The highlight of the program was awarding the Jack Oram Award to the distinguished professor emeritus G.S. Getz from the University of Chicago. The tenth HDL Workshop will be held on May 2020 in Chicago and will continue the focus on intellectually stimulating presentations by established and emerging investigators on novel roles of HDL in cardiovascular and noncardiovascular health and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Rodriguez
- From the Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington (A.R.)
| | - Bernardo L Trigatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.T.)
| | - Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (C.M.)
| | - Darcy Knaack
- Department of Biochemistry (D.K., D.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - John T Wilkins
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (J.T.W.)
| | - Daisy Sahoo
- Department of Biochemistry (D.K., D.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Division of Endocrinology (D.S., M.G.S.-T.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Bela F Asztalos
- Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (B.F.A.)
| | - Samia Mora
- Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Divisions of Preventive and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.M.)
| | - Marina Cuchel
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.C.)
| | - Henry J Pownall
- Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX (H.J.P., C.R.)
| | - Corina Rosales
- Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX (H.J.P., C.R.)
| | - Pascal Bernatchez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Heart and Lung Innovation Centre, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada (P.B.)
| | | | - Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, IL (G.S.G.)
| | - Jacob L Barber
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia (J.L.B.)
| | - Gregory C Shearer
- Department Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park (G.C.S.)
| | | | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (U.J.F.T.).,Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (U.J.F.T.)
| | - Frank M Sacks
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (F.M.S.)
| | - Margery A Connelly
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp), Morrisville, NC (M.A.C.)
| | | | - W Sean Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (W.S.D.)
| | - Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- Division of Endocrinology (D.S., M.G.S.-T.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (T.V.)
| | | | - Kasey C Vickers
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (K.C.V.)
| | - Catherine Martel
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (C.M.)
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24
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Rosales C, Gillard BK, Xu B, Gotto AM, Pownall HJ. Revisiting Reverse Cholesterol Transport in the Context of High-Density Lipoprotein Free Cholesterol Bioavailability. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2019; 15:47-54. [PMID: 31049149 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-15-1-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated free cholesterol (FC) metabolism has been implicated in nearly all stages of atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of most cardiovascular disease. According to a widely cited model, the burden of macrophage FC in the arterial wall is relieved by transhepatic reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), which comprises three successive steps: (1) macrophage FC efflux to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and/or its major protein, apolipoprotein AI; (2) FC esterification by lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT); and (3) HDL-cholesteryl ester (CE) uptake via the hepatic HDL-receptor, scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1). Recent studies have challenged the validity of this model, most notably the role of LCAT, which appears to be of minor importance. In mice, most macrophage-derived FC is rapidly cleared from plasma (t1/2 < 5 min) without esterification by hepatic uptake; the remainder is taken up by multiple tissue and cell types, especially erythrocytes. Further, some FC is cleared by the nonhepatic transintestinal pathway. Lastly, FC movement among lipid surfaces is reversible, so that a higher-than-normal level of HDL-FC bioavailability-defined by high plasma HDL levels concurrent with a high mol% HDL-FC-leads to the transfer of excess FC to cells in vivo. SR-B1-/- mice provide an animal model to study the mechanistic consequences of high HDL-FC bioavailability that provokes atherosclerosis and other metabolic abnormalities. Future efforts should aim to reduce HDL-FC bioavailability, thereby reducing FC accretion by tissues and the attendant atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Rosales
- HOUSTON METHODIST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HOUSTON METHODIST HOSPITAL, HOUSTON, TEXAS.,WEILL CORNELL MEDICINE, NEW YORK, NEW YORK
| | - Baiba K Gillard
- HOUSTON METHODIST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HOUSTON METHODIST HOSPITAL, HOUSTON, TEXAS.,WEILL CORNELL MEDICINE, NEW YORK, NEW YORK
| | - Bingqing Xu
- XIANGYA HOSPITAL, CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY, CHANGSHA, CHINA
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- HOUSTON METHODIST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HOUSTON METHODIST HOSPITAL, HOUSTON, TEXAS.,WEILL CORNELL MEDICINE, NEW YORK, NEW YORK
| | - Henry J Pownall
- HOUSTON METHODIST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HOUSTON METHODIST HOSPITAL, HOUSTON, TEXAS.,WEILL CORNELL MEDICINE, NEW YORK, NEW YORK
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25
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Li N, Jilisihan B, Wang W, Tang Y, Keyoumu S. Soluble LAG3 acts as a potential prognostic marker of gastric cancer and its positive correlation with CD8+T cell frequency and secretion of IL-12 and INF-γ in peripheral blood. Cancer Biomark 2019; 23:341-351. [PMID: 30223387 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-181278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gastric cancer (GC) is the second most common lethal cancer worldwide and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) as a therapeutic target for cancers has been investigated. Herein, our study is to clarify the value of peripheral blood (PB) soluble LAG-3 (sLAG3) in GC. METHODS Peripheral serum samples of GC patients and healthy people were collected for the measurement of serum levels of sLAG3, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), IL-12 and IFN-γ. Additionally, ROC and Kaplan-Meier curves were adopted to identify the diagnostic and prognostic values of sLAG-3 in patients with GC. Then, GC-bearing mice were treated with recombinant sLAG3. The tumor volume was measured, and CD8+T cell frequency was detected in PB and tumor-ininfiltrating area. Additionally, the expression of IL-12 and IFN-γ in T cells was assayed and the overall survival of mice was analyzed. RESULTS sLAG3 in PB was poorly expressed and its expression was positively correlated with IL-12 and IFN-γ expression in GC patients. sLAG3 was proved to have a higher diagnostic value than CEA in GC. Moreover, high sLAG-3 expression is found in relation to a better prognosis in GC. The in vivo experiments indicated that sLAG-3 might inhibit the tumor growth, and promote the secretion of CD8+T cells, IL-12 and IFN-γ. Furthermore, sLAG-3 was able to prolong overall survival and increase survival rate of GC-bearing mice. CONCLUSION Based on these findings, we conclude that sLAG3 positively regulates CD8+T cells, IL-12 and IFN-γ, and function as a prognostic marker for GC, which might be a potential target in the treatment of GC.
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26
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Sahebi R, Hassanian SM, Ghayour‐Mobarhan M, Farrokhi E, Rezayi M, Samadi S, Bahramian S, Ferns GA, Avan A. Scavenger receptor Class B type I as a potential risk stratification biomarker and therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16925-16932. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Sahebi
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences Shahrekord Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour‐Mobarhan
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Effat Farrokhi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences Shahrekord Iran
| | - Majid Rezayi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Sara Samadi
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Shabbou Bahramian
- Stem Cell Research Center Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
| | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Division of Medical Education Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer Brighton Sussex
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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27
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Abstract
The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors have greatly improved clinical outcomes in several cancer types, revolutionizing the management of a wide variety of tumors endowed with poor prognosis. Despite its success, high grade immune related adverse events were observed in patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors. While cardiotoxicity was largely underestimated in initial studies, numerous reports of fulminant myocarditis and fatal heart failure (HF) have been recently described. In this review we discuss possible mechanisms involved in cardiac toxicity triggered by inhibition of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) pathway, the most prominent checkpoint inhibitors available in the clinic. Major cardiovascular events associated with checkpoint inhibitors adds another layer of complexity in cancer therapy and urges for an interdisciplinary approach between oncologists, cardiologists, and immunologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Delgobo
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Frantz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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28
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Pallikkuth S, Pahwa R, Kausalya B, Saravanan S, Pan L, Vignesh R, Iqbal S, Solomon SS, Murugavel KG, Poongulali S, Kumarasamy N, Pahwa S. Cardiac morbidity in HIV infection is associated with checkpoint inhibitor LAG-3 on CD4 T cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206256. [PMID: 30379878 PMCID: PMC6209232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings point to a role of Checkpoint Inhibitor (CPI) receptors at the tissue level in immune homeostasis. Here we investigated the role of CPI molecules on immune cells in relation to cardiac function. Participants recruited in Chennai, India consisted of HIV+ ART naive viremic (Gp1 n = 102), HIV+ on ART, virologically suppressed (Gp2, n = 172) and HIV negative healthy controls (Gp3, n = 64). A cross-sectional analysis of cardiac function, arterial resistance and immunologic assessment of CPI expressing T cells was performed. Data indicate that ART naive exhibited cardiac function impairment and greater arterial stiffness than the other groups. Frequencies of CD4+ T cells expressing LAG-3 and PD1 were higher in ART naïve while TIGIT and TIM3 were similar among the patient groups. LAG-3+, PD1+ and dual LAG-3+PD1+ CD4 T cells were inversely correlated with cardiac function and arterial elasticity and directly with arterial stiffness in ART naïve participants and with arterial elasticity in virally suppressed group on ART. We conclude that HIV induced upregulation of LAG-3 singly or in combination with PD1 in immune cells may regulate cardiac health and warrant mechanistic investigations. The implications of these findings have bearing for the potential utility of anti-LAG-3 immunotherapy for cardiac dysfunction in chronic HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Pallikkuth
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rajendra Pahwa
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | | | | | - Li Pan
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - R. Vignesh
- YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), Chennai, India
| | - Syed Iqbal
- YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), Chennai, India
| | - Sunil S. Solomon
- YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), Chennai, India
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Savita Pahwa
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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29
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Xu W, Qin Z, Hao Y, He Q, Chen S, Zhang Z, Peng D, Wen H, Chen J, Qiu J, Li C. A signal-decreased electrochemical immunosensor for the sensitive detection of LAG-3 protein based on a hollow nanobox-MOFs/AuPt alloy. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 113:148-156. [PMID: 29772383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, hollow nanobox metal-organic framework (HNM) nanocomposites were synthesised and utilised for the first time in a signal decreased electrochemical immunosensor for the ultrasensitive quantitative determination of lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) protein, which is a newly discovered biomarker. With the aid of signal materials, namely, SiO2-tagged anti-LAG-3 antibody (SiO2-Ab2) and the biotin-streptavidin system, the sensor can achieve signal amplification. Encapsulation of tin dioxide-functionalised reduced graphene oxide (rGO-SnO2) and gold and platinum alloys (AuPt alloys) onto the surface of hollow nanobox metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) was performed to prepare rGO-SnO2/hollow nanobox-MOFs/AuPt alloys (rGO-SnO2/HNMs/AuPt) as the matrix. SiO2-Ab2, which is used as the signal-decreased label, can be utilised to enhance the distinction of the electrochemical signal after the specific recognition between antibodies and antigens, owing to its large steric hindrance property. In this sensor, this proposed sandwich immunosensor can achieve a high sensitivity, especially in the presence of low concentrations of the LAG-3 protein. Under optimal conditions, this sandwich-designed immunosensor exhibited a sensitive detection of the LAG-3 protein from concentrations of 0.01 ng mL-1 to 1 μg mL-1, with a lower detection limit of 1.1 pg mL-1 (based on 3σ). We proposed that this ultrasensitive biosensor can be utilised for the detection of the LAG-3 protein in early clinical tumour diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yutong Hao
- Chongqing International Travel Health Care Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Qiang He
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhongshuang Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Dan Peng
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Haiyan Wen
- Chongqing International Travel Health Care Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jingfu Qiu
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Chaorui Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms, in conjunction with hyperlipidemia, are important drivers of atherosclerosis. The interaction between the different immune cells and the secretion of cytokines and chemokines determine the progression of atherosclerosis. The activation or dampening of the immune response is tightly controlled by immune checkpoints. Costimulatory and coinhibitory immune checkpoints represent potential targets for immune modulatory therapies for atherosclerosis. This review will discuss the current knowledge on immune checkpoints in atherosclerosis and the clinical potential of immune checkpoint targeted therapy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Rouwet
- From the Department of Surgery and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (E.R.)
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.L.)
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian’s University (LMU), Munich, Germany (E.L.)
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31
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) is classically known for its role in antiatherogenic reverse cholesterol transport as it selectively takes up cholesterol esters from HDL. Here, we have highlighted recent literature that describes novel functions for SR-BI in physiology and disease. RECENT FINDINGS A large population-based study has revealed that patients heterozygous for the P376L mutant form of SR-BI showed significantly increased levels of plasma HDL-cholesterol and had increased risk of cardiovascular disease, demonstrating that SR-BI in humans is a significant determinant of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, SR-BI has been shown to modulate the susceptibility to LPS-induced tissue injury and the ability of sphingosine 1 phosphate to interact with its receptor, linking SR-BI to the regulation of inflammation. In addition, important domains within the molecule (Trp-415) as well as novel regulators (procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer protein 2) of SR-BI's selective uptake function have recently been identified. Moreover, relatively high expression levels of the SR-BI protein have been observed in a variety of cancer tissues, which is associated with a reduced overall survival rate. SUMMARY The HDL receptor SR-BI is a potential therapeutic target not only in the cardiovascular disease setting, but also in inflammatory conditions as well as in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Hoekstra
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Cluster BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands, , Tel: +31-71-5276582
| | - Mary Sorci-Thomas
- Division of Endocrinology, Associate in Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Senior Adjunct Investigator at the Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, , Tel: 414-955-5728
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