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Zong Y, Li H, Liao P, Chen L, Pan Y, Zheng Y, Zhang C, Liu D, Zheng M, Gao J. Mitochondrial dysfunction: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:124. [PMID: 38744846 PMCID: PMC11094169 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01839-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, with their intricate networks of functions and information processing, are pivotal in both health regulation and disease progression. Particularly, mitochondrial dysfunctions are identified in many common pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. However, the multifaceted nature and elusive phenotypic threshold of mitochondrial dysfunction complicate our understanding of their contributions to diseases. Nonetheless, these complexities do not prevent mitochondria from being among the most important therapeutic targets. In recent years, strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction have continuously emerged and transitioned to clinical trials. Advanced intervention such as using healthy mitochondria to replenish or replace damaged mitochondria, has shown promise in preclinical trials of various diseases. Mitochondrial components, including mtDNA, mitochondria-located microRNA, and associated proteins can be potential therapeutic agents to augment mitochondrial function in immunometabolic diseases and tissue injuries. Here, we review current knowledge of mitochondrial pathophysiology in concrete examples of common diseases. We also summarize current strategies to treat mitochondrial dysfunction from the perspective of dietary supplements and targeted therapies, as well as the clinical translational situation of related pharmacology agents. Finally, this review discusses the innovations and potential applications of mitochondrial transplantation as an advanced and promising treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zong
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Peng Liao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yao Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yongqiang Zheng
- Sixth People's Hospital Fujian, No. 16, Luoshan Section, Jinguang Road, Luoshan Street, Jinjiang City, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Delin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Minghao Zheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Junjie Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Nesci S, Romeo G. H+-slip correlated to rotor free-wheeling as cause of F 1F O-ATPase dysfunction in primary mitochondrial disorders. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1183-1188. [PMID: 38167815 DOI: 10.1002/med.22013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism are related to mitochondrial disorders caused by dysfunction of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. Congenital hypermetabolism in the infant is a rare disease belonging to Luft syndrome, nonthyroidal hypermetabolism, arising from a singular example of a defect in OXPHOS. The mitochondria lose coupling of mitochondrial substrates oxidation from the ADP phosphorylation. Since Luft syndrome is due to uncoupled cell respiration responsible for deficient in ATP production that originates in the respiratory complexes, a de novo heterozygous variant in the catalytic subunit of mitochondrial F1FO-ATPase arises as the main cause of an autosomal dominant syndrome of hypermetabolism associated with dysfunction in ATP production, which does not involve the respiratory complexes. The F1FO-ATPase works as an embedded molecular machine with a rotary action using two different motor engines. The FO, which is an integral domain in the membrane, dissipates the chemical potential difference for H+, a proton motive force (Δp), across the inner membrane to generate a torsion. The F1 domain-the hydrophilic portion responsible for ATP turnover-is powered by the molecular rotary action to synthesize ATP. The structural and functional coupling of F1 and FO domains support the energy transduction for ATP synthesis. The dissipation of Δp by means of an H+ slip correlated to rotor free-wheeling of the F1FO-ATPase has been discovered to cause enzyme dysfunction in primary mitochondrial disorders. In this insight, we try to offer commentary and analysis of the molecular mechanism in these impaired mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Romeo
- Medical Genetics Unit, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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3
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Gervasoni J, Primiano A, Cicchinelli M, Santucci L, Servidei S, Urbani A, Primiano G, Iavarone F. Mitochondrial Biomarkers in the Omics Era: A Clinical-Pathophysiological Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4855. [PMID: 38732076 PMCID: PMC11084339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases (MDs) affect 4300 individuals, with different ages of presentation and manifestation in any organ. How defects in mitochondria can cause such a diverse range of human diseases remains poorly understood. In recent years, several published research articles regarding the metabolic and protein profiles of these neurogenetic disorders have helped shed light on the pathogenetic mechanisms. By investigating different pathways in MDs, often with the aim of identifying disease biomarkers, it is possible to identify molecular processes underlying the disease. In this perspective, omics technologies such as proteomics and metabolomics considered in this review, can support unresolved mitochondrial questions, helping to improve outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Gervasoni
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ‘Agostino Gemelli’ IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (J.G.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (S.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Aniello Primiano
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ‘Agostino Gemelli’ IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (J.G.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (S.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Michela Cicchinelli
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive and Perioperative Clinics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Lavinia Santucci
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ‘Agostino Gemelli’ IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (J.G.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (S.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Serenella Servidei
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ‘Agostino Gemelli’ IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (J.G.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (S.S.); (G.P.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ‘Agostino Gemelli’ IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (J.G.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (S.S.); (G.P.)
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive and Perioperative Clinics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Guido Primiano
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ‘Agostino Gemelli’ IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (J.G.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (S.S.); (G.P.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ‘Agostino Gemelli’ IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (J.G.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (S.S.); (G.P.)
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive and Perioperative Clinics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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Klemmensen MM, Borrowman SH, Pearce C, Pyles B, Chandra B. Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders. Neurotherapeutics 2024; 21:e00292. [PMID: 38241161 PMCID: PMC10903104 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases have expanded the opportunities for neurotherapeutics targeting mitochondria to alleviate symptoms and slow disease progression. In this review, we offer a historical account of advances in mitochondrial biology and neurodegenerative disease. Additionally, we summarize current knowledge of the normal physiology of mitochondria and the pathogenesis of mitochondrial dysfunction, the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease, current therapeutics and recent therapeutic advances, as well as future directions for neurotherapeutics targeting mitochondrial function. A focus is placed on reactive oxygen species and their role in the disruption of telomeres and their effects on the epigenome. The effects of mitochondrial dysfunction in the etiology and progression of Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease are discussed in depth. Current clinical trials for mitochondria-targeting neurotherapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn M Klemmensen
- University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Seth H Borrowman
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Colin Pearce
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Benjamin Pyles
- Aper Funis Research, Union River Innovation Center, Ellsworth, ME 04605, USA
| | - Bharatendu Chandra
- University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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5
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Jacobs HT. A century of mitochondrial research, 1922-2022. Enzymes 2023; 54:37-70. [PMID: 37945177 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Although recognized earlier as subcellular entities by microscopists, mitochondria have been the subject of functional studies since 1922, when their biochemical similarities with bacteria were first noted. In this overview I trace the history of research on mitochondria from that time up to the present day, focussing on the major milestones of the overlapping eras of mitochondrial biochemistry, genetics, pathology and cell biology, and its explosion into new areas in the past 25 years. Nowadays, mitochondria are considered to be fully integrated into cell physiology, rather than serving specific functions in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard T Jacobs
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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6
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Fournier JE, Mak G, Gordon K, Glogauer J, Fareez F, Provias J, Tarnopolsky MA, Lu JQ. Cylindrical spirals and other concentric structures of skeletal muscle in patients with neurological diseases. J Neurol Sci 2023; 451:120734. [PMID: 37478793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrical spirals (CSs) are ultrastructurally distinct, intracytoplasmic inclusions characterized by concentrically wrapped lamellae, which are rarely found in skeletal muscle biopsies on electron microscopy (EM). CSs are often confused with other EM concentric structures including concentric laminated bodies and mitochondrial concentric cristae (MCC), due to similarities in these ultrastructures. In this study, we found CSs in 9 muscle biopsies from 9 patients, accounting for 0.5% of the biopsies examined routinely by EM. The frequency of CSs in these muscles varied from sparse and segregated to focally frequent and aggregated. CS-associated features included muscle fiber denervation atrophy in all 9 cases, fiber type grouping in 7/8 cases, tubular aggregates in 3/9 cases, and MCC in 2/9 cases. We also compared the concentric structures and highlighted their differences to distinguish CSs from other similar structures. Clinically, 8 out of 9 patients were adults aged 41-74 years and only one patient was 17 month-old. CSs were associated with several neurological diseases including Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes, and other complex neurological disorders with neuropathy/encephalopathy, as well as anti-MDA5+ dermatomyositis. Eight of nine patients had genetic findings such as trinucleotide repeat expansion of huntingtin gene, ALS2 variant, MT-TL1 m.3243A > G mutation, and PMP 22 gene deletion. These results suggest that CSs may be highly variable in frequency and likely are under-reported/under-detected; they may be associated with neurogenic myopathy or central/peripheral nervous system disorders including some genetic neurological/neuromuscular diseases. Our findings of more CS-associated neurological diseases and an association of CSs with muscle neurogenic features may contribute to a better understanding of the clinico-pathological significance of CSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Fournier
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gloria Mak
- Department of Medicine/Neurology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katerina Gordon
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Judah Glogauer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faiha Fareez
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Provias
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Medicine/Neurology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jian-Qiang Lu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Del Giudice L, Pontieri P, Aletta M, Calcagnile M. Mitochondrial Neurodegenerative Diseases: Three Mitochondrial Ribosomal Proteins as Intermediate Stage in the Pathway That Associates Damaged Genes with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:972. [PMID: 37508402 PMCID: PMC10376763 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Currently, numerous research endeavors are dedicated to unraveling the intricate nature of neurodegenerative diseases. These conditions are characterized by the gradual and progressive impairment of specific neuronal systems that exhibit anatomical or physiological connections. In particular, in the last twenty years, remarkable efforts have been made to elucidate neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, despite extensive research endeavors, no cure or effective treatment has been discovered thus far. With the emergence of studies shedding light on the contribution of mitochondria to the onset and advancement of mitochondrial neurodegenerative disorders, researchers are now directing their investigations toward the development of therapies. These therapies include molecules designed to protect mitochondria and neurons from the detrimental effects of aging, as well as mutant proteins. Our objective is to discuss and evaluate the recent discovery of three mitochondrial ribosomal proteins linked to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. These proteins represent an intermediate stage in the pathway connecting damaged genes to the two mitochondrial neurological pathologies. This discovery potentially could open new avenues for the production of medicinal substances with curative potential for the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Del Giudice
- Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse-UOS Napoli-CNR c/o Dipartimento di Biologia, Sezione di Igiene, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Pontieri
- Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse-UOS Napoli-CNR c/o Dipartimento di Biologia, Sezione di Igiene, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Calcagnile
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Braunwald
- TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, Suite 7022, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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9
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Bergamini C, Bonora E, Moruzzi N. Editorial: Mitochondrial bioenergetics impairments in genetic and metabolic diseases. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1228926. [PMID: 37334054 PMCID: PMC10272844 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1228926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bergamini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Elena Bonora
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Noah Moruzzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
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Gill EL, Wang J, Viaene AN, Master SR, Ganetzky RD. Methodologies in Mitochondrial Testing: Diagnosing a Primary Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Disorder. Clin Chem 2023:7143230. [PMID: 37099687 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvad037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria are cytosolic organelles within most eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria generate the majority of cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). Pathogenic variants in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) lead to defects in OxPhos and physiological malfunctions (Nat Rev Dis Primer 2016;2:16080.). Patients with primary mitochondrial disorders (PMD) experience heterogeneous symptoms, typically in multiple organ systems, depending on the tissues affected by mitochondrial dysfunction. Because of this heterogeneity, clinical diagnosis is challenging (Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2017;18:257-75.). Laboratory diagnosis of mitochondrial disease depends on a multipronged analysis that can include biochemical, histopathologic, and genetic testing. Each of these modalities has complementary strengths and limitations in diagnostic utility. CONTENT The primary focus of this review is on diagnosis and testing strategies for primary mitochondrial diseases. We review tissue samples utilized for testing, metabolic signatures, histologic findings, and molecular testing approaches. We conclude with future perspectives on mitochondrial testing. SUMMARY This review offers an overview of the current biochemical, histologic, and genetic approaches available for mitochondrial testing. For each we review their diagnostic utility including complementary strengths and weaknesses. We identify gaps in current testing and possible future avenues for test development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Gill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Angela N Viaene
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stephen R Master
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rebecca D Ganetzky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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11
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Legati A, Ghezzi D, Viscomi C. Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing and Heteroplasmy Quantification by Next Generation Sequencing. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2615:381-395. [PMID: 36807805 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2922-2_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, next generation sequencing (NGS) became the gold standard for both diagnosis and discovery of new disease genes responsible for heterogeneous disorders, such as mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. The application of this technology to mtDNA mutations poses extra challenges compared to other genetic conditions because of the peculiarities of mitochondrial genetics and the requirement for proper NGS data management and analysis. Here, we describe a detailed, clinically relevant protocol to sequence the whole mtDNA and quantify heteroplasmy levels of mtDNA variants, starting from total DNA through the generation of a single PCR amplicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Legati
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Ghezzi
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Lab of Neurogenetics and Mitochondrial Disorders, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta/Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Viscomi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Genetics of mitochondrial diseases: Current approaches for the molecular diagnosis. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 194:141-165. [PMID: 36813310 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821751-1.00011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a genetically and phenotypically variable set of monogenic disorders. The main characteristic of mitochondrial diseases is a defective oxidative phosphorylation. Both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA encode the approximately 1500 mitochondrial proteins. Since identification of the first mitochondrial disease gene in 1988 a total of 425 genes have been associated with mitochondrial diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunctions can be caused both by pathogenic variants in the mitochondrial DNA or the nuclear DNA. Hence, besides maternal inheritance, mitochondrial diseases can follow all modes of Mendelian inheritance. The maternal inheritance and tissue specificity distinguish molecular diagnostics of mitochondrial disorders from other rare disorders. With the advances made in the next-generation sequencing technology, whole exome sequencing and even whole-genome sequencing are now the established methods of choice for molecular diagnostics of mitochondrial diseases. They reach a diagnostic rate of more than 50% in clinically suspected mitochondrial disease patients. Moreover, next-generation sequencing is delivering a constantly growing number of novel mitochondrial disease genes. This chapter reviews mitochondrial and nuclear causes of mitochondrial diseases, molecular diagnostic methodologies, and their current challenges and perspectives.
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13
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Protein Transduction Domain-Mediated Delivery of Recombinant Proteins and In Vitro Transcribed mRNAs for Protein Replacement Therapy of Human Severe Genetic Mitochondrial Disorders: The Case of Sco2 Deficiency. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010286. [PMID: 36678915 PMCID: PMC9861957 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders represent a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders with variations in severity and clinical outcomes, mostly characterized by respiratory chain dysfunction and abnormal mitochondrial function. More specifically, mutations in the human SCO2 gene, encoding the mitochondrial inner membrane Sco2 cytochrome c oxidase (COX) assembly protein, have been implicated in the mitochondrial disorder fatal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy with COX deficiency. Since an effective treatment is still missing, a protein replacement therapy (PRT) was explored using protein transduction domain (PTD) technology. Therefore, the human recombinant full-length mitochondrial protein Sco2, fused to TAT peptide (a common PTD), was produced (fusion Sco2 protein) and successfully transduced into fibroblasts derived from a SCO2/COX-deficient patient. This PRT contributed to effective COX assembly and partial recovery of COX activity. In mice, radiolabeled fusion Sco2 protein was biodistributed in the peripheral tissues of mice and successfully delivered into their mitochondria. Complementary to that, an mRNA-based therapeutic approach has been more recently considered as an innovative treatment option. In particular, a patented, novel PTD-mediated IVT-mRNA delivery platform was developed and applied in recent research efforts. PTD-IVT-mRNA of full-length SCO2 was successfully transduced into the fibroblasts derived from a SCO2/COX-deficient patient, translated in host ribosomes into a nascent chain of human Sco2, imported into mitochondria, and processed to the mature protein. Consequently, the recovery of reduced COX activity was achieved, thus suggesting the potential of this mRNA-based technology for clinical translation as a PRT for metabolic/genetic disorders. In this review, such research efforts will be comprehensibly presented and discussed to elaborate their potential in clinical application and therapeutic usefulness.
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14
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Sturm G, Karan KR, Monzel AS, Santhanam B, Taivassalo T, Bris C, Ware SA, Cross M, Towheed A, Higgins-Chen A, McManus MJ, Cardenas A, Lin J, Epel ES, Rahman S, Vissing J, Grassi B, Levine M, Horvath S, Haller RG, Lenaers G, Wallace DC, St-Onge MP, Tavazoie S, Procaccio V, Kaufman BA, Seifert EL, Hirano M, Picard M. OxPhos defects cause hypermetabolism and reduce lifespan in cells and in patients with mitochondrial diseases. Commun Biol 2023; 6:22. [PMID: 36635485 PMCID: PMC9837150 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with primary mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) defects present with fatigue and multi-system disorders, are often lean, and die prematurely, but the mechanistic basis for this clinical picture remains unclear. By integrating data from 17 cohorts of patients with mitochondrial diseases (n = 690) we find evidence that these disorders increase resting energy expenditure, a state termed hypermetabolism. We examine this phenomenon longitudinally in patient-derived fibroblasts from multiple donors. Genetically or pharmacologically disrupting OxPhos approximately doubles cellular energy expenditure. This cell-autonomous state of hypermetabolism occurs despite near-normal OxPhos coupling efficiency, excluding uncoupling as a general mechanism. Instead, hypermetabolism is associated with mitochondrial DNA instability, activation of the integrated stress response (ISR), and increased extracellular secretion of age-related cytokines and metabokines including GDF15. In parallel, OxPhos defects accelerate telomere erosion and epigenetic aging per cell division, consistent with evidence that excess energy expenditure accelerates biological aging. To explore potential mechanisms for these effects, we generate a longitudinal RNASeq and DNA methylation resource dataset, which reveals conserved, energetically demanding, genome-wide recalibrations. Taken together, these findings highlight the need to understand how OxPhos defects influence the energetic cost of living, and the link between hypermetabolism and aging in cells and patients with mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Sturm
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kalpita R Karan
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna S Monzel
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Balaji Santhanam
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Systems Biology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Institute for Cancer Dynamics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tanja Taivassalo
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Clinical and Translational Research Building, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Céline Bris
- Department of Genetics and Neurology, Angers Hospital, Angers, France
- UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, MITOVASC, SFR ICAT, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Sarah A Ware
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute and Center for Metabolic and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marissa Cross
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Atif Towheed
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Internal Medicine-Pediatrics Residency Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Albert Higgins-Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Meagan J McManus
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jue Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elissa S Epel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shamima Rahman
- Mitochondrial Research Group, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Metabolic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bruno Grassi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Ronald G Haller
- Neuromuscular Center, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine of Texas Health Resources and Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Guy Lenaers
- Department of Genetics and Neurology, Angers Hospital, Angers, France
- UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, MITOVASC, SFR ICAT, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marie-Pierre St-Onge
- Center of Excellence for Sleep & Circadian Research and Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Saeed Tavazoie
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Systems Biology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Institute for Cancer Dynamics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- Department of Genetics and Neurology, Angers Hospital, Angers, France
- UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, MITOVASC, SFR ICAT, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Brett A Kaufman
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute and Center for Metabolic and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Erin L Seifert
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, and MitoCare Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michio Hirano
- Department of Neurology, H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Uncoupling of energy production. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1901-1903. [PMID: 36476932 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial genetic diseases are a very diverse group of conditions. A recent report by Mootha and colleagues in NEJM describes the underlying genetic defect and clinical findings in monozygotic twins with uncoupling of ATP production.
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16
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Ganetzky RD, Markhard AL, Yee I, Clever S, Cahill A, Shah H, Grabarek Z, To TL, Mootha VK. Congenital Hypermetabolism and Uncoupled Oxidative Phosphorylation. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:1395-1403. [PMID: 36239646 PMCID: PMC9754853 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2202949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe the case of identical twin boys who presented with low body weight despite excessive caloric intake. An evaluation of their fibroblasts showed elevated oxygen consumption and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Exome analysis revealed a de novo heterozygous variant in ATP5F1B, which encodes the β subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase (also called complex V). In yeast, mutations affecting the same region loosen coupling between the proton motive force and ATP synthesis, resulting in high rates of mitochondrial respiration. Expression of the mutant allele in human cell lines recapitulates this phenotype. These data support an autosomal dominant mitochondrial uncoupling syndrome with hypermetabolism. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca D. Ganetzky
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Andrew L. Markhard
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Irene Yee
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sheila Clever
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alan Cahill
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Hardik Shah
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Zenon Grabarek
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Tsz-Leung To
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Vamsi K. Mootha
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
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17
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Buchke S, Sharma M, Bora A, Relekar M, Bhanu P, Kumar J. Mitochondria-Targeted, Nanoparticle-Based Drug-Delivery Systems: Therapeutics for Mitochondrial Disorders. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:657. [PMID: 35629325 PMCID: PMC9144057 DOI: 10.3390/life12050657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from ATP generation, mitochondria are involved in a wide range of functions, making them one of the most prominent organelles of the human cell. Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathophysiology of several diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. This makes it a target for a variety of therapeutics for the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. The use of nanoparticles to target mitochondria has significant importance in modern times because they provide promising ways to deliver drug payloads to the mitochondria by overcoming challenges, such as low solubility and poor bioavailability, and also resolve the issues of the poor biodistribution of drugs and pharmacokinetics with increased specificity. This review assesses nanoparticle-based drug-delivery systems, such as liposomes, DQAsome, MITO-Porters, micelles, polymeric and metal nanocarriers, as well as quantum dots, as mitochondria-targeted strategies and discusses them as a treatment for mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Buchke
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali Road, Dist, Tonk 304022, India; (S.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Muskan Sharma
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali Road, Dist, Tonk 304022, India; (S.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Anusuiya Bora
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore Campus, Tiruvalam Road, Katpadi, Vellore 632014, India;
| | - Maitrali Relekar
- KEM Hospital Research Centre, KEM Hospital, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011, India;
| | - Piyush Bhanu
- Xome Life Sciences, Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre (BBC), Helix Biotech Park, Electronics City Phase 1, Bengaluru 560100, India;
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre (BBC), Helix Biotech Park, Electronics City Phase 1, Bengaluru 560100, India
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18
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Lopriore P, Ricciarini V, Siciliano G, Mancuso M, Montano V. Mitochondrial Ataxias: Molecular Classification and Clinical Heterogeneity. Neurol Int 2022; 14:337-356. [PMID: 35466209 PMCID: PMC9036286 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint14020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia is increasingly being recognized as a cardinal manifestation in primary mitochondrial diseases (PMDs) in both paediatric and adult patients. It can be caused by disruption of cerebellar nuclei or fibres, its connection with the brainstem, or spinal and peripheral lesions leading to proprioceptive loss. Despite mitochondrial ataxias having no specific defining features, they should be included in hereditary ataxias differential diagnosis, given the high prevalence of PMDs. This review focuses on the clinical and neuropathological features and genetic background of PMDs in which ataxia is a prominent manifestation.
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19
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Goldobin V, Klocheva E, Afanasyeva M, Tertyshnaya N. Clinical case of MELAS syndrom. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:152-158. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2022122061152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Liang J, Wang C, Zhang H, Huang J, Xie J, Chen N. Exercise-Induced Benefits for Alzheimer's Disease by Stimulating Mitophagy and Improving Mitochondrial Function. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:755665. [PMID: 34658846 PMCID: PMC8519401 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.755665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly specialized post-mitotic cells that are inherently dependent on mitochondria due to their higher bioenergetic demand. Mitochondrial dysfunction is closely associated with a variety of aging-related neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and the accumulation of dysfunctional and superfluous mitochondria has been reported as an early stage that significantly facilitates the progression of AD. Mitochondrial damage causes bioenergetic deficiency, intracellular calcium imbalance and oxidative stress, thereby aggravating β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation and Tau hyperphosphorylation, and further leading to cognitive decline and memory loss. Although there is an intricate parallel relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and AD, their triggering factors, such as Aβ aggregation and hyperphosphorylated Tau protein and action time, are still unclear. Moreover, many studies have confirmed abnormal mitochondrial biosynthesis, dynamics and functions will present once the mitochondrial quality control is impaired, thus leading to aggravated AD pathological changes. Accumulating evidence shows beneficial effects of appropriate exercise on improved mitophagy and mitochondrial function to promote mitochondrial plasticity, reduce oxidative stress, enhance cognitive capacity and reduce the risks of cognitive impairment and dementia in later life. Therefore, stimulating mitophagy and optimizing mitochondrial function through exercise may forestall the neurodegenerative process of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiling Liang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cenyi Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jielun Huang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juying Xie
- Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
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21
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Fealy CE, Grevendonk L, Hoeks J, Hesselink MKC. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial network dynamics in metabolic disorders and aging. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:1033-1044. [PMID: 34417125 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With global demographics trending towards an aging population, the numbers of individuals with an age-associated loss of independence is increasing. A key contributing factor is loss of skeletal muscle mitochondrial, metabolic, and contractile function. Recent advances in imaging technologies have demonstrated the importance of mitochondrial morphology and dynamics in the pathogenesis of disease. In this review, we examine the evidence for altered mitochondrial dynamics as a mechanism in age and obesity-associated loss of skeletal muscle function, with a particular focus on the available human data. We highlight some of the areas where more data are needed to identify the specific mechanisms connecting mitochondrial morphology and skeletal muscle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarán E Fealy
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Lotte Grevendonk
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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22
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Fukunaga H. Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126634. [PMID: 34205712 PMCID: PMC8235559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to contribute to mitochondrial diseases, as well as to a variety of aging-based pathologies. Mitochondria have their own genomes (mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)) and the abnormalities, such as point mutations, deletions, and copy number variations, are involved in mitochondrial dysfunction. In recent years, several epidemiological studies and animal experiments have supported the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) theory, which states that the environment during fetal life influences the predisposition to disease and the risk of morbidity in adulthood. Mitochondria play a central role in energy production, as well as in various cellular functions, such as apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and calcium metabolism. In terms of the DOHaD theory, mtDNA copy number may be a mediator of health and disease. This paper summarizes the results of recent epidemiological studies on the relationship between environmental factors and mtDNA copy number during pregnancy from the perspective of DOHaD theory. The results of these studies suggest a hypothesis that mtDNA copy number may reflect environmental influences during fetal life and possibly serve as a surrogate marker of health risks in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Fukunaga
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, N12 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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23
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Kim CW, Choi KC. Effects of anticancer drugs on the cardiac mitochondrial toxicity and their underlying mechanisms for novel cardiac protective strategies. Life Sci 2021; 277:119607. [PMID: 33992675 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles that play a pivotal role in the production of energy in cells, and vital to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis due to the regulation of many biochemical processes. The heart contains a lot of mitochondria because those muscles require a lot of energy to keep supplying blood through the circulatory system, implying that the energy generated from mitochondria is highly dependent. Thus, cardiomyocytes are sensitive to mitochondrial dysfunction and are likely to be targeted by mitochondrial toxic drugs. It has been reported that some anticancer drugs caused unwanted toxicity to mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction is related to aging and the onset of many diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrial toxic mechanisms can be mainly explained concerning reactive oxygen species (ROS)/redox status, calcium homeostasis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER) stress signaling. The toxic mechanisms of many anticancer drugs have been revealed, but more studying and understanding of the mechanisms of drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity is required to develop mitochondrial toxicity screening system as well as novel cardioprotective strategies for the prevention of cardiac disorders of drugs. This review focuses on the cardiac mitochondrial toxicity of commonly used anticancer drugs, i.e., doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, cisplatin, arsenic trioxide, and cyclophosphamide, and their possible chemopreventive agents that can prevent or alleviate cardiac mitochondrial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Won Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Bernardi P. Looking Back to the Future of Mitochondrial Research. Front Physiol 2021; 12:682467. [PMID: 33995132 PMCID: PMC8119648 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.682467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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25
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Mitochondrial DNA A3243G variant-associated retinopathy: Current perspectives and clinical implications. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 66:838-855. [PMID: 33610586 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular function and survival are critically dependent on the proper functionality of the mitochondrion. Neurodegenerative cellular processes including cellular adenosine triphosphate production, intermediary metabolism control, and apoptosis regulation are all mitochondrially mediated. The A to G transition at position 3243 in the mitochondrial MTTL1 gene that encodes for the leucine transfer RNA (m.3243A>G) causes a variety of diseases, including maternally inherited loss of hearing and diabetes syndrome (MIDD), mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes syndrome (MELAS). Ophthalmological findings-including posterior sub-capsular cataract, ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia, and pigmentary retinopathy- have all been associated with the m.3243A>G variant. Pigmentary retinopathy is, however, the most common ocular finding, occurring in 38% to 86% of cases. To date, little is known about the pathogenesis, natural history, and heteroplasmic and phenotypic correlations of m.3243A>G-associated pigmentary retinopathy. We summarize the current understanding of mitochondrial genetics and pathogenesis of some associated diseases. We then review the pathophysiology, histology, clinical features, treatment, and important ocular and systemic phenotypic manifestations of m.3243A>G variant associated retinopathy. Mitochondrial diseases require a multidisciplinary team approach to ensure effective treatment, regular follow-up, and accurate genetic counseling.
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26
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Schlieben LD, Prokisch H. The Dimensions of Primary Mitochondrial Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:600079. [PMID: 33324649 PMCID: PMC7726223 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.600079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of a mitochondrial disorder was initially described in 1962, in a patient with altered energy metabolism. Over time, mitochondrial energy metabolism has been discovered to be influenced by a vast number of proteins with a multitude of functional roles. Amongst these, defective oxidative phosphorylation arose as the hallmark of mitochondrial disorders. In the premolecular era, the diagnosis of mitochondrial disease was dependent on biochemical criteria, with inherent limitations such as tissue availability and specificity, preanalytical and analytical artifacts, and secondary effects. With the identification of the first mitochondrial disease-causing mutations, the genetic complexity of mitochondrial disorders began to unravel. Mitochondrial dysfunctions can be caused by pathogenic variants in genes encoded by the mitochondrial DNA or the nuclear DNA, and can display heterogenous phenotypic manifestations. The application of next generation sequencing methodologies in diagnostics is proving to be pivotal in finding the molecular diagnosis and has been instrumental in the discovery of a growing list of novel mitochondrial disease genes. In the molecular era, the diagnosis of a mitochondrial disorder, suspected on clinical grounds, is increasingly based on variant detection and associated statistical support, while invasive biopsies and biochemical assays are conducted to an ever-decreasing extent. At present, there is no uniform biochemical or molecular definition for the designation of a disease as a “mitochondrial disorder”. Such designation is currently dependent on the criteria applied, which may encompass clinical, genetic, biochemical, functional, and/or mitochondrial protein localization criteria. Given this variation, numerous gene lists emerge, ranging from 270 to over 400 proposed mitochondrial disease genes. Herein we provide an overview of the mitochondrial disease associated genes and their accompanying challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea D Schlieben
- School of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Prokisch
- School of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
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27
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Montano V, Gruosso F, Simoncini C, Siciliano G, Mancuso M. Clinical features of mtDNA-related syndromes in adulthood. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 697:108689. [PMID: 33227288 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are the most common inheritable metabolic diseases, due to defects in oxidative phosphorylation. They are caused by mutations of nuclear or mitochondrial DNA in genes involved in mitochondrial function. The peculiarity of "mitochondrial DNA genetics rules" in part explains the marked phenotypic variability, the complexity of genotype-phenotype correlations and the challenge of genetic counseling. The new massive genetic sequencing technologies have changed the diagnostic approach, enhancing mitochondrial DNA-related syndromes diagnosis and often avoiding the need of a tissue biopsy. Here we present the most common phenotypes associated with a mitochondrial DNA mutation with the recent advances in diagnosis and in therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Montano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - F Gruosso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - C Simoncini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - G Siciliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - M Mancuso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy.
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28
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Saneto RP. Mitochondrial diseases: expanding the diagnosis in the era of genetic testing. JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL GENETICS AND GENOMICS 2020; 4:384-428. [PMID: 33426505 PMCID: PMC7791531 DOI: 10.20517/jtgg.2020.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are clinically and genetically heterogeneous. These diseases were initially described a little over three decades ago. Limited diagnostic tools created disease descriptions based on clinical, biochemical analytes, neuroimaging, and muscle biopsy findings. This diagnostic mechanism continued to evolve detection of inherited oxidative phosphorylation disorders and expanded discovery of mitochondrial physiology over the next two decades. Limited genetic testing hampered the definitive diagnostic identification and breadth of diseases. Over the last decade, the development and incorporation of massive parallel sequencing has identified approximately 300 genes involved in mitochondrial disease. Gene testing has enlarged our understanding of how genetic defects lead to cellular dysfunction and disease. These findings have expanded the understanding of how mechanisms of mitochondrial physiology can induce dysfunction and disease, but the complete collection of disease-causing gene variants remains incomplete. This article reviews the developments in disease gene discovery and the incorporation of gene findings with mitochondrial physiology. This understanding is critical to the development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P. Saneto
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Neurology/Division of Pediatric Neurology, Seattle Children’s Hospital/University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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29
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Mitochondria at the Crossroads of Physiology and Pathology. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061971. [PMID: 32599695 PMCID: PMC7355906 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a crucial role in cell life and death by regulating bioenergetic and biosynthetic pathways. They are able to adapt rapidly to different microenvironmental stressors by accommodating the metabolic and biosynthetic needs of the cell. Mounting evidence places mitochondrial dysfunction at the core of several diseases, notably in the context of pathologies of the cardiovascular and central nervous system. In addition, mutations in some mitochondrial proteins are bona fide cancer drivers. Better understanding of the functions of these multifaceted organelles and their components may finetune our knowledge on the molecular bases of certain diseases and suggest new therapeutic avenues.
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30
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Chandra SR, Padmanabha H, Gupta M, Pruthi N, Narayanappa G, Christopher R. Myelopathy in Two Brothers with Respiratory Chain Disorder-Severe Complex 1 Deficiency with Atlantoaxial Dislocation and Long Spinal Arachnoid Cyst: A New Unreported Association. J Pediatr Neurosci 2020; 15:45-50. [PMID: 32435307 PMCID: PMC7227760 DOI: 10.4103/jpn.jpn_94_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Billion of years ago bacteria is believed to have entered a eukaryotic cell and converted to mitochondria. The respiratory chain present in it supplies ATP to all cells and therefore the diseases can have any phenotype. Diagnosis may be difficult to confirm by the conventional methods including genetics. Two brothers born to consanguineous parents had global delay, mild visual impairment and drooping of eyelids since birth in the elder child and dysmorphism in the second one. Both had progressive myelopathy due to retroflexed odontoid ,large arachnoid cyst and tethered cord. Muscle biopsy with special stain was normal but respiratory chain assay revealed severe complex 1 deficiency.Elder child underwent surgical decompression of the arachnoid cyst with duroplasty with significant improvement.Atlanto axial dislocation and large arachnoid cyst as cause of myelopathy is not reported in literature in patients with respiratory chain disorders to the best of our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hansashree Padmanabha
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Manisha Gupta
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Nupur Pruthi
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gayathri Narayanappa
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rita Christopher
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Ost M, Igual Gil C, Coleman V, Keipert S, Efstathiou S, Vidic V, Weyers M, Klaus S. Muscle-derived GDF15 drives diurnal anorexia and systemic metabolic remodeling during mitochondrial stress. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48804. [PMID: 32026535 PMCID: PMC7054681 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction promotes metabolic stress responses in a cell-autonomous as well as organismal manner. The wasting hormone growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is recognized as a biomarker of mitochondrial disorders, but its pathophysiological function remains elusive. To test the hypothesis that GDF15 is fundamental to the metabolic stress response during mitochondrial dysfunction, we investigated transgenic mice (Ucp1-TG) with compromised muscle-specific mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity via respiratory uncoupling. Ucp1-TG mice show a skeletal muscle-specific induction and diurnal variation of GDF15 as a myokine. Remarkably, genetic loss of GDF15 in Ucp1-TG mice does not affect muscle wasting or transcriptional cell-autonomous stress response but promotes a progressive increase in body fat mass. Furthermore, muscle mitochondrial stress-induced systemic metabolic flexibility, insulin sensitivity, and white adipose tissue browning are fully abolished in the absence of GDF15. Mechanistically, we uncovered a GDF15-dependent daytime-restricted anorexia, whereas GDF15 is unable to suppress food intake at night. Altogether, our evidence suggests a novel diurnal action and key pathophysiological role of mitochondrial stress-induced GDF15 in the regulation of systemic energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ost
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Carla Igual Gil
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Verena Coleman
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Susanne Keipert
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sotirios Efstathiou
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Veronika Vidic
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Miriam Weyers
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Susanne Klaus
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
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32
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Weissig V. Drug Development for the Therapy of Mitochondrial Diseases. Trends Mol Med 2019; 26:40-57. [PMID: 31727544 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a heterogeneous group of inherited or acquired devastating disorders that affect the energy metabolism of the body. Many strategies have been investigated, but currently there is no FDA-approved drug that can alleviate disease symptoms or slow disease progression. This review analyzes to what extent growing knowledge over the past two decades about the etiology and pathogenesis of mitochondrial diseases is reflected in the design and development of new experimental drugs for the therapy of these disorders. All currently registered clinical trials involving new experimental drug entities are reviewed to evaluate how far away we are from the first FDA-approved drug therapy for mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkmar Weissig
- Midwestern University College of Pharmacy at Glendale, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanocenter of Excellence, Glendale, AZ, USA.
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33
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Deng X, Zhang S, Wu J, Sun X, Shen Z, Dong J, Huang J. Promotion of Mitochondrial Biogenesis via Activation of AMPK-PGC1ɑ Signaling Pathway by Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Extract, and Its Major Active Component 6-Gingerol. J Food Sci 2019; 84:2101-2111. [PMID: 31369153 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Several studies indicated that ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) enhances thermogenesis and/or energy expenditure with which to interpret the beneficial effects of ginger on metabolic disorders. It is well known that mitochondrial activity plays an essential role in these processes. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of ginger extract (GE) and its major components, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol, on mitochondrial biogenesis and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results showed that GE at dose of 2 g/kg promoted oxygen consumption and intrascapular temperature in mice. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in muscle and liver increased. Expression levels of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) related proteins and AMP-activated protein kinase ɑ/proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 ɑ (AMPK/PGC1ɑ) signaling related proteins in the muscle, liver, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) increased as well. In HepG2 cells, GE at concentration of 2.5 and 5 mg/mL increased mitochondrial mass and mtDNA copy number. GE promoted ATP production, the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I and IV, and expression levels of OXPHOS complex related proteins and AMPK/PGC1ɑ signaling related proteins. The antagonist of AMPK eliminated partly the effect of GE on mitochondrial biogenesis. 6-Gingerol increased mitochondrial mass, mtDNA copy number and ATP production, and the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in HepG2 cells as well. However, both 6-gingerol at high concentration of 200 µM and 6-shogaol at 10 to 200 µM inhibited cell viability. In conclusion, GE promoted mitochondrial biogenesis and improved mitochondrial functions via activation of AMPK-PGC1ɑ signaling pathway, and 6-gingerol other than 6-shogaol, may be the main active component. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a food seasoning and also used as a medical plant in alternative medicine throughout the world. Here, we demonstrated that ginger extract (GE) promoted mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial function via activation of AMPK-PGC1ɑ signaling pathway both in mice and in HepG2 cells, and 6-gingerol may be its main active component. Ginger, with anticipated safety, is expected to be a long-term used dietary supplement and be developed into a new remedy for mitochondrial dysfunctional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Deng
- Dept. of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan Univ., No. 12, Wu Lu Mu Qi (Middle) Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Dept. of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, No. 1017, Dongmen (North) Road, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Junzhen Wu
- Inst. of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan Univ., No. 12, Wu Lu Mu Qi (Middle) Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xianjun Sun
- Dept. of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan Univ., No. 12, Wu Lu Mu Qi (Middle) Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ziyin Shen
- Dept. of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan Univ., No. 12, Wu Lu Mu Qi (Middle) Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Dept. of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan Univ., No. 12, Wu Lu Mu Qi (Middle) Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Dept. of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan Univ., No. 12, Wu Lu Mu Qi (Middle) Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
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Shen X, Han G, Li S, Song Y, Shen H, Zhai Y, Wang Y, Zhang F, Dong N, Li T, Yao Y, Zhu H. Association between the T6459C point mutation of the mitochondrial MT-CO1 gene and susceptibility to sepsis among Chinese Han people. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5257-5264. [PMID: 30207067 PMCID: PMC6201344 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To search for an association between sepsis and mitochondrial genetic basis, we began our study. In this study, a proband harbouring mitochondrial T6459C mutation with sepsis and his Chinese Han pedigree including 7 members of 3 generations were enrolled. General information, blood parameters and mitochondrial full sequence scanning of all members were performed, and cellular functions, including cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), degrees of cell apoptosis and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations, were measured in members with and without the T6459C mutation. Through mitochondrial full sequence scanning and analysis of all members we found, the maternal members (I-1, II-1, II-2 and II-4) in this Chinese Han pedigree all had the mitochondrial T6459C mutation and were used as the mutation group. The non-maternal members (II-3, III-1 and III-2) did not have this mutation and were used as the non-mutation group. The differences in all indicators, including the blood routine, blood biochemistry and coagulation function tests, between members in these two groups were not significant. Under the non-stimulation condition, the mutation group had higher ROS levels (4210.42 ± 1043.35 vs 3387.78 ± 489.66, P = .028) and apoptosis ratios (P = .004) and lower ATP concentrations (P = .049) and MMP levels (P = .047) than the non-mutation group. After 6 hours of simulated LPS stimulation, the mutation group had significantly increased ROS levels (5759.25 ± 2297.90 vs 3862.00 ± 1519.77, P = .045) compared with the non-mutation group, whereas the mutation group continued to demonstrate higher ROS levels (P = .045) and apoptosis ratios (P = .003) and lower MMP levels (P = .005) and ATP concentrations (P = .010). We speculated that the mtDNA T6459C mutation might be the basis for the genetic susceptibility to sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Shen
- Emergency DepartmentChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Guoxin Han
- Emergency DepartmentChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Shuoshuo Li
- Emergency DepartmentChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yang Song
- Emergency DepartmentChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Hong Shen
- Emergency DepartmentChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yongzhi Zhai
- Emergency DepartmentChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yingchan Wang
- Emergency DepartmentChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Fei Zhang
- Emergency DepartmentChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Ning Dong
- Trauma Research CenterFirst Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Tanshi Li
- Emergency DepartmentChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yongming Yao
- Trauma Research CenterFirst Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Emergency DepartmentChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
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35
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Clinical syndromes associated with mtDNA mutations: where we stand after 30 years. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:235-254. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The landmark year 1988 can be considered as the birthdate of mitochondrial medicine, when the first pathogenic mutations affecting mtDNA were associated with human diseases. Three decades later, the field still expands and we are not ‘scraping the bottom of the barrel’ yet. Despite the tremendous progress in terms of molecular characterization and genotype/phenotype correlations, for the vast majority of cases we still lack a deep understanding of the pathogenesis, good models to study, and effective therapeutic options. However, recent technological advances including somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), organoid technology, and tailored endonucleases provide unprecedented opportunities to fill these gaps, casting hope to soon cure the major primary mitochondrial phenotypes reviewed here. This group of rare diseases represents a key model for tackling the pathogenic mechanisms involving mitochondrial biology relevant to much more common disorders that affect our currently ageing population, such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorders, and cancer.
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36
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Limongelli G, Wahbi K. Mitochondrial disease: learning from Charlie's lesson, trying to cure, trying much more to care. Future Cardiol 2018; 14:273-276. [PMID: 29947560 DOI: 10.2217/fca-2018-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Limongelli
- Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College of London, London, United Kingdom.,European Reference Network, GUARD-Heart, Europe
| | - Karim Wahbi
- Cochin Hospital, Cardiology Department, Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence de pathologie neuromusculaire Paris-Est, Myology Institute, Neurology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Inserm, UMRS 974, Paris, France
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37
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Szelechowski M, Amoedo N, Obre E, Léger C, Allard L, Bonneu M, Claverol S, Lacombe D, Oliet S, Chevallier S, Le Masson G, Rossignol R. Metabolic Reprogramming in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3953. [PMID: 29500423 PMCID: PMC5834494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction in the spinal cord is a hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the neurometabolic alterations during early stages of the disease remain unknown. Here, we investigated the bioenergetic and proteomic changes in ALS mouse motor neurons and patients' skin fibroblasts. We first observed that SODG93A mice presymptomatic motor neurons display alterations in the coupling efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, along with fragmentation of the mitochondrial network. The proteome of presymptomatic ALS mice motor neurons also revealed a peculiar metabolic signature with upregulation of most energy-transducing enzymes, including the fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and the ketogenic components HADHA and ACAT2, respectively. Accordingly, FAO inhibition altered cell viability specifically in ALS mice motor neurons, while uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) inhibition recovered cellular ATP levels and mitochondrial network morphology. These findings suggest a novel hypothesis of ALS bioenergetics linking FAO and UCP2. Lastly, we provide a unique set of data comparing the molecular alterations found in human ALS patients' skin fibroblasts and SODG93A mouse motor neurons, revealing conserved changes in protein translation, folding and assembly, tRNA aminoacylation and cell adhesion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Szelechowski
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, 33077, Bordeaux, cedex, France
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - N Amoedo
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1211, MRGM, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - E Obre
- CELLOMET, Center of Functional Genomics (CGFB), 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - C Léger
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, 33077, Bordeaux, cedex, France
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - L Allard
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, 33077, Bordeaux, cedex, France
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - M Bonneu
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Center of Functional Genomics (CGFB), Proteomic Facility, Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Claverol
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Center of Functional Genomics (CGFB), Proteomic Facility, Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - D Lacombe
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1211, MRGM, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Oliet
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, 33077, Bordeaux, cedex, France
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Chevallier
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, 33077, Bordeaux, cedex, France
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - G Le Masson
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, 33077, Bordeaux, cedex, France.
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - R Rossignol
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
- INSERM U1211, MRGM, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
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38
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Rivas E, Herndon DN, Porter C, Meyer W, Suman OE. Short-term metformin and exercise training effects on strength, aerobic capacity, glycemic control, and mitochondrial function in children with burn injury. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E232-E240. [PMID: 29138224 PMCID: PMC5899215 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00194.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Severely burned children experience a chronic state of sympathetic nervous system activation that is associated with hypermetabolic/cardiac stress and muscle wasting. Metformin, a diabetes medication, helps control hyperglycemia in obese diabetic populations, and exercise has been shown to improve exercise strength and aerobic exercise capacity after severe burns. However, whether exercise improves glycemic control in burned children and whether combining exercise and metformin improves outcomes to a greater degree than exercise alone are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that a 6-wk exercise program combined with short-term metformin administration (E + M) improves aerobic and strength exercise capacity to a greater degree than exercise and placebo (E), while improving glucose tolerance and muscle metabolic function. We found that, before exercise training, the metformin group compared with the placebo group had attenuated mitochondrial respiration (pmol·s-1·mg-1) for each state: state 2 (-22.5 ± 3), state 3 (-42.4 ± 13), and oxphos (-58.9 ± 19) ( P ≤ 0.02, M vs. E + M group for each state). However, in the E + M group, exercise increased mitochondrial respiration in each state ( P ≤ 0.05), with respiration being comparable to that in the E group (each P > 0.05). In both groups, exercise induced comparable improvements in strength (change from preexercise, Δ1.6 ± 0.6 N-M·kgLBM) and V̇o2peak (Δ9 ± 7 mlO2·kgLBM) as well as fasting glucose (Δ19.3 ± 13 mg·dl) and glucose AUC (Δ3402 ± 3674 mg·dl-1·min-1), as measured by a 75-g OGTT (all P ≤ 0.03). Exercise reduced resting energy expenditure in E + M (Δ539 ± 480 kcal/24 h, P < 0.01) but not E subjects ( P = 0.68). Both groups exhibited reduced resting heart rate (Δ30 ± 23 beats/min, P ≤ 0.02). These data indicate that short-term metformin combined with exercise provides no further improvement beyond that of exercise alone for strength, exercise capacity, and glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rivas
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas
| | - David N Herndon
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Craig Porter
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Walter Meyer
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Oscar E Suman
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
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39
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Shang RP, Wang W. Investigating Dysregulated Pathways in Dilated Cardiomyopathy from Pathway Interaction Network. RUSS J GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Verma S, Shakya VPS, Idnurm A. Exploring and exploiting the connection between mitochondria and the virulence of human pathogenic fungi. Virulence 2018; 9:426-446. [PMID: 29261004 PMCID: PMC5955198 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1414133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are best known for their role in the production of ATP; however, recent research implicates other mitochondrial functions in the virulence of human pathogenic fungi. Inhibitors of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase or the electron transport chain are successfully used to combat plant pathogenic fungi, but similar inhibition of mitochondrial functions has not been pursued for applications in medical mycology. Advances in understanding mitochondrial function relevant to human pathogenic fungi are in four major directions: 1) the role of mitochondrial morphology in virulence, 2) mitochondrial genetics, with a focus on mitochondrial DNA recombination and mitochondrial inheritance 3) the role of mitochondria in drug resistance, and 4) the interaction of mitochondria with other organelles. Collectively, despite the similarities in mitochondrial functions between fungi and animals, this organelle is currently an under-explored potential target to treat medical mycoses. Future research could define and then exploit those mitochondrial components best suited as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Viplendra P. S. Shakya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Alexander Idnurm
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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42
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Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders represent a major challenge in medicine. Most of the mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear DNA (nDNA), whereas a very small fraction is encoded by the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mutations in mtDNA or mitochondria-related nDNA genes can result in mitochondrial dysfunction. The disease usually affects multiple organs in varying locations and severity; however, there are some forms which affect a single organ. The diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders is based on clinical examination, biochemical and histopathologic examinations, functional studies, and molecular genetic testing. Neuropathologic alterations of the muscle are variable and can range from striking abnormalities, such as cytochrome oxidase-negative and ragged red fibers, to nonspecific or minimal changes. Neuropathologic alterations in the brain show common features in disorders with different genetic background. These are characterized by various degrees of vacuolation in the white and gray matter, regional neurodegeneration with reactive astrogliosis, loss of oligodendrocytes, presence of macrophages and microgliosis, capillary proliferation, and mineralization of vessel walls. The advent of molecular genetics, the discovery of biomarkers and new sequencing platforms to perform targeted exome and whole-genome sequencing have changed traditional approaches to diagnose mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Molnar
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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43
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Ajith TA. Role of mitochondria and mitochondria-targeted agents in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 45:413-421. [PMID: 29112771 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a pivotal role in the fatty acid oxidation and have been found to be affected early during the macrovesicular fat accumulation in the hepatocytes. The fatty infiltration is the primary cause of oxidative stress and inflammation in the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which can lead to the peroxidation of phospholipids, such as cardiolipin. Oxidative stress-induced damage to mitochondrial DNA can result in the impairment of oxidative phosphorylation and further increases the generation of reactive oxygen species. The mitochondrial damage may eventually lead to apoptotic death of hepatocytes. The apoptosis along with the generated cytokines from the stellate and Kupffer cells further augment the fibrotic changes to advance the disease. Hence, alleviation of the mitochondrial impairment, particularly in the early stages of NAFLD, may prevent the progression of the disease. Among the various experimentally studied mitochondrial-targeted agents, triphenylphosphonium cation ligated ubiquinone Q10 and vitamin E, Szeto-Scheller peptides, and superoxide dismutase mimetic-salen manganese complexes (EUK-8 and EUK-134) have been found to be most promising. In addition to these mitochondrial-targeted agents, a novel area of therapy called mitotherapy have also emerged. However, clinical studies conducted so far are still fragmentary to validate their efficacy. This review article discusses the mitochondria-targeted molecules and their potential role in the treatment of NAFLD.
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Cardoso SM, Correia SC, Carvalho C, Moreira PI. Mitochondria in Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes-Associated Neurodegeneration: License to Heal! Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 240:281-308. [PMID: 28251365 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a difficult puzzle to solve, in part because the etiology of this devastating neurodegenerative disorder remains murky. However, diabetes has been pinpointed as a major risk factor for the sporadic forms of AD. Several overlapping neurodegenerative mechanisms have been identified between AD and diabetes, including mitochondrial malfunction. This is not surprising taking into account that neurons are cells with a complex morphology, long lifespan, and high energetic requirements which make them particularly reliant on a properly organized and dynamic mitochondrial network to sustain neuronal function and integrity. In this sense, this chapter provides an overview on the role of mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics to the neurodegenerative events that occur in AD and diabetes, and how these organelles may represent a mechanistic link between these two pathologies. From a therapeutic perspective, it will be discussed how mitochondria can be targeted in order to efficaciously counteract neurodegeneration associated with AD and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana M Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-517, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Sónia C Correia
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-517, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-517, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-517, Portugal. .,Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
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45
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Narumi K, Mishima E, Akiyama Y, Matsuhashi T, Nakamichi T, Kisu K, Nishiyama S, Ikenouchi H, Kikuchi A, Izumi R, Miyazaki M, Abe T, Sato H, Ito S. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Associated with Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia and Mitochondrial DNA A3243G Mutation. Nephron Clin Pract 2017; 138:243-248. [PMID: 29190634 DOI: 10.1159/000485109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is caused by various etiologies, with mitochondrial dysfunction being one of the causes. FSGS is known to be associated with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), which is a subclass of mitochondrial disease. However, it has rarely been reported in other mitochondrial disease subclasses. Here, we reported a 20-year-old man diagnosed with FSGS associated with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) due to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 3243A>G mutation. He presented with left ptosis, short stature, mild sensorineural deafness, and cardiac conduction block. A renal biopsy sample showed segmental sclerosis and adhesions between capillaries and Bowman's capsule, indicating FSGS. Electron microscopy demonstrated abnormal aggregated mitochondria in podocytes, and the basement membrane and epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule. Skeletal muscle biopsy also showed accumulation of abnormal mitochondria. mtDNA analysis identified heteroplasmic mtDNA 3243A>G mutation with no large-scale deletions. From these findings, we diagnosed the case as CPEO with multi-organ involvement including FSGS. Our report demonstrates that CPEO, as well as MELAS, can be associated with FSGS. Because mitochondrial disease presents with a variety of clinical symptoms, atypical cases with non-classical manifestations are observed. Thus, mitochondrial disease should be considered as an underlying cause of FSGS with systemic manifestations even with atypical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Narumi
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eikan Mishima
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukako Akiyama
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matsuhashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamichi
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Kisu
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nishiyama
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hajime Ikenouchi
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akio Kikuchi
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Rumiko Izumi
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mariko Miyazaki
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takaaki Abe
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Clinical Biology and Hormonal Regulation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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46
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Cheung LTY, Manthey AL, Lai JSM, Chiu K. Targeted Delivery of Mitochondrial Calcium Channel Regulators: The Future of Glaucoma Treatment? Front Neurosci 2017; 11:648. [PMID: 29213227 PMCID: PMC5702640 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leanne T Y Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abby L Manthey
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jimmy S M Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin Chiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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47
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Storoni M, Robert MP, Plant GT. The therapeutic potential of a calorie-restricted ketogenic diet for the management of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:156-164. [PMID: 28994349 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1368170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited, bilateral, sequential optic neuropathy that usually affects young males. LHON arises from a defect in complex I of the oxidative phosphorylation chain that generates increased reactive oxygen species and causes a decline in cellular ATP production. There exists no cure at present for LHON. Asymptomatic LHON mutation carriers show signs of increased mitochondrial biogenesis that may compensate for the compromise in complex I activity. Partial recovery in LHON is associated with a wider optic disc diameter and a younger age at disease onset, which may allow for greater mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity. Rescuing a mitochondrial bioenergetic deficit soon after disease onset may improve the chances of recovery and reduce visual loss in the second eye. We here propose that a calorie-restricted ketogenic diet has the potential to enhance mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity and should be explored as a potential therapeutic option for treating LHON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithu Storoni
- a Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology , The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , Box 93, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG , UK
| | - Matthieu P Robert
- a Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology , The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , Box 93, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG , UK.,b Service d'ophtalmologie , Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants malades , AP-HP, Rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris , France
| | - Gordon T Plant
- a Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology , The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , Box 93, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG , UK.,c St. Thomas' Hospital , London , UK
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48
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Koopman WJ, Beyrath J, Fung CW, Koene S, Rodenburg RJ, Willems PH, Smeitink JA. Mitochondrial disorders in children: toward development of small-molecule treatment strategies. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 8:311-27. [PMID: 26951622 PMCID: PMC4818752 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201506131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents our current understanding of the pathophysiology and potential treatment strategies with respect to mitochondrial disease in children. We focus on pathologies due to mutations in nuclear DNA‐encoded structural and assembly factors of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, with a particular emphasis on isolated mitochondrial complex I deficiency. Following a brief introduction into mitochondrial disease and OXPHOS function, an overview is provided of the diagnostic process in children with mitochondrial disorders. This includes the impact of whole‐exome sequencing and relevance of cellular complementation studies. Next, we briefly present how OXPHOS mutations can affect cellular parameters, primarily based on studies in patient‐derived fibroblasts, and how this information can be used for the rational design of small‐molecule treatment strategies. Finally, we discuss clinical trial design and provide an overview of small molecules that are currently being developed for treatment of mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Jh Koopman
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Centre for Systems Biology and Bioenergetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cheuk-Wing Fung
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Saskia Koene
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J Rodenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Hgm Willems
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Centre for Systems Biology and Bioenergetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Am Smeitink
- Centre for Systems Biology and Bioenergetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Khondrion BV, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles responsible for adenosine triphosphate production. The strict control of intracellular energy needs require proper mitochondrial functioning. The mitochondria are under dual controls of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA). Mitochondrial dysfunction can arise from changes in either mtDNA or nDNA genes regulating function. There are an estimated ∼1500 proteins in the mitoproteome, whereas the mtDNA genome has 37 proteins. There are, to date, ∼275 genes shown to give rise to disease. The unique physiology of mitochondrial functioning contributes to diverse gene expression. The onset and range of phenotypic expression of disease is diverse, with onset from neonatal to seventh decade of life. The range of dysfunction is heterogeneous, ranging from single organ to multisystem involvement. The complexity of disease expression has severely limited gene discovery. Combining phenotypes with improvements in gene sequencing strategies are improving the diagnosis process. This chapter focuses on the interplay of the unique physiology and gene discovery in the current knowledge of genetically derived mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P Saneto
- Seattle Children's Hospital/University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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50
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Nam HS, Izumchenko E, Dasgupta S, Hoque MO. Mitochondria in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer: where are we now? Biomark Med 2017; 11:475-489. [PMID: 28598223 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2016-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in mitochondrial biogenesis have provided the emerging recognition that mitochondria do much more than 'simply providing energy for cellular function'. Currently, a constantly improving understanding of the mitochondrial structure and function has been providing valuable insights into the contribution of defects in mitochondrial metabolism to various human diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. The growing interest in mitochondria research led to development of new biomedical fields in the two main smoking-related lung diseases. However, there is considerable paucity in our understanding of mechanisms by which mitochondrial dynamics regulate lung diseases. In this review, we will discuss our current knowledge on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and non-small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Seong Nam
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.,Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22332, South Korea
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Mohammad O Hoque
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.,Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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