1
|
Biglari S, Moghaddam AS, Tabatabaiefar MA, Sherkat R, Youssefian L, Saeidian AH, Vahidnezhad F, Tsoi LC, Gudjonsson JE, Hakonarson H, Casanova JL, Béziat V, Jouanguy E, Vahidnezhad H. Monogenic etiologies of persistent human papillomavirus infections: A comprehensive systematic review. Genet Med 2024; 26:101028. [PMID: 37978863 PMCID: PMC10922824 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2023.101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Persistent human papillomavirus infection (PHPVI) causes cutaneous, anogenital, and mucosal warts. Cutaneous warts include common warts, Treeman syndrome, and epidermodysplasia verruciformis, among others. Although more reports of monogenic predisposition to PHPVI have been published with the development of genomic technologies, genetic testing is rarely incorporated into clinical assessments. To encourage broader molecular testing, we compiled a list of the various monogenic etiologies of PHPVI. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review to determine the genetic, immunological, and clinical characteristics of patients with PHPVI. RESULTS The inclusion criteria were met by 261 of 40,687 articles. In 842 patients, 83 PHPVI-associated genes were identified, including 42, 6, and 35 genes with strong, moderate, and weak evidence for causality, respectively. Autosomal recessive inheritance predominated (69%). PHPVI onset age was 10.8 ± 8.6 years, with an interquartile range of 5 to 14 years. GATA2,IL2RG,DOCK8, CXCR4, TMC6, TMC8, and CIB1 are the most frequently reported PHPVI-associated genes with strong causality. Most genes (74 out of 83) belong to a catalog of 485 inborn errors of immunity-related genes, and 40 genes (54%) are represented in the nonsyndromic and syndromic combined immunodeficiency categories. CONCLUSION PHPVI has at least 83 monogenic etiologies and a genetic diagnosis is essential for effective management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Biglari
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Mohammad Amin Tabatabaiefar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Sherkat
- Immunodeficiency Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Clinical Genomics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, France; Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Vivien Béziat
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, France
| | - Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Heinz JL, Swagemakers SMA, von Hofsten J, Helleberg M, Thomsen MM, De Keukeleere K, de Boer JH, Ilginis T, Verjans GMGM, van Hagen PM, van der Spek PJ, Mogensen TH. Whole exome sequencing of patients with varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus induced acute retinal necrosis reveals rare disease-associated genetic variants. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1253040. [PMID: 38025266 PMCID: PMC10630912 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1253040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) are neurotropic human alphaherpesviruses endemic worldwide. Upon primary infection, both viruses establish lifelong latency in neurons and reactivate intermittently to cause a variety of mild to severe diseases. Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a rare, sight-threatening eye disease induced by ocular VZV or HSV infection. The virus and host factors involved in ARN pathogenesis remain incompletely described. We hypothesize an underlying genetic defect in at least part of ARN cases. Methods We collected blood from 17 patients with HSV-or VZV-induced ARN, isolated DNA and performed Whole Exome Sequencing by Illumina followed by analysis in Varseq with criteria of CADD score > 15 and frequency in GnomAD < 0.1% combined with biological filters. Gene modifications relative to healthy control genomes were filtered according to high quality and read-depth, low frequency, high deleteriousness predictions and biological relevance. Results We identified a total of 50 potentially disease-causing genetic variants, including missense, frameshift and splice site variants and on in-frame deletion in 16 of the 17 patients. The vast majority of these genes are involved in innate immunity, followed by adaptive immunity, autophagy, and apoptosis; in several instances variants within a given gene or pathway was identified in several patients. Discussion We propose that the identified variants may contribute to insufficient viral control and increased necrosis ocular disease presentation in the patients and serve as a knowledge base and starting point for the development of improved diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L. Heinz
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sigrid M. A. Swagemakers
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joanna von Hofsten
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Halland Hospital Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Marie Helleberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michelle M. Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kerstin De Keukeleere
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Joke H. de Boer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tomas Ilginis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georges M. G. M. Verjans
- HerpeslabNL, Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter M. van Hagen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van der Spek
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Trine H. Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tuovinen EA, Pöysti S, Hamdan F, Le KM, Keskitalo S, Turunen T, Minier L, Mamia N, Heiskanen K, Varjosalo M, Cerullo V, Kere J, Seppänen MRJ, Hänninen A, Grönholm J. Characterization of Expanded Gamma Delta T Cells from Atypical X-SCID Patient Reveals Preserved Function and IL2RG-Mediated Signaling. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:358-370. [PMID: 36260239 PMCID: PMC9892142 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abnormally high γδ T cell numbers among individuals with atypical SCID have been reported but detailed immunophenotyping and functional characterization of these expanded γδ T cells are limited. We have previously reported atypical SCID phenotype caused by hypomorphic IL2RG (NM_000206.3) c.172C > T;p.(Pro58Ser) variant. Here, we have further investigated the index patient's abnormally large γδ T cell population in terms of function and phenotype by studying IL2RG cell surface expression, STAT tyrosine phosphorylation and blast formation in response to interleukin stimulation, immunophenotyping, TCRvγ sequencing, and target cell killing. In contrast to his ⍺β T cells, the patient's γδ T cells showed normal IL2RG cell surface expression and normal or enhanced IL2RG-mediated signaling. Vδ2 + population was proportionally increased with a preponderance of memory phenotypes and high overall tendency towards perforin expression. The patient's γδ T cells showed enhanced cytotoxicity towards A549 cancer cells. His TCRvγ repertoire was versatile but sequencing of IL2RG revealed a novel c.534C > A; p.(Phe178Leu) somatic missense variant restricted to γδ T cells. Over time this variant became predominant in γδ T cells, though initially present only in part of them. IL2RG-Pro58Ser/Phe178Leu variant showed higher cell surface expression compared to IL2RG-Pro58Ser variant in stable HEK293 cell lines, suggesting that somatic p.(Phe178Leu) variant may at least partially rescue the pathogenic effect of germline p.(Pro58Ser) variant. In conclusion, our report indicates that expansion of γδ T cells associated with atypical SCID needs further studying and cannot exclusively be deemed as a homeostatic response to low numbers of conventional T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elina A Tuovinen
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Pöysti
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Firas Hamdan
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Drug Research Program Helsinki (DRP), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kim My Le
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Salla Keskitalo
- Systems Biology Research Group and Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tanja Turunen
- Systems Biology Research Group and Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Léa Minier
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nanni Mamia
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaarina Heiskanen
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Immunodeficiency Unit, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Systems Biology Research Group and Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Drug Research Program Helsinki (DRP), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kere
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko R J Seppänen
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Rare Diseases Center and Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arno Hänninen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Grönholm
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gupta S, Agrawal A. Dendritic cells in inborn errors of immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1080129. [PMID: 36756122 PMCID: PMC9899832 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1080129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial cells for initiating and maintaining immune response. They play critical role in homeostasis, inflammation, and autoimmunity. A number of molecules regulate their functions including synapse formation, migration, immunity, and induction of tolerance. A number of IEI are characterized by mutations in genes encoding several of these molecules resulting in immunodeficiency, inflammation, and autoimmunity in IEI. Currently, there are 465 Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) that have been grouped in 10 different categories. However, comprehensive studies of DCs have been reported in only few IEI. Here we have reviewed biology of DCs in IEI classified according to recently published IUIS classification. We have reviewed DCs in selected IEI in each group category and discussed in depth changes in DCs where significant data are available regarding role of DCs in clinical and immunological manifestations. These include severe immunodeficiency diseases, antibody deficiencies, combined immunodeficiency with associated and syndromic features, especially disorders of synapse formation, and disorders of immune regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Gupta
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
The impact of biological sex on diseases of the urinary tract. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:857-866. [PMID: 35869147 PMCID: PMC9305688 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00549-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological sex, being female or male, broadly influences diverse immune phenotypes, including immune responses to diseases at mucosal surfaces. Sex hormones, sex chromosomes, sexual dimorphism, and gender differences all contribute to how an organism will respond to diseases of the urinary tract, such as bladder infection or cancer. Although the incidence of urinary tract infection is strongly sex biased, rates of infection change over a lifetime in women and men, suggesting that accompanying changes in the levels of sex hormones may play a role in the response to infection. Bladder cancer is also sex biased in that 75% of newly diagnosed patients are men. Bladder cancer development is shaped by contributions from both sex hormones and sex chromosomes, demonstrating that the influence of sex on disease can be complex. With a better understanding of how sex influences disease and immunity, we can envision sex-specific therapies to better treat diseases of the urinary tract and potentially diseases of other mucosal tissues.
Collapse
|
6
|
Béziat V, Casanova JL, Jouanguy E. Human genetic and immunological dissection of papillomavirus-driven diseases: new insights into their pathogenesis. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 51:9-15. [PMID: 34555675 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are responsible for cutaneous and mucosal lesions. Persistent HPV infection remains a leading cause of uterine cancer in women, but also of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), and of rare and devastating benign tumors, such as 'tree-man' syndrome. HPV infections are usually asymptomatic or benign in the general population. Severe manifestations in otherwise healthy subjects can attest to inherited immunodeficiencies. The human genetic dissection of these cases has identified critical components of the immune response to HPVs, including the non-redundant roles of keratinocyte-intrinsic immunity in controlling β-HPVs, and of T cell-dependent adaptive immunity for controlling all HPV types. A key role of the CD28 T-cell costimulation pathway in controlling common warts due to HPVs was recently discovered. This review summarizes the state of the art in the human genetics of HPV infection, focusing on two key affected cell types: keratinocytes and T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Béziat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR-1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, USA.
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR-1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR-1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Belaid B, Lamara Mahammed L, Mohand Oussaid A, Migaud M, Khadri Y, Casanova JL, Puel A, Ben Halla N, Djidjik R. Case Report: Interleukin-2 Receptor Common Gamma Chain Defect Presented as a Hyper-IgE Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:696350. [PMID: 34248995 PMCID: PMC8264782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) is caused by mutations of IL2RG, the gene encoding the interleukin common gamma chain (IL-2Rγ or γc) of cytokine receptors for interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21. Hypomorphic mutations of IL2RG may cause combined immunodeficiencies with atypical clinical and immunological presentations. Here, we report a clinical, immunological, and functional characterization of a missense mutation in exon 1 (c.115G>A; p. Asp39Asn) of IL2RG in a 7-year-old boy. The patient suffered from recurrent sinopulmonary infections and refractory eczema. His total lymphocyte counts have remained normal despite skewed T cell subsets, with a pronounced serum IgE elevation. Surface expression of IL-2Rγ was reduced on his lymphocytes. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) phosphorylation in response to IL-2, IL-4, and IL-7 showed a partially preserved receptor function. T-cell proliferation in response to mitogens and anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies was significantly reduced. Further analysis revealed a decreased percentage of CD4+ T cells capable of secreting IFN-γ, but not IL-4 or IL-17. Studies on the functional consequences of IL-2Rγ variants are important to get more insight into the pathogenesis of atypical phenotypes which may lay the ground for novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Belaid
- Department of Medical Immunology, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria.,Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Lydia Lamara Mahammed
- Department of Medical Immunology, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria.,Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Aida Mohand Oussaid
- Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria.,Department of Pediatrics A, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Melanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yasmine Khadri
- Department of Pediatrics A, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Jean Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France.,St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France.,St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nafissa Ben Halla
- Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria.,Department of Pediatrics A, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Reda Djidjik
- Department of Medical Immunology, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria.,Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rahimi G, Rahimi B, Panahi M, Abkhiz S, Saraygord-Afshari N, Milani M, Alizadeh E. An overview of Betacoronaviruses-associated severe respiratory syndromes, focusing on sex-type-specific immune responses. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 92:107365. [PMID: 33440306 PMCID: PMC7797024 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Emerging beta-coronaviruses (β-CoVs), including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV-1 (SARS-CoV-1), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV), and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID19) are responsible for acute respiratory illnesses in human. The epidemiological features of the SARS, MERS, and new COVID-19 have revealed sex-dependent variations in the infection, frequency, treatment, and fatality rates of these syndromes. Females are likely less susceptible to viral infections, perhaps due to their steroid hormone levels, the impact of X-linked genes, and the sex-based immune responses. Although mostly inactive, the X chromosome makes the female's immune system more robust. The extra immune-regulatory genes of the X chromosome are associated with lower levels of viral load and decreased infection rate. Moreover, a higher titer of the antibodies and their longer blood circulation half-life are involved in a more durable immune protection in females. The activation rate of the immune cells and the production of TLR7 and IFN are more prominent in females. Although the bi-allelic expression of the immune regulatory genes can sometimes lead to autoimmune reactions, the higher titer of TLR7 in females is further associated with a stronger anti-viral immune response. Considering these sex-related differences and the similarities between the SARS, MERS, and COVID-19, we will discuss them in immune responses against the β-CoVs-associated syndromes. We aim to provide information on sex-based disease susceptibility and response. A better understanding of the evasion strategies of pathogens and the host immune responses can provide worthful insights into immunotherapy, and vaccine development approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Golbarg Rahimi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Esfahan, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Bahareh Rahimi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Panahi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shadi Abkhiz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Saraygord-Afshari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Milani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences and Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Corresponding authors at: Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz 5166/15731, Iran (M. Milani). Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz 5166/15731, Iran (E. Alizadeh)
| | - Effat Alizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Corresponding authors at: Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz 5166/15731, Iran (M. Milani). Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz 5166/15731, Iran (E. Alizadeh)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Human genetic dissection of papillomavirus-driven diseases: new insight into their pathogenesis. Hum Genet 2020; 139:919-939. [PMID: 32435828 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect mucosal or cutaneous stratified epithelia. There are 5 genera and more than 200 types of HPV, each with a specific tropism and virulence. HPV infections are typically asymptomatic or result in benign tumors, which may be disseminated or persistent in rare cases, but a few oncogenic HPVs can cause cancers. This review deals with the human genetic and immunological basis of interindividual clinical variability in the course of HPV infections of the skin and mucosae. Typical epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is characterized by β-HPV-driven flat wart-like and pityriasis-like cutaneous lesions and non-melanoma skin cancers in patients with inborn errors of EVER1-EVER2-CIB1-dependent skin-intrinsic immunity. Atypical EV is associated with other infectious diseases in patients with inborn errors of T cells. Severe cutaneous or anogenital warts, including anogenital cancers, are also driven by certain α-, γ-, μ or ν-HPVs in patients with inborn errors of T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. The genetic basis of HPV diseases at other mucosal sites, such as oral multifocal epithelial hyperplasia or juvenile recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JRRP), remains poorly understood. The human genetic dissection of HPV-driven lesions will clarify the molecular and cellular basis of protective immunity to HPVs, and should lead to novel diagnostic, preventive, and curative approaches in patients.
Collapse
|
10
|
Tuovinen EA, Grönholm J, Öhman T, Pöysti S, Toivonen R, Kreutzman A, Heiskanen K, Trotta L, Toiviainen-Salo S, Routes JM, Verbsky J, Mustjoki S, Saarela J, Kere J, Varjosalo M, Hänninen A, Seppänen MRJ. Novel Hemizygous IL2RG p.(Pro58Ser) Mutation Impairs IL-2 Receptor Complex Expression on Lymphocytes Causing X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2020; 40:503-514. [PMID: 32072341 PMCID: PMC7142052 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypomorphic IL2RG mutations may lead to milder phenotypes than X-SCID, named variably as atypical X-SCID or X-CID. We report an 11-year-old boy with a novel c. 172C>T;p.(Pro58Ser) mutation in IL2RG, presenting with atypical X-SCID phenotype. We also review the growing number of hypomorphic IL2RG mutations causing atypical X-SCID. We studied the patient's clinical phenotype, B, T, NK, and dendritic cell phenotypes, IL2RG and CD25 cell surface expression, and IL-2 target gene expression, STAT tyrosine phosphorylation, PBMC proliferation, and blast formation in response to IL-2 stimulation, as well as protein-protein interactions of the mutated IL2RG by BioID proximity labeling. The patient suffered from recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections, bronchiectasis, and reactive arthritis. His total lymphocyte counts have remained normal despite skewed T and B cells subpopulations, with very low numbers of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Surface expression of IL2RG was reduced on his lymphocytes. This led to impaired STAT tyrosine phosphorylation in response to IL-2 and IL-21, reduced expression of IL-2 target genes in patient CD4+ T cells, and reduced cell proliferation in response to IL-2 stimulation. BioID proximity labeling showed aberrant interactions between mutated IL2RG and ER/Golgi proteins causing mislocalization of the mutated IL2RG to the ER/Golgi interface. In conclusion, IL2RG p.(Pro58Ser) causes X-CID. Failure of IL2RG plasma membrane targeting may lead to atypical X-SCID. We further identified another carrier of this mutation from newborn SCID screening, lost to closer scrutiny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elina A Tuovinen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Rare Diseases Center and Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Grönholm
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Rare Diseases Center and Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tiina Öhman
- Systems Biology Research Group and Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Pöysti
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University Hospital and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Raine Toivonen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University Hospital and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna Kreutzman
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaarina Heiskanen
- Rare Diseases Center and Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luca Trotta
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Toiviainen-Salo
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Radiology, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John M Routes
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - James Verbsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Satu Mustjoki
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janna Saarela
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical Genetics, Helsinki Central University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Juha Kere
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Systems Biology Research Group and Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arno Hänninen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University Hospital and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko R J Seppänen
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Rare Diseases Center and Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Human inborn errors of immunity to herpes viruses. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 62:106-122. [PMID: 32014647 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infections with any of the nine human herpes viruses (HHV) can be asymptomatic or life-threatening. The study of patients with severe diseases caused by HHVs, in the absence of overt acquired immunodeficiency, has led to the discovery or diagnosis of various inborn errors of immunity. The related inborn errors of adaptive immunity disrupt α/β T-cell rather than B-cell immunity. Affected patients typically develop HHV infections in the context of other infectious diseases. However, this is not always the case, as illustrated by inborn errors of SAP-dependent T-cell immunity to EBV-infected B cells. The related inborn errors of innate immunity disrupt leukocytes other than T and B cells, non-hematopoietic cells, or both. Patients typically develop only a single type of infection due to HHV, although, again, this is not always the case, as illustrated by inborn errors of TLR3 immunity resulting in HSV1 encephalitis in some patients and influenza pneumonitis in others. Most severe HHV infections in otherwise healthy patients remains unexplained. The forward human genetic dissection of isolated and syndromic HHV-driven illnesses will establish the molecular and cellular basis of protective immunity to HHVs, paving the way for novel diagnosis and management strategies.
Collapse
|
12
|
Arcas-García A, Garcia-Prat M, Magallón-Lorenz M, Martín-Nalda A, Drechsel O, Ossowski S, Alonso L, Rivière JG, Soler-Palacín P, Colobran R, Sayós J, Martínez-Gallo M, Franco-Jarava C. The IL-2RG R328X nonsense mutation allows partial STAT-5 phosphorylation and defines a critical region involved in the leaky-SCID phenotype. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 200:61-72. [PMID: 31799703 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to their detection in typical X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency, hypomorphic mutations in the interleukin (IL)-2 receptor common gamma chain gene (IL2RG) have been described in patients with atypical clinical and immunological phenotypes. In this leaky clinical phenotype the diagnosis is often delayed, limiting prompt therapy in these patients. Here, we report the biochemical and functional characterization of a nonsense mutation in exon 8 (p.R328X) of IL2RG in two siblings: a 4-year-old boy with lethal Epstein-Barr virus-related lymphoma and his asymptomatic 8-month-old brother with a Tlow B+ natural killer (NK)+ immunophenotype, dysgammaglobulinemia, abnormal lymphocyte proliferation and reduced levels of T cell receptor excision circles. After confirming normal IL-2RG expression (CD132) on T lymphocytes, signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-5) phosphorylation was examined to evaluate the functionality of the common gamma chain (γc ), which showed partially preserved function. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments were performed to assess the interaction capacity of the R328X mutant with Janus kinase (JAK)3, concluding that R328X impairs JAK3 binding to γc . Here, we describe how the R328X mutation in IL-2RG may allow partial phosphorylation of STAT-5 through a JAK3-independent pathway. We identified a region of three amino acids in the γc intracellular domain that may be critical for receptor stabilization and allow this alternative signaling. Identification of the functional consequences of pathogenic IL2RG variants at the cellular level is important to enable clearer understanding of partial defects leading to leaky phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Arcas-García
- CIBBIM-Nanomedicine-Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy Group, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Garcia-Prat
- Jeffrey Model Foundation Excellence Center, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Vall d'Hebron Campus Hospitalari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Magallón-Lorenz
- CIBBIM-Nanomedicine-Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy Group, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Martín-Nalda
- Jeffrey Model Foundation Excellence Center, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Vall d'Hebron Campus Hospitalari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Drechsel
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Ossowski
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - L Alonso
- Jeffrey Model Foundation Excellence Center, Barcelona, Spain.,Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Campus Hospitalari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J G Rivière
- Jeffrey Model Foundation Excellence Center, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Vall d'Hebron Campus Hospitalari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Soler-Palacín
- Jeffrey Model Foundation Excellence Center, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Vall d'Hebron Campus Hospitalari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Colobran
- Jeffrey Model Foundation Excellence Center, Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Division, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Sayós
- CIBBIM-Nanomedicine-Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy Group, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Martínez-Gallo
- Jeffrey Model Foundation Excellence Center, Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Division, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Franco-Jarava
- Jeffrey Model Foundation Excellence Center, Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Division, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Cytokines are secreted or otherwise released polypeptide factors that exert autocrine and/or paracrine actions, with most cytokines acting in the immune and/or hematopoietic system. They are typically pleiotropic, controlling development, cell growth, survival, and/or differentiation. Correspondingly, cytokines are clinically important, and augmenting or attenuating cytokine signals can have deleterious or therapeutic effects. Besides physiological fine-tuning of cytokine signals, altering the nature or potency of the signal can be important in pathophysiological responses and can also provide novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we give an overview of cytokines, their signaling and actions, and the physiological mechanisms and pharmacologic strategies to fine-tune their actions. In particular, the differential utilization of STAT proteins by a single cytokine or by different cytokines and STAT dimerization versus tetramerization are physiological mechanisms of fine-tuning, whereas anticytokine and anticytokine receptor antibodies and cytokines with altered activities, including cytokine superagonists, partial agonists, and antagonists, represent new ways of fine-tuning cytokine signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674, USA; ,
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674, USA; ,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lim CK, Abolhassani H, Appelberg SK, Sundin M, Hammarström L. IL2RG hypomorphic mutation: identification of a novel pathogenic mutation in exon 8 and a review of the literature. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2019; 15:2. [PMID: 30622570 PMCID: PMC6320602 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-018-0317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atypical X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) is a variant of cellular immunodeficiency due to hypomorphic mutations in the interleukin 2 receptor gamma (IL2RG) gene. Due to a leaky clinical phenotype, diagnosis and appropriate treatment are challenging in these patients. Case presentation We report a 16-year-old patient with a Tlow B+ NK+ cellular immunodeficiency due to a novel nonsense mutation in exon 8 (p.R328X) of the IL2RG gene. Functional impairment of the IL2RG was confirmed by IL2-Janus kinase 3-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway investigation. In addition, the characteristics of the mutations previously described in 39 patients with an atypical phenotype were reviewed and analyzed from the literature. Conclusion This is the first report of an atypical X-SCID phenotype due to an exon 8 mutation in the IL2RG gene. The variability in the phenotypic spectrum of classic X-SCID associated gene highlights the necessity of multi-disciplinary cooperation vigilance for a more accurate diagnostic workup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Che Kang Lim
- 1Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.,2Department of Clinical Translational Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- 1Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.,3Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sofia K Appelberg
- 1Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Sundin
- 4Department of Blood Disorders, Immunodeficiency and Stem Cell Transplantation, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,5Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- 1Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.,6BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Prader S, Felber M, Volkmer B, Trück J, Schwieger-Briel A, Theiler M, Weibel L, Hambleton S, Seipel K, Vavassori S, Pachlopnik Schmid J. Life-Threatening Primary Varicella Zoster Virus Infection With Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis-Like Disease in GATA2 Haploinsufficiency Accompanied by Expansion of Double Negative T-Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2766. [PMID: 30564229 PMCID: PMC6289061 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two unrelated patients with GATA2-haploinsufficiency developed a hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-like disease during a varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection. High copy numbers of VZV were detected in the blood, and the patients were successfully treated with acyclovir and intravenous immunoglobulins. After treatment with corticosteroids for the HLH, both patients made a full recovery. Although the mechanisms leading to this disease constellation have yet to be characterized, we hypothesize that impairment of the immunoregulatory role of NK cells in GATA2-haploinsufficiency may have accentuated the patients' susceptibility to HLH. Expansion of a double negative T-lymphocytic population identified with CyTOF could be a further factor contributing to HLH in these patients. This is the first report of VZV-triggered HLH-like disease in a primary immunodeficiency and the third report of HLH in GATA2-haploinsufficiency. Since HLH was part of the presentation in one of our patients, GATA2-haploinsufficiency represents a potential differential diagnosis in patients presenting with the clinical features of HLH-especially in cases of persisting cytopenia after recovery from HLH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seraina Prader
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Felber
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Volkmer
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Trück
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agnes Schwieger-Briel
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Theiler
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Weibel
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Seipel
- Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Vavassori
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jana Pachlopnik Schmid
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Pediatric Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Carter-Timofte ME, Paludan SR, Mogensen TH. RNA Polymerase III as a Gatekeeper to Prevent Severe VZV Infections. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:904-915. [PMID: 30115567 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In most individuals, varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella upon primary infection and zoster during reactivation. However, in a subset of individuals, VZV may cause severe disease, including encephalitis. Host genetics is believed to be the main determinant of exacerbated disease manifestations. Recent studies have demonstrated that defects in the DNA sensor RNA polymerase III (POL III) confer selective increased susceptibility to VZV infection, thus providing fundamental new insight into VZV immunity. Here we describe the roles of POL III in housekeeping and immune surveillance during VZV infection. We present the latest knowledge on the role of POL III in VZV infection and discuss outstanding questions related to the role of POL III in VZV immunity, and how this insight can be translated into clinical medicine.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Chickenpox/genetics
- Chickenpox/immunology
- Chickenpox/pathology
- Chickenpox/virology
- DEAD Box Protein 58/genetics
- DEAD Box Protein 58/immunology
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/immunology
- Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster/genetics
- Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster/immunology
- Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster/pathology
- Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Herpes Zoster/genetics
- Herpes Zoster/immunology
- Herpes Zoster/pathology
- Herpes Zoster/virology
- Herpesvirus 3, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 3, Human/immunology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunologic Surveillance
- Interferons/genetics
- Interferons/immunology
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/immunology
- RNA Polymerase III/genetics
- RNA Polymerase III/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Virus Activation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madalina E Carter-Timofte
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ogunjimi B, Zhang SY, Sørensen KB, Skipper KA, Carter-Timofte M, Kerner G, Luecke S, Prabakaran T, Cai Y, Meester J, Bartholomeus E, Bolar NA, Vandeweyer G, Claes C, Sillis Y, Lorenzo L, Fiorenza RA, Boucherit S, Dielman C, Heynderickx S, Elias G, Kurotova A, Auwera AV, Verstraete L, Lagae L, Verhelst H, Jansen A, Ramet J, Suls A, Smits E, Ceulemans B, Van Laer L, Plat Wilson G, Kreth J, Picard C, Von Bernuth H, Fluss J, Chabrier S, Abel L, Mortier G, Fribourg S, Mikkelsen JG, Casanova JL, Paludan SR, Mogensen TH. Inborn errors in RNA polymerase III underlie severe varicella zoster virus infections. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3543-3556. [PMID: 28783042 DOI: 10.1172/jci92280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) typically causes chickenpox upon primary infection. In rare cases, VZV can give rise to life-threatening disease in otherwise healthy people, but the immunological basis for this remains unexplained. We report 4 cases of acute severe VZV infection affecting the central nervous system or the lungs in unrelated, otherwise healthy children who are heterozygous for rare missense mutations in POLR3A (one patient), POLR3C (one patient), or both (two patients). POLR3A and POLR3C encode subunits of RNA polymerase III. Leukocytes from all 4 patients tested exhibited poor IFN induction in response to synthetic or VZV-derived DNA. Moreover, leukocytes from 3 of the patients displayed defective IFN production upon VZV infection and reduced control of VZV replication. These phenotypes were rescued by transduction with relevant WT alleles. This work demonstrates that monogenic or digenic POLR3A and POLR3C deficiencies confer increased susceptibility to severe VZV disease in otherwise healthy children, providing evidence for an essential role of a DNA sensor in human immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benson Ogunjimi
- Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology & Sequencing, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Katrine B Sørensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine and.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian A Skipper
- Department of Biomedicine and.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Madalina Carter-Timofte
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gaspard Kerner
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Stefanie Luecke
- Department of Biomedicine and.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thaneas Prabakaran
- Department of Biomedicine and.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yujia Cai
- Department of Biomedicine and.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Josephina Meester
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp & Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Esther Bartholomeus
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp & Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nikhita Ajit Bolar
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp & Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Vandeweyer
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp & Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Claes
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp & Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yasmine Sillis
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp & Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Raffaele A Fiorenza
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Soraya Boucherit
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Dielman
- Department of Child Neurology, Queen Paola Child Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Heynderickx
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - George Elias
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andrea Kurotova
- Department of Pediatrics, Sint-Vincentius Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann Vander Auwera
- Department of Pediatrics, Sint-Augustinus Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Lieven Lagae
- Department of Development and Regeneration - Section Paediatric Neurology, University Hospitals KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Helene Verhelst
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna Jansen
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Public Health, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jose Ramet
- Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Arvid Suls
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp & Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Berten Ceulemans
- Department of Neurology, Pediatric Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital & University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lut Van Laer
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp & Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Jonas Kreth
- Neuropediatric Department, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, gGmbH Klinikum Leverkusen, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Horst Von Bernuth
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, Charité Berlin - Campus Rudolf Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joël Fluss
- FMH Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Chabrier
- CHU Saint-Étienne, French Centre for Paediatric Stroke, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Geert Mortier
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp & Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Jacob Giehm Mikkelsen
- Department of Biomedicine and.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, USA.,Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine and.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine and.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mirandola L, Wade R, Verma R, Pena C, Hosiriluck N, Figueroa JA, Cobos E, Jenkins MR, Chiriva-Internati M. Sex-driven differences in immunological responses: challenges and opportunities for the immunotherapies of the third millennium. Int Rev Immunol 2016; 34:134-42. [PMID: 25901858 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1018417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Male-based studies, both at the biochemical and at the pre-clinical/clinical trial levels, still predominate in the scientific community. Many studies are based on the wrong assumption that both sexes are fundamentally identical in their response to treatments. As a result, findings obtained mainly in males are applied to females, resulting in negative consequences female patients. In cancer immunotherapy, there is still a scarce focus on this topic. Here we review the main differences in immune modulation and immune system biology between males and females with a particular focus on how these differences affect cancer immunotherapy and cancer vaccines. METHODS We reviewed articles published on PubMed from 1999 to 2014, using the keywords: sex hormones, immune response, estrogen, immunotherapy, testosterone, cancer vaccines, sex-based medicine. We also present new data wherein the expression of the cancer testis antigen, Ropporin-1, was determined in patients with multiple myeloma, showing that the expression of Ropporin-1 was influenced by sex. RESULTS Male and female immune systems display radical differences mainly due to the immune regulatory effects of sex hormones. These differences might have a dramatic impact on the immunological treatment of cancer. Moreover, the expression of tumor antigens that can be targeted by anti-cancer vaccines is associated with sex. CONCLUSION Future clinical trials focusing on cancer immunotherapy will need to take into account the differences in the immune response and in the frequency of target antigen expression between male and females, in order to optimize these anti-cancer immunotherapies of the third millennium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Mirandola
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock, TX , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fischer J, Jung N, Robinson N, Lehmann C. Sex differences in immune responses to infectious diseases. Infection 2015; 43:399-403. [PMID: 25956991 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-015-0791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The influence of sex hormones is recognized to account for the susceptibility and distinct outcomes of diverse infectious diseases. METHODS This review discusses several variables including differences in behavior and exposure to pathogens, genetic, and immunological factors. CONCLUSION Understanding sex-based differences in immunity during different infectious diseases is crucial in order to provide optimal disease management for both sexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fischer
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50934, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fuchs S, Rensing-Ehl A, Erlacher M, Vraetz T, Hartjes L, Janda A, Rizzi M, Lorenz MR, Gilmour K, de Saint-Basile G, Roifman CM, Cheuk S, Gennery A, Thrasher AJ, Fuchs I, Schwarz K, Speckmann C, Ehl S. Patients with T⁺/low NK⁺ IL-2 receptor γ chain deficiency have differentially-impaired cytokine signaling resulting in severe combined immunodeficiency. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3129-40. [PMID: 25042067 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) leads to a T(-) NK(-) B(+) immunophenotype and is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the IL-2 receptor γ-chain (IL2RG). IL2RG(R222C) leads to atypical SCID with a severe early onset phenotype despite largely normal NK- and T-cell numbers. To address this discrepancy, we performed a detailed analysis of T, B, and NK cells, including quantitative STAT phosphorylation and functional responses to the cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-15, and IL-21 in a patient with the IL2RG(R222C) mutation. Moreover, we identified nine additional unpublished patients with the same mutations, all with a full SCID phenotype, and confirmed selected immunological observations. T-cell development was variably affected, but led to borderline T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) levels and a normal repertoire. T cells showed moderately reduced proliferation, failing enhancement by IL-2. While NK-cell development was normal, IL-2 enhancement of NK-cell degranulation and IL-15-induced cytokine production were absent. IL-2 or IL-21 failed to enhance B-cell proliferation and plasmablast differentiation. These functional alterations were reflected by a differential impact of IL2RG(R222C) on cytokine signal transduction, with a gradient IL-4<IL-2/IL-15<IL-21. Thus, IL2RG(R222C) causes a consistently severe clinical phenotype that is not predicted by the variable and moderate impairment of T-cell immunity or TREC analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Fuchs
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kuijpers TW, van Leeuwen EMM, Barendregt BH, Klarenbeek P, aan de Kerk DJ, Baars PA, Jansen MH, de Vries N, van Lier RAW, van der Burg M. A reversion of an IL2RG mutation in combined immunodeficiency providing competitive advantage to the majority of CD8+ T cells. Haematologica 2013; 98:1030-8. [PMID: 23403317 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.077511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the common gamma chain (γc, CD132, encoded by the IL2RG gene) can lead to B(+)T(-)NK(-) X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency, as a consequence of unresponsiveness to γc-cytokines such as interleukins-2, -7 and -15. Hypomorphic mutations in CD132 may cause combined immunodeficiencies with a variety of clinical presentations. We analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a 6-year-old boy with normal lymphocyte counts, who suffered from recurrent pneumonia and disseminated mollusca contagiosa. Since proliferative responses of T cells and NK cells to γc -cytokines were severely impaired, we performed IL2RG gene analysis, showing a heterozygous mutation in the presence of a single X-chromosome. Interestingly, an IL2RG reversion to normal predominated in both naïve and antigen-primed CD8(+) T cells and increased over time. Only the revertant CD8(+) T cells showed normal expression of CD132 and the various CD8(+) T cell populations had a different T-cell receptor repertoire. Finally, a fraction of γδ(+) T cells and differentiated CD4(+)CD27(-) effector-memory T cells carried the reversion, whereas NK or B cells were repeatedly negative. In conclusion, in a patient with a novel IL2RG mutation, gene-reverted CD8(+) T cells accumulated over time. Our data indicate that selective outgrowth of particular T-cell subsets may occur following reversion at the level of committed T progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taco W Kuijpers
- Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kuijpers TW, Baars PA, aan de Kerk DJ, Jansen MH, Derks IA, Bredius RG, Sanders EA, van der Burg M, Alders M, van Lier RA. A novel mutation in CD132 causes X-CID with defective T-cell activation and impaired humoral reactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:1360-1363.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
23
|
Felgentreff K, Perez-Becker R, Speckmann C, Schwarz K, Kalwak K, Markelj G, Avcin T, Qasim W, Davies EG, Niehues T, Ehl S. Clinical and immunological manifestations of patients with atypical severe combined immunodeficiency. Clin Immunol 2011; 141:73-82. [PMID: 21664875 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypomorphic mutations in genes associated with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) or Omenn syndrome can also cause milder immunodeficiencies. We report 10 new patients with such "atypical" SCID and summarize 63 patients from the literature. The patient groups with T(low)B(low) (n=28), T(low)B(+) (n=16) and ADA (n=29) SCID variants had similar infection profiles but differed in the frequency of immune dysregulation, which was observed predominantly in patients with recombination defects. Most immunological parameters were remarkably similar in the three groups. Of note, 19/68 patients with "atypical" SCID had normal T cell counts, 48/68 had normal IgG and 23/46 had at least one normal specific antibody titer. Elevated IgE was a characteristic feature of ADA deficiency. This overview characterizes "atypical" SCID as a distinct disease with immune dysregulation in addition to infection susceptibility. Lymphopenia, reduced naïve T cells and elevated IgE are suggestive, but not consistent features of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Felgentreff
- Centre of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 117, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Sex-based differences in immune responses can influence the susceptibility to autoimmune and infectious diseases and the efficacy of therapeutic drugs. In this Perspective, Eleanor Fish discusses factors, such as X-linked genes, hormones and societal context, that underlie disparate immune responses in men and women. Despite accumulating evidence in support of sex-based differences in innate and adaptive immune responses, in the susceptibility to infectious diseases and in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases, health research and clinical practice do not address these distinctions, and most research studies of immune responses do not stratify by sex. X-linked genes, hormones and societal context are among the many factors that contribute to disparate immune responses in males and females. It is crucial to address sex-based differences in disease pathogenesis and in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of therapeutic medications to provide optimal disease management for both sexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor N Fish
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Women's College Research Institute, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Clinical and immunologic consequences of a somatic reversion in a patient with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. Blood 2008; 112:4090-7. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-04-153361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency is a life-threatening disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding the interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain (IL2RG). Hypomorphic mutations and reversion of mutations in subpopulations of cells can result in variant clinical phenotypes, making diagnosis and treatment difficult. We describe a 5-year-old boy with mild susceptibility to infection who was investigated for a mutation in IL2RG due to persistent natural killer (NK)– and T-cell lymphopenia. A functionally relevant novel T466C point mutation was found in B, NK, and epithelial cells, whereas α/β and γ/δ T cells showed the normal gene sequence, suggesting reversion of the mutation in a common T-cell precursor. This genetic correction in T cells resulted in a diverse T-cell repertoire and significant immunity despite failure to produce specific antibodies linked to an intrinsic defect of mutant B cells. These observations confirm the potential of revertant T-cell precursors to reconstitute immune function, but questions remain on the longevity of revertant cells implicating the need for careful follow up and early consideration of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
Collapse
|
26
|
Goldschmidt MH, Kennedy JS, Kennedy DR, Yuan H, Holt DE, Casal ML, Traas AM, Mauldin EA, Moore PF, Henthorn PS, Hartnett BJ, Weinberg KI, Schlegel R, Felsburg PJ. Severe papillomavirus infection progressing to metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in bone marrow-transplanted X-linked SCID dogs. J Virol 2006; 80:6621-8. [PMID: 16775349 PMCID: PMC1488951 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02571-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) is due to mutations in the common gamma chain (gammac) gene and is identical clinically and immunologically to human XSCID, making it a true homologue of the human disease. Bone marrow-transplanted (BMT) XSCID dogs not only engraft donor T cells and reconstitute normal T-cell function but, in contrast to the majority of transplanted human XSCID patients, also engraft donor B cells and reconstitute normal humoral immune function. Shortly after our initial report of successful BMT of XSCID dogs, it soon became evident that transplanted XSCID dogs developed late-onset severe chronic cutaneous infections containing a newly described canine papillomavirus. This is analogous to the late-onset cutaneous papillomavirus infection recently described for human XSCID patients following BMT. Of 24 transplanted XSCID dogs followed for at least 1 year post-BMT, 71% developed chronic canine papillomavirus infection. Six of the transplanted dogs that developed cutaneous papillomas were maintained for >3 1/2 years post-BMT for use as breeders. Four of these six dogs (67%) developed invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), with three of the dogs (75%) eventually developing metastatic SCC, an extremely rare consequence of SCC in the dog. This finding raises the question of whether SCC will develop in transplanted human XSCID patients later in life. Canine XSCID therefore provides an ideal animal model with which to study the role of the gammac-dependent signaling pathway in the response to papillomavirus infections and the progression of these viral infections to metastatic SCC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/adverse effects
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/veterinary
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/virology
- Chronic Disease
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dog Diseases/etiology
- Dog Diseases/genetics
- Dog Diseases/pathology
- Dog Diseases/virology
- Dogs
- Female
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/complications
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/genetics
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/pathology
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/veterinary
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/virology
- Humans
- Male
- Neoplasm Metastasis/pathology
- Papillomavirus Infections/etiology
- Papillomavirus Infections/pathology
- Papillomavirus Infections/veterinary
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/complications
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/genetics
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/pathology
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/therapy
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/veterinary
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/virology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/virology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Time Factors
- Transplantation, Heterologous
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Goldschmidt
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Knutsen AP. Spectrum of Antibody Deficiency Disorders with Normal or Near-Normal Immunoglobulin Levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/pai.2006.19.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
28
|
Smirnova MG, Birchall JP, Pearson JP. The immunoregulatory and allergy-associated cytokines in the aetiology of the otitis media with effusion. Mediators Inflamm 2005; 13:75-88. [PMID: 15203548 PMCID: PMC1781541 DOI: 10.1080/09629350410001688477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation in the middle ear mucosa, which can be provoked by different primary factors such as bacterial and viral infection, local allergic reactions and reflux, is the crucial event in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion (OME). Unresolved acute inflammatory responses or defective immunoregulation of middle inflammation can promote chronic inflammatory processes and stimulate the chronic condition of OME. Cytokines are the central molecular regulators of middle ear inflammation and can switch the acute phase of inflammation in the chronic stage and induce molecular-pathological processes leading to the histopathological changes accompanying OME. In this review we present cytokines identified in otitis media, immunoregulatory [interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta]) and allergy associated (IL-4, IL-5, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), as crucial molecular regulators, responsible for chronic inflammation in the middle ear and the chronic condition of OME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Smirnova
- School of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, The Medical School, Framlington Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, Nottingham, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
A mutation (c.878T>A) in the common gamma chain (gamma(c)) causes an X-linked combined immunodeficiency (XCID) in a large kindred of British origin. In the disease, gamma(c) is expressed, but its binding to Jak3 is reduced. The immune deficiencies and clinical course were less marked in toddlers and school age children with XCID(L293Q) than in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). However, affected newborns were profoundly deficient in thymic size and T cells. In some affected infants, thymic size and numbers of T cells gradually increased during the first year. Their clinical course was relatively benign. In affected infants of one lineage, the number of blood T cells failed to increase substantially. They succumbed to opportunistic infections. T cell deficiencies in XCID(L293Q) progressively worsened during adolescence. Decreased thymic function, failure to rescue T cells from apoptosis, and replication senescence were possible causes. Blood T cells with the phenotype CD45RA(+)CD62L(+) (unstimulated T cells) were most depressed. CD4(+) T cells were also deficient in a specific marker of recent thymic emigrants, episomal DNA deletion circles created during TcR gene rearrangements. Apoptosis of T cells was increased, but neither apoptosis nor cell death was age-related. In contrast, telomere shortening in T cells increased with age. Unlike murine gamma(c) gene deletions, gamma delta T cells were prominent in affected adolescents and young adults. Furthermore, T cells with a V delta 2/V gamma 9 specificity declined with age and were replaced in the oldest male with a V delta 1 specificity. Thus, the mutation provides many insights concerning the role of gamma(c) in the biology of T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Schmalstieg
- The Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Room 2.360, Children's Hospital, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0369, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Schmalstieg FC, Palkowetz KH, Rudloff HE, Goldman AS. Blood gammadelta T cells and gammadelta TCR V gene specificities in a single missense mutation (L-->Q271) in the common gamma chain gene. Scand J Immunol 2001; 54:592-8. [PMID: 11902334 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.01007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The numbers of blood CD4+, CD8+, and CD4-CD8- T cells bearing alphabeta T-cell receptor (TCR) or gammadelta TCR molecules in males with a single missense mutation (L-->Q271) in the common gamma chain gene (gamma(c)) were investigated by flow cytometry. Virtually all XCIDL-->Q271 blood T cells that were CD4+ or CD8+ displayed alphabeta TCR but no gammadelta TCR. In contrast, CD4-CD8- T cells from affected males usually displayed gammadelta TCR, but no alphabeta TCR. The gammadelta TCR specificities were also studied. Except for the oldest subject, there was a direct relationship between blood CD3+ T cells that displayed gammadelta TCR and Vgamma9 and Vdelta2a specificities. Relative frequencies of CD3+ blood T cells that were Vgamma9+ or Vdelta2a+ were inversely related to age. In the oldest patient, the only detected gammadelta TCR specificity was Vdelta1. Thus, in contrast to mice with no gamma(c), XCIDL-Q271 blood T cells that bear gammadelta TCR with Vgamma9/Vdelta2a specificities develop but then decline in late childhood and thereafter. TCR with the Vdelta1 specificity then appear in older survivors with XCIDL-->Q271.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/genetics
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Mutation, Missense
- Pedigree
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- X Chromosome/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F C Schmalstieg
- The Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0369, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Goldman AS, Palkowetz KH, Rudloff HE, Dallas DV, Schmalstieg FC. Genesis of progressive T-cell deficiency owing to a single missense mutation in the common gamma chain gene. Scand J Immunol 2001; 54:582-91. [PMID: 11902333 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.01006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with a moderate X-linked combined immunodeficiency (XCID) owing to a single missense mutation in the common gamma chain (gammac) gene (L-->Q271) were found to have a progressive T-cell deficiency. Blood T cells from four older subjects with XCIDL-->Q271 were studied to ascertain the basis of that progression. Few CD4+ T cells displayed the phenotype (CD45RA+ CD62L+) or deletion circles from T-cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta-gene rearrangements found in recent thymic emigrants. These deficiencies were more severe in older males with XCIDL-->Q271. Relative frequencies of fresh CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that bound annexin V, an early indicator of programmed cell death, or propidium iodide, an indicator of cell necrosis, were greater in XCIDL-->Q271 T cells than in normal fresh T cells. The binding of annexin V and propidium iodide to XCIDL-Q271 T cells increased marginally after stimulation with anti-CD3, but binding by fresh or stimulated XCIDL-Q271 T cells exceeded that found in normal stimulated T cells. Also, telomeres from XCIDL-->Q271 CD4+ T cells were shortened in these patients compared to normal young adults. It therefore appears that the thymus is dysfunctional and that mature T cells are not effectively rescued from apoptosis or replication senescence via gamma-mediated pathways in XCIDL-->Q271.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Goldman
- The Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0369, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Velagaleti GV, Lockhart LH, Schmalstieg FC, Goldman AS. Trisomy 4 pter-q12 and monosomy of chromosome 13 pter-q12 in a male with deficiency of all blood lymphocyte populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2001; 102:139-45. [PMID: 11477605 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A six-year-old male presented with multiple congenital anomalies, mental retardation, developmental delay, and an increased frequency of upper and lower respiratory infections and deficiency of all blood lymphocyte populations. Chromosome analysis showed an unbalanced translocation involving chromosomes 4 and 13, leading to partial trisomy for 4pter-q12 and partial monosomy for 13pter-q13 [karyotype, 46,XY,+der(4)t(4;13)(q12;q12),-13)]. The mother is the carrier of a balanced translocation involving chromosomes 4 and 13. The translocation is known to be segregating for three generations in this family. The child was found to have deficiency of all blood lymphocyte populations, but other hemopoietic lineages appeared to be normal. In addition, his fresh T cells were principally CD45RA+, CD62L+, and deficient in the Fas receptor. This deficiency of all blood lymphocyte populations may be due to an overdose of a gene or genes located in the region of chromosome 4 or a partial deficiency of a gene or genes in the region of chromosome 13 that regulate the development of the lymphocyte lineage. Since the mother contributed two copies of chromosomal region 4pter-q12 and no copy of 13pter-q12, the deficiency of all blood lymphocyte populations in our patient may be the result of either uniparental disomy or imprinting. A maternal granduncle with dissimilar dysmorphic features was not lymphopenic but was neutropenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G V Velagaleti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Affiliation(s)
- A Fischer
- Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U 429, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Affiliation(s)
- A Fischer
- Hôpital Necker, Enfants Malades, Inserm U429, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mella P, Imberti L, Brugnoni D, Pirovano S, Candotti F, Mazzolari E, Bettinardi A, Fiorini M, De Mattia D, Martire B, Plebani A, Notarangelo LD, Giliani S. Development of autologous T lymphocytes in two males with X-linked severe combined immune deficiency: molecular and cellular characterization. Clin Immunol 2000; 95:39-50. [PMID: 10794431 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2000.4842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report on two patients affected with severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) with an unusual immunological phenotype and a substantial number of autologous, poorly functioning T cells. Distinct mutations identified at the IL2RG locus in the two patients impaired IL-2-mediated signaling but affected T-cell lymphopoiesis differently, resulting in generation of a polyclonal or oligoclonal T-cell repertoire. These observations add to the growing complexity of the immunological spectrum of SCID in humans and indicate the need for detailed immunological and molecular investigations in atypical cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Mella
- Department of Pediatrics, Istituto di Medicina Molecolare Angelo Nocivelli, University of Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Di Santo JP. SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY CAUSED BY DEFECTS IN COMMON CYTOKINE RECEPTOR γc SIGNALING PATHWAYS. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(05)70131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
37
|
Fischer A. T-LYMPHOCYTE IMMUNODEFICIENCIES. Radiol Clin North Am 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0033-8389(22)00182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
38
|
Bennett CL, Yoshioka R, Kiyosawa H, Barker DF, Fain PR, Shigeoka AO, Chance PF. X-Linked syndrome of polyendocrinopathy, immune dysfunction, and diarrhea maps to Xp11.23-Xq13.3. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66:461-8. [PMID: 10677306 PMCID: PMC1288099 DOI: 10.1086/302761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/1999] [Accepted: 11/29/1999] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe genetic analysis of a large pedigree with an X-linked syndrome of polyendocrinopathy, immune dysfunction, and diarrhea (XPID), which frequently results in death during infancy or childhood. Linkage analysis mapped the XPID gene to a 17-cM interval defined by markers DXS8083 and DXS8107 on the X chromosome, at Xp11. 23-Xq13.3. The maximum LOD score was 3.99 (recombination fraction0) at DXS1235. Because this interval also harbors the gene for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), we investigated mutations in the WASP gene, as the molecular basis of XPID. Northern blot analysis detected the same relative amount and the same-sized WASP message in patients with XPID and in a control. Analysis of the WASP coding sequence, an alternate promoter, and an untranslated upstream first exon was carried out, and no mutations were found in patients with XPID. A C-->T transition within the alternate translation start site cosegregated with the XPID phenotype in this family; however, the same transition site was detected in a normal control male. We conclude that XPID maps to Xp11.23-Xq13.3 and that mutations of WASP are not associated with XPID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig L. Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa-ken, Japan; Department of Cell Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima-ken, Japan; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City; and Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver
| | - Ritsuko Yoshioka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa-ken, Japan; Department of Cell Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima-ken, Japan; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City; and Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver
| | - Hidenori Kiyosawa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa-ken, Japan; Department of Cell Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima-ken, Japan; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City; and Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver
| | - David F. Barker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa-ken, Japan; Department of Cell Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima-ken, Japan; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City; and Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver
| | - Pamela R. Fain
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa-ken, Japan; Department of Cell Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima-ken, Japan; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City; and Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver
| | - Ann O. Shigeoka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa-ken, Japan; Department of Cell Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima-ken, Japan; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City; and Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver
| | - Phillip F. Chance
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa-ken, Japan; Department of Cell Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima-ken, Japan; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City; and Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Di Santo JP. SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY CAUSED BY DEFECTS IN COMMON CYTOKINE RECEPTOR γc SIGNALING PATHWAYS. Radiol Clin North Am 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0033-8389(22)00176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
40
|
|
41
|
Goldman AS, Miles SE, Rudloff HE, Palkowetz KH, Schmalstieg FC. Immunodeficiency due to a unique protracted developmental delay in the B-cell lineage. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1999; 6:161-7. [PMID: 10066647 PMCID: PMC95680 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.6.2.161-167.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/1998] [Accepted: 10/07/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A unique immune deficiency in a 24-month-old male characterized by a transient but protracted developmental delay in the B-cell lineage is reported. Significant deficiencies in the number of B cells in the blood, the concentrations of immunoglobulins in the serum, and the titers of antibodies to T-dependent and T-independent antigens resolved spontaneously by the age of 39 months in a sequence that duplicated the normal development of the B-cell lineage: blood B cells followed by immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, IgA, and specific IgG antibodies to T-independent antigens (pneumococcal polysaccharides). Because of the sequence of recovery, the disorder could have been confused with other defects in humoral immunity, depending on when in the course of disease immunologic studies were conducted. Investigations of X-chromosome polymorphisms suggested that the disorder was not X linked in that the mother appeared to have identical X chromosomes. An autosomal recessive disorder involving a gene that controls B-cell development and maturation seems more likely. In summary, this case appears to be a novel protracted delay in the development of the B-cell lineage, possibly due to an autosomal recessive genetic defect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Goldman
- Department of Pediatrics of the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0369, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Katamura K, Tai G, Tachibana T, Yamabe H, Ohmori K, Mayumi M, Matsuda S, Koyasu S, Furusho K. Existence of activated and memory CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood and their skin infiltration in CD8 deficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 115:124-30. [PMID: 9933431 PMCID: PMC1905204 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 deficiency is a rare primary immunodeficiency caused by the defect of a tyrosine kinase, ZAP-70, which transduces signals from the T cell receptor. We report here a case of CD8 deficiency, having CD4+ T cells with a unique phenotype. The patient's T cells did not respond to anti-CD3 stimulation in vitro, suggesting that they were naive. However, many CD4+ T cells with activated and memory phenotypes, which expressed CD45RO+, HLA-DR+ and CD25+, were present in the peripheral blood, and these cells accumulated in the perivascular area of his infiltrative erythematous skin lesions. The patient's T cells could be activated by a high concentration of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), indicating the presence of an alternate signalling pathway which bypasses ZAP-70 and activates CD4+ T cells in vivo. The origin and role of activated CD4+ T cells in the pathogenesis involved in the skin lesions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Katamura
- Department of Paediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyoku Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Candotti F, O'Shea JJ, Villa A. Severe combined immune deficiencies due to defects of the common gamma chain-JAK3 signaling pathway. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1998; 19:401-15. [PMID: 9618765 DOI: 10.1007/bf00792599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Candotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Felsburg PJ, Somberg RL, Hartnett BJ, Henthorn PS, Carding SR. Canine X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. A model for investigating the requirement for the common gamma chain (gamma c) in human lymphocyte development and function. Immunol Res 1998; 17:63-73. [PMID: 9479568 DOI: 10.1007/bf02786431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our laboratory has identified and characterized an X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) in dogs that is due to mutations in the common gamma (gamma c) subunit of the interleukin-2 (IL2), IL4, IL7, IL9, and IL15 receptors. Canine XSCID, unlike genetically engineered gamma c-deficient mice, has a clinical and immunologic phenotype virtually identical to human XSCID. It appears that species-specific differences exist in the role of the gamma c and its associated cytokines in mice compared to their role in humans and dogs, suggesting gamma c-deficient dogs may be a more relevant model for studying the role of the gamma c in humans. We are utilizing this model for a variety of studies to address: 1. Fundamental questions concerning the role of the gamma c in cytokine regulation and lymphocyte development. 2. The pathogenesis of XSCID. 3. Strategies for improving bone marrow transplantation outcome. 4. Development and evaluation of strategies for gene therapy. 5. Human hematopoietic stem cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Felsburg
- Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Affiliation(s)
- C I Smith
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Mutations in a number of lymphoid signaling molecules lead to immunodeficiencies in mice and humans. Among these, one very pleiotropic syndrome results from deficiencies in an array of cytokine signaling pathways utilizing a cytokine receptor common gamma chain, gammac, and the tyrosine kinase Jak3. Recent advances in our understanding of the role of gammac and Jak3 in lymphocyte development and function highlight the importance of cytokine receptor signaling pathways in regulating lymphoid homeostasis and responsiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Thomis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The Jak family tyrosine kinase, Jak3, is involved in signaling through cytokine receptors that utilize the common gamma chain (gammac), such as those for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15. Recent studies of Jak3-deficient mice and humans have demonstrated that Jak3 plays a critical role in B and T lymphocyte maturation and function. The T lymphocyte defects in Jak3-deficient mice include a small thymus, a decrease in peripheral CD8+ cells, an increase in the surface expression of activation markers, and a severe reduction in proliferative and cytokine secretion responses to mitogenic stimuli. To determine whether the peripheral T lymphocyte defects result from aberrant maturation in the thymus or from the absence of Jak3 protein in peripheral T cells, we generated reconstituted mice that express normal levels of Jak3 protein in the thymus but lose Jak3 expression in peripheral T cells. Jak3 expression in the thymus restores normal T cell development, including CD8+, gammadelta, and natural killer cells. However, the loss of Jak3 protein in peripheral T cells leads to the Jak3-/- phenotype, demonstrating that Jak3 is constitutively required to maintain T cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Thomis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fischer A, Cavazzana-Calvo M, De Saint Basile G, DeVillartay JP, Di Santo JP, Hivroz C, Rieux-Laucat F, Le Deist F. Naturally occurring primary deficiencies of the immune system. Annu Rev Immunol 1997; 15:93-124. [PMID: 9143683 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring genetic disorders of the immune system provide many models for the study of its development and function. In a way, their analysis complements the information provided by the generation of genetic defects in mice created using homologous recombination techniques. In this review, the recent findings made in three areas are focused upon deficiencies in T cell differentiation and in T lymphocyte activation, and on the control process of peripheral immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Fischer
- Unité INSERM U 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Chheda S, Palkowetz KH, Garofalo R, Rassin DK, Goldman AS. Decreased interleukin-10 production by neonatal monocytes and T cells: relationship to decreased production and expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its receptors. Pediatr Res 1996; 40:475-83. [PMID: 8865287 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199609000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The production of IL-10 by human neonatal blood mononuclear leukocytes (BML) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), antibodies to CD3, or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was measured. The production of IL-10 by neonatal BML cultured with LPS or TNF-alpha was approximately 20 and approximately 15%, respectively, of adult BML. The combination of human recombinant TNF-alpha and LPS failed to augment IL-10 production in neonatal BML. The decreased production of IL-10 by neonatal leukocytes was not due to an autocrine feedback mechanism because only low concentrations of IL-10 were found in newborn sera. A connection with TNF-alpha could not be ruled out, because TNF-alpha production by LPS-stimulated newborn BML and the expression of TNF-alpha receptors on newborn monocytes were reduced. Mean +/- SD of concentrations of IL-10 in supernatants from adult and neonatal BML after stimulation with antibodies to human CD3 for 48 or 72 h were 914 +/- 386 and 178 +/- 176 pg/mL, respectively (p < 0.0001). In experiments with enriched populations of neonatal T cells, the addition of PMA failed to augment IL-10 production. This suggested that newborn T cells may be in a different state of activation than adult T cells Thus, IL-10 production in neonatal monocytes and T cells is reduced and this study suggests that the reduction may be secondary in part to regulatory processes involving TNF-alpha and its receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Chheda
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pediatrics, Galveston 77555-0369, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Spetz AL, Strominger J, Groh-Spies V. T cell subsets in normal human epidermis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1996; 149:665-74. [PMID: 8702004 PMCID: PMC1865306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Freshly isolated human lymphocytes from normal epidermis were characterized with respect to distribution of subsets. The major T cell receptor-alpha beta + compartment was enriched for CD4+, for CD8 alpha alpha +, and for CD4-CD8-T lymphocytes compared with peripheral blood lymphocytes. Furthermore, the majority of epidermal T lymphocytes expressed a CD45RA- CD45ROhigh Fas+ memory/effector phenotype; many also expressed early-intermediate activation markers, suggesting antigenic exposure in vivo. The cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen was expressed by almost all epidermal T lymphocytes. A large portion also expressed the mucosal-associated alpha e beta 7-integrin, which may mediate retention to epithelium. These data show that T lymphocytes present in normal human epidermis constitute a distinct T cells compartment with characteristics similar to that of other epithelial-associated T cell compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Spetz
- Division of Tumor Virology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|