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Jennert F, Schaaf D, Nau R, Kohler TP, Hammerschmidt S, Häusler D, Valentin-Weigand P, Seele J. Hydrogen peroxide is responsible for the cytotoxic effects of Streptococcus pneumoniae on primary microglia in the absence of pneumolysin. J Innate Immun 2024; 16:000536514. [PMID: 38569474 PMCID: PMC11060703 DOI: 10.1159/000536514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis and meningoencephalitis in humans. The bacterium produces numerous virulence determinants, among them hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and pneumolysin (Ply), which contribute to bacterial cytotoxicity. Microglia, the resident phagocytes in the brain, are distinct from other macrophages, and we thus compared their susceptibility to pneumococcal toxicity and their ability to phagocytose pneumococci with those of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). METHODS Microglia and BMDM were co-incubated with S. pneumoniae D39 to analyze survival of phagocytes by fluorescence microscopy, bacterial growth by quantitative plating, and phagocytosis by an antibiotic protection assay. Ply was detected by hemolysis assay and Western blot analysis. RESULTS We found that microglia were killed during pneumococcal infection with a wild-type and an isogenic ply-deficient mutant, whereas viability of BMDM was not affected by pneumococci. Treatment with recombinant Ply showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on microglia and BMDM. However, high concentrations of recombinant Ply were required and under the chosen experimental conditions, Ply was not detectable in the supernatant during infection of microglia. Inactivation of H2O2 by exogenously added catalase abolished its cytotoxic effect. Consequently, infection of microglia with pneumococci deficient for the pyruvate oxidase SpxB, primarily producing H2O2, resulted in reduced killing of microglia. CONCLUSION Taken together, in the absence of Ply, H2O2 caused cell death in primary phagocytes in concentrations produced by pneumococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Jennert
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute for Microbiology, Center for Infection Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Désirée Schaaf
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute for Microbiology, Center for Infection Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Nau
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Neuropathology, Göttingen, Germany
- Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, Department of Geriatrics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas P. Kohler
- Greifswald University, Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Greifswald University, Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Darius Häusler
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Neuropathology, Göttingen, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute for Microbiology, Center for Infection Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jana Seele
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Neuropathology, Göttingen, Germany
- Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, Department of Geriatrics, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Cong Z, Xiong Y, Lyu L, Fu B, Guo D, Sha Z, Yang B, Wu H. The relationship between Listeria infections and host immune responses: Listeriolysin O as a potential target. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116129. [PMID: 38194738 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), a foodborne bacterium, can infect people and has a high fatality rate in immunocompromised individuals. Listeriolysin O (LLO), the primary virulence factor of Lm, is critical in regulating the pathogenicity of Lm. This review concludes that LLO may either directly or indirectly activate a number of host cell viral pathophysiology processes, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, necrosis and necroptosis. We describe the invasion of host cells by Lm and the subsequent removal of Lm by CD8 T cells and CD4 T cells upon receipt of the LLO epitopes from major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II). The development of several LLO-based vaccines that make use of the pore-forming capabilities of LLO and the immune response of the host cells is then described. Finally, we conclude by outlining the several natural substances that have been shown to alter the three-dimensional conformation of LLO by binding to particular amino acid residues of LLO, which reduces LLO pathogenicity and may be a possible pharmacological treatment for Lm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Cong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Lyu Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Beibei Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Dong Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhou Sha
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China.
| | - Haibo Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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3
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Miranda O, Fan P, Qi X, Wang H, Brannock MD, Kosten TR, Ryan ND, Kirisci L, Wang L. DeepBiomarker2: Prediction of Alcohol and Substance Use Disorder Risk in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Patients Using Electronic Medical Records and Multiple Social Determinants of Health. J Pers Med 2024; 14:94. [PMID: 38248795 PMCID: PMC10817272 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Prediction of high-risk events amongst patients with mental disorders is critical for personalized interventions. We developed DeepBiomarker2 by leveraging deep learning and natural language processing to analyze lab tests, medication use, diagnosis, social determinants of health (SDoH) parameters, and psychotherapy for outcome prediction. To increase the model's interpretability, we further refined our contribution analysis to identify key features by scaling with a factor from a reference feature. We applied DeepBiomarker2 to analyze the EMR data of 38,807 patients from the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to determine their risk of developing alcohol and substance use disorder (ASUD). DeepBiomarker2 predicted whether a PTSD patient would have a diagnosis of ASUD within the following 3 months with an average c-statistic (receiver operating characteristic AUC) of 0.93 and average F1 score, precision, and recall of 0.880, 0.895, and 0.866 in the test sets, respectively. Our study found that the medications clindamycin, enalapril, penicillin, valacyclovir, Xarelto/rivaroxaban, moxifloxacin, and atropine and the SDoH parameters access to psychotherapy, living in zip codes with a high normalized vegetative index, Gini index, and low-income segregation may have potential to reduce the risk of ASUDs in PTSD. In conclusion, the integration of SDoH information, coupled with the refined feature contribution analysis, empowers DeepBiomarker2 to accurately predict ASUD risk. Moreover, the model can further identify potential indicators of increased risk along with medications with beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshin Miranda
- Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences/School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (O.M.); (P.F.); (X.Q.)
| | - Peihao Fan
- Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences/School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (O.M.); (P.F.); (X.Q.)
| | - Xiguang Qi
- Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences/School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (O.M.); (P.F.); (X.Q.)
| | - Haohan Wang
- School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA;
| | | | - Thomas R. Kosten
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Neal David Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Levent Kirisci
- Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences/School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Lirong Wang
- Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences/School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (O.M.); (P.F.); (X.Q.)
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4
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Scasny A, Alibayov B, Khan F, Rao SJ, Murin L, Jop Vidal AG, Smith P, Li W, Edwards K, Warncke K, Vidal JE. Oxidation of hemoproteins by Streptococcus pneumoniae collapses the cell cytoskeleton and disrupts mitochondrial respiration leading to the cytotoxicity of human lung cells. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0291223. [PMID: 38084982 PMCID: PMC10783075 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02912-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) colonizes the lungs, killing millions every year. During its metabolism, Spn produces abundant amounts of hydrogen peroxide. When produced in the lung parenchyma, Spn-hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) causes the death of lung cells, and details of the mechanism are studied here. We found that Spn-H2O2 targets intracellular proteins, resulting in the contraction of the cell cytoskeleton and disruption of mitochondrial function, ultimately contributing to cell death. Intracellular proteins targeted by Spn-H2O2 included cytochrome c and, surprisingly, a protein of the cell cytoskeleton, beta-tubulin. To study the details of oxidative reactions, we used, as a surrogate model, the oxidation of another hemoprotein, hemoglobin. Using the surrogate model, we specifically identified a highly reactive radical whose creation was catalyzed by Spn-H2O2. In sum, we demonstrated that the oxidation of intracellular targets by Spn-H2O2 plays an important role in the cytotoxicity caused by Spn, thus providing new targets for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Scasny
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Babek Alibayov
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Faidad Khan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Shambavi J. Rao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State School of Medicine, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Landon Murin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Ana G. Jop Vidal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Perriann Smith
- Mississippi INBRE Research Scholar, University of Southern Mississippi, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kristin Edwards
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Kurt Warncke
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jorge E. Vidal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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Pramitasuri TI, Susilawathi NM, Tarini NMA, Sudewi AAR, Evans MC. Cholesterol dependent cytolysins and the brain: Revealing a potential therapeutic avenue for bacterial meningitis. AIMS Microbiol 2023; 9:647-667. [PMID: 38173970 PMCID: PMC10758573 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis is a catastrophic nervous system disorder with high mortality and wide range of morbidities. Some of the meningitis-causing bacteria occupy cholesterol dependent cytolysins (CDCs) to increase their pathogenicity and arrange immune-evasion strategy. Studies have observed that the relationship between CDCs and pathogenicity in these meningitides is complex and involves interactions between CDC, blood-brain barrier (BBB), glial cells and neurons. In BBB, these CDCs acts on capillary endothelium, tight junction (TJ) proteins and neurovascular unit (NVU). CDCs also observed to elicit intriguing effects on brain inflammation which involves microglia and astrocyte activations, along with neuronal damage as the end-point of pathological pathways in bacterial meningitis. As some studies mentioned potential advantage of CDC-targeted therapeutic mechanisms to combat CNS infections, it might be a fruitful avenue to deepen our understanding of CDC as a candidate for adjuvant therapy to combat bacterial meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjokorda Istri Pramitasuri
- Doctoral Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Bali, Indonesia
- Postgraduate Research Student, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Ni Made Susilawathi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ni Made Adi Tarini
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana-Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Prof Dr dr IGNG Ngoerah, Bali, Indonesia
| | - AA Raka Sudewi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Matthew C Evans
- Pain Research, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Department of Brain Sciences, Care Research and Technology Centre, UK Dementia Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Miranda O, Fan P, Qi X, Wang H, Brannock MD, Kosten T, Ryan ND, Kirisci L, Wang L. DeepBiomarker2: Prediction of alcohol and substance use disorder risk in post-traumatic stress disorder patients using electronic medical records and multiple social determinants of health. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2949487. [PMID: 37292589 PMCID: PMC10246255 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2949487/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Prediction of high-risk events amongst patients with mental disorders is critical for personalized interventions. In our previous study, we developed a deep learning-based model, DeepBiomarker by utilizing electronic medical records (EMR) to predict the outcomes of patients with suicide-related events in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients. Methods We improved our deep learning model to develop DeepBiomarker2 through data integration of multimodal information: lab tests, medication use, diagnosis, and social determinants of health (SDoH) parameters (both individual and neighborhood level) from EMR data for outcome prediction. We further refined our contribution analysis for identifying key factors. We applied DeepBiomarker2 to analyze EMR data of 38,807 patients from University of Pittsburgh Medical Center diagnosed with PTSD to determine their risk of developing alcohol and substance use disorder (ASUD). Results DeepBiomarker2 predicted whether a PTSD patient will have a diagnosis of ASUD within the following 3 months with a c-statistic (receiver operating characteristic AUC) of 0·93. We used contribution analysis technology to identify key lab tests, medication use and diagnosis for ASUD prediction. These identified factors imply that the regulation of the energy metabolism, blood circulation, inflammation, and microbiome is involved in shaping the pathophysiological pathways promoting ASUD risks in PTSD patients. Our study found protective medications such as oxybutynin, magnesium oxide, clindamycin, cetirizine, montelukast and venlafaxine all have a potential to reduce risk of ASUDs. Discussion DeepBiomarker2 can predict ASUD risk with high accuracy and can further identify potential risk factors along with medications with beneficial effects. We believe that our approach will help in personalized interventions of PTSD for a variety of clinical scenarios.
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7
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Kruckow KL, Zhao K, Bowdish DME, Orihuela CJ. Acute organ injury and long-term sequelae of severe pneumococcal infections. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2023; 15:5. [PMID: 36870980 PMCID: PMC9985869 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-023-00110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is a major public health problem, as it is a main cause of otitis media, community-acquired pneumonia, bacteremia, sepsis, and meningitis. Acute episodes of pneumococcal disease have been demonstrated to cause organ damage with lingering negative consequences. Cytotoxic products released by the bacterium, biomechanical and physiological stress resulting from infection, and the corresponding inflammatory response together contribute to organ damage accrued during infection. The collective result of this damage can be acutely life-threatening, but among survivors, it also contributes to the long-lasting sequelae of pneumococcal disease. These include the development of new morbidities or exacerbation of pre-existing conditions such as COPD, heart disease, and neurological impairments. Currently, pneumonia is ranked as the 9th leading cause of death, but this estimate only considers short-term mortality and likely underestimates the true long-term impact of disease. Herein, we review the data that indicates damage incurred during acute pneumococcal infection can result in long-term sequelae which reduces quality of life and life expectancy among pneumococcal disease survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Kruckow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kevin Zhao
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and the Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Dawn M E Bowdish
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and the Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Carlos J Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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8
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Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Deng L, Neel DV, Erdogan O, Basu H, Yang D, Choi S, Walker AJ, Carneiro-Nascimento S, He K, Wu G, Stevens B, Doran KS, Levy D, Chiu IM. Bacteria hijack a meningeal neuroimmune axis to facilitate brain invasion. Nature 2023; 615:472-481. [PMID: 36859544 PMCID: PMC10593113 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The meninges are densely innervated by nociceptive sensory neurons that mediate pain and headache1,2. Bacterial meningitis causes life-threatening infections of the meninges and central nervous system, affecting more than 2.5 million people a year3-5. How pain and neuroimmune interactions impact meningeal antibacterial host defences are unclear. Here we show that Nav1.8+ nociceptors signal to immune cells in the meninges through the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) during infection. This neuroimmune axis inhibits host defences and exacerbates bacterial meningitis. Nociceptor neuron ablation reduced meningeal and brain invasion by two bacterial pathogens: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus agalactiae. S. pneumoniae activated nociceptors through its pore-forming toxin pneumolysin to release CGRP from nerve terminals. CGRP acted through receptor activity modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) on meningeal macrophages to polarize their transcriptional responses, suppressing macrophage chemokine expression, neutrophil recruitment and dural antimicrobial defences. Macrophage-specific RAMP1 deficiency or pharmacological blockade of RAMP1 enhanced immune responses and bacterial clearance in the meninges and brain. Therefore, bacteria hijack CGRP-RAMP1 signalling in meningeal macrophages to facilitate brain invasion. Targeting this neuroimmune axis in the meninges can enhance host defences and potentially produce treatments for bacterial meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Pinho-Ribeiro
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Dermatology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Liwen Deng
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dylan V Neel
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ozge Erdogan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterial Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Himanish Basu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daping Yang
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samantha Choi
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alec J Walker
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Simone Carneiro-Nascimento
- Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen He
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Glendon Wu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beth Stevens
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelly S Doran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dan Levy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zane L, Kraschowetz S, Trentini MM, Alves VDS, Araujo SC, Goulart C, Leite LCDC, Gonçalves VM. Peptide linker increased the stability of pneumococcal fusion protein vaccine candidate. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1108300. [PMID: 36777254 PMCID: PMC9909212 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1108300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterial pathogen exclusive to humans, responsible for respiratory and systemic diseases. Pneumococcal protein vaccines have been proposed as serotype-independent alternatives to currently used conjugated polysaccharide vaccines, which have presented limitations regarding their coverage. Previously in our group, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and detoxified pneumolysin (PdT) were genetically fused and the hybrid protein protected mice against pneumococcal challenge, offered higher cross-protection against different strains and showed greater opsonophagocytosis rate than co-administered proteins. As juxtaposed fusion was unstable to upscale production of the protein, flexible (PspA-FL-PdT) and rigid (PspA-RL-PdT) molecular linkers were inserted between the antigens to increase stability. This work aimed to produce recombinant fusion proteins, evaluate their stability after linker insertion, both in silico and experimentally, and enable the production of two antigens in a single process. The two constructs with linkers were cloned into Escherichia coli and hybrid proteins were purified using chromatography; purity was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and stability by Western blot and high performance size exclusion chromatography. PspA-FL-PdT showed higher stability at -20°C and 4°C, without additional preservatives. In silico analyses also showed differences regarding stability of the fusion proteins, with molecule without linker presenting disallowed amino acid positions in Ramachandran plot and PspA-FL-PdT showing the best scores, in agreement with experimental results. Mice were immunized with three doses and different amounts of each protein. Both fusion proteins protected all groups of mice against intranasal lethal challenge. The results show the importance of hybrid protein structure on the stability of the products, which is essential for a successful bioprocess development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Zane
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefanie Kraschowetz
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vitor dos Santos Alves
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Carneiro Araujo
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cibelly Goulart
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Viviane Maimoni Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Viviane Maimoni Gonçalves,
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Okahashi N, Nakata M, Kuwata H, Kawabata S. Oral mitis group streptococci: A silent majority in our oral cavity. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:539-551. [PMID: 36114681 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Members of the oral mitis group streptococci including Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus gordonii are the most abundant inhabitants of human oral cavity and dental plaque, and have been implicated in infectious complications such as bacteremia and infective endocarditis. Oral mitis group streptococci are genetically close to Streptococcus pneumoniae; however, they do not produce cytolysin (pneumolysin), which is a key virulence factor of S. pneumoniae. Similar to S. pneumoniae, oral mitis group streptococci possess several cell surface proteins that bind to the cell surface components of host mammalian cells. S. sanguinis expresses long filamentous pili that bind to the matrix proteins of host cells. The cell wall-anchored nuclease of S. sanguinis contributes to the evasion of the neutrophil extracellular trap by digesting its web-like extracellular DNA. Oral mitis group streptococci produce glucosyltransferases, which synthesize glucan (glucose polymer) from sucrose of dietary origin. Neuraminidase (NA) is a virulent factor in oral mitis group streptococci. Influenza type A virus (IAV) relies on viral NA activity to release progeny viruses from infected cells and spread the infection, and NA-producing oral streptococci elevate the risk of IAV infection. Moreover, oral mitis group streptococci produce hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) as a by-product of sugar metabolism. Although the concentrations of streptococcal H2 O2 are low (1-2 mM), they play important roles in bacterial competition in the oral cavity and evasion of phagocytosis by host macrophages and neutrophils. In this review, we intended to describe the diverse pathogenicity of oral mitis group streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Okahashi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Frontier Oral Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kuwata
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Batori RK, Chen F, Bordan Z, Haigh S, Su Y, Verin AD, Barman SA, Stepp DW, Chakraborty T, Lucas R, Fulton DJR. Protective role of Cav-1 in pneumolysin-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction. Front Immunol 2022; 13:945656. [PMID: 35967431 PMCID: PMC9363592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.945656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumolysin (PLY) is a bacterial pore forming toxin and primary virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumonia, a major cause of pneumonia. PLY binds cholesterol-rich domains of the endothelial cell (EC) plasma membrane resulting in pore assembly and increased intracellular (IC) Ca2+ levels that compromise endothelial barrier integrity. Caveolae are specialized plasmalemma microdomains of ECs enriched in cholesterol. We hypothesized that the abundance of cholesterol-rich domains in EC plasma membranes confers cellular susceptibility to PLY. Contrary to this hypothesis, we found increased PLY-induced IC Ca2+ following membrane cholesterol depletion. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is an essential structural protein of caveolae and its regulation by cholesterol levels suggested a possible role in EC barrier function. Indeed, Cav-1 and its scaffolding domain peptide protected the endothelial barrier from PLY-induced disruption. In loss of function experiments, Cav-1 was knocked-out using CRISPR-Cas9 or silenced in human lung microvascular ECs. Loss of Cav-1 significantly enhanced the ability of PLY to disrupt endothelial barrier integrity. Rescue experiments with re-expression of Cav-1 or its scaffolding domain peptide protected the EC barrier against PLY-induced barrier disruption. Dynamin-2 (DNM2) is known to regulate caveolar membrane endocytosis. Inhibition of endocytosis, with dynamin inhibitors or siDNM2 amplified PLY induced EC barrier dysfunction. These results suggest that Cav-1 protects the endothelial barrier against PLY by promoting endocytosis of damaged membrane, thus reducing calcium entry and PLY-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. Batori
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zsuzsanna Bordan
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Stephen Haigh
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Yunchao Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Alexander D. Verin
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Division of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Scott A. Barman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - David W. Stepp
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Phyiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute of Human Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Lucas
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Division of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - David J. R. Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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12
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Pereira JM, Xu S, Leong JM, Sousa S. The Yin and Yang of Pneumolysin During Pneumococcal Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878244. [PMID: 35529870 PMCID: PMC9074694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumolysin (PLY) is a pore-forming toxin produced by the human pathobiont Streptococcus pneumoniae, the major cause of pneumonia worldwide. PLY, a key pneumococcal virulence factor, can form transmembrane pores in host cells, disrupting plasma membrane integrity and deregulating cellular homeostasis. At lytic concentrations, PLY causes cell death. At sub-lytic concentrations, PLY triggers host cell survival pathways that cooperate to reseal the damaged plasma membrane and restore cell homeostasis. While PLY is generally considered a pivotal factor promoting S. pneumoniae colonization and survival, it is also a powerful trigger of the innate and adaptive host immune response against bacterial infection. The dichotomy of PLY as both a key bacterial virulence factor and a trigger for host immune modulation allows the toxin to display both "Yin" and "Yang" properties during infection, promoting disease by membrane perforation and activating inflammatory pathways, while also mitigating damage by triggering host cell repair and initiating anti-inflammatory responses. Due to its cytolytic activity and diverse immunomodulatory properties, PLY is integral to every stage of S. pneumoniae pathogenesis and may tip the balance towards either the pathogen or the host depending on the context of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M. Pereira
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Molecular and Cellular (MC) Biology PhD Program, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciência Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shuying Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John M. Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sandra Sousa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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13
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Kopenhagen A, Ramming I, Camp B, Hammerschmidt S, Fulde M, Müsken M, Steinert M, Bergmann S. Streptococcus pneumoniae Affects Endothelial Cell Migration in Microfluidic Circulation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:852036. [PMID: 35401456 PMCID: PMC8990767 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.852036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae induce strong inflammatory and procoagulant cellular responses and affect the endothelial barrier of the vascular system. Bacterial virulence determinants, such as the cytotoxic pore-forming pneumolysin, increase the endothelial barrier permeability by inducing cell apoptosis and cell damage. As life-threatening consequences, disseminated intravascular coagulation followed by consumption coagulopathy and low blood pressure is described. With the aim to decipher the role of pneumolysin in endothelial damage and leakage of the vascular barrier in more detail, we established a chamber-separation cell migration assay (CSMA) used to illustrate endothelial wound healing upon bacterial infections. We used chambered inlets for cell cultivation, which, after removal, provide a cell-free area of 500 μm in diameter as a defined gap in primary endothelial cell layers. During the process of wound healing, the size of the cell-free area is decreasing due to cell migration and proliferation, which we quantitatively determined by microscopic live cell monitoring. In addition, differential immunofluorescence staining combined with confocal microscopy was used to morphologically characterize the effect of bacterial attachment on cell migration and the velocity of gap closure. In all assays, the presence of wild-type pneumococci significantly inhibited endothelial gap closure. Remarkably, even in the presence of pneumolysin-deficient pneumococci, cell migration was significantly retarded. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of pneumococci on the proportion of cell proliferation versus cell migration within the process of endothelial gap closure was assessed by implementation of a fluorescence-conjugated nucleoside analogon. We further combined the endothelial CSMA with a microfluidic pump system, which for the first time enabled the microscopic visualization and monitoring of endothelial gap closure in the presence of circulating bacteria at defined vascular shear stress values for up to 48 h. In accordance with our CSMA results under static conditions, the gap remained cell free in the presence of circulating pneumococci in flow. Hence, our combined endothelial cultivation technique represents a complex in vitro system, which mimics the vascular physiology as close as possible by providing essential parameters of the blood flow to gain new insights into the effect of pneumococcal infection on endothelial barrier integrity in flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kopenhagen
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Isabell Ramming
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Belinda Camp
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Müsken
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Simone Bergmann
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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14
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Schütze S, Döpke A, Kellert B, Seele J, Ballüer M, Bunkowski S, Kreutzfeldt M, Brück W, Nau R. Intracerebral Infection with E. coli Impairs Spatial Learning and Induces Necrosis of Hippocampal Neurons in the Tg2576 Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:101-114. [PMID: 35530117 PMCID: PMC9028720 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), bacterial infections are often associated with a cognitive decline. Animal models of genuine acute infections with viable bacteria which induce deterioration of neurodegenerative diseases are missing. Objective: We assessed the effect of an intracerebral infection with E. coli in a mouse model of AD. Methods: 13-month-old Tg2576 +/- mice and transgene negative littermates (Tg2576 -/-) received an intracerebral injection with E. coli K1 or saline followed by treatment with ceftriaxone starting 41 h post infection (p.i.) for 5 days. For 4 weeks, mice were monitored for clinical status, weight, motor functions, and neuropsychological status using the Morris water maze. ELISAs, stainings, and immunohistochemistry in brains were performed at the end of the experiment. Results: Mortality of the infection was approximately 20%. After 4 weeks, spatial learning of infected Tg2576 +/- mice was compromised compared to non-infected Tg2576 +/- mice (p < 0.05). E. coli infection did not influence spatial learning in Tg2576 -/- mice, or spatial memory in both Tg2576 +/- and -/- mice within 4 weeks p.i.. Necrosis of hippocampal neurons was induced in infected compared to non-infected Tg2576 +/- mice 4 weeks p.i., whereas brain concentrations of Aβ1–40, Aβ1–42, and phosphoTau as well as axonal damage and microglia density were not altered. Conclusion: Here, we proved in principle that a genuine acute bacterial infection can worsen cognitive functions of AD mice. Mouse models of subacute systemic infections are needed to develop new strategies for the treatment of bacterial infections in patients with AD in order to minimize their cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schütze
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurogeriatric Section, AGAPLESION Frankfurter Diakonie Kliniken, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anika Döpke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benedikt Kellert
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jana Seele
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Melissa Ballüer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bunkowski
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva and Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roland Nau
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Bakaeva Z, Lizunova N, Tarzhanov I, Boyarkin D, Petrichuk S, Pinelis V, Fisenko A, Tuzikov A, Sharipov R, Surin A. Lipopolysaccharide From E. coli Increases Glutamate-Induced Disturbances of Calcium Homeostasis, the Functional State of Mitochondria, and the Death of Cultured Cortical Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:811171. [PMID: 35069113 PMCID: PMC8767065 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.811171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a fragment of the bacterial cell wall, specifically interacting with protein complexes on the cell surface, can induce the production of pro-inflammatory and apoptotic signaling molecules, leading to the damage and death of brain cells. Similar effects have been noted in stroke and traumatic brain injury, when the leading factor of death is glutamate (Glu) excitotoxicity too. But being an amphiphilic molecule with a significant hydrophobic moiety and a large hydrophilic region, LPS can also non-specifically bind to the plasma membrane, altering its properties. In the present work, we studied the effect of LPS from Escherichia coli alone and in combination with the hyperstimulation of Glu-receptors on the functional state of mitochondria and Ca2+ homeostasis, oxygen consumption and the cell survival in primary cultures from the rats brain cerebellum and cortex. In both types of cultures, LPS (0.1–10 μg/ml) did not change the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in resting neurons but slowed down the median of the decrease in [Ca2+]i on 14% and recovery of the mitochondrial potential (ΔΨm) after Glu removal. LPS did not affect the basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of cortical neurons; however, it did decrease the acute OCR during Glu and LPS coapplication. Evaluation of the cell culture survival using vital dyes and the MTT assay showed that LPS (10 μg/ml) and Glu (33 μM) reduced jointly and separately the proportion of live cortical neurons, but there was no synergism or additive action. LPS-effects was dependent on the type of culture, that may be related to both the properties of neurons and the different ratio between neurons and glial cells in cultures. The rapid manifestation of these effects may be the consequence of the direct effect of LPS on the rheological properties of the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanda Bakaeva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health”, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
- Department of General Biology and Physiology, Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov, Elista, Russia
- *Correspondence: Zanda Bakaeva, ,
| | - Natalia Lizunova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health”, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Tarzhanov
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health”, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Pharmacy, The Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii Boyarkin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health”, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Petrichuk
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health”, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod Pinelis
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health”, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Fisenko
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health”, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Tuzikov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rinat Sharipov
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Problems of Pain, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Surin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health”, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Problems of Pain, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Anil A, Apte S, Joseph J, Parthasarathy A, Madhavan S, Banerjee A. Pyruvate Oxidase as a Key Determinant of Pneumococcal Viability during Transcytosis across Brain Endothelium. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0043921. [PMID: 34606370 PMCID: PMC8604078 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00439-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae invades a myriad of host tissues following efficient breaching of cellular barriers. However, strategies adopted by pneumococcus for evasion of host intracellular defenses governing successful transcytosis across host cellular barriers remain elusive. In this study, using brain endothelium as a model host barrier, we observed that pneumococcus containing endocytic vacuoles (PCVs), formed following S. pneumoniae internalization into brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), undergo early maturation and acidification, with a major subset acquiring lysosome-like characteristics. Exploration of measures that would preserve pneumococcal viability in the lethal acidic pH of these lysosome-like vacuoles revealed a critical role of the two-component system response regulator, CiaR, which was previously implicated in induction of acid tolerance response. Pyruvate oxidase (SpxB), a key sugar-metabolizing enzyme that catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl phosphate, was found to contribute to acid stress tolerance, presumably via acetyl phosphate-mediated phosphorylation and activation of CiaR, independent of its cognate kinase CiaH. Hydrogen peroxide, the by-product of an SpxB-catalyzed reaction, was also found to improve pneumococcal intracellular survival by oxidative inactivation of lysosomal cysteine cathepsins, thus compromising the degradative capacity of the host lysosomes. As expected, a ΔspxB mutant was found to be significantly attenuated in its ability to survive inside the BMEC endocytic vacuoles, reflecting its reduced transcytosis ability. Collectively, our studies establish SpxB as an important virulence determinant facilitating pneumococcal survival inside host cells, ensuring successful trafficking across host cellular barriers. IMPORTANCE Host cellular barriers have innate immune defenses to restrict microbial passage into sterile compartments. Here, by focusing on the blood-brain barrier endothelium, we investigated mechanisms that enable Streptococcus pneumoniae to traverse through host barriers. Pyruvate oxidase, a pneumococcal sugar-metabolizing enzyme, was found to play a crucial role in this via generation of acetyl phosphate and hydrogen peroxide. A two-pronged approach consisting of acetyl phosphate-mediated activation of acid tolerance response and hydrogen peroxide-mediated inactivation of lysosomal enzymes enabled pneumococci to maintain viability inside the degradative vacuoles of the brain endothelium for successful transcytosis across the barrier. Thus, pyruvate oxidase is a key virulence determinant and can potentially serve as a viable candidate for therapeutic interventions for better management of invasive pneumococcal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Anil
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shruti Apte
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jincy Joseph
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Akhila Parthasarathy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shilpa Madhavan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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17
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Woodburn SC, Bollinger JL, Wohleb ES. The semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:258. [PMID: 34742308 PMCID: PMC8571840 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are emerging as critical regulators of neuronal function and behavior in nearly every area of neuroscience. Initial reports focused on classical immune functions of microglia in pathological contexts, however, immunological concepts from these studies have been applied to describe neuro-immune interactions in the absence of disease, injury, or infection. Indeed, terms such as 'microglia activation' or 'neuroinflammation' are used ubiquitously to describe changes in neuro-immune function in disparate contexts; particularly in stress research, where these terms prompt undue comparisons to pathological conditions. This creates a barrier for investigators new to neuro-immunology and ultimately hinders our understanding of stress effects on microglia. As more studies seek to understand the role of microglia in neurobiology and behavior, it is increasingly important to develop standard methods to study and define microglial phenotype and function. In this review, we summarize primary research on the role of microglia in pathological and physiological contexts. Further, we propose a framework to better describe changes in microglia1 phenotype and function in chronic stress. This approach will enable more precise characterization of microglia in different contexts, which should facilitate development of microglia-directed therapeutics in psychiatric and neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Woodburn
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Justin L Bollinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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18
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Balendra V, Singh SK. Therapeutic potential of astaxanthin and superoxide dismutase in Alzheimer's disease. Open Biol 2021; 11:210013. [PMID: 34186009 PMCID: PMC8241491 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, the imbalance of the antioxidant system, results in an accumulation of neurotoxic proteins in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The antioxidant system is composed of exogenous and endogenous antioxidants to maintain homeostasis. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an endogenous enzymatic antioxidant that converts superoxide ions to hydrogen peroxide in cells. SOD supplementation in mice prevented cognitive decline in stress-induced cells by reducing lipid peroxidation and maintaining neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Furthermore, SOD decreased expression of BACE1 while reducing plaque burden in the brain. Additionally, Astaxanthin (AST), a potent exogenous carotenoid, scavenges superoxide anion radicals. Mice treated with AST showed slower memory decline and decreased depositions of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau protein. Currently, the neuroprotective potential of these supplements has only been examined separately in studies. However, a single antioxidant cannot sufficiently resist oxidative damage to the brain, therefore, a combinatory approach is proposed as a relevant therapy for ameliorating pathological changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Indian Scientific Education and Technology (ISET) Foundation, Lucknow 226002, India
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19
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Farmen K, Tofiño-Vian M, Iovino F. Neuronal Damage and Neuroinflammation, a Bridge Between Bacterial Meningitis and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:680858. [PMID: 34149363 PMCID: PMC8209290 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.680858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges which covers and protects the brain and the spinal cord. Such inflammation is mostly caused by blood-borne bacteria that cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and finally invade the brain parenchyma. Pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae are the main etiological causes of bacterial meningitis. After trafficking across the BBB, bacterial pathogens in the brain interact with neurons, the fundamental units of Central Nervous System, and other types of glial cells. Although the specific molecular mechanism behind the interaction between such pathogens with neurons is still under investigation, it is clear that bacterial interaction with neurons and neuroinflammatory responses within the brain leads to neuronal cell death. Furthermore, clinical studies have shown indications of meningitis-caused dementia; and a variety of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease are characterized by the loss of neurons, which, unlike many other eukaryotic cells, once dead or damaged, they are seldom replaced. The aim of this review article is to provide an overview of the knowledge on how bacterial pathogens in the brain damage neurons through direct and indirect interactions, and how the neuronal damage caused by bacterial pathogen can, in the long-term, influence the onset of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Federico Iovino
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Tabusi M, Thorsdottir S, Lysandrou M, Narciso AR, Minoia M, Srambickal CV, Widengren J, Henriques-Normark B, Iovino F. Neuronal death in pneumococcal meningitis is triggered by pneumolysin and RrgA interactions with β-actin. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009432. [PMID: 33760879 PMCID: PMC7990213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal damage is a major consequence of bacterial meningitis, but little is known about mechanisms of bacterial interaction with neurons leading to neuronal cell death. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and many survivors develop neurological sequelae after the acute infection has resolved, possibly due to neuronal damage. Here, we studied mechanisms for pneumococcal interactions with neurons. Using human primary neurons, pull-down experiments and mass spectrometry, we show that pneumococci interact with the cytoskeleton protein β-actin through the pilus-1 adhesin RrgA and the cytotoxin pneumolysin (Ply), thereby promoting adhesion and invasion of neurons, and neuronal death. Using our bacteremia-derived meningitis mouse model, we observe that RrgA- and Ply-expressing pneumococci co-localize with neuronal β-actin. Using purified proteins, we show that Ply, through its cholesterol-binding domain 4, interacts with the neuronal plasma membrane, thereby increasing the exposure on the outer surface of β-actin filaments, leading to more β-actin binding sites available for RrgA binding, and thus enhanced pneumococcal interactions with neurons. Pneumococcal infection promotes neuronal death possibly due to increased intracellular Ca2+ levels depending on presence of Ply, as well as on actin cytoskeleton disassembly. STED super-resolution microscopy showed disruption of β-actin filaments in neurons infected with pneumococci expressing RrgA and Ply. Finally, neuronal death caused by pneumococcal infection could be inhibited using antibodies against β-actin. The generated data potentially helps explaining mechanisms for why pneumococci frequently cause neurological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahebali Tabusi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J7:20, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sigrun Thorsdottir
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J7:20, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Lysandrou
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J7:20, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana Rita Narciso
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J7:20, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melania Minoia
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institutet, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jerker Widengren
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Henriques-Normark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J7:20, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Federico Iovino
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J7:20, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Romero-Cordero S, Kirwan R, Noguera-Julian A, Cardellach F, Fortuny C, Morén C. A Mitocentric View of the Main Bacterial and Parasitic Infectious Diseases in the Pediatric Population. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3272. [PMID: 33806981 PMCID: PMC8004694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases occur worldwide with great frequency in both adults and children. Both infections and their treatments trigger mitochondrial interactions at multiple levels: (i) incorporation of damaged or mutated proteins to the complexes of the electron transport chain, (ii) mitochondrial genome (depletion, deletions, and point mutations) and mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission), (iii) membrane potential, (iv) apoptotic regulation, (v) generation of reactive oxygen species, among others. Such alterations may result in serious adverse clinical events with great impact on children's quality of life, even resulting in death. As such, bacterial agents are frequently associated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release, ultimately leading to mitochondrial apoptosis by activation of caspases-3 and -9. Using Rayyan QCRI software for systematic reviews, we explore the association between mitochondrial alterations and pediatric infections including (i) bacterial: M. tuberculosis, E. cloacae, P. mirabilis, E. coli, S. enterica, S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis and (ii) parasitic: P. falciparum. We analyze how these pediatric infections and their treatments may lead to mitochondrial deterioration in this especially vulnerable population, with the intention of improving both the understanding of these diseases and their management in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Romero-Cordero
- Faculty of Medicine, Pompeu Fabra University and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08002 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Richard Kirwan
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2QP, UK
| | - Antoni Noguera-Julian
- Malalties Infeccioses i Resposta Inflamatòria Sistèmica en Pediatria, Unitat d’Infeccions, Servei de Pediatria, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (A.N.-J.); (C.F.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Cardellach
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clàudia Fortuny
- Malalties Infeccioses i Resposta Inflamatòria Sistèmica en Pediatria, Unitat d’Infeccions, Servei de Pediatria, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (A.N.-J.); (C.F.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Constanza Morén
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Selvaraj C, Vierra M, Dinesh DC, Abhirami R, Singh SK. Structural insights of macromolecules involved in bacteria-induced apoptosis in the pathogenesis of human diseases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 126:1-38. [PMID: 34090612 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Numbers of pathogenic bacteria can induce apoptosis in human host cells and modulate the cellular pathways responsible for inducing or inhibiting apoptosis. These pathogens are significantly recognized by host proteins and provoke the multitude of several signaling pathways and alter the cellular apoptotic stimuli. This process leads the bacterial entry into the mammalian cells and evokes a variety of responses like phagocytosis, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, secretion of bacterial effectors, release of both apoptotic and inflammatory cytokines, and the triggering of apoptosis. Several mechanisms are involved in bacteria-induced apoptosis including, initiation of the endogenous death machinery, pore-forming proteins, and secretion of superantigens. Either small molecules or proteins may act as a binding partner responsible for forming the protein complexes and regulate enzymatic activity via protein-protein interactions. The bacteria induce apoptosis, attack the human cell and gain control over various types of cells and tissue. Since these processes are intricate in the defense mechanisms of host organisms against pathogenic bacteria and play an important function in host-pathogen interactions. In this chapter, we focus on the various bacterial-induced apoptosis mechanisms in host cells and discuss the important proteins and bacterial effectors that trigger the host cell apoptosis. The structural characterization of bacterial effector proteins and their interaction with human host cells are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrabose Selvaraj
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Marisol Vierra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | | | - Rajaram Abhirami
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
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23
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Grønhøj MH, Sejbaek T, Hansen RW, Larsen L, Dahl M, Schierbeck J, Poulsen FR. Serum levels of neurofilament light chain, neuron-specific enolase and S100 calcium-binding protein B during acute bacterial meningitis: a prospective cohort study. Infect Dis (Lond) 2021; 53:409-419. [PMID: 33583314 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2021.1883730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) is a severe disease with an overall poor outcome. Neurofilament (NFL) has shown to be a promising biomarker of neuroaxonal injury in various neurological disorders but has not been investigated in ABM. The aims of this study were (i) to obtain a temporal profile of NFL, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100B in serum during ABM, and (ii) to evaluate their use as biomarkers of severity (Glasgow coma score) and prognosis (Glasgow Outcome Score, GOS and death) in severe ABM. METHODS Fifteen adults with severe community-acquired ABM who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included. Lumbar puncture and blood tests were performed on admission, and blood tests were performed three times daily during the ICU stay. GOS was obtained day 30. RESULTS Serum NFL was significantly elevated in ABM patients compared to healthy controls, both at admission and throughout the observation period (p < .01). NFL increased significantly from day 1 up to day 3-6 (p < .0001), peaking day 6. NSE increased significantly from admission up to day 3 (p < .01). At day 5-6, the serum values were not significantly different from values at admission. The highest median serum value of S100B was observed at admission (0.10 µg/L, IQR 0.06-0.14), significantly decreasing day 4-6 (p < .05). None of the investigated biomarkers revealed significant correlation with severity and prognosis. CONCLUSION This study represents a first clinical observation of the temporal profile of NFL in serum, in severe ABM. No correlation with severity or prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Sejbaek
- Department of Neurology, Esbjerg Central Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Lykke Larsen
- Research Unit for Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Dahl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zealand University Hospital, Koege, Denmark
| | - Jens Schierbeck
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Frantz Rom Poulsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,OPEN, Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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24
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Lafuse WP, Wozniak DJ, Rajaram MVS. Role of Cardiac Macrophages on Cardiac Inflammation, Fibrosis and Tissue Repair. Cells 2020; 10:E51. [PMID: 33396359 PMCID: PMC7824389 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a pivotal role in the initiation, development and resolution of inflammation following insult or damage to organs. The heart is a vital organ which supplies nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body. Heart failure (HF) has been conventionally described as a disease associated with cardiac tissue damage caused by systemic inflammation, arrhythmia and conduction defects. Cardiac inflammation and subsequent tissue damage is orchestrated by the infiltration and activation of various immune cells including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, natural killer cells, and T and B cells into the myocardium. After tissue injury, monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages undergo marked phenotypic and functional changes, and function as key regulators of tissue repair, regeneration and fibrosis. Disturbance in resident macrophage functions such as uncontrolled production of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and inefficient generation of an anti-inflammatory response or unsuccessful communication between macrophages and epithelial and endothelial cells and fibroblasts can lead to aberrant repair, persistent injury, and HF. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the role of cardiac macrophages on cardiac inflammation, tissue repair, regeneration and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P. Lafuse
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (W.P.L.); (D.J.W.)
| | - Daniel J. Wozniak
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (W.P.L.); (D.J.W.)
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Murugesan V. S. Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (W.P.L.); (D.J.W.)
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25
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Iwata S, Takata M, Morozumi M, Miyairi I, Matsubara K, Ubukata K. Drastic reduction in pneumococcal meningitis in children owing to the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: Longitudinal analysis from 2002 to 2016 in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2020; 27:604-612. [PMID: 33303361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The characteristics of pneumococcal isolates and their associations with outcomes in pediatric meningitis are unclear. This study aimed to clarify serotypes and resistance genotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae from children with meningitis and evaluate the patient prognoses and backgrounds. METHODS Large-scale surveillance was conducted from 2002 to 2016 through periods I-V. Serotypes and penicillin (PEN) resistance genotypes were analyzed for pneumococcal isolates (n = 459) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples (n = 25). Furthermore, underlying diseases (n = 251), prognoses (n = 202), and laboratory data were evaluated. RESULTS The number of meningitis cases decreased drastically after the introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) to -53.6% and after switching to PCV13 to -70.2%. In particular, this reduction was apparent at ≤3 years of age. The proportion of the PCV7 serotype decreased sharply from 70.1% before introduction to 2.6% during period V; however, the non-vaccine type increased from 17.5% to 87.2%. The PEN resistance rate (gPRSP) was decreased from approximately 49% to 12.2% during period V. Among cases revealed prognosis, sequelae and mortality rates were 16.3% and 5.4%, respectively. The rate of the patients with underlying diseases was 26.3% and relatively high in ≥6 years. Laboratory data associated with a poor prognosis were low white blood cell count (<12.7 × 103/μL), low platelet count (<28.1 × 104/μL), low CSF-glucose (<36 mg/dL), and high CSF-protein (≥142 mg/dL). CONCLUSIONS Changes in serotype prevalence warrant continuous monitoring to observe future trends of pneumococcal meningitis, and further developments in multivalent conjugate vaccines are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Iwata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Misako Takata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Morozumi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Miyairi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Subspecialties, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Matsubara
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima City Funairi Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kimiko Ubukata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of General Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
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26
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Lam HYP, Chen CC, Chen TTW, Chang KC, Wu WJ, Yang TH, Liang TR, Cheng PC, Peng SY. Mitochondrial dynamics in Angiostrongylus cantonensis-infected mouse brain. Parasitol Int 2020; 80:102231. [PMID: 33147498 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is one of the most widespread parasites causing central nervous system (CNS) diseases in mammals. Since the mitochondrion is an essential cell organelle responsible for both physiological and pathological processes, its dysfunction might lead to inflammation and multiple disorders. In this study we aimed to investigate the changes in mitochondrial dynamics that occur in the mouse brain upon infection with A. cantonensis, using molecular biology techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blot analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and different staining methods. Here, we show that mouse brain infected with A. cantonensis exhibits altered mitochondrial dynamics, including fission, fusion, and biogenesis. Additionally, we demonstrate that caspases and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) were significantly upregulated in A. cantonensis-infected brain. These results are indicative of the occurrence of apoptosis during A. cantonensis infection, which was further confirmed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. These findings suggest the change in mitochondrial dynamics in A. cantonensis-infected brain, providing another point of view on the pathogenesis of meningoencephalitis caused by A. cantonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yin Pekkle Lam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chi Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hualien Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tina Tu-Wen Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chih Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jui Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hua Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ruei Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ching Cheng
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Yi Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
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27
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Qi Z, Guo Y, Zhang H, Yu Q, Zhang P. Betulin attenuates pneumolysin-induced cell injury and DNA damage. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:843-851. [PMID: 32621771 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pneumolysin, a pore-forming toxin, is an important virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae with multiple biological activity, such as cell lysis and DNA damage. Thus, targeting this toxin is alternative strategy for the treatment of S. pneumoniae infection. METHODS AND RESULTS Haemolysin assay was performed to identify the potential PLY inhibitor. The mechanism by which betulin, a natural compound from birch bark, against PLY was determined via MICs determination, western blot analysis and oligomerization analysis. Cytotoxicity and Immunofluorescence assays were further used to evaluate the protection of betulin against PLY-induced cell injury and DNA damage. Here, betulin, a natural compound from birch bark, was indentified as an effective inhibitor of PLY. Importantly, at the concentrations required for such inhibition, betulin has no influence on S. pneumoniae viability or PLY production. The interaction of betulin with PLY restrict the olgomerizaiton of this toxin and, thus, directly neutralizing the activity of PLY. Additionally, betulin treatment alleviate PLY induced cells injury and DNA damage in the co-culture system of PLY and A549 cells. CONCLUSIONS Betulin could be used as a promising leading compound against S. pneumoniae virulence by directly targeting PLY without antibacterial activity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results presented in this work provided a novel strategy and candidate for S. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Qi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Y Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Q Yu
- Jilin Provincial Animal Disease Control Center, Changchun, China
| | - P Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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28
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Interaction of Macrophages and Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysins: The Impact on Immune Response and Cellular Survival. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090531. [PMID: 32825096 PMCID: PMC7551085 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are key virulence factors involved in many lethal bacterial infections, including pneumonia, necrotizing soft tissue infections, bacterial meningitis, and miscarriage. Host responses to these diseases involve myeloid cells, especially macrophages. Macrophages use several systems to detect and respond to cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, including membrane repair, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling, phagocytosis, cytokine production, and activation of the adaptive immune system. However, CDCs also promote immune evasion by silencing and/or destroying myeloid cells. While there are many common themes between the various CDCs, each CDC also possesses specific features to optimally benefit the pathogen producing it. This review highlights host responses to CDC pathogenesis with a focus on macrophages. Due to their robust plasticity, macrophages play key roles in the outcome of bacterial infections. Understanding the unique features and differences within the common theme of CDCs bolsters new tools for research and therapy.
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29
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Nishimoto AT, Rosch JW, Tuomanen EI. Pneumolysin: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Target. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1543. [PMID: 32714314 PMCID: PMC7343714 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for widespread illness and is a major global health issue for children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised population. Pneumolysin (PLY) is a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) and key pneumococcal virulence factor involved in all phases of pneumococcal disease, including transmission, colonization, and infection. In this review we cover the biology and cytolytic function of PLY, its contribution to S. pneumoniae pathogenesis, and its known interactions and effects on the host with regard to tissue damage and immune response. Additionally, we review statins as a therapeutic option for CDC toxicity and PLY toxoid as a vaccine candidate in protein-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Nishimoto
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jason W Rosch
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Elaine I Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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30
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Echlin H, Frank M, Rock C, Rosch JW. Role of the pyruvate metabolic network on carbohydrate metabolism and virulence in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:536-552. [PMID: 32495474 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen that must adapt to unique nutritional environments in several host niches. The pneumococcus can metabolize a range of carbohydrates that feed into glycolysis ending in pyruvate, which is catabolized by several enzymes. We investigated how the pneumococcus utilizes these enzymes to metabolize different carbohydrates and how this impacts survival in the host. Loss of ldh decreased bacterial burden in the nasopharynx and enhanced bacteremia in mice. Loss of spxB, pdhC or pfl2 decreased bacteremia and increased host survival. In glucose or galactose, loss of ldh increased capsule production, whereas loss of spxB and pdhC reduced capsule production. The pfl2 mutant exhibited reduced capsule production only in galactose. In glucose, pyruvate was metabolized primarily by LDH to generate lactate and NAD+ and by SpxB and PDHc to generate acetyl-CoA. In galactose, pyruvate metabolism was shunted toward acetyl-CoA production. The majority of acetyl-CoA generated by PFL was used to regenerate NAD+ with a subset used in capsule production, while the acetyl-CoA generated by SpxB and PDHc was utilized primarily for capsule biosynthesis. These data suggest that the pneumococcus can alter flux of pyruvate metabolism dependent on the carbohydrate present to succeed in distinct host niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Echlin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Matthew Frank
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Charles Rock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jason W Rosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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31
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Iwahashi J, Kamei K, Watanabe H. Disruption of Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm by Streptococcus pneumoniae: Mycelial fragmentation by hydrogen peroxide. J Infect Chemother 2020; 26:831-837. [PMID: 32414689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm is a complex structure consisting of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and an extracellular matrix (ECM). Biofilms are involved in most microbial infections and show persistent resistance to antibiotic treatment and immune response. Both Aspergillus fumigatus and Streptococcus pneumoniae are colonizers that can form biofilms in the respiratory tract. These pathogens have been simultaneously isolated from the same patient, but their interaction is poorly understood. We observed morphological changes in single- and mixed-species biofilms prepared for confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pneumococci suppressed the development of a fungal biofilm, and it even disrupted a preformed fungal biofilm. When a preformed fungal biofilm was treated with pneumococci, the mycelial network was fragmented, and only bacteria could develop. SEM revealed that the fragmented mycelium was further disrupted into fine filaments as treatment time progressed, and that the ECM of the preformed fungal biofilm had disappeared. The pneumococcal culture supernatant contained mycelial fragmentation activity that was heat-sensitive. The culture supernatant of a mutant pneumococcal strain deficient in pneumolysin (Δply) also exhibited the mycelial fragmentation activity. Enolase and lactate oxidase, which are involved in glycolysis and hydrogen peroxide production, were identified in the culture supernatant of the Δply mutant. Neither the wild type nor the mutant strain could fragment the mycelium in the presence of catalase. These data suggest that hydrogen peroxide could fragment the mycelium and would terminate the co-existence of A. fumigatus and S. pneumoniae in biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Iwahashi
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume City, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiko Kamei
- Division of Clinical Research, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume City, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
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Isaiah S, Loots DT, Solomons R, van der Kuip M, Tutu Van Furth AM, Mason S. Overview of Brain-to-Gut Axis Exposed to Chronic CNS Bacterial Infection(s) and a Predictive Urinary Metabolic Profile of a Brain Infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:296. [PMID: 32372900 PMCID: PMC7186443 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new paradigm in neuroscience has recently emerged - the brain-gut axis (BGA). The contemporary focus in this paradigm has been gut → brain ("bottom-up"), in which the gut-microbiome, and its perturbations, affects one's psychological state-of-mind and behavior, and is pivotal in neurodegenerative disorders. The emerging brain → gut ("top-down") concept, the subject of this review, proposes that dysfunctional brain health can alter the gut-microbiome. Feedback of this alternative bidirectional highway subsequently aggravates the neurological pathology. This paradigm shift, however, focuses upon non-communicable neurological diseases (progressive neuroinflammation). What of infectious diseases, in which pathogenic bacteria penetrate the blood-brain barrier and interact with the brain, and what is this effect on the BGA in bacterial infection(s) that cause chronic neuroinflammation? Persistent immune activity in the CNS due to chronic neuroinflammation can lead to irreversible neurodegeneration and neuronal death. The properties of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), such as immunological markers, are used to diagnose brain disorders. But what of metabolic markers for such purposes? If a BGA exists, then chronic CNS bacterial infection(s) should theoretically be reflected in the urine. The premise here is that chronic CNS bacterial infection(s) will affect the gut-microbiome and that perturbed metabolism in both the CNS and gut will release metabolites into the blood that are filtered (kidneys) and excreted in the urine. Here we assess the literature on the effects of chronic neuroinflammatory diseases on the gut-microbiome caused by bacterial infection(s) of the CNS, in the context of information attained via metabolomics-based studies of urine. Furthermore, we take a severe chronic neuroinflammatory infectious disease - tuberculous meningitis (TBM), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and examine three previously validated CSF immunological biomarkers - vascular endothelial growth factor, interferon-gamma and myeloperoxidase - in terms of the expected changes in normal brain metabolism. We then model the downstream metabolic effects expected, predicting pivotal altered metabolic pathways that would be reflected in the urinary profiles of TBM subjects. Our cascading metabolic model should be adjustable to account for other types of CNS bacterial infection(s) associated with chronic neuroinflammation, typically prevalent, and difficult to distinguish from TBM, in the resource-constrained settings of poor communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Isaiah
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Regan Solomons
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Martijn van der Kuip
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A. Marceline Tutu Van Furth
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shayne Mason
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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33
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Okahashi N, Nakata M, Hirose Y, Morisaki H, Kataoka H, Kuwata H, Kawabata S. Streptococcal H2O2 inhibits IgE-triggered degranulation of RBL-2H3 mast cell/basophil cell line by inducing cell death. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231101. [PMID: 32302339 PMCID: PMC7164662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils are central players in allergic reactions triggered by immunoglobulin E (IgE). They have intracellular granules containing allergic mediators (e.g., histamine, serotonin, inflammatory cytokines, proteases and β-hexosaminidase), and stimulation by IgE-allergen complex leads to the release of such allergic mediators from the granules, that is, degranulation. Mast cells are residents of mucosal surfaces, including those of nasal and oral cavities, and play an important role in the innate defense system. Members of the mitis group streptococci such as Streptococcus oralis, are primary colonizers of the human oral cavity. They produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product of sugar metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effects of streptococcal infection on RBL-2H3 mast cell/basophil cell line. Infection by oral streptococci did not induce degranulation of the cells. Stimulation of the RBL-2H3 cells with anti-dinitrophenol (DNP) IgE and DNP-conjugated human serum albumin triggers degranulation with the release of β-hexosaminidase. We found that S. oralis and other mitis group streptococci inhibited the IgE-triggered degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells. Since mitis group streptococci produce H2O2, we examined the effect of S. oralis mutant strain deficient in producing H2O2, and found that they lost the ability to suppress the degranulation. Moreover, H2O2 alone inhibited the IgE-induced degranulation. Subsequent analysis suggested that the inhibition of degranulation was related to the cytotoxicity of streptococcal H2O2. Activated RBL-2H3 cells produce interleukin-4 (IL-4); however, IL-4 production was not induced by streptococcal H2O2. Furthermore, an in vivo study using the murine pollen-induced allergic rhinitis model suggested that the streptococcal H2O2 reduces nasal allergic reaction. These findings reveal that H2O2 produced by oral mitis group streptococci inhibits IgE-stimulated degranulation by inducing cell death. Consequently, streptococcal H2O2 can be considered to modulate the allergic reaction in mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Okahashi
- Center for Frontier Oral Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yujiro Hirose
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Morisaki
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Kataoka
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kuwata
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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34
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Lee N, Jae Y, Kim M, Cho T, Lee C, Hong YR, Hyeon DY, Ahn S, Kwon H, Kim K, Jung JH, Chae S, Shin JO, Bok J, Byun Y, Hwang D, Koo J. A pathogen-derived metabolite induces microglial activation via odorant receptors. FEBS J 2020; 287:3841-3870. [PMID: 32003140 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microglia (MG), the principal neuroimmune sentinels in the brain, continuously sense changes in their environment and respond to invading pathogens, toxins, and cellular debris, thereby affecting neuroinflammation. Microbial pathogens produce small metabolites that influence neuroinflammation, but the molecular mechanisms that determine whether pathogen-derived small metabolites affect microglial activation of neuroinflammation remain to be elucidated. We hypothesized that odorant receptors (ORs), the largest subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors, are involved in microglial activation by pathogen-derived small metabolites. We found that MG express high levels of two mouse ORs, Olfr110 and Olfr111, which recognize a pathogenic metabolite, 2-pentylfuran, secreted by Streptococcus pneumoniae. These interactions activate MG to engage in chemotaxis, cytokine production, phagocytosis, and reactive oxygen species generation. These effects were mediated through the Gαs -cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A-extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Gβγ -phospholipase C-Ca2+ pathways. Taken together, our results reveal a novel interplay between the pathogen-derived metabolite and ORs, which has major implications for our understanding of microglial activation by pathogen recognition. DATABASE: Model data are available in the PMDB database under the accession number PM0082389.
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Affiliation(s)
- NaHye Lee
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | - YoonGyu Jae
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | - Minhyung Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | - TaeHo Cho
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | - ChaeEun Lee
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yu Ri Hong
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | | | - Sanghyun Ahn
- Center for Plant Aging Research, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hongmok Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Kyul Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Jung
- Center for Plant Aging Research, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sehyun Chae
- Center for Plant Aging Research, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jeong-Oh Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinwoong Bok
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngjoo Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- Center for Plant Aging Research, DGIST, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Korea
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35
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Oligbu G, Collins S, Djennad A, Sheppard CL, Fry NK, Andrews NJ, Borrow R, Ramsay ME, Ladhani SN. Effect of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on Pneumococcal Meningitis, England and Wales, July 1, 2000-June 30, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 25:1708-1718. [PMID: 31441745 PMCID: PMC6711218 DOI: 10.3201/eid2509.180747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the effects of the 7-valent (PCV7) and 13-valent (PCV13) pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on pneumococcal meningitis in England and Wales during July 1, 2000–June 30, 2016. Overall, 84,473 laboratory-confirmed invasive pneumococcal disease cases, including 4,160 (4.9%) cases with meningitis, occurred. PCV7 implementation in 2006 did not lower overall pneumococcal meningitis incidence because of replacement with non–PCV7-type meningitis incidence. Replacement with PCV13 in 2010, however, led to a 48% reduction in pneumococcal meningitis incidence by 2015–16. The overall case-fatality rate was 17.5%: 10.7% among patients <5 years of age, 17.3% among patients 5–64 years of age, and 31.9% among patients >65 years of age. Serotype 8 was associated with increased odds of death (adjusted odds ratio 2.9, 95% CI 1.8–4.7). In England and Wales, an effect on pneumococcal meningitis was observed only after PCV13 implementation. Further studies are needed to assess pneumococcal meningitis caused by the replacing serotypes.
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36
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Opening the OPK Assay Gatekeeper: Harnessing Multi-Modal Protection by Pneumococcal Vaccines. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040203. [PMID: 31652741 PMCID: PMC6963391 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal vaccine development is driven by the achievement of high activity in a single gatekeeper assay: the bacterial opsonophagocytic killing (OPK) assay. New evidence challenges the dogma that anti-capsular antibodies have only a single function that predicts success. The emerging concept of multi-modal protection presents an array of questions that are fundamental to adopting a new vaccine design process. If antibodies have hidden non-opsonic functions that are protective, should these be optimized for better vaccines? What would protein antigens add to protective activity? Are cellular immune functions additive to antibodies for success? Do different organs benefit from different modes of protection? Can vaccine activities beyond OPK protect the immunocompromised host? This commentary raises these issues at a time when capsule-only OPK assay-based vaccines are increasingly seen as a limiting strategy.
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37
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Domain 4 of pneumolysin from Streptococcus pneumoniae is a multifunctional domain contributing TLR4 activating and hemolytic activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:596-602. [PMID: 31395343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pneumolysin (Ply) protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae is composed of four domains and possesses several different but related activities. In this study, recombinant Ply and two truncated forms, Ply domain 1-3 and Ply domain 4 (rPly4), were expressed and characterized regarding their participation in apoptosis, the stimulation of cytokine production, hemolytic activity and virulence. rPly4 activated murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-dependent manner. The rPly4 alone was able to produce hemolytic activity at high concertation and penetrate the lipid bilayer. We further demonstrated that domain 4 of Ply involved in the virulence of the bacteria in mouse model. In the absence of apoptotic activity, the virulence level caused by rPly4 was similar to that of full length Ply. Our data suggested that domain 4 of Ply alone with TLR4 agonist and hemolytic activity may play roles in virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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38
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Hu X, Peng X, Lu C, Zhang X, Gan L, Gao Y, Yang S, Xu W, Wang J, Yin Y, Wang H. Type I
IFN
expression is stimulated by cytosolic Mt
DNA
released from pneumolysin‐damaged mitochondria via the
STING
signaling pathway in macrophages. FEBS J 2019; 286:4754-4768. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuexue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education Chongqing Medical University China
- School of Laboratory Medicine Chongqing Medical University China
| | - Xiaoqiong Peng
- Department of Ultrasound The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University China
| | - Chang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education Chongqing Medical University China
- School of Laboratory Medicine Chongqing Medical University China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education Chongqing Medical University China
- School of Laboratory Medicine Chongqing Medical University China
| | - Lingling Gan
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education Chongqing Medical University China
- School of Laboratory Medicine Chongqing Medical University China
| | - Yue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education Chongqing Medical University China
- School of Laboratory Medicine Chongqing Medical University China
| | - Shenghui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education Chongqing Medical University China
- School of Laboratory Medicine Chongqing Medical University China
| | - Wenchun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education Chongqing Medical University China
- School of Laboratory Medicine Chongqing Medical University China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education Chongqing Medical University China
- School of Laboratory Medicine Chongqing Medical University China
| | - Yibing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education Chongqing Medical University China
- School of Laboratory Medicine Chongqing Medical University China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education Chongqing Medical University China
- School of Laboratory Medicine Chongqing Medical University China
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39
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Abstract
Pneumolysin (PLY), a major virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae, perforates cholesterol-rich lipid membranes. PLY protomers oligomerize as rings on the membrane and then undergo a structural transition that triggers the formation of membrane pores. Structures of PLY rings in prepore and pore conformations define the beginning and end of this transition, but the detailed mechanism of pore formation remains unclear. With atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we resolve key steps during PLY pore formation. Our simulations confirm critical PLY membrane-binding sites identified previously by mutagenesis. The transmembrane β-hairpins of the PLY pore conformation are stable only for oligomers, forming a curtain-like membrane-spanning β-sheet. Its hydrophilic inner face draws water into the protein-lipid interface, forcing lipids to recede. For PLY rings, this zone of lipid clearance expands into a cylindrical membrane pore. The lipid plug caught inside the PLY ring can escape by lipid efflux via the lower leaflet. If this path is too slow or blocked, the pore opens by membrane buckling, driven by the line tension acting on the detached rim of the lipid plug. Interestingly, PLY rings are just wide enough for the plug to buckle spontaneously in mammalian membranes. In a survey of electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) and atomic force microscopy images, we identify key intermediates along both the efflux and buckling pathways to pore formation, as seen in the simulations.
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40
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Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumoccus) is the leading cause of otitis media, community-acquired pneumonia, and bacterial meningitis. The success of the pneumococcus stems from its ability to persist in the population as a commensal and avoid killing by immune system. This chapter first reviews the molecular mechanisms that allow the pneumococcus to colonize and spread from one anatomical site to the next. Then, it discusses the mechanisms of inflammation and cytotoxicity during emerging and classical pneumococcal infections.
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41
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Chen J, Li N, Wang B, Liu X, Liu J, Chang Q. Upregulation of CBP by PLY can cause permeability of blood‐brain barrier to increase meningitis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22333. [PMID: 30980515 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Quan Chen
- Department of EncephalopathyYantai Traditional Chinese Medicine HospitalYantai People's Republic of China
| | - Nan‐Nan Li
- Department of EncephalopathyOriental Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing People's Republic of China
| | - Bo‐Wen Wang
- Department of EncephalopathyYantai Traditional Chinese Medicine HospitalYantai People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu‐Fang Liu
- Department of OncologyChinese PLA 251 HospitalZhangjiakou People's Republic of China
| | - Jia‐Lin Liu
- Department of EncephalopathyOriental Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of EncephalopathyOriental Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing People's Republic of China
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42
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Gao Y, Xu W, Dou X, Wang H, Zhang X, Yang S, Liao H, Hu X, Wang H. Mitochondrial DNA Leakage Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae Hydrogen Peroxide Promotes Type I IFN Expression in Lung Cells. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:630. [PMID: 30984149 PMCID: PMC6447684 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pn), the bacterial pathogen responsible for invasive pneumococcal diseases, is capable of producing substantial amounts of hydrogen peroxide. However, the impact of S. pn-secreted hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the host immune processes is not completely understood. Here, we demonstrated that S. pn-secreted H2O2 caused mitochondrial damage and severe histopathological damage in mouse lung tissue. Additionally, S. pn-secreted H2O2 caused not only oxidative damage to mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA), but also a reduction in the mtDNA content in alveolar epithelia cells. This resulted in the release of mtDNA into the cytoplasm, which subsequently induced type I interferons (IFN-I) expression. We also determined that stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling was probably involved in S. pn H2O2-inducing IFN-I expression in response to mtDNA damaged by S. pn-secreted H2O2. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that H2O2 produced by S. pn resulted in mtDNA leakage from damaged mitochondria and IFN-I production in alveolar epithelia cells, and STING may be required in this process, and this is a novel mitochondrial damage mechanism by which S. pn potentiates the IFN-I cascade in S. pn infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenchun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Dou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shenghui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyi Liao
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuexue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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43
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Thorsdottir S, Henriques-Normark B, Iovino F. The Role of Microglia in Bacterial Meningitis: Inflammatory Response, Experimental Models and New Neuroprotective Therapeutic Strategies. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:576. [PMID: 30967852 PMCID: PMC6442515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia have a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis. The goal of this review is to provide an overview on how microglia respond to bacterial pathogens targeting the brain, how the interplay between microglia and bacteria can be studied experimentally, and possible ways to use gained knowledge to identify novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. We discuss the dual role of microglia in disease development, the beneficial functions crucial for bacterial clearing, and the destructive properties through triggering neuroinflammation, characterized by cytokine and chemokine release which leads to leukocyte trafficking through the brain vascular endothelium and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier integrity. Due to intrinsic complexity of microglia and up until recently lack of specific markers, the study of microglial response to bacterial pathogens is challenging. New experimental models and techniques open up possibilities to accelerate progress in the field. We review existing models and discuss possibilities and limitations. Finally, we summarize recent findings where bacterial virulence factors are identified to be important for the microglial response, and how manipulation of evoked responses could be used for therapeutic or preventive purposes. Among promising approaches are: modulations of microglia phenotype switching toward anti-inflammatory and phagocytic functions, the use of non-bacterolytic antimicrobials, preventing release of bacterial components into the neural milieu and consequential amplification of immune activation, and protection of the blood-brain barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Thorsdottir
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Bioclinicum, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Henriques-Normark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Bioclinicum, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE) and Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKC), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Federico Iovino
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Bioclinicum, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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44
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Bouillot S, Reboud E, Huber P. Functional Consequences of Calcium Influx Promoted by Bacterial Pore-Forming Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100387. [PMID: 30257425 PMCID: PMC6215193 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pore-forming toxins induce a rapid and massive increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration due to the formation of pores in the plasma membrane and/or activation of Ca2+-channels. As Ca2+ is an essential messenger in cellular signaling, a sustained increase in Ca2+ concentration has dramatic consequences on cellular behavior, eventually leading to cell death. However, host cells have adapted mechanisms to protect against Ca2+ intoxication, such as Ca2+ efflux and membrane repair. The final outcome depends upon the nature and concentration of the toxin and on the cell type. This review highlights the repercussions of Ca2+ overload on the induction of cell death, repair mechanisms, cellular adhesive properties, and the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bouillot
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS ERL5261, CEA BIG-BCI, INSERM UMR1036, Grenoble 38054, France.
| | - Emeline Reboud
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS ERL5261, CEA BIG-BCI, INSERM UMR1036, Grenoble 38054, France.
| | - Philippe Huber
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS ERL5261, CEA BIG-BCI, INSERM UMR1036, Grenoble 38054, France.
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45
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Muri L, Grandgirard D, Buri M, Perny M, Leib SL. Combined effect of non-bacteriolytic antibiotic and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases prevents brain injury and preserves learning, memory and hearing function in experimental paediatric pneumococcal meningitis. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:233. [PMID: 30131074 PMCID: PMC6103863 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal meningitis is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. Up to 50% of survivors show neurologic sequelae including hearing loss, cognitive impairments and learning disabilities, being particularly detrimental in affected infants and children where adjuvant therapy with dexamethasone has no proven beneficial effect. We evaluated the effect of concomitantly targeting specific pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for brain damage-i.e. matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and the exacerbated cerebral inflammation provoked through antibiotic-induced bacterial lysis. Here, we combined adjunctive therapies previously shown to be neuroprotective when used as single adjuvant therapies. METHODS Eleven-day-old Wistar rats were infected intracisternally with 6.44 ± 2.17 × 103 CFU Streptococcus pneumoniae and randomised for treatment with ceftriaxone combined with (a) single adjuvant therapy with daptomycin (n = 24), (b) single adjuvant therapy with Trocade (n = 24), (c) combined adjuvant therapy (n = 66) consisting of daptomycin and Trocade, or (d) ceftriaxone monotherapy (n = 42). Clinical parameters and inflammatory CSF cytokine levels were determined during acute meningitis. Cortical damage and hippocampal apoptosis were assessed 42 h after infection. Morris water maze and auditory brainstem responses were used to assess neurofunctional outcome 3 weeks after infection. RESULTS We found significantly reduced apoptosis in the hippocampal subgranular zone in infant rats receiving adjuvant Trocade (p < 0.01) or combined adjuvant therapy (p < 0.001). Cortical necrosis was significantly reduced in rats treated with adjuvant daptomycin (p < 0.05) or combined adjuvant therapy (p < 0.05) compared to ceftriaxone monotherapy. Six hours after treatment initiation, CSF cytokine levels were significantly reduced for TNF-α (p < 0.01), IL-1β (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.001) and IL-10 (p < 0.01) in animals receiving combined adjuvant intervention compared to ceftriaxone monotherapy. Importantly, combined adjuvant therapy significantly improved learning and memory performance in infected animals and reduced hearing loss (77.14 dB vs 60.92 dB, p < 0.05) by preserving low frequency hearing capacity, compared to ceftriaxone monotherapy. CONCLUSION Combined adjuvant therapy with the non-bacteriolytic antibiotic daptomycin and the MMP inhibitor Trocade integrates the neuroprotective effects of both single adjuvants in experimental paediatric pneumococcal meningitis by reducing neuroinflammation and brain damage, thereby improving neurofunctional outcome. This strategy represents a promising therapeutic option to improve the outcome of paediatric patients suffering from pneumococcal meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Muri
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Denis Grandgirard
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Buri
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Perny
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen L. Leib
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Bartual SG, Alcorlo M, Martínez-Caballero S, Molina R, Hermoso JA. Three-dimensional structures of Lipoproteins from Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:692-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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47
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Rizvi SMD, Hussain T, Ahmed ABF, Alshammari TM, Moin A, Ahmed MQ, Barreto GE, Kamal MA, Ashraf GM. Gold nanoparticles: A plausible tool to combat neurological bacterial infections in humans. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:7-18. [PMID: 30075371 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Management of bacterial infections of central nervous system is a major challenge for the scientists all over the world. Despite the development of various potential drugs, the issue of central nervous system infections persists in the society. The main constraint is the delivery of drugs across the blood brain barrier and only a few drugs after meeting the stringent criteria could cross the blood brain barrier. On the other hand, certain bacterial pathogens could easily enter the brain by using several factors and mechanisms by crossing the blood brain barriers. Interestingly, in the recent past, gold nanoparticles have shown immense potential to overcome the issues associated with the treatment of central nervous system infections, especially due to their inherent ability to cross the blood brain barrier. Initially, the present review summarized the recent updates on the pathogenesis and factors involved in neurological bacterial infections, including the mechanism used by bacterial pathogens to cross the blood brain barriers. Thereafter, the emphasis of the review was on providing current information on gold nanoparticles pertinent to their applicability for the treatment of neurological infections. After discussing the background of neurological bacterial infections, the characteristic features, antibacterial properties, mechanisms of antibacterial action and ability to cross the blood brain barrier of gold nanoparticles have been summarized. Some of the features of gold nanoparticles that make them an ideal candidate for brain delivery are biocompatibity, stability, ability to get synthesized in different sizes with facile methods, surface affinity towards various functional groups, spontaneous crossing of blood brain barrier without applying any external field and most importantly, easy non-invasive tracing by CT imaging. The current updates on the development of gold nanoparticles based therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of central nervous system infections have been discussed in the present study. However, further investigation would be required to translate these preclinical outcomes into clinical applications. Nevertheless, we could safely state that the information gathered and discussed in the present review would benefit the scientists working in the field of neuro-nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mohd Danish Rizvi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Talib Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abo Bakr Fathy Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamir M Alshammari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Qumani Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine,University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C, Colombia; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mohammad Ajmal Kamal
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Sydney, Australia; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia; King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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48
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Surve MV, Bhutda S, Datey A, Anil A, Rawat S, Pushpakaran A, Singh D, Kim KS, Chakravortty D, Banerjee A. Heterogeneity in pneumolysin expression governs the fate of Streptococcus pneumoniae during blood-brain barrier trafficking. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007168. [PMID: 30011336 PMCID: PMC6062133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Outcome of host-pathogen encounter is determined by the complex interplay between protective bacterial and host defense strategies. This complexity further amplifies with the existence of cell-to-cell phenotypic heterogeneity in pathogens which remains largely unexplored. In this study, we illustrated that heterogeneous expression of pneumolysin (Ply), a pore-forming toxin of the meningeal pathogen, S. pneumoniae (SPN) gives rise to stochastically different bacterial subpopulations with variable fate during passage across blood-brain barrier (BBB). We demonstrate that Ply mediated damage to pneumococcus containing vacuolar (PCV) membrane leads to recruitment of cytosolic "eat-me" signals, galectin-8 and ubiquitin, targeting SPN for autophagic clearance. However, a majority of high Ply producing subset extensively damages autophagosomes leading to pneumococcal escape into cytosol and efficient clearance by host ubiquitination machinery. Interestingly, a low Ply producing subset halts autophagosomal maturation and evades all intracellular defense mechanisms, promoting its prolonged survival and successful transcytosis across BBB, both in vitro and in vivo. Ply therefore acts as both, sword and shield implying that its smart regulation ensures optimal disease manifestation. Our elucidation of heterogeneity in Ply expression leading to disparate infection outcomes attempts to resolve the dubious role of Ply in pneumococcal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manalee Vishnu Surve
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Lab, Dept. of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, INDIA
| | - Smita Bhutda
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Lab, Dept. of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, INDIA
| | - Akshay Datey
- Dept. of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, INDIA
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, INDIA
| | - Anjali Anil
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Lab, Dept. of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, INDIA
| | - Shalini Rawat
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Lab, Dept. of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, INDIA
| | - Athira Pushpakaran
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Lab, Dept. of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, INDIA
| | - Dipty Singh
- National Centre for Preclinical Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), J. M. Street, Parel, Mumbai, INDIA
| | - Kwang Sik Kim
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Anirban Banerjee
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Lab, Dept. of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, INDIA
- * E-mail:
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49
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Li X, Yu Y, Gorshkov B, Haigh S, Bordan Z, Weintraub D, Rudic RD, Chakraborty T, Barman SA, Verin AD, Su Y, Lucas R, Stepp DW, Chen F, Fulton DJR. Hsp70 Suppresses Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Preserves Pulmonary Microvascular Barrier Integrity Following Exposure to Bacterial Toxins. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1309. [PMID: 29951058 PMCID: PMC6008539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is a leading cause of death in children and the elderly worldwide, accounting for 15% of all deaths of children under 5 years old. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common and aggressive cause of pneumonia and can also contribute to meningitis and sepsis. Despite the widespread use of antibiotics, mortality rates for pneumonia remain unacceptably high in part due to the release of bacterial toxins. Pneumolysin (PLY) is a cholesterol-dependent toxin that is produced by Streptococcus, and it is both necessary and sufficient for the development of the extensive pulmonary permeability edema that underlies acute lung injury. The mechanisms by which PLY disrupts the pulmonary endothelial barrier are not fully understood. Previously, we found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the barrier destructive effects of PLY and identified an unexpected but potent role of Hsp70 in suppressing ROS production. The ability of Hsp70 to influence PLY-induced barrier dysfunction is not yet described, and the goal of the current study was to identify whether Hsp70 upregulation is an effective strategy to protect the lung microvascular endothelial barrier from G+ bacterial toxins. Overexpression of Hsp70 via adenovirus-mediated gene transfer attenuated PLY-induced increases in permeability in human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC) with no evidence of cytotoxicity. To adopt a more translational approach, we employed a pharmacological approach using geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) to acutely upregulate endogenous Hsp70 expression. Following acute treatment (6 h) with GGA, HLMVECs exposed to PLY displayed improved cell viability and enhanced endothelial barrier function as measured by both Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) and transwell permeability assays compared to control treated cells. PLY promoted increased mitochondrial ROS, decreased mitochondrial oxygen consumption, and increased caspase 3 cleavage and cell death, which were collectively improved in cells pretreated with GGA. In mice, IP pretreatment with GGA 24 h prior to IT administration of PLY resulted in significantly less Evans Blue Dye extravasation compared to vehicle, indicating preserved endothelial barrier integrity and suggesting that the acute upregulation of Hsp70 may be an effective therapeutic approach in the treatment of lung injury associated with pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Li
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yanfang Yu
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Boris Gorshkov
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Stephen Haigh
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Zsuzsanna Bordan
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Radu Daniel Rudic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Scott A Barman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Alexander D Verin
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yunchao Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Rudolf Lucas
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - David W Stepp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Feng Chen
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - David J R Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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50
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Anderson R, Nel JG, Feldman C. Multifaceted Role of Pneumolysin in the Pathogenesis of Myocardial Injury in Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1147. [PMID: 29641429 PMCID: PMC5979279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumolysin (PLY), a member of the family of Gram-positive bacterial, cholesterol-dependent, β-barrel pore-forming cytolysins, is the major protein virulence factor of the dangerous respiratory pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). PLY plays a major role in the pathogenesis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), promoting colonization and invasion of the upper and lower respiratory tracts respectively, as well as extra-pulmonary dissemination of the pneumococcus. Notwithstanding its role in causing acute lung injury in severe CAP, PLY has also been implicated in the development of potentially fatal acute and delayed-onset cardiovascular events, which are now recognized as being fairly common complications of this condition. This review is focused firstly on updating mechanisms involved in the immunopathogenesis of PLY-mediated myocardial damage, specifically the direct cardiotoxic and immunosuppressive activities, as well as the indirect pro-inflammatory/pro-thrombotic activities of the toxin. Secondly, on PLY-targeted therapeutic strategies including, among others, macrolide antibiotics, natural product antagonists, cholesterol-containing liposomes, and fully humanized monoclonal antibodies, as well as on vaccine-based preventive strategies. These sections are preceded by overviews of CAP in general, the role of the pneumococcus as the causative pathogen, the occurrence and types of CAP-associated cardiac complication, and the structure and biological activities of PLY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Jan G Nel
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Charles Feldman
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 0002, South Africa.
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