1
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Bougnères P. Congenital Hypopituitarism: Current Agnostic Genetics Faces Its Limits. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024:dgae361. [PMID: 38905441 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bougnères
- MIRCen, CEA Paris-Saclay, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
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2
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Tamada A, Muguruma K. Recapitulation and investigation of human brain development with neural organoids. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:106-117. [PMID: 39007085 PMCID: PMC11240300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Organoids are 3D cultured tissues derived from stem cells that resemble the structure of living organs. Based on the accumulated knowledge of neural development, neural organoids that recapitulate neural tissue have been created by inducing self-organized neural differentiation of stem cells. Neural organoid techniques have been applied to human pluripotent stem cells to differentiate 3D human neural tissues in culture. Various methods have been developed to generate neural tissues of different regions. Currently, neural organoid technology has several significant limitations, which are being overcome in an attempt to create neural organoids that more faithfully recapitulate the living brain. The rapidly advancing neural organoid technology enables the use of living human neural tissue as research material and contributes to our understanding of the development, structure and function of the human nervous system, and is expected to be used to overcome neurological diseases and for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tamada
- Department of iPS Cell Applied Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Keiko Muguruma
- Department of iPS Cell Applied Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
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3
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Kwak T, Park SH, Lee S, Shin Y, Yoon KJ, Cho SW, Park JC, Yang SH, Cho H, Im HI, Ahn SJ, Sun W, Yang JH. Guidelines for Manufacturing and Application of Organoids: Brain. Int J Stem Cells 2024; 17:158-181. [PMID: 38777830 PMCID: PMC11170118 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc24056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study offers a comprehensive overview of brain organoids for researchers. It combines expert opinions with technical summaries on organoid definitions, characteristics, culture methods, and quality control. This approach aims to enhance the utilization of brain organoids in research. Brain organoids, as three-dimensional human cell models mimicking the nervous system, hold immense promise for studying the human brain. They offer advantages over traditional methods, replicating anatomical structures, physiological features, and complex neuronal networks. Additionally, brain organoids can model nervous system development and interactions between cell types and the microenvironment. By providing a foundation for utilizing the most human-relevant tissue models, this work empowers researchers to overcome limitations of two-dimensional cultures and conduct advanced disease modeling research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Si-Hyung Park
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Ki-Jun Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- Organoid Standards Initiative
| | - Seung-Woo Cho
- Organoid Standards Initiative
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Park
- Organoid Standards Initiative
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Yang
- Organoid Standards Initiative
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Heeyeong Cho
- Organoid Standards Initiative
- Center for Rare Disease Therapeutic Technology, Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Heh-In Im
- Organoid Standards Initiative
- Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Ju Ahn
- Organoid Standards Initiative
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Organoid Standards Initiative
| | - Ji Hun Yang
- Next & Bio Inc., Seoul, Korea
- Organoid Standards Initiative
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4
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Gilbert PM, Hofmann S, Ng HH, Vankelecom H, Wells JM. Organoids in endocrine and metabolic research: current and emerging applications. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:195-201. [PMID: 38182746 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Penney M Gilbert
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands.
| | - Huck-Hui Ng
- Laboratory of Precision Disease Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Division of Endocrinology, Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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5
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Pérez Millán MI, Cheung LYM, Mercogliano F, Camilletti MA, Chirino Felker GT, Moro LN, Miriuka S, Brinkmeier ML, Camper SA. Pituitary stem cells: past, present and future perspectives. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:77-92. [PMID: 38102391 PMCID: PMC10964491 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00922-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary cells that express the transcription factor SOX2 are stem cells because they can self-renew and differentiate into multiple pituitary hormone-producing cell types as organoids. Wounding and physiological challenges can activate pituitary stem cells, but cell numbers are not fully restored, and the ability to mobilize stem cells decreases with increasing age. The basis of these limitations is still unknown. The regulation of stem cell quiescence and activation involves many different signalling pathways, including those mediated by WNT, Hippo and several cytokines; more research is needed to understand the interactions between these pathways. Pituitary organoids can be formed from human or mouse embryonic stem cells, or from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Human pituitary organoid transplantation is sufficient to induce corticosterone release in hypophysectomized mice, raising the possibility of therapeutic applications. Today, pituitary organoids have the potential to assess the role of individual genes and genetic variants on hormone production ex vivo, providing an important tool for the advancement of exciting frontiers in pituitary stem cell biology and pituitary organogenesis. In this article, we provide an overview of notable discoveries in pituitary stem cell function and highlight important areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Inés Pérez Millán
- Institute of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (IB3-UBA), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonard Y M Cheung
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Florencia Mercogliano
- Institute of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (IB3-UBA), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Andrea Camilletti
- Institute of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (IB3-UBA), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo T Chirino Felker
- Laboratory of Applied Research of Neurosciences (LIAN-CONICET), FLENI Sede Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucia N Moro
- Laboratory of Applied Research of Neurosciences (LIAN-CONICET), FLENI Sede Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Miriuka
- Laboratory of Applied Research of Neurosciences (LIAN-CONICET), FLENI Sede Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Michelle L Brinkmeier
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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6
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Cai Y, Liu S, Zhao X, Ren L, Liu X, Gang X, Wang G. Pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment of plurihormonal pituitary adenoma. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1323883. [PMID: 38260014 PMCID: PMC10800528 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1323883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Plurihormonal pituitary adenoma (PPA) is a type of pituitary tumor capable of producing two or more hormones and usually presents as an aggressive, large adenoma. As yet, its pathogenesis remains unclear. This is the first study to systematically summarize the underlying pathogenesis of PPA. The pathogenesis is related to plurihormonal primordial stem cells, co-transcription factors, hormone co-expression, differential gene expression, and cell transdifferentiation. We conducted a literature review of PPA and analyzed its clinical characteristics. We found that the average age of patients with PPA was approximately 40 years, and most showed only one clinical symptom. The most common manifestation was acromegaly. Currently, PPA is treated with surgical resection. However, recent studies suggest that immunotherapy may be a potentially effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiaokun Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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7
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Kamei T, Tamada A, Kimura T, Kakizuka A, Asai A, Muguruma K. Survival and process outgrowth of human iPSC-derived cells expressing Purkinje cell markers in a mouse model for spinocerebellar degenerative disease. Exp Neurol 2023; 369:114511. [PMID: 37634697 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Purkinje cells are the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex and play central roles in the integration of cerebellum-related motor coordination and memory. The loss or dysfunction of Purkinje cells due to cerebellar atrophy leads to severe ataxia. Here we used in vivo transplantation to examine the function of human iPS cell-derived cerebellar progenitors in adult transgenic mice in which Purkinje-specific cell death occurs due to cytotoxicity of polyglutamines. Transplantation using cerebellar organoids (42-48 days in culture), which are rich in neural progenitors, showed a viability of >50% 4 weeks after transplantation. STEM121+ grafted cells extended their processes toward the deep cerebellar nuclei, superior cerebellar peduncle, and vestibulocerebellar nuclei. The transplanted cells were mostly located in the white matter, and they were not found in the Purkinje cell layer. MAP2-positive fibers seen in the molecular layer of cerebellar cortex received VGluT2 inputs from climbing fibers. Transplanted neural progenitors overgrew in the host cerebellum but were suppressed by pretreatment with the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT. Hyperproliferation was also suppressed by transplantation with more differentiated organoids (86 days in culture) or KIRREL2-positive cells purified by FACS sorting. Transplanted cells expressed Purkinje cell markers, GABA, CALB1 and L7, though they did not show fan-shaped morphology. We attempted to improve neuronal integration of stem cell-derived cerebellar progenitors by transplantation into the adult mouse, but this was not successfully achieved. Our findings in the present study contribute to regenerative medical application for cerebellar degeneration and provide new insights into cerebellar development in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Kamei
- Department of iPS Cell Applied Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamada
- Department of iPS Cell Applied Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Toshiya Kimura
- Department of iPS Cell Applied Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Akira Kakizuka
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akio Asai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Muguruma
- Department of iPS Cell Applied Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan; Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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8
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Laporte E, Vankelecom H. Organoid models of the pituitary gland in health and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1233714. [PMID: 37614709 PMCID: PMC10442803 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1233714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The pituitary gland represents the hub of our endocrine system. Its cells produce specific hormones that direct multiple vital physiological processes such as body growth, fertility, and stress. The gland also contains a population of stem cells which are still enigmatic in phenotype and function. Appropriate research models are needed to advance our knowledge on pituitary (stem cell) biology. Over the last decade, 3D organoid models have been established, either derived from the pituitary stem cells or from pluripotent stem cells, covering both healthy and diseased conditions. Here, we summarize the state-of-the-art of pituitary-allied organoid models and discuss applications of these powerful in vitro research and translational tools to study pituitary development, biology, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Laporte
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Taga S, Suga H, Nakano T, Kuwahara A, Inoshita N, Kodani Y, Nagasaki H, Sato Y, Tsumura Y, Sakakibara M, Soen M, Miwata T, Ozaki H, Kano M, Watari K, Ikeda A, Yamanaka M, Takahashi Y, Kitamoto S, Kawaguchi Y, Miyata T, Kobayashi T, Sugiyama M, Onoue T, Yasuda Y, Hagiwara D, Iwama S, Tomigahara Y, Kimura T, Arima H. Generation and purification of ACTH-secreting hPSC-derived pituitary cells for effective transplantation. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1657-1671. [PMID: 37295423 PMCID: PMC10444568 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary organoids are promising graft sources for transplantation in treatment of hypopituitarism. Building on development of self-organizing culture to generate pituitary-hypothalamic organoids (PHOs) using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), we established techniques to generate PHOs using feeder-free hPSCs and to purify pituitary cells. The PHOs were uniformly and reliably generated through preconditioning of undifferentiated hPSCs and modulation of Wnt and TGF-β signaling after differentiation. Cell sorting using EpCAM, a pituitary cell-surface marker, successfully purified pituitary cells, reducing off-target cell numbers. EpCAM-expressing purified pituitary cells reaggregated to form three-dimensional pituitary spheres (3D-pituitaries). These exhibited high adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretory capacity and responded to both positive and negative regulators. When transplanted into hypopituitary mice, the 3D-pituitaries engrafted, improved ACTH levels, and responded to in vivo stimuli. This method of generating purified pituitary tissue opens new avenues of research for pituitary regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Taga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan; Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Tokushige Nakano
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuwahara
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoshita
- Department of Pathology, Moriyama Memorial Hospital, 4-3-1 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-0081, Japan
| | - Yu Kodani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagasaki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mayu Sakakibara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mika Soen
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Miwata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hajime Ozaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kano
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Watari
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ikeda
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Yamanaka
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Takahashi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kitamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mariko Sugiyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takeshi Onoue
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yasuda
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hagiwara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shintaro Iwama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tomigahara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka 554-8558, Japan; Nihon Medi-Physics Co., Ltd., Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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10
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An MJ, Lee HM, Kim CH, Shin GS, Jo AR, Kim JY, Kim MJ, Kim J, Park J, Hwangbo Y, Kim J, Kim JW. c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) phosphorylates OTX2 transcription factor that regulates early retinal development. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:429-435. [PMID: 36434388 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-022-01342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2) has critical functions in brain and eye development, and its mutations in humans are related to retinal diseases, such as ocular coloboma and microphthalmia. However, the regulatory mechanisms of OTX2 are poorly identified. OBJECTIVE The identification of JNK1 as an OTX2 regulatory protein through the protein interaction and phosphorylation. METHODS To identify the binding partner of OTX2, we performed co-immunoprecipitation and detected with a pooled antibody that targeted effective kinases. The protein interaction between JNK1 and OTX2 was identified with the co-immunoprecipitation and immunocytochemistry. In vivo and in vitro kinase assay of JNK1 was performed to detect the phosphorylation of OTX2 by JNK1. RESULTS JNK1 directly interacted with OTX2 through the transactivation domain at the c-terminal region. The protein-protein interaction and co-localization between JNK1 and OTX2 were further validated in the developing P0 mouse retina. In addition, we confirmed that the inactivation of JNK1 K55N mutant significantly reduced the JNK1-mediated phosphorylation of OTX2 by performing an immune complex protein kinase assay. CONCLUSION c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) phosphorylates OTX2 transcription factor through the protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jin An
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Min Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Chul-Hong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Geun-Seup Shin
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Jo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Mi Jin Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Jinho Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Jinhong Park
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Yujeong Hwangbo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Jeongkyu Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Jung-Woong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea.
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11
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Swingler M, Donadoni M, Bellizzi A, Cakir S, Sariyer IK. iPSC-derived three-dimensional brain organoid models and neurotropic viral infections. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:121-134. [PMID: 37097597 PMCID: PMC10127962 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Progress in stem cell research has revolutionized the medical field for more than two decades. More recently, the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has allowed for the development of advanced disease modeling and tissue engineering platforms. iPSCs are generated from adult somatic cells by reprogramming them into an embryonic-like state via the expression of transcription factors required for establishing pluripotency. In the context of the central nervous system (CNS), iPSCs have the potential to differentiate into a wide variety of brain cell types including neurons, astrocytes, microglial cells, endothelial cells, and oligodendrocytes. iPSCs can be used to generate brain organoids by using a constructive approach in three-dimensional (3D) culture in vitro. Recent advances in 3D brain organoid modeling have provided access to a better understanding of cell-to-cell interactions in disease progression, particularly with neurotropic viral infections. Neurotropic viral infections have been difficult to study in two-dimensional culture systems in vitro due to the lack of a multicellular composition of CNS cell networks. In recent years, 3D brain organoids have been preferred for modeling neurotropic viral diseases and have provided invaluable information for better understanding the molecular regulation of viral infection and cellular responses. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on recent advances in iPSC-derived 3D brain organoid culturing and their utilization in modeling major neurotropic viral infections including HIV-1, HSV-1, JCV, ZIKV, CMV, and SARS-CoV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Swingler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Martina Donadoni
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Anna Bellizzi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Senem Cakir
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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12
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Song C, Chen X, Ma J, Buhe H, Liu Y, Saiyin H, Ma L. Construction of a pancreatic cancer nerve invasion system using brain and pancreatic cancer organoids. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314221147113. [PMID: 36636100 PMCID: PMC9829995 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221147113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a fatal malignancy in the human abdominal cavity that prefers to invade the surrounding nerve/nerve plexus and even the spine, causing devastating and unbearable pain. The limitation of available in vitro models restricts revealing the molecular mechanism of pain and screening pain-relieving strategies to improve the quality of life of end-stage PC patients. Here, we report a PC nerve invasion model that merged human brain organoids (hBrO) with mouse PC organoids (mPCO). After merging hBrOs with mPCOs, we monitored the structural crosstalk, growth patterns, and mutual interaction dynamics of hBrO with mPCOs for 7 days. After 7 days, we also analyzed the pathophysiological statuses, including proliferation, apoptosis and inflammation. The results showed that mPCOs tend to approximate and intrude into the hBrOs, merge entirely into the hBrOs, and induce the retraction/shrinking of neuronal projections that protrude from the margin of the hBrOs. The approximating of mPCOs to hBrOs accelerated the proliferation of neuronal progenitor cells, intensified the apoptosis of neurons in the hBrOs, and increased the expression of inflammatory molecules in hBrOs, including NLRP3, IL-8, and IL-1β. Our system pathophysiologically replicated the nerve invasions in mouse GEMM (genetically engineered mouse model) primary and human PCs and might have the potential to be applied to reveal the molecular mechanism of nerve invasion and screen therapeutic strategies in PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Histology &
Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology &
Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Jixin Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Histology &
Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Hada Buhe
- The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical
University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology &
Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Hexige Saiyin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic
Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic
of China,Hexige Saiyin, State Key Laboratory of
Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road,
Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China.
| | - Lixiang Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Histology &
Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s
Republic of China
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13
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Sun C, Chen S. Disease-causing mutations in genes encoding transcription factors critical for photoreceptor development. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1134839. [PMID: 37181651 PMCID: PMC10172487 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1134839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor development of the vertebrate visual system is controlled by a complex transcription regulatory network. OTX2 is expressed in the mitotic retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and controls photoreceptor genesis. CRX that is activated by OTX2 is expressed in photoreceptor precursors after cell cycle exit. NEUROD1 is also present in photoreceptor precursors that are ready to specify into rod and cone photoreceptor subtypes. NRL is required for the rod fate and regulates downstream rod-specific genes including the orphan nuclear receptor NR2E3 which further activates rod-specific genes and simultaneously represses cone-specific genes. Cone subtype specification is also regulated by the interplay of several transcription factors such as THRB and RXRG. Mutations in these key transcription factors are responsible for ocular defects at birth such as microphthalmia and inherited photoreceptor diseases such as Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and allied dystrophies. In particular, many mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, including the majority of missense mutations in CRX and NRL. In this review, we describe the spectrum of photoreceptor defects that are associated with mutations in the above-mentioned transcription factors, and summarize the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenic mutations. At last, we deliberate the outstanding gaps in our understanding of the genotype-phenotype correlations and outline avenues for future research of the treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Chi Sun,
| | - Shiming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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14
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Differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into hypothalamic vasopressin neurons with minimal exogenous signals and partial conversion to the naive state. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17381. [PMID: 36253431 PMCID: PMC9576732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (FNDI) is a degenerative disease of vasopressin (AVP) neurons. Studies in mouse in vivo models indicate that accumulation of mutant AVP prehormone is associated with FNDI pathology. However, studying human FNDI pathology in vivo is technically challenging. Therefore, an in vitro human model needs to be developed. When exogenous signals are minimized in the early phase of differentiation in vitro, mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs)/induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) differentiate into AVP neurons, whereas human ESCs/iPSCs die. Human ESCs/iPSCs are generally more similar to mouse epiblast stem cells (mEpiSCs) compared to mouse ESCs. In this study, we converted human FNDI-specific iPSCs by the naive conversion kit. Although the conversion was partial, we found improved cell survival under minimal exogenous signals and differentiation into rostral hypothalamic organoids. Overall, this method provides a simple and straightforward differentiation direction, which may improve the efficiency of hypothalamic differentiation.
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15
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Disease Modeling of Pituitary Adenoma Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153660. [PMID: 35954322 PMCID: PMC9367606 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pituitary adenoma pathophysiology has been studied mainly using murine cell lines, animal models, and pituitary tumor samples. However, the lack of human pituitary cell line is a significant limiting factor in studying the molecular mechanisms of human pituitary tumors. Recently, pituitary induction methods from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been established. These methods can induce human pituitary hormone-producing cells that retain physiological properties. hiPSCs in which tumor-causing gene mutations are introduced using genome-editing techniques, such as CRISPR/Cas9 systems, provide great opportunities to establish in vitro human pituitary adenoma disease models. The models will be a novel platform to discover novel drugs and investigate tumorigenesis and pathophysiology. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the applications of iPSCs for pituitary and neoplastic disorder research and genome-editing technologies to create strategies for developing pituitary adenoma models using iPSCs. Abstract Pituitary adenomas are characterized by abnormal growth in the pituitary gland. Surgical excision is the first-line treatment for functional (hormone-producing) pituitary adenomas, except for prolactin-producing adenomas; however, complete excision is technically challenging, and many patients require long-term medication after the treatment. In addition, the pathophysiology of pituitary adenomas, such as tumorigenesis, has not been fully understood. Pituitary adenoma pathophysiology has mainly been studied using animal models and animal tumor-derived cell lines. Nevertheless, experimental studies on human pituitary adenomas are difficult because of the significant differences among species and the lack of reliable cell lines. Recently, several methods have been established to differentiate pituitary cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). The induced pituitary hormone-producing cells retain the physiological properties already lost in tumor-derived cell lines. Moreover, CRISPR/Cas9 systems have expedited the introduction of causative gene mutations in various malignant tumors into hPSCs. Therefore, hPSC-derived pituitary cells have great potential as a novel platform for studying the pathophysiology of human-specific pituitary adenomas and developing novel drugs. This review presents an overview of the recent progresses in hPSC applications for pituitary research, functional pituitary adenoma pathogenesis, and genome-editing techniques for introducing causative mutations. We also discuss future applications of hPSCs for studying pituitary adenomas.
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16
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Griffero M, Benedetti AFF, Pérez M, Carvalho L, Jorge A, Latronico AC, Mendonca B, Arnhold I, Mericq V. Novel OTX2 loss of function variant associated with congenital hypopituitarism without eye abnormalities. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2022; 35:831-835. [PMID: 35320640 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2021-0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The normal development of the pituitary gland requires multiple induction signals and transcription factors encoded by more than 30 genes, including OTX2. OTX2 mutations have been described with eye abnormalities and variable congenital hypopituitarism, but rarely with hypopituitarism without ocular manifestations. CASE PRESENTATION We report a girl with hypopituitarism associated with pituitary hypoplasia and pituitary stalk atrophy, without ocular manifestations. NGS revealed a novel heterozygous mutation in OTX2 c.426dupC:p.(Ser143Leufs*2). CONCLUSIONS Mutations in the transcription factor OTX2 have been associated with ocular, craniofacial, and pituitary development anomalies. Here we describe a novel mutation in OTX2 associated with hypopituitarism without an ocular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Griffero
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research (IDIMI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anna Flavia Figueredo Benedetti
- Laboratório de Sequenciamento em Larga Escala (SELA), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcela Pérez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Las Condes and Hospital Salvador, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luciani Carvalho
- Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Departamento de Clinica Medica, LIM/42, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander Jorge
- Laboratório de Sequenciamento em Larga Escala (SELA), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Departamento de Clinica Medica, LIM/42, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Latronico
- Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Departamento de Clinica Medica, LIM/42, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Berenice Mendonca
- Laboratório de Sequenciamento em Larga Escala (SELA), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Departamento de Clinica Medica, LIM/42, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivo Arnhold
- Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Departamento de Clinica Medica, LIM/42, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verónica Mericq
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research (IDIMI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Susaimanickam PJ, Kiral FR, Park IH. Region Specific Brain Organoids to Study Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Int J Stem Cells 2022; 15:26-40. [PMID: 35220290 PMCID: PMC8889336 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Region specific brain organoids are brain organoids derived by patterning protocols using extrinsic signals as opposed to cerebral organoids obtained by self-patterning. The main focus of this review is to discuss various region-specific brain organoids developed so far and their application in modeling neurodevelopmental disease. We first discuss the principles of neural axis formation by series of growth factors, such as SHH, WNT, BMP signalings, that are critical to generate various region-specific brain organoids. Then we discuss various neurodevelopmental disorders modeled so far with these region-specific brain organoids, and findings made on mechanism and treatment options for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Joseph Susaimanickam
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ferdi Ridvan Kiral
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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18
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Kodani Y, Kawata M, Suga H, Kasai T, Ozone C, Sakakibara M, Kuwahara A, Taga S, Arima H, Kameyama T, Saito K, Nakashima A, Nagasaki H. EpCAM Is a Surface Marker for Enriching Anterior Pituitary Cells From Human Hypothalamic-Pituitary Organoids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:941166. [PMID: 35903276 PMCID: PMC9316845 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.941166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human stem cell-derived organoid culture enables the in vitro analysis of the cellular function in three-dimensional aggregates mimicking native organs, and also provides a valuable source of specific cell types in the human body. We previously established organoid models of the hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) complex using human pluripotent stem cells. Although the models are suitable for investigating developmental and functional HP interactions, we consider that isolated pituitary cells are also useful for basic and translational research on the pituitary gland, such as stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. To develop a method for the purification of pituitary cells in HP organoids, we performed surface marker profiling of organoid cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Screening of 332 human cell surface markers and a subsequent immunohistochemical analysis identified epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) as a surface marker of anterior pituitary cells, as well as their ectodermal precursors. EpCAM was not expressed on hypothalamic lineages; thus, anterior pituitary cells were successfully enriched by magnetic separation of EpCAM+ cells from iPSC-derived HP organoids. The enriched pituitary population contained functional corticotrophs and their progenitors; the former responded normally to a corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Our findings would extend the applicability of organoid culture as a novel source of human anterior pituitary cells, including stem/progenitor cells and their endocrine descendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kodani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Miho Kawata
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hidetaka Suga, ; Hiroshi Nagasaki,
| | - Takatoshi Kasai
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chikafumi Ozone
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mayu Sakakibara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuwahara
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Shiori Taga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kameyama
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kanako Saito
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Akira Nakashima
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagasaki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hidetaka Suga, ; Hiroshi Nagasaki,
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19
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Kano M, Sasaki H, Miwata T, Suga H. Recipe for pituitary organoids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1025825. [PMID: 36743928 PMCID: PMC9892717 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1025825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of a variety of organs and tissues from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has been attempted in vitro. We here present a simple and efficient method for induction of hypothalamic and pituitary tissues from hPSCs. On provision of exogenous agents important for early hypothalamus-pituitary organogenesis, including bone morphogenetic protein 4 and activators of sonic hedgehog, in three-dimensional culture, hPSCs spontaneously form spherical organoids with two distinct tissues, hypothalamus and adenohypophysis. The pituitary tissues derived from hPSCs not only secrete adenocorticotropic hormone, but also retain both positive and negative feedback mechanisms, recapitulating mature endocrine organs in vivo. Furthermore, the results of ectopic transplantation with mouse models of hypopituitarism suggest that these hypothalamus-pituitary organoids have potential as engraftment organs. In addition to their use in transplantation for patients with hypopituitarism they will allow establishment of disease models in vitro and enable research impossible in humans. Hypothalamus-pituitary organoids promise to be a powerful tool in regenerative medicine, drug discovery, and basic research into pituitary development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kano
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Mayuko Kano, ; Hidetaka Suga,
| | - Hiroo Sasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Miwata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- *Correspondence: Mayuko Kano, ; Hidetaka Suga,
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20
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Bhattacharya A, Choi WWY, Muffat J, Li Y. Modeling Developmental Brain Diseases Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Brain Organoids - Progress and Perspective. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167386. [PMID: 34883115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Developmental brain diseases encompass a group of conditions resulting from genetic or environmental perturbations during early development. Despite the increased research attention in recent years following recognition of the prevalence of these diseases, there is still a significant lack of knowledge of their etiology and treatment options. The genetic and clinical heterogeneity of these diseases, in addition to the limitations of experimental animal models, contribute to this difficulty. In this regard, the advent of brain organoid technology has provided a new means to study the cause and progression of developmental brain diseases in vitro. Derived from human pluripotent stem cells, brain organoids have been shown to recapitulate key developmental milestones of the early human brain. Combined with technological advancements in genome editing, tissue engineering, electrophysiology, and multi-omics analysis, brain organoids have expanded the frontiers of human neurobiology, providing valuable insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of normal and pathological brain development. This review will summarize the current progress of applying brain organoids to model human developmental brain diseases and discuss the challenges that need to be overcome to further advance their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrin Bhattacharya
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; The University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Wendy W Y Choi
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; The University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Julien Muffat
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; The University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Yun Li
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; The University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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21
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Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional structures that self-organize from human pluripotent stem cells or primary tissue, potentially serving as a traceable and manipulatable platform to facilitate our understanding of organogenesis. Despite the ongoing advancement in generating organoids of diverse systems, biological applications of in vitro generated organoids remain as a major challenge in part due to a substantial lack of intricate complexity. The studies of development and regeneration enumerate the essential roles of highly diversified nonepithelial populations such as mesenchyme and endothelium in directing fate specification, morphogenesis, and maturation. Furthermore, organoids with physiological and homeostatic functions require direct and indirect inter-organ crosstalk recapitulating what is seen in organogenesis. We herein review the evolving organoid technology at the cell, tissue, organ, and system level with a main emphasis on endoderm derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Iwasawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
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22
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Prevot V. International Neuroendocrine Federation: Year 2020 in Review. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e13059. [PMID: 34738672 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this “Year 2020 in Review”, we highlight a few major achievements selected from the work of 10 member societies of the International Neuroendocrine Federation, encompassing national, regional and thematic societies from around 30 countries. Despite the Covid‐19 pandemic, many remarkable breakthroughs have come to light in 2020, testifying to the dedication of our researchers and providing a ray of optimism as we head towards the 10th International Congress of Neuroendocrinology (ICN) to be held in Glasgow in August 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S 1172, Lille, 59000, France
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23
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Complex Organ Construction from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Biological Research and Disease Modeling with New Emerging Techniques. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910184. [PMID: 34638524 PMCID: PMC8508560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are grouped into two cell types; embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). hESCs have provided multiple powerful platforms to study human biology, including human development and diseases; however, there were difficulties in the establishment of hESCs from human embryo and concerns over its ethical issues. The discovery of hiPSCs has expanded to various applications in no time because hiPSCs had already overcome these problems. Many hPSC-based studies have been performed using two-dimensional monocellular culture methods at the cellular level. However, in many physiological and pathophysiological conditions, intra- and inter-organ interactions play an essential role, which has hampered the establishment of an appropriate study model. Therefore, the application of recently developed technologies, such as three-dimensional organoids, bioengineering, and organ-on-a-chip technology, has great potential for constructing multicellular tissues, generating the functional organs from hPSCs, and recapitulating complex tissue functions for better biological research and disease modeling. Moreover, emerging techniques, such as single-cell transcriptomics, spatial transcriptomics, and artificial intelligence (AI) allowed for a denser and more precise analysis of such heterogeneous and complex tissues. Here, we review the applications of hPSCs to construct complex organs and discuss further prospects of disease modeling and drug discovery based on these PSC-derived organs.
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24
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Bando H, Gergics P, Bohnsack BL, Toolan KP, Richter CE, Shavit JA, Camper SA. Otx2b mutant zebrafish have pituitary, eye and mandible defects that model mammalian disease. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1648-1657. [PMID: 32277752 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by mutations in over 30 genes. The loss-of-function mutations in many of these genes, including orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2), can present with a broad range of clinical symptoms, which provides a challenge for predicting phenotype from genotype. Another challenge in human genetics is functional evaluation of rare genetic variants that are predicted to be deleterious. Zebrafish are an excellent vertebrate model for evaluating gene function and disease pathogenesis, especially because large numbers of progeny can be obtained, overcoming the challenge of individual variation. To clarify the utility of zebrafish for the analysis of CPHD-related genes, we analyzed the effect of OTX2 loss of function in zebrafish. The otx2b gene is expressed in the developing hypothalamus, and otx2bhu3625/hu3625 fish exhibit multiple defects in the development of head structures and are not viable past 10 days post fertilization (dpf). Otx2bhu3625/hu3625 fish have a small hypothalamus and low expression of pituitary growth hormone and prolactin (prl). The gills of otx2bhu3625/hu3625 fish have weak sodium influx, consistent with the role of prolactin in osmoregulation. The otx2bhu3625/hu3625 eyes are microphthalmic with colobomas, which may underlie the inability of the mutant fish to find food. The small pituitary and eyes are associated with reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis evident at 3 and 5 dpf, respectively. These observations establish the zebrafish as a useful tool for the analysis of CPHD genes with variable and complex phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Bando
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter Gergics
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Brenda L Bohnsack
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kevin P Toolan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Catherine E Richter
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jordan A Shavit
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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25
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Bodnar B, Zhang Y, Liu J, Lin Y, Wang P, Wei Z, Saribas S, Zhu Y, Li F, Wang X, Yang W, Li Q, Ho WZ, Hu W. Novel Scalable and Simplified System to Generate Microglia-Containing Cerebral Organoids From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:682272. [PMID: 34290591 PMCID: PMC8288463 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.682272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral organoid (CO) is a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture system that recapitulates the developing human brain. While CO has proved an invaluable tool for studying neurological disorders in a more clinically relevant matter, there have still been several shortcomings including CO variability and reproducibility as well as lack of or underrepresentation of certain cell types typically found in the brain. As the technology to generate COs has continued to improve, more efficient and streamlined protocols have addressed some of these issues. Here we present a novel scalable and simplified system to generate microglia-containing CO (MCO). We characterize the cell types and dynamic development of MCOs and validate that these MCOs harbor microglia, astrocytes, neurons, and neural stem/progenitor cells, maturing in a manner that reflects human brain development. We introduce a novel technique for the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) directly from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that involves simplified steps of transitioning directly from 3D cultures as well as orbital shaking culture in a standard 6-well culture plate. This allows for the generation of MCOs with an easy-to-use system that is affordable and accessible by any general lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Bodnar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yongang Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS and PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Jinbiao Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zhengyu Wei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sami Saribas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yuanjun Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Wenli Yang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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26
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Gregory LC, Gergics P, Nakaguma M, Bando H, Patti G, McCabe MJ, Fang Q, Ma Q, Ozel AB, Li JZ, Poina MM, Jorge AAL, Benedetti AFF, Lerario AM, Arnhold IJP, Mendonca BB, Maghnie M, Camper SA, Carvalho LRS, Dattani MT. The phenotypic spectrum associated with OTX2 mutations in humans. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 185:121-135. [PMID: 33950863 PMCID: PMC8437083 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective The transcription factor OTX2 is implicated in ocular, craniofacial, and pituitary development. Design We aimed to establish the contribution of OTX2 mutations in congenital hypopituitarism patients with/without eye abnormalities, study functional consequences, and establish OTX2 expression in the human brain, with a view to investigate the mechanism of action. Methods We screened patients from the UK (n = 103), international centres (n = 24), and Brazil (n = 282); 145 were within the septo-optic dysplasia spectrum, and 264 had no eye phenotype. Transactivation ability of OTX2 variants was analysed in murine hypothalamic GT1-7 neurons. In situ hybridization was performed on human embryonic brain sections. Genetically engineered mice were generated with a series of C-terminal OTX2 variants. Results Two chromosomal deletions and six haploinsufficient mutations were identified in individuals with eye abnormalities; an affected relative of one patient harboured the same mutation without an ocular phenotype. OTX2 truncations led to significant transactivation reduction. A missense variant was identified in another patient without eye abnormalities; however, studies revealed it was most likely not causative. In the mouse, truncations proximal to aa219 caused anophthalmia, while distal truncations and the missense variant were tolerated. During human embryogenesis, OTX2 was expressed in the posterior pituitary, retina, ear, thalamus, choroid plexus, and partially in the hypothalamus, but not in the anterior pituitary. Conclusions OTX2 mutations are rarely associated with hypopituitarism in isolation without eye abnormalities, and may be variably penetrant, even within the same pedigree. Our data suggest that the endocrine phenotypes in patients with OTX2 mutations are of hypothalamic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Gregory
- Section of Molecular Basis of Rare Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Peter Gergics
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marilena Nakaguma
- Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hironori Bando
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Giuseppa Patti
- Section of Molecular Basis of Rare Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Mark J McCabe
- Section of Molecular Basis of Rare Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Qing Fang
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Qianyi Ma
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ayse Bilge Ozel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michele Moreira Poina
- Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna F Figueredo Benedetti
- Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio M Lerario
- Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivo J P Arnhold
- Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Berenice B Mendonca
- Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mohamad Maghnie
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Luciani R S Carvalho
- Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- Section of Molecular Basis of Rare Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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27
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Hendriks D, Clevers H, Artegiani B. CRISPR-Cas Tools and Their Application in Genetic Engineering of Human Stem Cells and Organoids. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 27:705-731. [PMID: 33157047 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas technology has revolutionized biological research and holds great therapeutic potential. Here, we review CRISPR-Cas systems and their latest developments with an emphasis on application to human cells. We also discuss how different CRISPR-based strategies can be used to accomplish a particular genome engineering goal. We then review how different CRISPR tools have been used in genome engineering of human stem cells in vitro, covering both the pluripotent (iPSC/ESC) and somatic adult stem cell fields and, in particular, 3D organoid cultures. Finally, we discuss the progress and challenges associated with CRISPR-based genome editing of human stem cells for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delilah Hendriks
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Benedetta Artegiani
- The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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28
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Silva TP, Sousa-Luís R, Fernandes TG, Bekman EP, Rodrigues CAV, Vaz SH, Moreira LM, Hashimura Y, Jung S, Lee B, Carmo-Fonseca M, Cabral JMS. Transcriptome profiling of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebellar organoids reveals faster commitment under dynamic conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2781-2803. [PMID: 33871054 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have great potential for disease modeling. However, generating iPSC-derived models to study brain diseases remains a challenge. In particular, the ability to recapitulate cerebellar development in vitro is still limited. We presented a reproducible and scalable production of cerebellar organoids by using the novel single-use Vertical-Wheel bioreactors, in which functional cerebellar neurons were obtained. Here, we evaluate the global gene expression profiles by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) across cerebellar differentiation, demonstrating a faster cerebellar commitment in this novel dynamic differentiation protocol. Furthermore, transcriptomic profiles suggest a significant enrichment of extracellular matrix (ECM) in dynamic-derived cerebellar organoids, which can better mimic the neural microenvironment and support a consistent neuronal network. Thus, an efficient generation of organoids with cerebellar identity was achieved for the first time in a continuous process using a dynamic system without the need of organoids encapsulation in ECM-based hydrogels, allowing the possibility of large-scale production and application in high-throughput processes. The presence of factors that favors angiogenesis onset was also detected in dynamic conditions, which can enhance functional maturation of cerebellar organoids. We anticipate that large-scale production of cerebellar organoids may help developing models for drug screening, toxicological tests, and studying pathological pathways involved in cerebellar degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa P Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Sousa-Luís
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago G Fernandes
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Evguenia P Bekman
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A V Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra H Vaz
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, Portugal
| | - Leonilde M Moreira
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | - Brian Lee
- PBS Biotech, Camarillo, California, USA
| | - Maria Carmo-Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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29
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Lonfat N, Wang S, Lee C, Garcia M, Choi J, Park PJ, Cepko C. Cis-regulatory dissection of cone development reveals a broad role for Otx2 and Oc transcription factors. Development 2021; 148:dev198549. [PMID: 33929509 PMCID: PMC8126413 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate retina is generated by retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), which produce >100 cell types. Although some RPCs produce many cell types, other RPCs produce restricted types of daughter cells, such as a cone photoreceptor and a horizontal cell (HC). We used genome-wide assays of chromatin structure to compare the profiles of a restricted cone/HC RPC and those of other RPCs in chicks. These data nominated regions of regulatory activity, which were tested in tissue, leading to the identification of many cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) active in cone/HC RPCs and developing cones. Two transcription factors, Otx2 and Oc1, were found to bind to many of these CRMs, including those near genes important for cone development and function, and their binding sites were required for activity. We also found that Otx2 has a predicted autoregulatory CRM. These results suggest that Otx2, Oc1 and possibly other Onecut proteins have a broad role in coordinating cone development and function. The many newly discovered CRMs for cones are potentially useful reagents for gene therapy of cone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lonfat
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blavatnik Institute; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Su Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Blavatnik Institute; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - ChangHee Lee
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mauricio Garcia
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blavatnik Institute; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiho Choi
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blavatnik Institute; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter J. Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Blavatnik Institute; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Connie Cepko
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blavatnik Institute; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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30
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Abstract
The anterior pituitary is derived from Rathke's pouch precursors, which differentiate into specific hormone-secreting cell lineages. Sustained low postnatal and adult pituitary cell turnover is governed by stem/progenitor cells that undergo slow mitotic activity and give rise to hormone-secreting cells in response to physiological demands and feedback loops. Pituitary cell populations exhibit stem cell properties, which include stem cell marker expression, non-hormone expression, and the ability to self-renew and to potentially differentiate into any of five hormone-secreting cell lineages. Specific signaling pathways underlie differentiated pituitary cell development and regulation. Several validated pituitary stem cell models have been reported and have the potential for functional regeneration of pituitary hormone-secreting cell functions.
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31
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Ozaki H, Suga H, Arima H. Hypothalamic-pituitary organoid generation through the recapitulation of organogenesis. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:154-165. [PMID: 33662152 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper overviews the development and differentiation of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland from embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. It is important to replicate the developmental process in vivo to create specific cells/organoids from ES/iPS cells. We also introduce the latest findings and discuss future issues for clinical application. Neuroectodermal progenitors are induced from pluripotent stem cells by strictly removing exogenous patterning factors during the early differentiation period. The induced progenitors differentiate into rostral hypothalamic neurons, in particular magnocellular vasopressin+ neurons. In three-dimensional cultures, ES/iPS cells differentiate into hypothalamic neuroectoderm and nonneural head ectoderm adjacently. Rathke's pouch-like structures self-organize at the interface between the two layers and generate various endocrine cells, including corticotrophs and somatotrophs. Our next objective is to sophisticate our stepwise methodology to establish a novel transplantation treatment for hypopituitarism and apply it to developmental disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Ozaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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32
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Laporte E, Vennekens A, Vankelecom H. Pituitary Remodeling Throughout Life: Are Resident Stem Cells Involved? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 11:604519. [PMID: 33584539 PMCID: PMC7879485 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.604519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary gland has the primordial ability to dynamically adapt its cell composition to changing hormonal needs of the organism throughout life. During the first weeks after birth, an impressive growth and maturation phase is occurring in the gland during which the distinct hormonal cell populations expand. During pubertal growth and development, growth hormone (GH) levels need to peak which requires an adaptive enterprise in the GH-producing somatotrope population. At aging, pituitary function wanes which is associated with organismal decay including the somatopause in which GH levels drop. In addition to these key time points of life, the pituitary's endocrine cell landscape plastically adapts during specific (patho-)physiological conditions such as lactation (need for PRL) and stress (engagement of ACTH). Particular resilience is witnessed after physical injury in the (murine) gland, culminating in regeneration of destroyed cell populations. In many other tissues, adaptive and regenerative processes involve the local stem cells. Over the last 15 years, evidence has accumulated that the pituitary gland houses a resident stem cell compartment. Recent studies propose their involvement in at least some of the cell remodeling processes that occur in the postnatal pituitary but support is still fragmentary and not unequivocal. Many questions remain unsolved such as whether the stem cells are key players in the vivid neonatal growth phase and whether the decline in pituitary function at old age is associated with decreased stem cell fitness. Furthermore, the underlying molecular mechanisms of pituitary plasticity, in particular the stem cell-linked ones, are still largely unknown. Pituitary research heavily relies on transgenic in vivo mouse models. While having proven their value, answers to pituitary stem cell-focused questions may more diligently come from a novel powerful in vitro research model, termed organoids, which grow from pituitary stem cells and recapitulate stem cell phenotype and activation status. In this review, we describe pituitary plasticity conditions and summarize what is known on the involvement and phenotype of pituitary stem cells during these pituitary remodeling events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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33
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Harding P, Cunha DL, Moosajee M. Animal and cellular models of microphthalmia. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN RARE DISEASE 2021; 2:2633004021997447. [PMID: 37181112 PMCID: PMC10032472 DOI: 10.1177/2633004021997447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Microphthalmia is a rare developmental eye disorder affecting 1 in 7000 births. It is defined as a small (axial length ⩾2 standard deviations below the age-adjusted mean) underdeveloped eye, caused by disruption of ocular development through genetic or environmental factors in the first trimester of pregnancy. Clinical phenotypic heterogeneity exists amongst patients with varying levels of severity, and associated ocular and systemic features. Up to 11% of blind children are reported to have microphthalmia, yet currently no treatments are available. By identifying the aetiology of microphthalmia and understanding how the mechanisms of eye development are disrupted, we can gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis. Animal models, mainly mouse, zebrafish and Xenopus, have provided extensive information on the genetic regulation of oculogenesis, and how perturbation of these pathways leads to microphthalmia. However, differences exist between species, hence cellular models, such as patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) optic vesicles, are now being used to provide greater insights into the human disease process. Progress in 3D cellular modelling techniques has enhanced the ability of researchers to study interactions of different cell types during eye development. Through improved molecular knowledge of microphthalmia, preventative or postnatal therapies may be developed, together with establishing genotype-phenotype correlations in order to provide patients with the appropriate prognosis, multidisciplinary care and informed genetic counselling. This review summarises some key discoveries from animal and cellular models of microphthalmia and discusses how innovative new models can be used to further our understanding in the future. Plain language summary Animal and Cellular Models of the Eye Disorder, Microphthalmia (Small Eye) Microphthalmia, meaning a small, underdeveloped eye, is a rare disorder that children are born with. Genetic changes or variations in the environment during the first 3 months of pregnancy can disrupt early development of the eye, resulting in microphthalmia. Up to 11% of blind children have microphthalmia, yet currently no treatments are available. By understanding the genes necessary for eye development, we can determine how disruption by genetic changes or environmental factors can cause this condition. This helps us understand why microphthalmia occurs, and ensure patients are provided with the appropriate clinical care and genetic counselling advice. Additionally, by understanding the causes of microphthalmia, researchers can develop treatments to prevent or reduce the severity of this condition. Animal models, particularly mice, zebrafish and frogs, which can also develop small eyes due to the same genetic/environmental changes, have helped us understand the genes which are important for eye development and can cause birth eye defects when disrupted. Studying a patient's own cells grown in the laboratory can further help researchers understand how changes in genes affect their function. Both animal and cellular models can be used to develop and test new drugs, which could provide treatment options for patients living with microphthalmia. This review summarises the key discoveries from animal and cellular models of microphthalmia and discusses how innovative new models can be used to further our understanding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariya Moosajee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath
Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust,
London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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34
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Kano M, Suga H, Arima H. Induction of Functional Hypothalamus and Pituitary Tissues From Pluripotent Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine. J Endocr Soc 2020; 5:bvaa188. [PMID: 33604493 PMCID: PMC7880040 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus and pituitary have been identified to play essential roles in maintaining homeostasis. Various diseases can disrupt the functions of these systems, which can often result in serious lifelong symptoms. The current treatment for hypopituitarism involves hormone replacement therapy. However, exogenous drug administration cannot mimic the physiological changes that are a result of hormone requirements. Therefore, patients are at a high risk of severe hormone deficiency, including adrenal crisis. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) self-proliferate and differentiate into all types of cells. The generation of endocrine tissues from PSCs has been considered as another new treatment for hypopituitarism. Our colleagues established a 3-dimensional (3D) culture method for embryonic stem cells (ESCs). In this culture, the ESC-derived aggregates exhibit self-organization and spontaneous formation of highly ordered patterning. Recent results have shown that strict removal of exogenous patterning factors during early differentiation efficiently induces rostral hypothalamic progenitors from mouse ESCs. These hypothalamic progenitors generate vasopressinergic neurons, which release neuropeptides upon exogenous stimulation. Subsequently, we reported adenohypophysis tissue self-formation in 3D cultures of mouse ESCs. The ESCs were found to differentiate into both nonneural oral ectoderm and hypothalamic neuroectoderm in adjacent layers. Interactions between the 2 tissues appear to be critically important for in vitro induction of a Rathke’s pouch-like developing embryo. Various endocrine cells were differentiated from nonneural ectoderm. The induced corticotrophs efficiently secreted adrenocorticotropic hormone when engrafted in vivo, which rescued hypopituitary hosts. For future regenerative medicine, generation of hypothalamic and pituitary tissues from human PSCs is necessary. We and other groups succeeded in establishing a differentiation method with the use of human PSCs. Researchers could use these methods for models of human diseases to elucidate disease pathology or screen potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kano
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Childs GV, MacNicol AM, MacNicol MC. Molecular Mechanisms of Pituitary Cell Plasticity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:656. [PMID: 33013715 PMCID: PMC7511515 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that mediate plasticity in pituitary function have long been a subject of vigorous investigation. Early studies overcame technical barriers and challenged conceptual barriers to identify multipotential and multihormonal cell populations that contribute to diverse pituitary stress responses. Decades of intensive study have challenged the standard model of dedicated, cell type-specific hormone production and have revealed the malleable cellular fates that mediate pituitary responses. Ongoing studies at all levels, from animal physiology to molecular analyses, are identifying the mechanisms underlying this cellular plasticity. This review describes the findings from these studies that utilized state-of-the-art tools and techniques to identify mechanisms of plasticity throughout the pituitary and focuses on the insights brought to our understanding of pituitary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen V Childs
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Angus M MacNicol
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Melanie C MacNicol
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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Camilletti MA, Martinez Mayer J, Vishnopolska SA, Perez-Millan MI. From Pituitary Stem Cell Differentiation to Regenerative Medicine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:614999. [PMID: 33542708 PMCID: PMC7851048 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.614999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior pituitary gland is comprised of specialized cell-types that produce and secrete polypeptide hormones in response to hypothalamic input and feedback from target organs. These specialized cells arise during embryonic development, from stem cells that express SOX2 and the pituitary transcription factor PROP1, which is necessary to establish the stem cell pool and promote an epithelial to mesenchymal-like transition, releasing progenitors from the niche. Human and mouse embryonic stem cells can differentiate into all major hormone-producing cell types of the anterior lobe in a highly plastic and dynamic manner. More recently human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) emerged as a viable alternative due to their plasticity and high proliferative capacity. This mini-review gives an overview of the major advances that have been achieved to develop protocols to generate pituitary hormone-producing cell types from stem cells and how these mechanisms are regulated. We also discuss their application in pituitary diseases, such as pituitary hormone deficiencies.
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