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Asia LK, Van Vuren EJ, Lindeque Z, Williams ME. A pilot investigation of the association between HIV-1 Vpr amino acid sequence diversity and the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway as a potential mechanism for neurocognitive impairment. Virol J 2024; 21:47. [PMID: 38395987 PMCID: PMC10893664 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV infection compromises both the peripheral and central immune systems due to its pathogenic and neuropathogenic features. The mechanisms driving HIV-1 pathogenesis and neuropathogenesis involve a series of events, including metabolic dysregulation. Furthermore, HIV-subtype-specific variations, particularly alterations in the amino acid sequences of key viral proteins, are known to influence the severity of clinical outcomes in people living with HIV. However, the impact of amino acid sequence variations in specific viral proteins, such as Viral protein R (Vpr), on metabolites within the Tryptophan (Trp)-kynurenine (Kyn) pathway in people living with HIV remains unclear. Our research aimed to explore the relationship between variations in the Vpr amino acid sequence (specifically at positions 22, 41, 45, and 55, as these have been previously linked to neurocognitive function) and peripheral Trp-Kyn metabolites. Additionally, we sought to clarify the systems biology of Vpr sequence variation by examining the link between Trp-Kyn metabolism and peripheral inflammation, as a neuropathogenic mechanism. In this preliminary study, we analyzed a unique cohort of thirty-two (n = 32) South African cART naïve people living with HIV. We employed Sanger sequencing to ascertain blood-derived Vpr amino acid sequence variations and a targeted LC-MS/MS metabolomics platform to assess Trp-Kyn metabolites, such as Trp, Kyn, kynurenic acid (KA), and quinolinic acid (QUIN). Particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure immune markers, hsCRP, IL-6, suPAR, NGAL and sCD163. After applying Bonferroni corrections (p =.05/3) and adjusting for covariates (age and sex), only the Vpr G41 and A55 groups was nearing significance for higher levels of QUIN compared to the Vpr S41 and T55 groups, respectively (all p =.023). Multiple regression results revealed that Vpr amino acid variations at position 41 (adj R2 = 0.049, β = 0.505; p =.023), and 55 (adj R2 = 0.126, β = 0.444; p =.023) displayed significant associations with QUIN after adjusting for age and sex. Lastly, the higher QUIN levels observed in the Vpr G41 group were found to be correlated with suPAR (r =.588, p =.005). These results collectively underscore the importance of specific Vpr amino acid substitutions in influencing QUIN and inflammation (specifically suPAR levels), potentially contributing to our understanding of their roles in the pathogenesis and neuropathogenesis of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esmé Jansen Van Vuren
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Zander Lindeque
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Fernandes JP, Branton WG, Cohen EA, Koopman G, Kondova I, Gelman BB, Power C. Caspase cleavage of gasdermin E causes neuronal pyroptosis in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Brain 2024; 147:717-734. [PMID: 37931057 PMCID: PMC10834258 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapies, 20-30% of persons with treated HIV infection develop a neurodegenerative syndrome termed HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). HAND is driven by HIV expression coupled with inflammation in the brain but the mechanisms underlying neuronal damage and death are uncertain. The inflammasome-pyroptosis axis coordinates an inflammatory type of regulated lytic cell death that is underpinned by the caspase-activated pore-forming gasdermin proteins. The mechanisms driving neuronal pyroptosis were investigated herein in models of HAND, using multi-platform molecular and morphological approaches that included brain tissues from persons with HAND and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected non-human primates as well as cultured human neurons. Neurons in the frontal cortices from persons with HAND showed increased cleaved gasdermin E (GSDME), which was associated with β-III tubulin degradation and increased HIV levels. Exposure of cultured human neurons to the HIV-encoded viral protein R (Vpr) elicited time-dependent cleavage of GSDME and Ninjurin-1 (NINJ1) induction with associated cell lysis that was inhibited by siRNA suppression of both proteins. Upstream of GSDME cleavage, Vpr exposure resulted in activation of caspases-1 and 3. Pretreatment of Vpr-exposed neurons with the caspase-1 inhibitor, VX-765, reduced cleavage of both caspase-3 and GSDME, resulting in diminished cell death. To validate these findings, we examined frontal cortical tissues from SIV-infected macaques, disclosing increased expression of GSDME and NINJ1 in cortical neurons, which was co-localized with caspase-3 detection in animals with neurological disease. Thus, HIV infection of the brain triggers the convergent activation of caspases-1 and -3, which results in GSDME-mediated neuronal pyroptosis in persons with HAND. These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism by which a viral infection causes pyroptotic death in neurons while also offering new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for HAND and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Fernandes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - William G Branton
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada
| | - Eric A Cohen
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk 2280 GH, The Netherlands
| | - Ivanela Kondova
- Department of Animal Science, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk 2280 GH, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin B Gelman
- Departments of Pathology and Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0569, USA
| | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada
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Asia LK, Jansen Van Vuren E, Williams ME. The influence of viral protein R amino acid substitutions on clinical outcomes in people living with HIV: A systematic review. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 53:e13943. [PMID: 36579370 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HIV viral protein R (Vpr) is a multifunction protein involved in the pathophysiology of HIV-1. Recent evidence has suggested that Vpr amino acid substitutions influence the pathophysiology of HIV-1 and clinical outcomes in people living with HIV (PLWH). Several studies have linked Vpr amino acid substitutions to clinical outcomes in PLWH; however, there is no clear consensus as to which amino acids or amino acid substitutions are most important in the pathophysiology and clinical outcomes in PLWH. We, therefore, conducted a systematic review of studies investigating Vpr amino acid substitutions and clinical outcomes in PLWH. METHODS PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched according to PRISMA guidelines using a search protocol designed specifically for this study. RESULTS A total of 22 studies were included for data extraction, comprising 14 cross-sectional and 8 longitudinal studies. Results indicated that Vpr amino acid substitutions were associated with specific clinical outcomes, including disease progressions, neurological outcomes and treatment status. Studies consistently showed that the Vpr substitution 63T was associated with slower disease progression, whereas 77H and 85P were associated with no significant contribution to disease progression. CONCLUSIONS Vpr-specific amino acid substitutions may be contributors to clinical outcomes in PLWH, and future studies should consider investigating the Vpr amino acid substitutions highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levanco K Asia
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Esmé Jansen Van Vuren
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council: Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Monray E Williams
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Wymant C, Bezemer D, Blanquart F, Ferretti L, Gall A, Hall M, Golubchik T, Bakker M, Ong SH, Zhao L, Bonsall D, de Cesare M, MacIntyre-Cockett G, Abeler-Dörner L, Albert J, Bannert N, Fellay J, Grabowski MK, Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer B, Günthard HF, Kivelä P, Kouyos RD, Laeyendecker O, Meyer L, Porter K, Ristola M, van Sighem A, Berkhout B, Kellam P, Cornelissen M, Reiss P, Fraser C, Aubert V, Battegay M, Bernasconi E, Böni J, Braun DL, Bucher HC, Burton-Jeangros C, Calmy A, Cavassini M, Dollenmaier G, Egger M, Elzi L, Fehr J, Fellay J, Furrer H, Fux CA, Gorgievski M, Günthard H, Haerry D, Hasse B, Hirsch HH, Hoffmann M, Hösli I, Kahlert C, Kaiser L, Keiser O, Klimkait T, Kouyos R, Kovari H, Ledergerber B, Martinetti G, de Tejada BM, Marzolini C, Metzner K, Müller N, Nadal D, Nicca D, Pantaleo G, Rauch A, Regenass S, Rudin C, Schöni-Affolter F, Schmid P, Speck R, Stöckle M, Tarr P, Trkola A, Vernazza P, Weber R, Yerly S, van der Valk M, Geerlings SE, Goorhuis A, Hovius JW, Lempkes B, Nellen FJB, van der Poll T, Prins JM, Reiss P, van Vugt M, Wiersinga WJ, Wit FWMN, van Duinen M, van Eden J, Hazenberg A, van Hes AMH, Rajamanoharan S, Robinson T, Taylor B, Brewer C, Mayr C, Schmidt W, Speidel A, Strohbach F, Arastéh K, Cordes C, Pijnappel FJJ, Stündel M, Claus J, Baumgarten A, Carganico A, Ingiliz P, Dupke S, Freiwald M, Rausch M, Moll A, Schleehauf D, Smalhout SY, Hintsche B, Klausen G, Jessen H, Jessen A, Köppe S, Kreckel P, Schranz D, Fischer K, Schulbin H, Speer M, Weijsenfeld AM, Glaunsinger T, Wicke T, Bieniek B, Hillenbrand H, Schlote F, Lauenroth-Mai E, Schuler C, Schürmann D, Wesselmann H, Brockmeyer N, Jurriaans S, Gehring P, Schmalöer D, Hower M, Spornraft-Ragaller P, Häussinger D, Reuter S, Esser S, Markus R, Kreft B, Berzow D, Back NKT, Christl A, Meyer A, Plettenberg A, Stoehr A, Graefe K, Lorenzen T, Adam A, Schewe K, Weitner L, Fenske S, Zaaijer HL, Hansen S, Stellbrink HJ, Wiemer D, Hertling S, Schmidt R, Arbter P, Claus B, Galle P, Jäger H, Jä Gel-Guedes E, Berkhout B, Postel N, Fröschl M, Spinner C, Bogner J, Salzberger B, Schölmerich J, Audebert F, Marquardt T, Schaffert A, Schnaitmann E, Cornelissen MTE, Trein A, Frietsch B, Müller M, Ulmer A, Detering-Hübner B, Kern P, Schubert F, Dehn G, Schreiber M, Güler C, Schinkel CJ, Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer B, Schmidt D, Meixenberger K, Bannert N, Wolthers KC, Peters EJG, van Agtmael MA, Autar RS, Bomers M, Sigaloff KCE, Heitmuller M, Laan LM, Ang CW, van Houdt R, Jonges M, Kuijpers TW, Pajkrt D, Scherpbier HJ, de Boer C, van der Plas A, van den Berge M, Stegeman A, Baas S, Hage de Looff L, Buiting A, Reuwer A, Veenemans J, Wintermans B, Pronk MJH, Ammerlaan HSM, van den Bersselaar DNJ, de Munnik ES, Deiman B, Jansz AR, Scharnhorst V, Tjhie J, Wegdam MCA, van Eeden A, Nellen J, Brokking W, Elsenburg LJM, Nobel H, van Kasteren MEE, Berrevoets MAH, Brouwer AE, Adams A, van Erve R, de Kruijf-van de Wiel BAFM, Keelan-Phaf S, van de Ven B, van der Ven B, Buiting AGM, Murck JL, de Vries-Sluijs TEMS, Bax HI, van Gorp ECM, de Jong-Peltenburg NC, de Mendonç A Melo M, van Nood E, Nouwen JL, Rijnders BJA, Rokx C, Schurink CAM, Slobbe L, Verbon A, Bassant N, van Beek JEA, Vriesde M, van Zonneveld LM, de Groot J, Boucher CAB, Koopmans MPG, van Kampen JJA, Fraaij PLA, van Rossum AMC, Vermont CL, van der Knaap LC, Visser E, Branger J, Douma RA, Cents-Bosma AS, Duijf-van de Ven CJHM, Schippers EF, van Nieuwkoop C, van Ijperen JM, Geilings J, van der Hut G, van Burgel ND, Leyten EMS, Gelinck LBS, Mollema F, Davids-Veldhuis S, Tearno C, Wildenbeest GS, Heikens E, Groeneveld PHP, Bouwhuis JW, Lammers AJJ, Kraan S, van Hulzen AGW, Kruiper MSM, van der Bliek GL, Bor PCJ, Debast SB, Wagenvoort GHJ, Kroon FP, de Boer MGJ, Jolink H, Lambregts MMC, Roukens AHE, Scheper H, Dorama W, van Holten N, Claas ECJ, Wessels E, den Hollander JG, El Moussaoui R, Pogany K, Brouwer CJ, Smit JV, Struik-Kalkman D, van Niekerk T, Pontesilli O, Lowe SH, Oude Lashof AML, Posthouwer D, van Wolfswinkel ME, Ackens RP, Burgers K, Schippers J, Weijenberg-Maes B, van Loo IHM, Havenith TRA, van Vonderen MGA, Kampschreur LM, Faber S, Steeman-Bouma R, Al Moujahid A, Kootstra GJ, Delsing CE, van der Burg-van de Plas M, Scheiberlich L, Kortmann W, van Twillert G, Renckens R, Ruiter-Pronk D, van Truijen-Oud FA, Cohen Stuart JWT, Jansen ER, Hoogewerf M, Rozemeijer W, van der Reijden WA, Sinnige JC, Brinkman K, van den Berk GEL, Blok WL, Lettinga KD, de Regt M, Schouten WEM, Stalenhoef JE, Veenstra J, Vrouenraets SME, Blaauw H, Geerders GF, Kleene MJ, Kok M, Knapen M, van der Meché IB, Mulder-Seeleman E, Toonen AJM, Wijnands S, Wttewaal E, Kwa D, van Crevel R, van Aerde K, Dofferhoff ASM, Henriet SSV, Ter Hofstede HJM, Hoogerwerf J, Keuter M, Richel O, Albers M, Grintjes-Huisman KJT, de Haan M, Marneef M, Strik-Albers R, Rahamat-Langendoen J, Stelma FF, Burger D, Gisolf EH, Hassing RJ, Claassen M, Ter Beest G, van Bentum PHM, Langebeek N, Tiemessen R, Swanink CMA, van Lelyveld SFL, Soetekouw R, van der Prijt LMM, van der Swaluw J, Bermon N, van der Reijden WA, Jansen R, Herpers BL, Veenendaal D, Verhagen DWM, Lauw FN, van Broekhuizen MC, van Wijk M, Bierman WFW, Bakker M, Kleinnijenhuis J, Kloeze E, Middel A, Postma DF, Schölvinck EH, Stienstra Y, Verhage AR, Wouthuyzen-Bakker M, Boonstra A, de Groot-de Jonge H, van der Meulen PA, de Weerd DA, Niesters HGM, van Leer-Buter CC, Knoester M, Hoepelman AIM, Arends JE, Barth RE, Bruns AHW, Ellerbroek PM, Mudrikova T, Oosterheert JJ, Schadd EM, van Welzen BJ, Aarsman K, Griffioen-van Santen BMG, de Kroon I, van Berkel M, van Rooijen CSAM, Schuurman R, Verduyn-Lunel F, Wensing AMJ, Bont LJ, Geelen SPM, Loeffen YGT, Wolfs TFW, Nauta N, Rooijakkers EOW, Holtsema H, Voigt R, van de Wetering D, Alberto A, van der Meer I, Rosingh A, Halaby T, Zaheri S, Boyd AC, Bezemer DO, van Sighem AI, Smit C, Hillebregt M, de Jong A, Woudstra T, Bergsma D, Meijering R, van de Sande L, Rutkens T, van der Vliet S, de Groot L, van den Akker M, Bakker Y, El Berkaoui A, Bezemer M, Brétin N, Djoechro E, Groters M, Kruijne E, Lelivelt KJ, Lodewijk C, Lucas E, Munjishvili L, Paling F, Peeck B, Ree C, Regtop R, Ruijs Y, Schoorl M, Schnörr P, Scheigrond A, Tuijn E, Veenenberg L, Visser KM, Witte EC, Ruijs Y, Van Frankenhuijsen M, Allegre T, Makhloufi D, Livrozet JM, Chiarello P, Godinot M, Brunel-Dalmas F, Gibert S, Trepo C, Peyramond D, Miailhes P, Koffi J, Thoirain V, Brochier C, Baudry T, Pailhes S, Lafeuillade A, Philip G, Hittinger G, Assi A, Lambry V, Rosenthal E, Naqvi A, Dunais B, Cua E, Pradier C, Durant J, Joulie A, Quinsat D, Tempesta S, Ravaux I, Martin IP, Faucher O, Cloarec N, Champagne H, Pichancourt G, Morlat P, Pistone T, Bonnet F, Mercie P, Faure I, Hessamfar M, Malvy D, Lacoste D, Pertusa MC, Vandenhende MA, Bernard N, Paccalin F, Martell C, Roger-Schmelz J, Receveur MC, Duffau P, Dondia D, Ribeiro E, Caltado S, Neau D, Dupont M, Dutronc H, Dauchy F, Cazanave C, Vareil MO, Wirth G, Le Puil S, Pellegrin JL, Raymond I, Viallard JF, Chaigne de Lalande S, Garipuy D, Delobel P, Obadia M, Cuzin L, Alvarez M, Biezunski N, Porte L, Massip P, Debard A, Balsarin F, Lagarrigue M, Prevoteau du Clary F, Aquilina C, Reynes J, Baillat V, Merle C, Lemoing V, Atoui N, Makinson A, Jacquet JM, Psomas C, Tramoni C, Aumaitre H, Saada M, Medus M, Malet M, Eden A, Neuville S, Ferreyra M, Sotto A, Barbuat C, Rouanet I, Leureillard D, Mauboussin JM, Lechiche C, Donsesco R, Cabie A, Abel S, Pierre-Francois S, Batala AS, Cerland C, Rangom C, Theresine N, Hoen B, Lamaury I, Fabre I, Schepers K, Curlier E, Ouissa R, Gaud C, Ricaud C, Rodet R, Wartel G, Sautron C, Beck-Wirth G, Michel C, Beck C, Halna JM, Kowalczyk J, Benomar M, Drobacheff-Thiebaut C, Chirouze C, Faucher JF, Parcelier F, Foltzer A, Haffner-Mauvais C, Hustache Mathieu M, Proust A, Piroth L, Chavanet P, Duong M, Buisson M, Waldner A, Mahy S, Gohier S, Croisier D, May T, Delestan M, Andre M, Zadeh MM, Martinot M, Rosolen B, Pachart A, Martha B, Jeunet N, Rey D, Cheneau C, Partisani M, Priester M, Bernard-Henry C, Batard ML, Fischer P, Berger JL, Kmiec I, Robineau O, Huleux T, Ajana F, Alcaraz I, Allienne C, Baclet V, Meybeck A, Valette M, Viget N, Aissi E, Biekre R, Cornavin P, Merrien D, Seghezzi JC, Machado M, Diab G, Raffi F, Bonnet B, Allavena C, Grossi O, Reliquet V, Billaud E, Brunet C, Bouchez S, Morineau-Le Houssine P, Sauser F, Boutoille D, Besnier M, Hue H, Hall N, Brosseau D, Souala F, Michelet C, Tattevin P, Arvieux C, Revest M, Leroy H, Chapplain JM, Dupont M, Fily F, Patra-Delo S, Lefeuvre C, Bernard L, Bastides F, Nau P, Verdon R, de la Blanchardiere A, Martin A, Feret P, Geffray L, Daniel C, Rohan J, Fialaire P, Chennebault JM, Rabier V, Abgueguen P, Rehaiem S, Luycx O, Niault M, Moreau P, Poinsignon Y, Goussef M, Mouton-Rioux V, Houlbert D, Alvarez-Huve S, Barbe F, Haret S, Perre P, Leantez-Nainville S, Esnault JL, Guimard T, Suaud I, Girard JJ, Simonet V, Debab Y, Schmit JL, Jacomet C, Weinberck P, Genet C, Pinet P, Ducroix S, Durox H, Denes É, Abraham B, Gourdon F, Antoniotti O, Molina JM, Ferret S, Lascoux-Combe C, Lafaurie M, Colin de Verdiere N, Ponscarme D, De Castro N, Aslan A, Rozenbaum W, Pintado C, Clavel F, Taulera O, Gatey C, Munier AL, Gazaigne S, Penot P, Conort G, Lerolle N, Leplatois A, Balausine S, Delgado J, Timsit J, Tabet M, Gerard L, Girard PM, Picard O, Tredup J, Bollens D, Valin N, Campa P, Bottero J, Lefebvre B, Tourneur M, Fonquernie L, Wemmert C, Lagneau JL, Yazdanpanah Y, Phung B, Pinto A, Vallois D, Cabras O, Louni F, Pialoux G, Lyavanc T, Berrebi V, Chas J, Lenagat S, Rami A, Diemer M, Parrinello M, Depond A, Salmon D, Guillevin L, Tahi T, Belarbi L, Loulergue P, Zak Dit Zbar O, Launay O, Silbermann B, Leport C, Alagna L, Pietri MP, Simon A, Bonmarchand M, Amirat N, Pichon F, Kirstetter M, Katlama C, Valantin MA, Tubiana R, Caby F, Schneider L, Ktorza N, Calin R, Merlet A, Ben Abdallah S, Weiss L, Buisson M, Batisse D, Karmochine M, Pavie J, Minozzi C, Jayle D, Castel P, Derouineau J, Kousignan P, Eliazevitch M, Pierre I, Collias L, Viard JP, Gilquin J, Sobel A, Slama L, Ghosn J, Hadacek B, Thu-Huyn N, Nait-Ighil L, Cros A, Maignan A, Duvivier C, Consigny PH, Lanternier F, Shoai-Tehrani M, Touam F, Jerbi S, Bodard L, Jung C, Goujard C, Quertainmont Y, Duracinsky M, Segeral O, Blanc A, Peretti D, Cheret A, Chantalat C, Dulucq MJ, Levy Y, Lelievre JD, Lascaux AS, Dumont C, Boue F, Chambrin V, Abgrall S, Kansau I, Raho-Moussa M, De Truchis P, Dinh A, Davido B, Marigot D, Berthe H, Devidas A, Chevojon P, Chabrol A, Agher N, Lemercier Y, Chaix F, Turpault I, Bouchaud O, Honore P, Rouveix E, Reimann E, Belan AG, Godin Collet C, Souak S, Mortier E, Bloch M, Simonpoli AM, Manceron V, Cahitte I, Hiraux E, Lafon E, Cordonnier F, Zeng AF, Zucman D, Majerholc C, Bornarel D, Uludag A, Gellen-Dautremer J, Lefort A, Bazin C, Daneluzzi V, Gerbe J, Jeantils V, Coupard M, Patey O, Bantsimba J, Delllion S, Paz PC, Cazenave B, Richier L, Garrait V, Delacroix I, Elharrar B, Vittecoq D, Bolliot C, Lepretre A, Genet P, Masse V, Perrone V, Boussard JL, Chardon P, Froguel E, Simon P, Tassi S, Avettand Fenoel V, Barin F, Bourgeois C, Cardon F, Chaix ML, Delfraissy JF, Essat A, Fischer H, Lecuroux C, Meyer L, Petrov-Sanchez V, Rouzioux C, Saez-Cirion A, Seng R, Kuldanek K, Mullaney S, Young C, Zucchetti A, Bevan MA, McKernan S, Wandolo E, Richardson C, Youssef E, Green P, Faulkner S, Faville R, Herman S, Care C, Blackman H, Bellenger K, Fairbrother K, Phillips A, Babiker A, Delpech V, Fidler S, Clarke M, Fox J, Gilson R, Goldberg D, Hawkins D, Johnson A, Johnson M, McLean K, Nastouli E, Post F, Kennedy N, Pritchard J, Andrady U, Rajda N, Donnelly C, McKernan S, Drake S, Gilleran G, White D, Ross J, Harding J, Faville R, Sweeney J, Flegg P, Toomer S, Wilding H, Woodward R, Dean G, Richardson C, Perry N, Gompels M, Jennings L, Bansaal D, Browing M, Connolly L, Stanley B, Estreich S, Magdy A, O'Mahony C, Fraser P, Jebakumar SPR, David L, Mette R, Summerfield H, Evans M, White C, Robertson R, Lean C, Morris S, Winter A, Faulkner S, Goorney B, Howard L, Fairley I, Stemp C, Short L, Gomez M, Young F, Roberts M, Green S, Sivakumar K, Minton J, Siminoni A, Calderwood J, Greenhough D, DeSouza C, Muthern L, Orkin C, Murphy S, Truvedi M, McLean K, Hawkins D, Higgs C, Moyes A, Antonucci S, McCormack S, Lynn W, Bevan M, Fox J, Teague A, Anderson J, Mguni S, Post F, Campbell L, Mazhude C, Russell H, Gilson R, Carrick G, Ainsworth J, Waters A, Byrne P, Johnson M, Fidler S, Kuldanek K, Mullaney S, Lawlor V, Melville R, Sukthankar A, Thorpe S, Murphy C, Wilkins E, Ahmad S, Green P, Tayal S, Ong E, Meaden J, Riddell L, Loay D, Peacock K, Blackman H, Harindra V, Saeed AM, Allen S, Natarajan U, Williams O, Lacey H, Care C, Bowman C, Herman S, Devendra SV, Wither J, Bridgwood A, Singh G, Bushby S, Kellock D, Young S, Rooney G, Snart B, Currie J, Fitzgerald M, Arumainayyagam J, Chandramani S. A highly virulent variant of HIV-1 circulating in the Netherlands. Science 2022; 375:540-545. [PMID: 35113714 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We discovered a highly virulent variant of subtype-B HIV-1 in the Netherlands. One hundred nine individuals with this variant had a 0.54 to 0.74 log10 increase (i.e., a ~3.5-fold to 5.5-fold increase) in viral load compared with, and exhibited CD4 cell decline twice as fast as, 6604 individuals with other subtype-B strains. Without treatment, advanced HIV-CD4 cell counts below 350 cells per cubic millimeter, with long-term clinical consequences-is expected to be reached, on average, 9 months after diagnosis for individuals in their thirties with this variant. Age, sex, suspected mode of transmission, and place of birth for the aforementioned 109 individuals were typical for HIV-positive people in the Netherlands, which suggests that the increased virulence is attributable to the viral strain. Genetic sequence analysis suggests that this variant arose in the 1990s from de novo mutation, not recombination, with increased transmissibility and an unfamiliar molecular mechanism of virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Wymant
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - François Blanquart
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Luca Ferretti
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Astrid Gall
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Hall
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tanya Golubchik
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Margreet Bakker
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Swee Hoe Ong
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lele Zhao
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Bonsall
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mariateresa de Cesare
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - George MacIntyre-Cockett
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucie Abeler-Dörner
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jan Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Norbert Bannert
- Division for HIV and Other Retroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacques Fellay
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Kate Grabowski
- Department of Pathology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pia Kivelä
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Laurence Meyer
- INSERM CESP U1018, Université Paris Saclay, APHP, Service de Santé Publique, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Kholoud Porter
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matti Ristola
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul Kellam
- Kymab Ltd., Cambridge, UK.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marion Cornelissen
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter Reiss
- Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christophe Fraser
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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5
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Abstract
The CD8+ T cell noncytotoxic antiviral response (CNAR) was discovered during studies of asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects more than 30 years ago. In contrast to CD8+ T cell cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) activity, CNAR suppresses HIV replication without target cell killing. This activity has characteristics of innate immunity: it acts on all retroviruses and thus is neither epitope specific nor HLA restricted. The HIV-associated CNAR does not affect other virus families. It is mediated, at least in part, by a CD8+ T cell antiviral factor (CAF) that blocks HIV transcription. A variety of assays used to measure CNAR/CAF and the effects on other retrovirus infections are described. Notably, CD8+ T cell noncytotoxic antiviral responses have now been observed with other virus families but are mediated by different cytokines. Characterizing the protein structure of CAF has been challenging despite many biologic, immunologic, and molecular studies. It represents a low-abundance protein that may be identified by future next-generation sequencing approaches. Since CNAR/CAF is a natural noncytotoxic activity, it could provide promising strategies for HIV/AIDS therapy, cure, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maelig G Morvan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Fernando C Teque
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jay A Levy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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6
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Tamalet C, Devaux C, Dubourg G, Colson P. Resistance to human immunodeficiency virus infection: a rare but neglected state. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1485:22-42. [PMID: 33009659 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is well understood. In most individuals sexually exposed to HIV, the risk of becoming infected depends on the viral load and on sexual practices and gender. However, a low percentage of individuals who practice frequent unprotected sexual intercourse with HIV-infected partners remain uninfected. Although the systematic study of these individuals has made it possible to identify HIV resistance factors including protective genetic patterns, such epidemiological situations remain paradoxical and not fully understood. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV-free, unexposed blood donors are not equally susceptible to HIV infection; in addition, PBMCs from highly exposed seronegative individuals are generally resistant to infection by primary HIV clinical isolates. We review the literature on permissiveness of PBMCs from healthy blood donors and uninfected hyperexposed individuals to sustained infection and replication of HIV-1 in vitro. In addition, we focus on recent evidence indicating that the gut microbiota may either contribute to natural resistance to or delay replication of HIV infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Tamalet
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Christian Devaux
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Gregory Dubourg
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
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7
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Arantes I, Ribeiro-Alves M, S. D. de Azevedo S, Delatorre E, Bello G. Few amino acid signatures distinguish HIV-1 subtype B pandemic and non-pandemic strains. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238995. [PMID: 32960906 PMCID: PMC7508567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I (HIV-1) subtype B comprises approximately 10% of all HIV infections in the world. The HIV-1 subtype B epidemic comprehends a pandemic variant (named BPANDEMIC) disseminated worldwide and non-pandemic variants (named BCAR) that are mostly restricted to the Caribbean. The goal of this work was the identification of amino acid signatures (AAs) characteristic to the BCAR and BPANDEMIC variants. To this end, we analyzed HIV-1 subtype B full-length (n = 486) and partial (n = 814) genomic sequences from the Americas classified within the BCAR and BPANDEMIC clades and reconstructed the sequences of their most recent common ancestors (MRCA). Analysis of contemporary HIV-1 sequences revealed 13 AAs between BCAR and BPANDEMIC variants (four on Gag, three on Pol, three on Rev, and one in Vif, Vpu, and Tat) of which only two (one on Gag and one on Pol) were traced to the MRCA. All AAs correspond to polymorphic sites located outside essential functional proteins domains, except the AAs in Tat. The absence of stringent AAs inherited from their ancestors between modern BCAR and BPANDEMIC variants support that ecological factors, rather than viral determinants, were the main driving force behind the successful spread of the BPANDEMIC strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ighor Arantes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST-AIDS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suwellen S. D. de Azevedo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edson Delatorre
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
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8
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Gomes STM, da Silva Graça Amoras E, Gomes ÉR, Queiroz MAF, Júnior ECS, de Vasconcelos Massafra JM, da Silva Lemos P, Júnior JLV, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. Immune escape mutations in HIV-1 controllers in the Brazilian Amazon region. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:546. [PMID: 32711474 PMCID: PMC7382849 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection is characterized by high viral replication and a decrease in CD4+ T cells (CD4+TC), resulting in AIDS, which can lead to death. In elite controllers and viremia controllers, viral replication is naturally controlled, with maintenance of CD4+TC levels without the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS The aim of the present study was to describe virological and immunological risk factors among HIV-1-infected individuals according to characteristics of progression to AIDS. The sample included 30 treatment-naive patients classified into three groups based on infection duration (> 6 years), CD4+TC count and viral load: (i) 2 elite controllers (ECs), (ii) 7 viremia controllers (VCs) and (iii) 21 nonviremia controllers (NVCs). Nested PCR was employed to amplify the virus genome, which was later sequenced using the Ion PGM platform for subtyping and analysis of immune escape mutations. RESULTS Viral samples were classified as HIV-1 subtypes B and F. Greater selection pressure on mutations was observed in the group of viremia controllers, with a higher frequency of immunological escape mutations in the genes investigated, including two new mutations in gag. The viral sequences of viremia controllers and nonviremia controllers did not differ significantly regarding the presence of immune escape mutations. CONCLUSION The results suggest that progression to AIDS is not dependent on a single variable but rather on a set of characteristics and pressures exerted by virus biology and interactions with immunogenetic host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Tatielle Monteiro Gomes
- Laboratory of Virology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Pará (ICB/UFPA), Ananindeua, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | | | - Érica Ribeiro Gomes
- Laboratory of Virology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Pará (ICB/UFPA), Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratory of Virology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Pará (ICB/UFPA), Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Edivaldo Costa Sousa Júnior
- Health Surveillance Department, Ministry of Health (IEC-SVS/MS), Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | | | - Poliana da Silva Lemos
- Health Surveillance Department, Ministry of Health (IEC-SVS/MS), Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - João Lídio Vianez Júnior
- Health Surveillance Department, Ministry of Health (IEC-SVS/MS), Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Pará (ICB/UFPA), Ananindeua, Brazil
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9
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Paim AC, Badley AD, Cummins NW. Mechanisms of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Lymphocyte Regulated Cell Death. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:101-115. [PMID: 31659912 PMCID: PMC7044792 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) causes CD4 T cell depletion through a number of mechanisms, including programmed cell death pathways (both apoptotic and nonapoptotic). In the setting of HIV-1 infection, the enhanced lymphocyte cell death occurs as a consequence of complex interactions between the host immune system and viral factors, which are reviewed herein. On the other hand, the main challenge to HIV-1 eradication is the development of latent infection in a subset of long lived cells, including CD4+ T cells and macrophages, which resist HIV-induced cell death. Understanding the potential mechanisms of how HIV-1 induces lymphocyte cell death is critical to the "kick and kill" cure strategy, which relies on the effective killing of reactivated, HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Paim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrew D. Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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10
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Vpr and Its Cellular Interaction Partners: R We There Yet? Cells 2019; 8:cells8111310. [PMID: 31652959 PMCID: PMC6912716 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vpr is a lentiviral accessory protein that is expressed late during the infection cycle and is packaged in significant quantities into virus particles through a specific interaction with the P6 domain of the viral Gag precursor. Characterization of the physiologically relevant function(s) of Vpr has been hampered by the fact that in many cell lines, deletion of Vpr does not significantly affect viral fitness. However, Vpr is critical for virus replication in primary macrophages and for viral pathogenesis in vivo. It is generally accepted that Vpr does not have a specific enzymatic activity but functions as a molecular adapter to modulate viral or cellular processes for the benefit of the virus. Indeed, many Vpr interacting factors have been described by now, and the goal of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of cellular proteins targeted by Vpr.
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11
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Ding J, Ma L, Zhao J, Xie Y, Zhou J, Li X, Cen S. An integrative genomic analysis of transcriptional profiles identifies characteristic genes and patterns in HIV-infected long-term non-progressors and elite controllers. J Transl Med 2019; 17:35. [PMID: 30665429 PMCID: PMC6341564 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1777-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite that most HIV-infected individuals experience progressive CD4+ T cell loss and develop AIDS, a minority of HIV-infected individuals remain asymptomatic and maintain high level CD4+ T cell counts several years after seroconversion. Efforts have been made to understand the determinants of the nonprogressive status, exemplified by the clinical course of elite controllers (ECs) who maintain an undetectable viremia and viremic nonprogressors (VNPs) who have a normal CD4+ count in spite of circulating viral load. However, the intrinsic mechanism underlying nonprogression remained elusive. In this study, we performed an integrative analysis of transcriptional profiles to pinpoint the underlying mechanism for a naturally occurring viral control. Methods Three microarray datasets, reporting mRNA expression of the LTNPs or ECs in HIV-infected patients, were retrieved from Gene Expression Ominbus (GEO) or Arrayexpress databases. These datasets, profiled on the same type of microarray chip, were selected and merged by a bioinformatic approach to build a meta-analysis derived transcriptome (MADNT). In addition, we investigated the different transcriptional pathways and potential biomarkers in CD4+ and CD8+ cells in ECs and whole blood in VNPs compared to HIV progressors. The combined transcriptome and each subgroup was subject to gene set enrichment analysis and weighted co-expression network analysis to search potential transcription patterns related to the non-progressive status. Results 30 up-regulated genes and 83 down-regulated genes were identified in lymphocytes from integrative meta-analysis of expression data. The interferon response and innate immune activation was reduced in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from ECs. Several characteristic genes including CMPK1, CBX7, EIF3L, EIF4A and ZNF395 were indicated to be highly correlated with viremic control. Besides that, we indicated that the reduction of ribosome components and blockade of translation facilitated AIDS disease progression. Most interestingly, among VNPs who have a relatively high viral load, we detected a two gene-interaction networks which showed a strong correlation to immune control even with a rigorous statistical threshold (p value = 2−e4 and p value = 0.004, respectively) by WGCNA. Conclusions We have identified differentially expressed genes and transcriptional patterns in ECs and VNPs compared to normal chronic HIV-infected individuals. Our study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of HIV and AIDS and clues for the therapeutic strategies for anti-retroviral administration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1777-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Ding
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jianyuan Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yongli Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China.
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12
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Kübler J, Kirschner S, Hartmann L, Welzel G, Engelhardt M, Herskind C, Veldwijk MR, Schultz C, Felix M, Glatting G, Maier P, Wenz F, Brockmann MA, Giordano FA. The HIV-derived protein Vpr52-96 has anti-glioma activity in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2018; 7:45500-45512. [PMID: 27275537 PMCID: PMC5216737 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with actively replicating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exhibit adverse reactions even to low irradiation doses. High levels of the virus-encoded viral protein R (Vpr) are believed to be one of the major underlying causes for increased radiosensitivity. As Vpr efficiently crosses the blood-brain barrier and accumulates in astrocytes, we examined its efficacy as a drug for treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). In vitro, four glioblastoma-derived cell lines with and without methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) overexpression (U251, U87, U251-MGMT, U87-MGMT) were exposed to Vpr, temozolomide (TMZ), conventional photon irradiation (2 to 6 Gy) or to combinations thereof. Vpr showed high rates of acute toxicities with median effective doses of 4.0±1.1 μM and 15.7±7.5 μM for U251 and U87 cells, respectively. Caspase assays revealed Vpr-induced apoptosis in U251, but not in U87 cells. Vpr also efficiently inhibited clonogenic survival in both U251 and U87 cells and acted additively with irradiation. In contrast to TMZ, Vpr acted independently of MGMT expression. Dose escalation in mice (n=12) was feasible and resulted in no evident renal or liver toxicity. Both, irradiation with 3×5 Gy (n=8) and treatment with Vpr (n=5) delayed intracerebral tumor growth and prolonged overall survival compared to untreated animals (n=5; p3×5 Gy<0.001 and pVpr=0.04; log-rank test). Our data show that the HIV-encoded peptide Vpr exhibits all properties of an effective chemotherapeutic drug and may be a useful agent in the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kübler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kirschner
- Department of Neuroradiology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Linda Hartmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Grit Welzel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maren Engelhardt
- Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Herskind
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marlon R Veldwijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Schultz
- Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Manuela Felix
- Medical Radiation Physics/Radiation Protection, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gerhard Glatting
- Medical Radiation Physics/Radiation Protection, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Patrick Maier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frederik Wenz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marc A Brockmann
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank A Giordano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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13
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Retroviral restriction: nature's own solution. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018; 29:609-614. [PMID: 27749368 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review will discuss recent advances in the development of anti-HIV therapies inspired by studies of the mechanisms of host restriction factor-mediated resistance to HIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS Manipulating the interplay between host cell restriction factors and viral accessory factors that overcome them can potentially be therapeutically useful. Preliminarily successful therapies - some of which are entering clinical trials - either inhibit the ability of virus to evade restriction factor-mediated immunity, or promote intracellular levels of restriction factors. These aims are achieved by multiple means, which are discussed. SUMMARY Many restriction factors appear to provide potentially useful targets for anti-HIV therapies, so time and interest should be invested in investigating ways to successfully therapeutically manipulate restriction factor-mediated immunity.
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Vermeire J, Roesch F, Sauter D, Rua R, Hotter D, Van Nuffel A, Vanderstraeten H, Naessens E, Iannucci V, Landi A, Witkowski W, Baeyens A, Kirchhoff F, Verhasselt B. HIV Triggers a cGAS-Dependent, Vpu- and Vpr-Regulated Type I Interferon Response in CD4 + T Cells. Cell Rep 2017; 17:413-424. [PMID: 27705790 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several pattern-recognition receptors sense HIV-1 replication products and induce type I interferon (IFN-I) production under specific experimental conditions. However, it is thought that viral sensing and IFN induction are virtually absent in the main target cells of HIV-1 in vivo. Here, we show that activated CD4+ T cells sense HIV-1 infection through the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS and mount a bioactive IFN-I response. Efficient induction of IFN-I by HIV-1 infection requires proviral integration and is regulated by newly expressed viral accessory proteins: Vpr potentiates, while Vpu suppresses cGAS-dependent IFN-I induction. Furthermore, Vpr also amplifies innate sensing of HIV-1 infection in Vpx-treated dendritic cells. Our results identify cGAS as mediator of an IFN-I response to HIV-1 infection in CD4+ T cells and demonstrate that this response is modulated by the viral accessory proteins Vpr and Vpu. Thus, viral innate immune evasion is incomplete in the main target cells of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Vermeire
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ferdinand Roesch
- Département de Virologie, Unité Virus et Immunité, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Réjane Rua
- Département de Virologie, Unité Virus et Immunité, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Dominik Hotter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Anouk Van Nuffel
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hanne Vanderstraeten
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Naessens
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronica Iannucci
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alessia Landi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wojciech Witkowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Baeyens
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Bruno Verhasselt
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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15
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Gonzalo-Gil E, Ikediobi U, Sutton RE. Mechanisms of Virologic Control and Clinical Characteristics of HIV+ Elite/Viremic Controllers. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 90:245-259. [PMID: 28656011 PMCID: PMC5482301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease is pandemic, with approximately 36 million infected individuals world-wide. For the vast majority of these individuals, untreated HIV eventually causes CD4+ T cell depletion and profound immunodeficiency, resulting in morbidity and mortality. But for a remarkable few (0.2 to 0.5 percent), termed elite controllers (ECs), viral loads (VLs) remain suppressed to undetectable levels (< 50 copies/ml) and peripheral CD4+ T cell counts remain high (200 to 1000/μl), all in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Viremic controllers (VCs) are a similar but larger subset of HIV-1 infected individuals who have the ability to suppress their VLs to low levels. These patients have been intensively studied over the last 10 years in order to determine how they are able to naturally control HIV in the absence of medications, and a variety of mechanisms have been proposed. Defective HIV does not explain the clinical status of most ECs/VCs; rather these individuals appear to somehow control HIV infection, through immune or other unknown mechanisms. Over time, many ECs and VCs eventually lose the ability to control HIV, leading to CD4+ T cell depletion and immunologic dysfunction in the absence of ART. Elucidating novel mechanisms of HIV control in this group of patients will be an important step in understanding HIV infection. This will extend our knowledge of HIV-host interaction and may pave the way for the development of new therapeutic approaches and advance the cure agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard E. Sutton
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Richard E. Sutton, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520,Tel (203) 737-3648, Fax (203) 737-6174, .
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16
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Antell GC, Dampier W, Aiamkitsumrit B, Nonnemacher MR, Pirrone V, Zhong W, Kercher K, Passic S, Williams J, Liu Y, James T, Jacobson JM, Szep Z, Wigdahl B, Krebs FC. Evidence of Divergent Amino Acid Usage in Comparative Analyses of R5- and X4-Associated HIV-1 Vpr Sequences. Int J Genomics 2017; 2017:4081585. [PMID: 28620613 PMCID: PMC5460428 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4081585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vpr is an HIV-1 accessory protein that plays numerous roles during viral replication, and some of which are cell type dependent. To test the hypothesis that HIV-1 tropism extends beyond the envelope into the vpr gene, studies were performed to identify the associations between coreceptor usage and Vpr variation in HIV-1-infected patients. Colinear HIV-1 Env-V3 and Vpr amino acid sequences were obtained from the LANL HIV-1 sequence database and from well-suppressed patients in the Drexel/Temple Medicine CNS AIDS Research and Eradication Study (CARES) Cohort. Genotypic classification of Env-V3 sequences as X4 (CXCR4-utilizing) or R5 (CCR5-utilizing) was used to group colinear Vpr sequences. To reveal the sequences associated with a specific coreceptor usage genotype, Vpr amino acid sequences were assessed for amino acid diversity and Jensen-Shannon divergence between the two groups. Five amino acid alphabets were used to comprehensively examine the impact of amino acid substitutions involving side chains with similar physiochemical properties. Positions 36, 37, 41, 89, and 96 of Vpr were characterized by statistically significant divergence across multiple alphabets when X4 and R5 sequence groups were compared. In addition, consensus amino acid switches were found at positions 37 and 41 in comparisons of the R5 and X4 sequence populations. These results suggest an evolutionary link between Vpr and gp120 in HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C. Antell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Will Dampier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamas Aiamkitsumrit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R. Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vanessa Pirrone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine Kercher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shendra Passic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jean Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yucheng Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tony James
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Jacobson
- Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zsofia Szep
- Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fred C. Krebs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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17
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Weber J, Gibson RM, Sácká L, Strunin D, Hodek J, Weberová J, Pávová M, Alouani DJ, Asaad R, Rodriguez B, Lederman MM, Quiñones-Mateu ME. Impaired human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replicative fitness in atypical viremic non-progressor individuals. AIDS Res Ther 2017; 14:15. [PMID: 28331526 PMCID: PMC5359922 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-017-0144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Progression rates from initial HIV-1 infection to advanced AIDS vary significantly among infected individuals. A distinct subgroup of HIV-1-infected individuals—termed viremic non-progressors (VNP) or controllers—do not seem to progress to AIDS, maintaining high CD4+ T cell counts despite high levels of viremia for many years. Several studies have evaluated multiple host factors, including immune activation, trying to elucidate the atypical HIV-1 disease progression in these patients; however, limited work has been done to characterize viral factors in viremic controllers. Methods We analyzed HIV-1 isolates from three VNP individuals and compared the replicative fitness, near full-length HIV-1 genomes and intra-patient HIV-1 genetic diversity with viruses from three typical (TP) and one rapid (RP) progressor individuals. Results Viremic non-progressors and typical patients were infected for >10 years (range 10–17 years), with a mean CD4+ T-cell count of 472 cells/mm3 (442–529) and 400 cells/mm3 (126–789), respectively. VNP individuals had a less marked decline in CD4+ cells (mean −0.56, range −0.4 to −0.7 CD4+/month) than TP patients (mean −10.3, −8.2 to −13.1 CD4+/month). Interestingly, VNP individuals carried viruses with impaired replicative fitness, compared to HIV-1 isolates from the TP and RP patients (p < 0.05, 95% CI). Although analyses of the near full-length HIV-1 genomes showed no clear patterns of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) that could explain the decrease in replicative fitness, both the number of SNPs and HIV-1 population diversity correlated inversely with the replication capacity of the viruses (r = −0.956 and r = −0.878, p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusion It is likely that complex multifactorial parameters govern HIV-1 disease progression in each individual, starting with the infecting virus (phenotype, load, and quasispecies diversity) and the intrinsic ability of the host to respond to the infection. Here we analyzed a subset of viremic controller patients and demonstrated that similar to the phenomenon observed in patients with a discordant response to antiretroviral therapy (i.e., high CD4+ cell counts with detectable plasma HIV-1 RNA load), reduced viral replicative fitness seems to be linked to slow disease progression in these antiretroviral-naïve individuals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12981-017-0144-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Weber
- 0000 0001 1015 3316grid.418095.1Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Richard M Gibson
- 0000 0000 9149 4843grid.443867.aUniversity Hospital Translational Laboratory, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Lenka Sácká
- 0000 0001 1015 3316grid.418095.1Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dmytro Strunin
- 0000 0001 1015 3316grid.418095.1Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hodek
- 0000 0001 1015 3316grid.418095.1Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Weberová
- 0000 0001 1015 3316grid.418095.1Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Pávová
- 0000 0001 1015 3316grid.418095.1Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - David J Alouani
- 0000 0000 9149 4843grid.443867.aUniversity Hospital Translational Laboratory, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Robert Asaad
- 0000 0001 2164 3847grid.67105.35Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288 USA
| | - Benigno Rodriguez
- 0000 0001 2164 3847grid.67105.35Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288 USA
| | - Michael M Lederman
- 0000 0001 2164 3847grid.67105.35Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288 USA
| | - Miguel E Quiñones-Mateu
- 0000 0000 9149 4843grid.443867.aUniversity Hospital Translational Laboratory, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA ; 0000 0001 2164 3847grid.67105.35Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288 USA ; 0000 0001 2164 3847grid.67105.35Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
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18
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González ME. The HIV-1 Vpr Protein: A Multifaceted Target for Therapeutic Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010126. [PMID: 28075409 PMCID: PMC5297760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr protein is an attractive target for antiretroviral drug development. The conservation both of the structure along virus evolution and the amino acid sequence in viral isolates from patients underlines the importance of Vpr for the establishment and progression of HIV-1 disease. While its contribution to virus replication in dividing and non-dividing cells and to the pathogenesis of HIV-1 in many different cell types, both extracellular and intracellular forms, have been extensively studied, its precise mechanism of action nevertheless remains enigmatic. The present review discusses how the apparently multifaceted interplay between Vpr and host cells may be due to the impairment of basic metabolic pathways. Vpr protein modifies host cell energy metabolism, oxidative status, and proteasome function, all of which are likely conditioned by the concentration and multimerization of the protein. The characterization of Vpr domains along with new laboratory tools for the assessment of their function has become increasingly relevant in recent years. With these advances, it is conceivable that drug discovery efforts involving Vpr-targeted antiretrovirals will experience substantial growth in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia González
- Unidad de Expresión Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
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19
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HIV-1 Vpr increases HCV replication through VprBP in cell culture. Virus Res 2016; 223:153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Rossenkhan R, MacLeod IJ, Brumme ZL, Magaret CA, Sebunya TK, Musonda R, Gashe BA, Edlefsen PT, Novitsky V, Essex M. Transmitted/Founder HIV-1 Subtype C Viruses Show Distinctive Signature Patterns in Vif, Vpr, and Vpu That Are Under Subsequent Immune Pressure During Early Infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:1031-1045. [PMID: 27349335 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral variants that predominate during early infection may exhibit constrained diversity compared with those found during chronic infection and could contain amino acid signature patterns that may enhance transmission, establish productive infection, and influence early events that modulate the infection course. We compared amino acid distributions in 17 patients recently infected with HIV-1C with patients with chronic infection. We found significantly lower entropy in inferred transmitted/founder (t/f) compared with chronic viruses and identified signature patterns in Vif and Vpr from inferred t/f viruses. We investigated sequence evolution longitudinally up to 500 days postseroconversion and compared the impact of selected substitutions on predicted human leukocyte antigen (HLA) binding affinities of published and predicted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes. Polymorphisms in Vif and Vpr during early infection occurred more frequently at epitope-HLA anchor residues and significantly decreased predicted epitope-HLA binding. Transmission-associated sequence signatures may have implications for novel strategies to prevent HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raabya Rossenkhan
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Iain J. MacLeod
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Zabrina L. Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Craig A. Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Theresa K. Sebunya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Rosemary Musonda
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Berhanu A. Gashe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Vlad Novitsky
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - M. Essex
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana
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21
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Kamori D, Hasan Z, Ohashi J, Kawana-Tachikawa A, Gatanaga H, Oka S, Ueno T. Identification of two unique naturally occurring Vpr sequence polymorphisms associated with clinical parameters in HIV-1 chronic infection. J Med Virol 2016; 89:123-129. [PMID: 27328918 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) plays important roles in HIV-1 replication. Despite the identification of a number of HLA class I-associated immune escape mutations; it is yet known whether immune-driven Vpr polymorphisms are associated with disease outcome. Hereby, we comprehensively analyzed Vpr sequence polymorphisms and their association with disease outcome and host HLA genotypes, by using plasma viral RNA isolated from 444 HLA-typed, treatment-naïve, chronically HIV-1 infected individuals. Vpr amino acid residues at positions 13, 37, 45, 55, 63, 77, 84, 85, 86, and 93 were significantly associated with patients' plasma viral load and/or CD4 count. Further analysis revealed Ala at position 55 was significantly associated with lower plasma viral load; and Thr at position 63 was significantly associated with lower plasma viral load and higher CD4 count. Also, the number of amino acid residues at the two positions, located in a functionally important α-helical domain, correlated inversely with plasma viral load and positively with CD4 count. Moreover, a phylogenetically corrected method revealed residues at positions 55 and 63 are associated with patients' HLA genotypes. Taken together, our results suggest that Vpr polymorphisms at functionally important and immune-reactive sites may contribute, at least in part, to viral replication and disease outcome in vivo. J. Med. Virol. 89:123-129, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Kamori
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Zafrul Hasan
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jun Ohashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Kawana-Tachikawa
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oka
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ueno
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan. .,International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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22
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Soares R, Rocha G, Meliço-Silvestre A, Gonçalves T. HIV1-viral protein R (Vpr) mutations: associated phenotypes and relevance for clinical pathologies. Rev Med Virol 2016; 26:314-29. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Soares
- FMUC-Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- CNC-Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular; Universidade de Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- IPO-Instituto Português de Oncologia Francisco Gentil; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Graça Rocha
- FMUC-Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- Departamento de Doenças Infeciosas Hospital Pediátrico de Coimbra; CHUC-Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - António Meliço-Silvestre
- FMUC-Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- Departamento de Doenças Infeciosas; CHUC - Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- FMUC-Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- CNC-Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular; Universidade de Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
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23
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Defining the roles for Vpr in HIV-1-associated neuropathogenesis. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:403-15. [PMID: 27056720 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral protein R (Vpr) has a unique role in neuropathogenesis. Its ability to induce G2/M arrest coupled with its capacity to increase viral gene transcription gives it a unique role in sustaining viral replication and aiding in the establishment and maintenance of a systemic infection. The requirement of Vpr for HIV-1 infection and replication in cells of monocytic origin (a key lineage of cells involved in HIV-1 neuroinvasion) suggests an important role in establishing and sustaining infection in the central nervous system (CNS). Contributions of Vpr to neuropathogenesis can be expanded further through (i) naturally occurring HIV-1 sequence variation that results in functionally divergent Vpr variants; (ii) the dual activities of Vpr as a intracellular protein delivered and expressed during HIV-1 infection and as an extracellular protein that can act on neighboring, uninfected cells; (iii) cell type-dependent consequences of Vpr expression and exposure, including cell cycle arrest, metabolic dysregulation, and cytotoxicity; and (iv) the effects of Vpr on exosome-based intercellular communication in the CNS. Revealing that the effects of this pleiotropic viral protein is an essential part of a greater understanding of HIV-1-associated pathogenesis and potential approaches to treating and preventing disease caused by HIV-1 infection.
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24
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Saxena M, Busca A, Holcik M, Kumar A. Bacterial DNA Protects Monocytic Cells against HIV-Vpr-Induced Mitochondrial Membrane Depolarization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3754-67. [PMID: 26969755 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages are important HIV reservoirs, as they exhibit marked resistance to apoptosis upon infection. However, the mechanism underlying resistance to apoptosis in these cells is poorly understood. Using HIV-viral protein R-52-96 aa peptide (Vpr), we show that primary monocytes and THP-1 cells treated with Vpr are highly susceptible to mitochondrial depolarization, but develop resistance following stimulation with bacterial DNA or CpG oligodeoxynucleotide. We have shown that Vpr-induced mitochondrial depolarization is mediated by TNFR-associated factor-1 (TRAF-1) and TRAF-2 degradation and subsequent activation of caspase-8, Bid, and Bax. To provide the mechanism governing such resistance to mitochondrial depolarization, our results show that prior stimulation with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide or Escherichia coli DNA prevented: 1) TRAF-1/2 downregulation; 2) activation of caspase-8, Bid, and Bax; and 3) subsequent mitochondrial depolarization and release of apoptosis-inducing factor and cytochrome c Furthermore, this protection was mediated by upregulation of antiapoptotic protein (c-IAP-2) through calmodulin-dependent kinase-II activation. Thus, c-IAP-2 may prevent Vpr-mediated mitochondrial depolarization through stabilizing TRAF-1/2 expression and sequential inhibition of caspase-8, Bid, and Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Saxena
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Aurelia Busca
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Martin Holcik
- Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada; and
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada; Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
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25
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Mbita Z, Naicker S, Goetsch S, Dlamini Z. The association of RBBP6 variant 3 expressions with apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:74-80. [PMID: 25910411 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
South Africa has one of the highest HIV infection rates in the world. One of the complications of HIV infection is the development of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), which is characterized by deregulation in tubular epithelial apoptosis. The pathways that HIV-1 promotes in the pathogenesis of HIVAN remain less understood. There are many genes that have not been characterized in the pathogenesis of HIVAN. On the other hand, RBBP6 has been shown to play a role in both promoting and inhibiting apoptosis in human cancers. This study was aimed at determining an association between RBBP6 isoform 3 expression and the levels of apoptosis in HIVAN cases. HIVAN biopsy tissues from Johannesburg patients in South Africa were used in this study. These tissues were stained for RBBP6 expression and apoptosis levels using immunohistochemistry staining and TUNEL method respectively. Image analysis was used for quantitative analysis and GraphPad Version 4 was used for statistical analysis. High expression levels of RBBP6 were found in HIVAN cases (n=30) relative to the normal tissues (n=10). High apoptosis levels were also obtained in the HIVAN tissues. This direct association between RBBP6 expression and apoptosis levels suggests that RBBP6 may play a role in HIVAN pathogenesis. RBBP6 may then be targeted for both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in HIVAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zukile Mbita
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
| | - Sarala Naicker
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wits Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Stewart Goetsch
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wits Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- Research, Innovation & Engagements Portfolio, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban, 4031, South Africa.
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26
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Soares R, Rocha G, Nogueira C, Meliço-Silvestre A, Gonçalves T. R77Q and Q3R HIV1-VPR mutations in an otherwise asymptomatic 5-year-old child with repeated ear infections. JMM Case Rep 2014; 1:e002709. [PMID: 28663807 PMCID: PMC5415930 DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.002709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Viral protein R (Vpr) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been described as being involved in the progression of AIDS, and specific mutations are associated with long-term non-progressor patients. CASE PRESENTATION We describe the case of a child with repeated ear infections who was otherwise healthy. The patient, a 5-year-old boy, was HIV-1 positive and the viral load at admission was 1 073 899 RNA copies ml-1 and 0 % CD4+ lymphocytes. A detailed study of the vpr gene sequence of the child revealed mutations leading to amino acid substitutions at positions 3 and 77. CONCLUSION The case reported provides clinical support of previous findings that show that the R77Q and Q3R HIV-1 Vpr variants are associated with patients with delayed disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Soares
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Graça Rocha
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Hospital Pediátrico de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Célia Nogueira
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Meliço-Silvestre
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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27
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Sequence heterogeneity in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nef in patients presenting with rapid progression and delayed progression to AIDS. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2303-20. [PMID: 24748005 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic heterogeneity in the nef genes from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected rapid progressors (RPs) and long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) was analyzed to identify various amino acid substitutions responsible for the discernible difference in disease progression. It was found that the majority of the strains characterized belonged to subtype C, followed by several BC recombinants and subtype A1. Complete nef subtype C sequences from 33 RPs and seven LTNPs were compared, and it was observed that, in the majority of the sequences from both groups, highly conserved functional motifs showed subtle changes. However, drastic changes were observed in two isolates from LTNPs where the arginine cluster was deleted, while in one of them, additionally, acidic residues were replaced by basic residues (EEEEE→RK(R)KKE). The deletion of the arginine cluster and the mutation of acidic residues to basic residues are predicted to delay disease development by abolishing CD4 downmodulation and causing diminution of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) downregulation, respectively. Nonetheless, this is an exclusive finding in these LTNPs, which necessitates their analysis at the functional level. The synonymous-to-nonsynonymous substitution ratio was greater than one in both of the groups, suggesting amino acid sequence conservation and functional robustness. Interpatient nucleotide distance within the group and between the two groups showed very little variation, confirming genetic relatedness among isolates.
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28
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Murakami T, Aida Y. Visualizing Vpr-induced G2 arrest and apoptosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86840. [PMID: 24466265 PMCID: PMC3899331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Vpr is an accessory protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with multiple functions. The induction of G2 arrest by Vpr plays a particularly important role in efficient viral replication because the transcriptional activity of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat is most active in G2 phase. The regulation of apoptosis by Vpr is also important for immune suppression and pathogenesis during HIV infection. However, it is not known whether Vpr-induced apoptosis depends on the ability of Vpr to induce G2 arrest, and the dynamics of Vpr-induced G2 arrest and apoptosis have not been visualized. We performed time-lapse imaging to examine the temporal relationship between Vpr-induced G2 arrest and apoptosis using HeLa cells containing the fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator2 (Fucci2). The dynamics of G2 arrest and subsequent long-term mitotic cell rounding in cells transfected with the Vpr-expression vector were visualized. These cells underwent nuclear mis-segregation after prolonged mitotic processes and then entered G1 phase. Some cells subsequently displayed evidence of apoptosis after prolonged mitotic processes and nuclear mis-segregation. Interestingly, Vpr-induced apoptosis was seldom observed in S or G2 phase. Likewise, visualization of synchronized HeLa/Fucci2 cells infected with an adenoviral vector expressing Vpr clearly showed that Vpr arrests the cell cycle at G2 phase, but does not induce apoptosis at S or G2 phase. Furthermore, time-lapse imaging of HeLa/Fucci2 cells expressing SCAT3.1, a caspase-3-sensitive fusion protein, clearly demonstrated that Vpr induces caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Finally, to examine whether the effects of Vpr on G2 arrest and apoptosis were reversible, we performed live-cell imaging of a destabilizing domain fusion Vpr, which enabled rapid stabilization and destabilization by Shield1. The effects of Vpr on G2 arrest and subsequent apoptosis were reversible. This study is the first to characterize the dynamics of the morphological changes that occur during Vpr-induced G2 arrest and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Murakami
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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29
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Abstract
Research has undergone considerable development in understanding a small subset of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected, therapy-naive individuals who maintain a favorable course of infection surviving for longer periods of time. Although, viral, host genetic, and immunological factors have been analyzed in many previous studies in order to delineate mechanisms that contribute to non-progressive HIV disease, there appears to be a no clear cut winner and the non-progressive HIV disease in <1% of HIV-infected individuals appears to be a complex interplay between viral and host factors. Therefore, it is important to review them separately to signify their potential contribution to non-progressive HIV disease. With respect to virological features, genomic sequencing of HIV-1 strains derived from long-term non-progressors has shown that some individuals are infected with attenuated strains of HIV-1 and harbor mutations from single nucleotide polymorphisms to large deletions in HIV-1 structure, regulatory, and accessory genes. The elucidation of functional attributes of defective/attenuated HIV strains may provide better understanding of viral pathogenesis and the discovery of new therapeutic strategies against HIV. This review mainly focuses on the defects in viral genes that possibly guide non-progressive HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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30
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Slow immunological progression in HIV-1 CRF07_BC-infected injecting drug users. Emerg Microbes Infect 2013; 2:e83. [PMID: 26038447 PMCID: PMC3880871 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2013.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) circulating recombinant form (CRF) 07_BC has caused serious HIV-1 epidemics among injecting drug users (IDUs) in East Asia. Little is known about the characteristics of the virus and its impact on disease progression among the infected individuals. In this study, we compared immunological progression between 423 IDUs infected with CRF07_BC and 194 men who have sex with men (MSM) with primary subtype B infection, and a representative full-length CRF07_BC molecular clone, pCRF07_BC, was constructed to characterize the virus. We found that IDUs infected with CRF07_BC had significantly slower immunological progression in the Cox proportional hazards model (hazard ratio: 0.30; 95% confidence interval: 0.13–0.69; P=0.004). The constructed recombinant CRF07_BC viruses had a reduced processing of the Gag/Gag-Pol polyproteins, a decreased incorporation of Vpr in the virus particle, tethering of virus particles on the plasma membrane and decreased virus growth kinetics. These phenotypes are related to the unique 7-amino acid deletion in the p6 of CRF07_BC, since complementation of the 7-amino acid in pCRF07_BC could improve the defective phenotypes. In summary, compared with MSM infected with HIV-1 subtype B, IDUs infected with CRF07_BC had slower immunological progression, which is likely correlated with interference of virus particle maturation by the 7-amino acid deletion in p6.
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31
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Hadi K, Walker LA, Guha D, Murali R, Watkins SC, Tarwater P, Srinivasan A, Ayyavoo V. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr polymorphisms associated with progressor and nonprogressor individuals alter Vpr-associated functions. J Gen Virol 2013; 95:700-711. [PMID: 24300552 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.059576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Following infection with Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) there is a remarkable variation in virus replication and disease progression. Both host and viral factors have been implicated in the observed differences in disease status. Here, we focus on understanding the contribution of HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) by evaluating the disease-associated Vpr polymorphism and its biological functions from HIV-1 positive rapid progressor (RP) and long-term nonprogressor (LTNP) subjects. Results presented here show distinct variation in phenotypes of Vpr alleles from LTNP and RP subjects. Most notably, the polymorphism of Vpr at R36W and L68M associated with RP shows higher levels of oligomerization, and increased virus replication, whereas R77Q exhibits poor replication kinetics. Interestingly, we did not observe correlation with cell cycle arrest function. Together these results indicate that polymorphisms in Vpr in part may contribute to altered virus replication kinetics leading to the observed differences in disease progression in LTNP and RP groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Hadi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Leah A Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Debjani Guha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Patrick Tarwater
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | | | - Velpandi Ayyavoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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32
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Rivera I, García Y, Gangwani MR, Noel RJ, Maldonado L, Kumar A, Rivera-Amill V. Identification and molecular characterization of SIV Vpr R50G mutation associated with long term survival in SIV-infected morphine dependent and control macaques. Virology 2013; 446:144-51. [PMID: 24074576 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Viral protein R (Vpr) is an accessory protein of HIV and SIV involved in the pathogenesis of viral infection. In this study, we monitored SIV evolution in the central nervous system and other organs from morphine-dependent and control animals by sequencing vpr in an attempt to understand the relationship between drug abuse, disease progression, and compartmentalization of viral evolution. Animals in the morphine group developed accelerated disease and died within twenty weeks post-infection. A unique mutation, R50G, was identified in the macaques that survived regardless of morphine exposure. Functional studies revealed that the R50G mutation exhibited altered cellular localization and decreased the expression levels of both IL-6 and IL-8. Our results, therefore, suggest that sequence changes within the SIV/17E-Fr vpr occur regardless of drug abuse but correlate with survival, and that they alter disease progression rates by affecting Vpr functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivelisse Rivera
- Department of Microbiology, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ponce, PR 00716, USA
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33
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Eyzaguirre LM, Charurat M, Redfield RR, Blattner WA, Carr JK, Sajadi MM. Elevated hypermutation levels in HIV-1 natural viral suppressors. Virology 2013; 443:306-12. [PMID: 23791226 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the HIV-1 proviral genomes delay the progression of the disease. We compared the mutation status in full-length proviral genomes of 23 HIV-infected patients with undetectable viral loads in the absence of therapy named natural viral suppressors (NVS) or Elite Controllers with 23 HIV-infected controls (10 patients on HAART treatment and 13 untreated patients). Provirus DNA was extracted from PBMC for amplification and sequencing to determine the mutation status. Nine (39 %) of the 23 NVS patients had defective proviral genomes, compared to 4 of the treated controls (40%, p = 0.96) and only one of the untreated controls (8%, p = 0.059). Most of the defective genomes resulted from Gto-A hypermutation. Among patients with hypermutation, the rate ratio for mutation was significantly higher for the NVS compared to treated controls (p = 0.043). Our data suggests that inactivation of the virus through the APOBEC3G system may contribute to the NVS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Eyzaguirre
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States 725 West Lombard Street Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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34
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Wang X, Singh S, Jung HY, Yang G, Jun S, Sastry KJ, Park JI. HIV-1 Vpr protein inhibits telomerase activity via the EDD-DDB1-VPRBP E3 ligase complex. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15474-80. [PMID: 23612978 PMCID: PMC3668709 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.416735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral pathogens utilize host cell machinery for their benefits. Herein, we identify that HIV-1 Vpr (viral protein R) negatively modulates telomerase activity. Telomerase enables stem and cancer cells to evade cell senescence by adding telomeric sequences to the ends of chromosomes. We found that Vpr inhibited telomerase activity by down-regulating TERT protein, a catalytic subunit of telomerase. As a molecular adaptor, Vpr enhanced the interaction between TERT and the VPRBP substrate receptor of the DYRK2-associated EDD-DDB1-VPRBP E3 ligase complex, resulting in increased ubiquitination of TERT. In contrast, the Vpr mutant identified in HIV-1-infected long-term nonprogressors failed to promote TERT destabilization. Our results suggest that Vpr inhibits telomerase activity by hijacking the host E3 ligase complex, and we propose the novel molecular mechanism of telomerase deregulation in possibly HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- From the Departments of Experimental Radiation Oncology and
| | | | - Hae-Yun Jung
- From the Departments of Experimental Radiation Oncology and
| | | | - Sohee Jun
- From the Departments of Experimental Radiation Oncology and
| | | | - Jae-Il Park
- From the Departments of Experimental Radiation Oncology and
- the Program in Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030 and
- the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, The University of Texas Health Science Center and MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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35
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Massanella M, Curriu M, Carrillo J, Gómez E, Puig J, Navarro J, Dalmau J, Martínez-Picado J, Crespo M, Cabrera C, Negredo E, Clotet B, Blanco J. Assessing main death pathways in T lymphocytes from HIV infected individuals. Cytometry A 2013; 83:648-58. [PMID: 23650261 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Increased lymphocyte death is a hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Although virological factors have been linked to this phenomenon, increased cell death rates are still observed in treated individuals in which viral replication is halted. To understand the nature of this remaining altered cell death, we have developed a simple and fast assay to assess major cell death pathways in lymphocytes isolated from HIV-infected individuals. The combination of three factors: (i) antibody staining to identify CD3(+) CD4(+) and CD3(+) CD8(+) cells, (ii) assessment of mitochondrial and plasma membrane function using DiOC6(3) or JC-1 probes and vital dyes, and (iii) caspase inhibition, allowed for the quantification of caspase-independent and -dependent cell death in CD4 and CD8 T cells. The latter mechanism was divided in intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways according to the sensitivity of the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential to Z-VAD-fmk or Q-VD-oPH treatment. Our data show similar results for both caspase inhibitors in treated infected individuals, whereas Q-VD-oPH showed a more potent inhibition in viremic individuals, yielding lower levels of intrinsic apoptosis. Comparison of DiOC6(3) and JC-1 probes yielded similar results in CD4 T cells, allowing for a clear definition of death mechanism in these cells. However, in CD8 T-cells, JC-1 showed heterogeneous staining and detected significantly lower levels of cell death with a higher contribution of intrinsic apoptosis. In conclusion, we provide a simple method to assess CD4 T-cell death mechanisms in HIV-infected individuals. The reasons and consequences of mitochondrial heterogeneity in CD8 T-cells require further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Massanella
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida, IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
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Tomasicchio M, Avenant C, Du Toit A, Ray RM, Hapgood JP. The progestin-only contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate, but not norethisterone acetate, enhances HIV-1 Vpr-mediated apoptosis in human CD4+ T cells through the glucocorticoid receptor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62895. [PMID: 23658782 PMCID: PMC3643923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates several physiological functions, including immune function and apoptosis. The HIV-1 virus accessory protein, viral protein R (Vpr), can modulate the transcriptional response of the GR. Glucocorticoids (GCs) and Vpr have been reported to induce apoptosis in various cells, including T-cells. We have previously shown that the injectable contraceptive, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is a partial to full agonist for the GR, unlike norethisterone acetate (NET-A). We investigated the functional cross talk between the GR and Vpr in inducing apoptosis in CD4(+) T-cells, in the absence and presence of GCs and these progestins, as well as progesterone. By using flow cytometry, we show that, in contrast to NET-A and progesterone, the synthetic GR ligand dexamethasone (Dex), cortisol and MPA induce apoptosis in primary CD4(+) T-cells. Furthermore, the C-terminal part of the Vpr peptide, or HIV-1 pseudovirus, together with Dex or MPA further increased the apoptotic phenotype, unlike NET-A and progesterone. By a combination of Western blotting, PCR and the use of receptor- selective agonists, we provide evidence that the GR and the estrogen receptor are the only steroid receptors expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These results, together with the findings that RU486, a GR antagonist, prevents Dex-, MPA- and Vpr-mediated apoptosis, provide evidence for the first time that GR agonists or partial agonists increase apoptosis in primary CD4(+) T-cells via the GR. We show that apoptotic induction involves differential expression of key apoptotic genes by both Vpr and GCs/MPA. This work suggests that contraceptive doses of MPA but not NET-A or physiological doses of progesterone could potentially accelerate depletion of CD4(+) T-cells in a GR-dependent fashion in HIV-1 positive women, thereby contributing to immunodeficiency. The results imply that choice of progestin used in contraception may be critical to susceptibility and progression of diseases such as HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tomasicchio
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Province, South Africa
| | - Chanel Avenant
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Province, South Africa
| | - Andrea Du Toit
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Province, South Africa
| | - Roslyn M. Ray
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Province, South Africa
| | - Janet P. Hapgood
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Province, South Africa
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HIV-1 Vpr activates both canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathway by enhancing the phosphorylation of IKKα/β. Virology 2013; 439:47-56. [PMID: 23453579 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) Vpr plays an essential role in viral replication. A number of studies have reported that Vpr modulates the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Yet, the reported effects of Vpr on NF-κB signaling are controversial. In this study, we investigate the interplay between Vpr and NF-κB pathway. We discover that HIV-1 infection elevates the phosphorylation of IκBα and p100, and that this increase is greatly reduced when a Vpr-negative HIV-1 is used for infection. Our data further show that Vpr regulates the activity of IKKα/β through interactions. In addition, Vpr modulates the phosphorylation of p65 and p100, suggesting that Vpr activates both canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathway. Knock down of endogenous IKKα/β result in a decrease in Vpr-mediated NF-κB and HIV-1 LTR activation. Given that Vpr is present in HIV-1 particles, our data suggest that Vpr activates the NF-κB pathway immediately after HIV-1 entry.
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López-Huertas MR, Mateos E, Sánchez Del Cojo M, Gómez-Esquer F, Díaz-Gil G, Rodríguez-Mora S, López JA, Calvo E, López-Campos G, Alcamí J, Coiras M. The presence of HIV-1 Tat protein second exon delays fas protein-mediated apoptosis in CD4+ T lymphocytes: a potential mechanism for persistent viral production. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7626-7644. [PMID: 23364796 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.408294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replication is efficiently controlled by the regulator protein Tat (101 amino acids) and codified by two exons, although the first exon (1-72 amino acids) is sufficient for this process. Tat can be released to the extracellular medium, acting as a soluble pro-apoptotic factor in neighboring cells. However, HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T lymphocytes show a higher resistance to apoptosis. We observed that the intracellular expression of Tat delayed FasL-mediated apoptosis in both peripheral blood lymphocytes and Jurkat cells, as it is an essential pathway to control T cell homeostasis during immune activation. Jurkat-Tat cells showed impairment in the activation of caspase-8, deficient release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, and delayed activation of both caspase-9 and -3. This protection was due to a profound deregulation of proteins that stabilized the mitochondrial membrane integrity, such as heat shock proteins, prohibitin, or nucleophosmin, as well as to the up-regulation of NF-κB-dependent anti-apoptotic proteins, such as BCL2, c-FLIPS, XIAP, and C-IAP2. These effects were observed in Jurkat expressing full-length Tat (Jurkat-Tat101) but not in Jurkat expressing the first exon of Tat (Jurkat-Tat72), proving that the second exon, and particularly the NF-κB-related motif ESKKKVE, was necessary for Tat-mediated protection against FasL apoptosis. Accordingly, the protection exerted by Tat was independent of its function as a regulator of both viral transcription and elongation. Moreover, these data proved that HIV-1 could have developed strategies to delay FasL-mediated apoptosis in infected CD4(+) T lymphocytes through the expression of Tat, thus favoring the persistent replication of HIV-1 in infected T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rosa López-Huertas
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Elena Mateos
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - María Sánchez Del Cojo
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Francisco Gómez-Esquer
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Díaz-Gil
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mora
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio López
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo López-Campos
- Health and Biomedical Informatics Research Unit, Melbourne Medical School, 3010 Melbourne, Australia
| | - José Alcamí
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Mayte Coiras
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain.
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis has proven to be quite complex and dynamic with most of the critical events (e.g., transmission, CD4(+) T-cell destruction) occurring in mucosal tissues. In addition, although the resulting disease can progress over years, it is clear that many critical events happen within the first few weeks of infection when most patients are unaware that they are infected. These events occur predominantly in tissues other than the peripheral blood, particularly the gastrointestinal tract, where massive depletion of CD4(+) T cells occurs long before adverse consequences of HIV infection are otherwise apparent. Profound insights into these early events have been gained through the use of nonhuman primate models, which offer the opportunity to examine the early stages of infection with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), a close relative of HIV that induces an indistinguishable clinical picture from AIDS in Asian primate species, but importantly, fails to cause disease in its natural African hosts, such as sooty mangabeys and African green monkeys. This article draws from data derived from both human and nonhuman primate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Science Center, Covington, LA 70443, USA.
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Rossenkhan R, Novitsky V, Sebunya TK, Musonda R, Gashe BA, Essex M. Viral diversity and diversification of major non-structural genes vif, vpr, vpu, tat exon 1 and rev exon 1 during primary HIV-1 subtype C infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35491. [PMID: 22590503 PMCID: PMC3348911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the level of intra-patient diversity and evolution of HIV-1C non-structural genes in primary infection, viral quasispecies obtained by single genome amplification (SGA) at multiple sampling timepoints up to 500 days post-seroconversion (p/s) were analyzed. The mean intra-patient diversity was 0.11% (95% CI; 0.02 to 0.20) for vif, 0.23% (95% CI; 0.08 to 0.38) for vpr, 0.35% (95% CI; −0.05 to 0.75) for vpu, 0.18% (95% CI; 0.01 to 0.35) for tat exon 1 and 0.30% (95% CI; 0.02 to 0.58) for rev exon 1 during the time period 0 to 90 days p/s. The intra-patient diversity increased gradually in all non-structural genes over the first year of HIV-1 infection, which was evident from the vif mean intra-patient diversity of 0.46% (95% CI; 0.28 to 0.64), vpr 0.44% (95% CI; 0.24 to 0.64), vpu 0.84% (95% CI; 0.55 to 1.13), tat exon 1 0.35% (95% CI; 0.14 to 0.56 ) and rev exon 1 0.42% (95% CI; 0.18 to 0.66) during the time period of 181 to 500 days p/s. There was a statistically significant increase in viral diversity for vif (p = 0.013) and vpu (p = 0.002). No associations between levels of viral diversity within the non-structural genes and HIV-1 RNA load during primary infection were found. The study details the dynamics of the non-structural viral genes during the early stages of HIV-1C infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raabya Rossenkhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
- Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Novitsky
- Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Theresa K. Sebunya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Rosemary Musonda
- Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Berhanu A. Gashe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - M. Essex
- Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Busca A, Saxena M, Kumar A. Critical role for antiapoptotic Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 in human macrophage survival and cellular IAP1/2 (cIAP1/2) in resistance to HIV-Vpr-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:15118-33. [PMID: 22403404 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.312660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are resistant to HIV cytopathic effects, which contributes to viral persistence and reservoir formation. HIV viral protein R (Vpr) is a potent apoptosis-inducing agent for primary monocytes. Because the biologically active Vpr is found in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected patients, we investigated the apoptotic effect of Vpr on monocyte-derived macrophages and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-activated THP1 macrophages. Our results show that primary monocytes and THP1 cells develop resistance to Vpr-induced apoptosis following differentiation into macrophages. To determine the effect of Vpr on the expression of antiapoptotic proteins, we show that in contrast to the undifferentiated cells, Vpr did not down-regulate the expression of antiapoptotic inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) and Bcl2 family members in macrophages, suggesting their involvement in resistance to Vpr-induced apoptosis. However, knocking down Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 proteins induced spontaneous apoptosis with no impact on susceptibility to Vpr-induced apoptosis. In contrast, down-regulation of cellular IAP1 (cIAP1) and cIAP2 by using siRNAs and SMAC (second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases) mimetic sensitized macrophages to Vpr-induced apoptosis. Overall, our results suggest that resistance to Vpr-induced apoptosis is specifically mediated by cIAP1/2 genes independent of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, which play a key role in maintaining cell viability. Moreover, IAP modulation may be a potential strategy to eliminate HIV persistence in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Busca
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
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Curriu M, Fausther-Bovendo H, Pernas M, Massanella M, Carrillo J, Cabrera C, López-Galíndez C, Clotet B, Debré P, Vieillard V, Blanco J. Viremic HIV infected individuals with high CD4 T cells and functional envelope proteins show anti-gp41 antibodies with unique specificity and function. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30330. [PMID: 22312424 PMCID: PMC3270019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4 T-cell decay is variable among HIV-infected individuals. In exceptional cases, CD4 T-cell counts remain stable despite high plasma viremia. HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) properties, namely tropism, fusion or the ability to induce the NK ligand NKp44L, or host factors that modulate Env cytopathic mechanisms may be modified in such situation. METHODS We identified untreated HIV-infected individuals showing non-cytopathic replication (VL>10,000 copies/mL and CD4 T-cell decay<50 cells/µL/year, Viremic Non Progressors, VNP) or rapid progression (CD4 T-cells<350 cells/µL within three years post-infection, RP). We isolated full-length Env clones and analyzed their functions (tropism, fusion activity and capacity to induce NKp44L expression on CD4 cells). Anti-Env humoral responses were also analyzed. RESULTS Env clones isolated from VNP or RP individuals showed no major phenotypic differences. The percentage of functional clones was similar in both groups. All clones tested were CCR5-tropic and showed comparable expression and fusogenic activity. Moreover, no differences were observed in their capacity to induce NKp44L expression on CD4 T cells from healthy donors through the 3S epitope of gp41. In contrast, anti- Env antibodies showed clear functional differences: plasma from VNPs had significantly higher capacity than RPs to block NKp44L induction by autologous viruses. Consistently, CD4 T-cells isolated from VNPs showed undetectable NKp44L expression and specific antibodies against a variable region flanking the highly conserved 3S epitope were identified in plasma samples from these patients. Conversely, despite continuous antigen stimulation, VNPs were unable to mount a broad neutralizing response against HIV. CONCLUSIONS Env functions (fusion and induction of NKp44L) were similar in viremic patients with slow or rapid progression to AIDS. However, differences in humoral responses against gp41 epitopes nearby 3S sequence may contribute to the lack of CD4 T cell decay in VNPs by blocking the induction of NKp44L by gp41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Curriu
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hughes Fausther-Bovendo
- INSERM UMR-S 945, Laboratoire Immunité et Infection, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, UPMC, Université Paris-6, Paris, France
| | - María Pernas
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cecilia Cabrera
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cecilio López-Galíndez
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrice Debré
- INSERM UMR-S 945, Laboratoire Immunité et Infection, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, UPMC, Université Paris-6, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- INSERM UMR-S 945, Laboratoire Immunité et Infection, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, UPMC, Université Paris-6, Paris, France
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Sharma PL, Chunduri H, Wise J, Mindley R, Rimland D. Replication-independent expression of anti-apoptosis marker genes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with the wild-type HIV-1 and reverse transcriptase variants. Viral Immunol 2012; 25:12-20. [PMID: 22239233 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2011.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials with highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have shown that a substantial number of patients continue to show a decrease in viral load and/or increase or stable CD4(+) T-cell numbers even in the presence of multidrug resistant (MDR) viruses. We compared replication capacity (RC) and expression of anti-apoptosis marker genes (AAMGs) in human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells infected with NL4-3 (wild-type; WT) and mutant viruses. Replication kinetics assays showed a significant decrease in RC of all mutant viruses in comparison to the WT virus. The viruses containing patient-derived MDR RT without the K65R mutation (PSD5.2) replicated efficiently in comparison to the viruses with MDR RT containing the K65R mutation (PSD5.1), or the single mutations K65R and M184V. Compared with WT, a significant decrease in RCs of viruses: K65R (RC=0.39±0.02; p≤0.0001), M184V (RC=0.72±0.04; p≤0.0001), PSD5.1 (RC=0.32±0.04; p≤0.0001), and PSD5.2 (RC=0.90±0.04; p=0.002) was observed on day 10. RT-PCR-based apoptosis array was performed on total cellular RNA. Recombinant virus PSD5.2 showed a 1.5- to 6-fold upregulation in 8 AAMGs (AKT1, BAG3, BCL2A1, BFAR, BIRC2, BNIP1, BNIP3, and CFLAR) on day 1 and day 7 post-infection with respect to WT virus. PSD5.1 showed upregulation of only one gene (BAG1) on day 1 (1.75-fold) and day 7 (1.97-fold). Point mutant K65R showed a 1.5- to 4-fold upregulation of six AAMGs on day 7. Viruses with the M184V mutation showed upregulation of only one gene (BAG1). These observations indicate that the upregulation of specific AAMGs may not be dependent on the RCs of HIV-I variants, and that the possible interaction among mutated RT residues and viral and/or host proteins may induce CD4(+) T-cell-protective anti-apoptosis proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem L Sharma
- Medical Research 151MV, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA.
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Solbak SMØ, Wray V, Horvli O, Raae AJ, Flydal MI, Henklein P, Henklein P, Nimtz M, Schubert U, Fossen T. The host-pathogen interaction of human cyclophilin A and HIV-1 Vpr requires specific N-terminal and novel C-terminal domains. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2011; 11:49. [PMID: 22185200 PMCID: PMC3269379 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-11-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclophilin A (CypA) represents a potential key molecule in future antiretroviral therapy since inhibition of CypA suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. CypA interacts with the virus proteins Capsid (CA) and Vpr, however, the mechanism through which CypA influences HIV-1 infectivity still remains unclear. RESULTS Here the interaction of full-length HIV-1 Vpr with the host cellular factor CypA has been characterized and quantified by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. A C-terminal region of Vpr, comprising the 16 residues 75GCRHSRIGVTRQRRAR90, with high binding affinity for CypA has been identified. This region of Vpr does not contain any proline residues but binds much more strongly to CypA than the previously characterized N-terminal binding domain of Vpr, and is thus the first protein binding domain to CypA described involving no proline residues. The fact that the mutant peptide Vpr75-90 R80A binds more weakly to CypA than the wild-type peptide confirms that Arg-80 is a key residue in the C-terminal binding domain. The N- and C-terminal binding regions of full-length Vpr bind cooperatively to CypA and have allowed a model of the complex to be created. The dissociation constant of full-length Vpr to CypA was determined to be approximately 320 nM, indicating that the binding may be stronger than that of the well characterized interaction of HIV-1 CA with CypA. CONCLUSIONS For the first time the interaction of full-length Vpr and CypA has been characterized and quantified. A non-proline-containing 16-residue region of C-terminal Vpr which binds specifically to CypA with similar high affinity as full-length Vpr has been identified. The fact that this is the first non-proline containing binding motif of any protein found to bind to CypA, changes the view on how CypA is able to interact with other proteins. It is interesting to note that several previously reported key functions of HIV-1 Vpr are associated with the identified N- and C-terminal binding domains of the protein to CypA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Ø Solbak
- Centre of Pharmacy, University of Bergen, N-5007 Bergen Norway
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Takeda E, Murakami T, Matsuda G, Murakami H, Zako T, Maeda M, Aida Y. Nuclear exportin receptor CAS regulates the NPI-1-mediated nuclear import of HIV-1 Vpr. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27815. [PMID: 22110766 PMCID: PMC3218035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vpr, an accessory protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, is a multifunctional protein that plays an important role in viral replication. We have previously shown that the region between residues 17 and 74 of Vpr (VprN17C74) contained a bona fide nuclear localization signal and it is targeted VprN17C74 to the nuclear envelope and then imported into the nucleus by importin α (Impα) alone. The interaction between Impα and Vpr is important not only for the nuclear import of Vpr but also for HIV-1 replication in macrophages; however, it was unclear whether full-length Vpr enters the nucleus in a manner similar to VprN17C74. This study investigated the nuclear import of full-length Vpr using the three typical Impα isoforms, Rch1, Qip1 and NPI-1, and revealed that full-length Vpr is selectively imported by NPI-1, but not Rch1 and Qip1, after it makes contact with the perinuclear region in digitonin-permeabilized cells. A binding assay using the three Impα isoforms showed that Vpr bound preferentially to the ninth armadillo repeat (ARM) region (which is also essential for the binding of CAS, the export receptor for Impα) in all three isoforms. Comparison of biochemical binding affinities between Vpr and the Impα isoforms using surface plasmon resonance analysis demonstrated almost identical values for the binding of Vpr to the full-length isoforms and to their C-terminal domains. By contrast, the data showed that, in the presence of CAS, Vpr was released from the Vpr/NPI-1 complex but was not released from Rch1 or Qip1. Finally, the NPI-1–mediated nuclear import of Vpr was greatly reduced in semi-intact CAS knocked-down cells and was recovered by the addition of exogenous CAS. This report is the first to show the requirement for and the regulation of CAS in the functioning of the Vpr-Impα complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Takeda
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Murakami
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Go Matsuda
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hironobu Murakami
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Japan Foundation for AIDS Prevention, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Zako
- Bioengineering Laboratory, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mizuo Maeda
- Bioengineering Laboratory, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Modulation of NKG2D-mediated cytotoxic functions of natural killer cells by viral protein R from HIV-1 primary isolates. J Virol 2011; 85:12254-61. [PMID: 21957298 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05835-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) from laboratory-adapted virus strains activates the DNA damage/stress sensor ATR kinase and induces cell cycle arrest at the G(2)/M phase through a process that requires Vpr to engage the DDB1-CUL4A (VprBP/DCAF-1) E3 ligase complex. Activation of this DNA damage/stress checkpoint in G(2) by Vpr was shown to modulate NKG2D-dependent NK cell effector functions via enhancing expression of NKG2D ligands, notably ULBP2. However, it is unknown whether Vpr from HIV-1 primary isolates (groups M, N, O, and P) could modulate NKG2D-mediated cytotoxic functions of NK cells. Here, we report that Vpr from most HIV-1 primary isolates can upregulate ULBP2 expression and induce NKG2D-dependent NK cell killing. Importantly, these activities were always accompanied by an active G(2) cell cycle arrest function. Interestingly, Vpr variants from group P and a clade D isolate of group M were defective at enhancing NKG2D-mediated NK cell lysis owing to their inability to augment ULBP2 expression. However, distinct mechanisms were responsible for their failure to do so. While Vpr from group P was deficient in its ability to engage the DDB1-CUL4A (VprBP/DCAF-1) E3 ligase complex, the Vpr variant from group D was unable to properly localize to the nucleus, underlining the importance of these biological properties in Vpr function. In conclusion, the ability of Vpr from HIV-1 primary isolates to regulate NK cell effector function underscores the importance of this HIV-1 accessory protein in the modulation of the host's innate immune responses.
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Nie Z, Bren GD, Rizza SA, Badley AD. HIV Protease Cleavage of Procaspase 8 is Necessary for Death of HIV-Infected Cells. Open Virol J 2011; 2:1-7. [PMID: 18818774 PMCID: PMC2548307 DOI: 10.2174/1874357900802010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous host and viral factors are capable of causing death of HIV infected cells, uninfected bystander cells, or both. We assessed the relevance of HIV protease in infected cell killing by mutating its obligate substrate for death, procaspase 8. VSV pseudotyped HIV infection of cells expressing WT caspase 8 resulted in apoptotic cell death and generation of the HIV protease specific cleavage product of procaspase 8, casp8p41. Conversely, both cell death and casp8p41 production were inhibited in cells expressing procaspase 8 engineered to be resistant to HIV protease cleavage. Lymph nodes from HIV-infected patients with ongoing viral replication also selectively expressed casp8p41, which colocalized with both infected and apoptotic cells. HIV protease cleavage of procaspase 8 appears to be a necessary event for infected cell killing, which is responsible for infected cell death within lymphoid tissues from HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Nie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Na H, Acharjee S, Jones G, Vivithanaporn P, Noorbakhsh F, McFarlane N, Maingat F, Ballanyi K, Pardo CA, Cohen EA, Power C. Interactions between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 Vpr expression and innate immunity influence neurovirulence. Retrovirology 2011; 8:44. [PMID: 21645334 PMCID: PMC3123635 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral diversity and abundance are defining properties of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1's biology and pathogenicity. Despite the increasing availability of antiretroviral therapy, HIV-associated dementia (HAD) continues to be a devastating consequence of HIV-1 infection of the brain although the underlying disease mechanisms remain uncertain. Herein, molecular diversity within the HIV-1 non-structural gene, Vpr, was examined in RNA sequences derived from brain and blood of HIV/AIDS patients with or without HIV-associated dementia (HAD) together with the ensuing pathobiological effects. RESULTS Cloned brain- and blood-derived full length vpr alleles revealed that amino acid residue 77 within the brain-derived alleles distinguished HAD (77Q) from non-demented (ND) HIV/AIDS patients (77R) (p < 0.05) although vpr transcripts were more frequently detected in HAD brains (p < 0.05). Full length HIV-1 clones encoding the 77R-ND residue induced higher IFN-α, MX1 and BST-2 transcript levels in human glia relative to the 77Q-HAD encoding virus (p < 0.05) but both viruses exhibited similar levels of gene expression and replication. Myeloid cells transfected with 77Q-(pVpr77Q-HAD), 77R (pVpr77R-ND) or Vpr null (pVpr(-))-containing vectors showed that the pVpr77R-ND vector induced higher levels of immune gene expression (p < 0.05) and increased neurotoxicity (p < 0.05). Vpr peptides (amino acids 70-96) containing the 77Q-HAD or 77R-ND motifs induced similar levels of cytosolic calcium activation when exposed to human neurons. Human glia exposed to the 77R-ND peptide activated higher transcript levels of IFN-α, MX1, PRKRA and BST-2 relative to 77Q-HAD peptide (p < 0.05). The Vpr 77R-ND peptide was also more neurotoxic in a concentration-dependent manner when exposed to human neurons (p < 0.05). Stereotaxic implantation of full length Vpr, 77Q-HAD or 77R-ND peptides into the basal ganglia of mice revealed that full length Vpr and the 77R-ND peptide caused greater neurobehavioral deficits and neuronal injury compared with 77Q-HAD peptide-implanted animals (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These observations underscored the potent neuropathogenic properties of Vpr but also indicated viral diversity modulates innate neuroimmunity and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Na
- Department of Medicine University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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Zhao RY, Li G, Bukrinsky MI. Vpr-host interactions during HIV-1 viral life cycle. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 6:216-29. [PMID: 21318276 PMCID: PMC5482210 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral protein R (Vpr) is a multifunctional viral protein that plays important role at multiple stages of the HIV-1 viral life cycle. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying these activities are subject of ongoing investigations, overall, these activities have been linked to promotion of viral replication and impairment of anti-HIV immunity. Importantly, functional defects of Vpr have been correlated with slow disease progression of HIV-infected patients. Vpr is required for efficient viral replication in non-dividing cells such as macrophages, and it promotes, to some extent, viral replication in proliferating CD4+ T cells. The specific activities of Vpr include modulation of fidelity of viral reverse transcription, nuclear import of the HIV-1 pre-integration complex, transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR promoter, induction of cell cycle G2 arrest and cell death via apoptosis. In this review, we focus on description of the cellular proteins that specifically interact with Vpr and discuss their significance with regard to the known Vpr activities at each step of the viral life cycle in proliferating and non-proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies in HIV-1 patients with undetectable viremia. J Virol 2011; 85:5804-13. [PMID: 21471239 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02482-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies have identified HIV-infected patients able to produce a broad neutralizing response, and the detailed analyses of their sera have provided valuable information to improve future vaccine design. All these studies have excluded patients on antiretroviral treatment and with undetectable viral loads, who have an improved B cell profile compared to untreated patients. To better understand the induction of neutralizing antibodies in patients on antiretroviral treatment with undetectable viremia, we have screened 508 serum samples from 364 patients (173 treated and 191 untreated) for a broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) response using a new strategy based on the use of recombinant viruses. Sera able to neutralize a minipanel of 6 recombinant viruses, including envelopes from 5 different subtypes, were found in both groups. After IgG purification, we were able to confirm the presence of IgG-associated broadly neutralizing activity in 3.7% (7 of 191) of untreated patients with detectable viremia and 1.7% (3 of 174) of aviremic patients receiving antiretroviral treatment. We thus confirm the possibility of induction of a broad IgG-associated neutralizing response in patients on antiretroviral treatment, despite having undetectable viremia. This observation is in stark contrast to the data obtained from long-term nonprogressors, whose little neutralizing activity has been attributed to the low levels of viral replication.
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