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Lord MN, Noble EE. Hypothalamic cannabinoid signaling: Consequences for eating behavior. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e1251. [PMID: 39155548 PMCID: PMC11331011 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In parallel to the legalization of cannabis for both medicinal and recreational purposes, cannabinoid use has steadily increased over the last decade in the United States. Cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol and anandamide, bind to the central cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor to impact several physiological processes relevant for body weight regulation, including appetite and energy expenditure. The hypothalamus integrates peripheral signals related to energy balance, houses several nuclei that orchestrate eating, and expresses the CB1 receptor. Herein we review literature to date concerning cannabinergic action in the hypothalamus with a specific focus on eating behaviors. We highlight hypothalamic areas wherein researchers have focused their attention, including the lateral, arcuate, paraventricular, and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei, and interactions with the hormone leptin. This review serves as a comprehensive analysis of what is known about cannabinoid signaling in the hypothalamus, highlights gaps in the literature, and suggests future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magen N. Lord
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Emily E. Noble
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
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2
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Qian L, Zhang S, Lin C, Lin J, Li Z. Depression exacerbates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice via CNR2 gene and MIF-AMPK signaling pathway. Int J Cardiol 2024; 416:132505. [PMID: 39222886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2024.132505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion(I/R)injury constitute the fundamental pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Ischemic heart releases macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which activates MIF- AMPK signaling pathway. Depression is a significant risk factor for AMI. In a state of depression, peripheral expression of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CNR2) genes was downregulated. AIMS We investigated the mechanism by which depression exacerbates myocardial I/R injury through the CNR2 and MIF-AMPK signaling pathways. METHODS We established mouse models of depression and myocardial I/R. Left ventricular function was assessed using cardiac ultrasound and TTC staining. The protein levels of myocardial CNR2, MIF, AMPK, and ACC were determined by Western blot, while the expression level of CNR2 was measured using RT-qPCR. Additionally, MIF content in peripheral blood was quantified using ELISA. RESULTS After I/R, the expression level of CNR2 was found to be lower in the depression group, leading to a deterioration in left heart function. Depressed mice exhibited lower secretion of MIF, accompanied by a decrease in the activation of the MIF-AMPK signaling pathway. However, injection of CNR2 agonist JWH133 prior to ischemia increased the activation of the MIF-AMPK signaling pathway, while CNR2 inhibitor AM630 decreased the activation. LIMITATIONS Further research is needed to investigate the specific neuroendocrine mechanism affecting myocardial CNR2 expression in depression. And these experimental conclusions require further verification at the cellular level. CONCLUSIONS The activation of CNR2 in myocardium following I/R is impeded by depression, thereby exacerbating myocardial I/R injury through attenuation of the MIF-AMPK signaling pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Suqin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Cong Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jiafeng Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Zhuoyuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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3
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Guo Y, Wei X, Pei J, Yang H, Zheng XL. Dissecting the role of cannabinoids in vascular health and disease. J Cell Physiol 2024:e31373. [PMID: 38988064 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis, often recognized as the most widely used illegal psychoactive substance globally, has seen a shift in its legal status in several countries and regions for both recreational and medicinal uses. This change has brought to light new evidence linking cannabis consumption to various vascular conditions. Specifically, there is an association between cannabis use and atherosclerosis, along with conditions such as arteritis, reversible vasospasm, and incidents of aortic aneurysm or dissection. Recent research has started to reveal the mechanisms connecting cannabinoid compounds to atherosclerosis development. It is well known that the primary biological roles of cannabinoids operate through the activation of cannabinoid receptor types 1 and 2. Manipulation of the endocannabinoid system, either genetically or pharmacologically, is emerging as a promising approach to address metabolic dysfunctions related to obesity. Additionally, numerous studies have demonstrated the vasorelaxant properties and potential atheroprotective benefits of cannabinoids. In preclinical trials, cannabidiol is being explored as a treatment option for monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. Although existing literature suggests a direct role of cannabinoids in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the correlation between cannabinoids and other vascular diseases was only reported in some case series or observational studies, and its role and precise mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize and update previously published studies. This review article aims to summarize the latest clinical and experimental research findings on the relationship between cannabis use and vascular diseases. It also seeks to shed light on the potential mechanisms underlying these associations, offering a comprehensive view of current knowledge in this evolving field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Wei
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junyu Pei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Haibo Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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4
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Yoshida R, Ninomiya Y. Mechanisms and Functions of Sweet Reception in Oral and Extraoral Organs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7398. [PMID: 39000505 PMCID: PMC11242429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral detection of sugars relies on two types of receptor systems. The first is the G-protein-coupled receptor TAS1R2/TAS1R3. When activated, this receptor triggers a downstream signaling cascade involving gustducin, phospholipase Cβ2 (PLCβ2), and transient receptor potential channel M5 (TRPM5). The second type of receptor is the glucose transporter. When glucose enters the cell via this transporter, it is metabolized to produce ATP. This ATP inhibits the opening of KATP channels, leading to cell depolarization. Beside these receptor systems, sweet-sensitive taste cells have mechanisms to regulate their sensitivity to sweet substances based on internal and external states of the body. Sweet taste receptors are not limited to the oral cavity; they are also present in extraoral organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and brain. These extraoral sweet receptors are involved in various functions, including glucose absorption, insulin release, sugar preference, and food intake, contributing to the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Additionally, sweet receptors may have unique roles in certain organs like the trachea and bone. This review summarizes past and recent studies on sweet receptor systems, exploring the molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of sweet (sugar) detection in both oral and extraoral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Yoshida
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuzo Ninomiya
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
- Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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5
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Sotzen M, Ahmed A, Olson LK, Alshaarawy O. Characterization of the effects of cannabinoid receptor deletion on energy metabolism in female C57BL mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1386230. [PMID: 38962676 PMCID: PMC11221337 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1386230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the evidence that energy balance is regulated differently in females and that the endocannabinoid system is sexually dimorphic, previous studies on the endocannabinoid system and energy balance predominantly used male models. Here, we characterize the effects of cannabinoid receptor deletion on body weight gain and glucose metabolism in female C57BL mice. Methods Female mice lacking the cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R-/-), cannabinoid-2 receptor (CB2R-/-), or both receptors (CB1R-/-/CB2R-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were fed with a low (LFD; 10% of calories from fat) or high-fat diet (HFD; 45% of calories from fat) for six weeks. Results Female WT mice fed with HFD gained significantly more weight than WT mice fed with LFD (p < 0.001). Similar pattern was observed for CB2/- mice fed with HFD compared to CB2R-/- mice fed with LFD (p < 0.001), but not for CB1R-/- fed with HFD vs. LFD (p = 0.22) or CB1R-/-/CB2R-/- fed with HFD vs. LFD (p = 0.96). Comparing the 4 groups on LFD, weight gain of CB1R-/- mice was greater than all other genotypes (p < 0.05). When fed with HFD, the deletion of CB1R alone in females did not attenuate weight gain compared to WT mice (p = 0.72). Female CB1R-/-/CB2R-/- mice gained less weight than WT mice when fed with HFD (p = 0.007) despite similar food intake and locomotor activity, potentially owing to enhanced thermogenesis in the white adipose tissue. No significant difference in weight gain was observed for female CB2R-/- and WT mice on LFD or HFD. Fasting glucose, however, was higher in CB2R-/- mice fed with LFD than all other groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion The effects of cannabinoid receptor deletion on glucose metabolism in female mice were similar to previously published findings on male mice, yet the effects on body weight gain and thermogenesis were attenuated in CB1R-/- mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Energy Metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/deficiency
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Mice, Knockout
- Weight Gain/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/deficiency
- Body Weight
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Sotzen
- Department of Family Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Department of Family Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - L. Karl Olson
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Omayma Alshaarawy
- Department of Family Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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6
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Zhang T, Xie L, Guo Y, Wang Z, Guo X, Liu R, Jin Q, Chang M, Wang X. 4,4-Dimethylsterols Reduces Fat Accumulation via Inhibiting Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase In Vitro and In Vivo. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0377. [PMID: 38812531 PMCID: PMC11134202 DOI: 10.34133/research.0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
4,4-Dimethylsterols constitute a unique class of phytosterols responsible for regulating endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) functions. However, precise mechanism through which 4,4-dimethylsterols affect fat metabolism and the linkage to the ECS remain unresolved. In this study, we identified that 4,4-dimethylsterols, distinct from 4-demethseterols, act as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolases (FAAHs) both in vivo and in vitro. Genetic ablation of FAAHs (faah-1) abolishes the effects of 4,4-dimethylsterols on fat accumulation and locomotion behavior in a Caenorhabditis elegans model. We confirmed that dietary intervention with 4,4-dimethylsterols in a high-fat diet (HFD) mouse model leads to a significant reduction in body weight (>11.28%) with improved lipid profiles in the liver and adipose tissues and increased fecal triacylglycerol excretion. Untargeted and targeted metabolomics further verified that 4,4-dimethylsterols influence unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and elevate oleoyl ethanolamine levels in the intestine. We propose a potential molecular mechanism in which 4,4-dimethylsterols engage in binding interactions with the catalytic pocket (Ser241) of FAAH-1 protein due to the shielded polarity, arising from the presence of 2 additional methyl groups (CH3). Consequently, 4,4-dimethylsterols represent an unexplored class of beneficial phytosterols that coordinate with FAAH-1 activity to reduce fat accumulation, which offers new insight into intervention strategies for treating diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology,
Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- College of Food Science and Technology,
Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liangliang Xie
- School of Biological and Food Engineering,
Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Yiwen Guo
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology,
Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhangtie Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Food Science,
University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Ruijie Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology,
Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology,
Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ming Chang
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology,
Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology,
Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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7
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Tovar R, de Ceglia M, Rodríguez-Pozo M, Vargas A, Gavito A, Suárez J, Boronat A, de la Torre R, de Fonseca FR, Baixeras E, Decara J. Hydroxytyrosol Linoleoyl Ether Ameliorates Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease Symptoms in Obese Zucker Rats. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1571-1583. [PMID: 38751648 PMCID: PMC11092116 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
A main hepatic consequence of obesity is metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), currently treated by improving eating habits and administrating fibrates yet often yielding suboptimal outcomes. Searching for a new therapeutic approach, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of hydroxytyrosol linoleoyl ether (HTLE), a dual Ppar-α agonist/Cb1 antagonist with inherent antioxidant properties, as an antisteatotic agent. Using lean and obese Zucker rats, they were administrated daily doses of HTLE (3 mg/kg) over a 15-day period, evaluating its safety profile, pharmacokinetics, impact on body weight, hepatic fat content, expression of key enzymes involved in lipogenesis/fatty acid oxidation, and antioxidant capacity. HTLE decreased the body weight and food intake in both rat genotypes. Biochemical analysis demonstrated a favorable safety profile for HTLE along with decreased concentrations of urea, total cholesterol, and aspartate aminotransferase AST transaminases in plasma. Notably, HTLE exhibited potent antisteatotic effects in obese rats, evidenced by a decrease in liver fat content and downregulation of lipogenesis-related enzymes, alongside increased expression of proteins controlling lipid oxidation. Moreover, HTLE successfully counteracted the redox imbalance associated with MAFLD in obese rats, attenuating lipid peroxidation and replenishing both glutathione levels and the overall antioxidant. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of triple-action strategies in managing MAFLD effectively. Based on our results in the Zucker rat model, HTLE emerges as a promising candidate with triple functionality as an anorexigenic, antisteatotic, and antioxidant agent, offering potential relief from MAFLD symptoms associated with obesity while exhibiting minimal side effects. In conclusion, our study positions HTLE as a highly promising compound for therapeutic intervention in MAFLD treatment, warranting further exploration in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Tovar
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga,
Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Marialuisa de Ceglia
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Pozo
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Antonio Vargas
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Ana Gavito
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
- Departamento
de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga,
Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Anna Boronat
- Grupo
de Farmacología Integrada y Neurociencia de Sistemas, Programa
de investigación en Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Hospital del Mar (IMIM), C/del Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Grupo
de Farmacología Integrada y Neurociencia de Sistemas, Programa
de investigación en Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Hospital del Mar (IMIM), C/del Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Elena Baixeras
- Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario
de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
- Departamento
de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga,
Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29010, Spain
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8
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Castro-Navarro I, McGuire MA, Williams JE, Holdsworth EA, Meehan CL, McGuire MK. Maternal Cannabis Use during Lactation and Potential Effects on Human Milk Composition and Production: A Narrative Review. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100196. [PMID: 38432590 PMCID: PMC10997876 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use has increased sharply in the last 20 y among adults, including reproductive-aged women. Its recent widespread legalization is associated with a decrease in risk perception of cannabis use during breastfeeding. However, the effect of cannabis use (if any) on milk production and milk composition is not known. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge related to maternal cannabis use during breastfeeding and provides an overview of possible pathways whereby cannabis might affect milk composition and production. Several studies have demonstrated that cannabinoids and their metabolites are detectable in human milk produced by mothers who use cannabis. Due to their physicochemical properties, cannabinoids are stored in adipose tissue, can easily reach the mammary gland, and can be secreted in milk. Moreover, cannabinoid receptors are present in adipocytes and mammary epithelial cells. The activation of these receptors directly modulates fatty acid metabolism, potentially causing changes in milk fatty acid profiles. Additionally, the endocannabinoid system is intimately connected to the endocrine system. As such, it is probable that interactions of exogenous cannabinoids with the endocannabinoid system might modify release of critical hormones (e.g., prolactin and dopamine) that regulate milk production and secretion. Nonetheless, few studies have investigated effects of cannabis use (including on milk production and composition) in lactating women. Additional research utilizing robust methodologies are needed to elucidate whether and how cannabis use affects human milk production and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Castro-Navarro
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States.
| | - Mark A McGuire
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Janet E Williams
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | | | - Courtney L Meehan
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Michelle K McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
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9
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Jung KM, Lin L, Piomelli D. Overactivation of the Endocannabinoid System in Adolescence Disrupts Adult Adipose Organ Function in Mice. Cells 2024; 13:461. [PMID: 38474425 PMCID: PMC10930932 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use stimulates calorie intake, but epidemiological studies show that people who regularly use it are leaner than those who don't. Two explanations have been proposed for this paradoxical finding. One posits that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in cannabis desensitizes adipose CB1 cannabinoid receptors, stopping their stimulating effects on lipogenesis and adipogenesis. Another explanation is that THC exposure in adolescence, when habitual cannabis use typically starts, produces lasting changes in the developing adipose organ, which impacts adult systemic energy use. Here, we consider these possibilities in the light of a study which showed that daily THC administration in adolescent mice produces an adult metabolic phenotype characterized by reduced fat mass, partial resistance to obesity and dyslipidemia, and impaired thermogenesis and lipolysis. The phenotype, whose development requires activation of CB1 receptors in differentiated adipocytes, is associated with overexpression of myocyte proteins in the adipose organ with unchanged CB1 expression. We propose that adolescent exposure to THC causes lasting adipocyte dysfunction and the consequent emergence of a metabolic state that only superficially resembles healthy leanness. A corollary of this hypothesis, which should be addressed in future studies, is that CB1 receptors and their endocannabinoid ligands may contribute to the maintenance of adipocyte differentiation during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (K.-M.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (K.-M.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (K.-M.J.); (L.L.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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10
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Salazar J, Duran P, Garrido B, Parra H, Hernández M, Cano C, Añez R, García-Pacheco H, Cubillos G, Vasquez N, Chacin M, Bermúdez V. Weight Regain after Metabolic Surgery: Beyond the Surgical Failure. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1143. [PMID: 38398456 PMCID: PMC10888585 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13041143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients undergoing metabolic surgery have factors ranging from anatomo-surgical, endocrine metabolic, eating patterns and physical activity, mental health and psychological factors. Some of the latter can explain the possible pathophysiological neuroendocrine, metabolic, and adaptive mechanisms that cause the high prevalence of weight regain in postbariatric patients. Even metabolic surgery has proven to be effective in reducing excess weight in patients with obesity; some of them regain weight after this intervention. In this vein, several studies have been conducted to search factors and mechanisms involved in weight regain, to stablish strategies to manage this complication by combining metabolic surgery with either lifestyle changes, behavioral therapies, pharmacotherapy, endoscopic interventions, or finally, surgical revision. The aim of this revision is to describe certain aspects and mechanisms behind weight regain after metabolic surgery, along with preventive and therapeutic strategies for this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Pablo Duran
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Bermary Garrido
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Heliana Parra
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Marlon Hernández
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Clímaco Cano
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Roberto Añez
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Quirónsalud, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Henry García-Pacheco
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Cirugía, Universidad del Zulia, Hospital General del Sur, Dr. Pedro Iturbe, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
- Unidad de Cirugía para Obesidad y Metabolismo (UCOM), Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | | | | | - Maricarmen Chacin
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
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11
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Yin Z, Wang K, Liu Y, Li Y, He F, Yin J, Tang W. Lactobacillus johnsonii Improves Intestinal Barrier Function and Reduces Post-Weaning Diarrhea in Piglets: Involvement of the Endocannabinoid System. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:493. [PMID: 38338136 PMCID: PMC10854607 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Probiotic intervention is a well-established approach for replacing antibiotics in the management of weaning piglet diarrhea, which involves a large number of complex systems interacting with the gut microbiota, including the endocannabinoid system; nevertheless, the specific role of the endocannabinoid system mediated by probiotics in the piglet intestine has rarely been studied. In this study, we used antibiotics (ampicillin) to perturb the intestinal microbiota of piglets. This resulted in that the gene expression of the intestinal endocannabinoid system was reprogrammed and the abundance of probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii in the colon was lowered. Moreover, the abundance of Lactobacillus johnsonii was positively correlated with colonic endocannabinoid system components (chiefly diacylglycerol lipase beta) via correlation analysis. Subsequently, we administered another batch of piglets with Lactobacillus johnsonii. Interestingly, dietary Lactobacillus johnsonii effectively alleviated the diarrhea ratio in weaning piglets, accompanied by improvements in intestinal development and motility. Notably, Lactobacillus johnsonii administration enhanced the intestinal barrier function of piglets as evidenced by a higher expression of tight junction protein ZO-1, which might be associated with the increased level in colonic diacylglycerol lipase beta. Taken together, the dietary Lactobacillus johnsonii-mediated reprogramming of the endocannabinoid system might function as a promising target for improving the intestinal health of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangzheng Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Kaijun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Yunxia Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Fang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jie Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Wenjie Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.)
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China
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12
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Leidmaa E, Prodan AM, Depner LL, Komorowska-Müller JA, Beins EC, Schuermann B, Kolbe CC, Zimmer A. Astrocytic Dagla Deletion Decreases Hedonic Feeding in Female Mice. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:74-88. [PMID: 38265773 PMCID: PMC10874831 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids are potent regulators of feeding behavior and energy metabolism. Stimulating cannabinoid receptor signaling enhances appetite, particularly for energy-dense palatable foods, and promotes energy storage. To elucidate the underlying cellular mechanisms, we investigate here the potential role of astrocytic endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Astrocytes provide metabolic support for neurons and contribute to feeding regulation but the effect of astrocytic 2-AG on feeding is unknown. Materials and Methods: We generated mice lacking the 2-AG synthesizing enzyme diacylglycerol lipase alpha (Dagla) in astrocytes (GLAST-Dagla KO) and investigated hedonic feeding behavior in male and female mice. Body weight and baseline water and food intake was characterized; additionally, the mice went through milk, saccharine, and sucrose preference tests in fed and fasted states. In female mice, the estrous cycle stages were identified and plasma levels of female sex hormones were measured. Results: We found that the effects of the inducible astrocytic Dagla deletion were sex-specific. Acute milk preference was decreased in female, but not in male mice and the effect was most evident in the estrus stage of the cycle. This prompted us to investigate sex hormone profiles, which were found to be altered in GLAST-Dagla KO females. Specifically, follicle-stimulating hormone was elevated in the estrus stage, luteinizing hormone in the proestrus, and progesterone was increased in both proestrus and estrus stages of the cycle compared with controls. Conclusions: Astrocytic Dagla regulates acute hedonic appetite for palatable food in females and not in males, possibly owing to a deregulated female sex hormone profile. It is plausible that endocannabinoid production by astrocytes at least partly contributes to the greater susceptibility to overeating in females. This finding may also be important for understanding the effects of exogenous cannabinoids on sex hormone profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Este Leidmaa
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexandra Maria Prodan
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lena-Louise Depner
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Eva Carolina Beins
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Britta Schuermann
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Zimmer
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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13
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Hassan FU, Liu C, Mehboob M, Bilal RM, Arain MA, Siddique F, Chen F, Li Y, Zhang J, Shi P, Lv B, Lin Q. Potential of dietary hemp and cannabinoids to modulate immune response to enhance health and performance in animals: opportunities and challenges. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285052. [PMID: 38111585 PMCID: PMC10726122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are a group of bioactive compounds abundantly present in Cannabis sativa plant. The active components of cannabis with therapeutic potential are known as cannabinoids. Cannabinoids are divided into three groups: plant-derived cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids), endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids), and synthetic cannabinoids. These compounds play a crucial role in the regulation various physiological processes including the immune modulation by interacting with the endocannabinoid system (A complex cell-signaling system). Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) stimulates the binding of orexigenic peptides and inhibits the attachment of anorexigenic proteins to hypothalamic neurons in mammals, increasing food intake. Digestibility is unaffected by the presence of any cannabinoids in hemp stubble. Endogenous cannabinoids are also important for the peripheral control of lipid processing in adipose tissue, in addition to their role in the hypothalamus regulation of food intake. Regardless of the kind of synaptic connection or the length of the transmission, endocannabinoids play a crucial role in inhibiting synaptic transmission through a number of mechanisms. Cannabidiol (CBD) mainly influences redox equilibrium through intrinsic mechanisms. Useful effects of cannabinoids in animals have been mentioned e.g., for disorders of the cardiovascular system, pain treatment, disorders of the respiratory system or metabolic disorders. Dietary supplementation of cannabinoids has shown positive effects on health, growth and production performance of small and large animals. Animal fed diet supplemented with hemp seeds (180 g/day) or hemp seed cake (143 g/kg DM) had achieved batter performance without any detrimental effects. But the higher level of hemp or cannabinoid supplementation suppress immune functions and reduce productive performance. With an emphasis on the poultry and ruminants, this review aims to highlight the properties of cannabinoids and their derivatives as well as their significance as a potential feed additive in their diets to improve the immune status and health performance of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz-ul Hassan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Chunjie Liu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Maryam Mehboob
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Bilal
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Arain
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Siddique
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Fengming Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Jingmeng Zhang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Pengjun Shi
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Biguang Lv
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
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14
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Morningstar M, Kolodziej A, Ferreira S, Blumen T, Brake R, Cohen Y. Novel cannabinoid receptor 1 inverse agonist CRB-913 enhances efficacy of tirzepatide, semaglutide, and liraglutidein the diet-induced obesity mouse model. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:2676-2688. [PMID: 37840407 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Incretin receptor agonists are now standard of care in treating obesity. Their efficacy and tolerability might be further improved by combining them with compounds that offer orthogonal mechanisms of action. The cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) is a clinically validated therapeutic target in obesity, and several experimental CB1R inverse agonists have been shown to induce weight loss. METHODS This study characterizes a novel CB1R inverse agonist (CRB-913) with similar preclinical potency to rimonabant but markedly reduced brain penetration. CRB-913 was tested as monotherapy and in combination with tirzepatide, semaglutide, or liraglutide in the diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model for body weight reduction. RESULTS CRB-913 demonstrated enhanced plasma exposure (3.8-fold larger area under the curvelast ) and reduced brain levels (9.5-fold lower area under the curvelast ) than rimonabant. CRB-913 monotherapy yielded a dose-dependent decrease in body weight in DIO mice reaching -22% within 18 days. In further DIO studies in combination with tirzepatide, semaglutide, or liraglutide, CRB-913 (2.5 mg/kg) resulted in -32.6%, -28.8%, and -16.8% decreases in body weight on Day 18, respectively, with concomitant improvements in body fat content, liver triglycerides, and liver fat deposits. CONCLUSIONS CRB-913 in combination with incretin analogues could deliver meaningful improvements over current standards of care for obesity and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tracy Blumen
- Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Norwood, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Yuval Cohen
- Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Norwood, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Kouchaeknejad A, Van Der Walt G, De Donato MH, Puighermanal E. Imaging and Genetic Tools for the Investigation of the Endocannabinoid System in the CNS. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15829. [PMID: 37958825 PMCID: PMC10648052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders present an increasing cause of global morbidity, mortality, and high pressure on our healthcare system, there is an urgent need for new insights and treatment options. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a critical network of endogenous compounds, receptors, and enzymes that contribute to CNS development and regulation. Given its multifaceted involvement in neurobiology and its significance in various CNS disorders, the ECS as a whole is considered a promising therapeutic target. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the ECS's role in the CNS, its complex architecture and extensive crosstalk with other biological systems present challenges for research and clinical advancements. To bridge these knowledge gaps and unlock the full therapeutic potential of ECS interventions in CNS-related disorders, a plethora of molecular-genetic tools have been developed in recent years. Here, we review some of the most impactful tools for investigating the neurological aspects of the ECS. We first provide a brief introduction to the ECS components, including cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids, and metabolic enzymes, emphasizing their complexity. This is followed by an exploration of cutting-edge imaging tools and genetic models aimed at elucidating the roles of these principal ECS components. Special emphasis is placed on their relevance in the context of CNS and its associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emma Puighermanal
- Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.K.); (G.V.D.W.); (M.H.D.D.)
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16
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Tovar R, de Ceglia M, Ubaldi M, Rodríguez-Pozo M, Soverchia L, Cifani C, Rojo G, Gavito A, Hernandez-Folgado L, Jagerovic N, Ciccocioppo R, Baixeras E, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Decara J. Administration of Linoleoylethanolamide Reduced Weight Gain, Dyslipidemia, and Inflammation Associated with High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:4448. [PMID: 37892524 PMCID: PMC10609991 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acylethanolamides (NAEs) are bioactive lipids derived from diet fatty acids that modulate important homeostatic functions, including appetite, fatty acid synthesis, mitochondrial respiration, inflammation, and nociception. Among the naturally circulating NAEs, the pharmacology of those derived from either arachidonic acid (Anandamide), oleic acid (OEA), and palmitic acid (PEA) have been extensively characterized in diet-induced obesity. For the present work, we extended those studies to linoleoylethanolamide (LEA), one of the most abundant NAEs found not only in plasma and body tissues but also in foods such as cereals. In our initial study, circulating concentrations of LEA were found to be elevated in overweight humans (body mass index (BMI, Kg/m2) > 25) recruited from a representative population from the south of Spain, together with AEA and the endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). In this population, LEA concentrations correlated with the circulating levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. In order to gain insight into the pharmacology of LEA, we administered it for 14 days (10 mg/kg i.p. daily) to obese male Sprague Dawley rats receiving a cafeteria diet or a standard chow diet for 12 consecutive weeks. LEA treatment resulted in weight loss and a reduction in circulating triglycerides, cholesterol, and inflammatory markers such as Il-6 and Tnf-alpha. In addition, LEA reduced plasma transaminases and enhanced acetyl-CoA-oxidase (Acox) and Uncoupling protein-2 (Ucp2) expression in the liver of the HFD-fed animals. Although the liver steatosis induced by the HFD was not reversed by LEA, the overall data suggest that LEA contributes to the homeostatic signals set in place in response to diet-induced obesity, potentially contributing with OEA to improve lipid metabolism after high fat intake. The anti-inflammatory response associated with its administration suggests its potential for use as a nutrient supplement in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Tovar
- Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda, Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (R.T.); (M.d.C.); (M.R.-P.); (A.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Marialuisa de Ceglia
- Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda, Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (R.T.); (M.d.C.); (M.R.-P.); (A.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Massimo Ubaldi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.U.); (L.S.); (C.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Pozo
- Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda, Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (R.T.); (M.d.C.); (M.R.-P.); (A.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Laura Soverchia
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.U.); (L.S.); (C.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.U.); (L.S.); (C.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Gema Rojo
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Ana Gavito
- Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda, Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (R.T.); (M.d.C.); (M.R.-P.); (A.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Laura Hernandez-Folgado
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Juan de la Cierva, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (L.H.-F.); (N.J.)
| | - Nadine Jagerovic
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Juan de la Cierva, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (L.H.-F.); (N.J.)
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.U.); (L.S.); (C.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Elena Baixeras
- Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda, Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (R.T.); (M.d.C.); (M.R.-P.); (A.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda, Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (R.T.); (M.d.C.); (M.R.-P.); (A.G.); (E.B.)
- Unidad Clínica de Neurología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto IBMA-Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Andalusian Network for Clinical and Translational Research in Neurology [NEURO-RECA], 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda, Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (R.T.); (M.d.C.); (M.R.-P.); (A.G.); (E.B.)
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17
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Belali R, Mard SA, Khoshnam SE, Bavarsad K, Sarkaki A, Farbood Y. Anandamide improves food intake and orexinergic neuronal activity in the chronic sleep deprivation induction model in rats by modulating the expression of the CB1 receptor in the lateral hypothalamus. Neuropeptides 2023; 101:102336. [PMID: 37290176 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation alters orexinergic neuronal activity in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), which is the main regulator of sleep-wake, arousal, appetite, and energy regulation processes. Cannabinoid receptor (CBR) expression in this area is involved in modulating the function of orexin neurons. In this study, we investigated the effects of endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) administration on improving food intake and appetite by modulating the activity of orexin neurons and CB1R expression after chronic sleep deprivation. Adult male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were randomly divided into three groups: control + vehicle (Control), chronic sleep deprivation + vehicle (SD), and chronic sleep deprivation +20 mg/kg AEA (SD + A). For SD induction, the rats were kept in a sleep deprivation device for 18 h (7 a.m. to 1 a.m.) daily for 21 days. Weight gain, food intake, the electrical power of orexin neurons, CB1R mRNA expression in hypothalamus, CB1R protein expression in the LH, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-4 levels and antioxidant activity in hypothalamus were measured after SD induction. Our results showed that AEA administration significantly improved food intake (p < 0.01), Electrical activity of orexin neurons (p < 0.05), CB1R expression in the hypothalamus (p < 0.05), and IL-4 levels (p < 0.05). AEA also reduced mRNA expression of OX1R and OX2R (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 respectively), also IL-6 and TNF-α (p < 0.01) and MDA level (p < 0.05) in hypothalamic tissue. As a consequence, AEA modulates orexinergic system function and improves food intake by regulating the expression of the CB1 receptor in the LH in sleep deprived rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafie Belali
- Department of Physiology, Medicine Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Basic Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Ali Mard
- Department of Physiology, Medicine Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Basic Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Basic Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kowsar Bavarsad
- Department of Physiology, Medicine Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Basic Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- Department of Physiology, Medicine Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Basic Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Yaghoob Farbood
- Department of Physiology, Medicine Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Basic Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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18
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Barrera C, Castillo V, Valenzuela R, Valenzuela CA, Garcia-Diaz DF, Llanos M. Effects on Fetal Metabolic Programming and Endocannabinoid System of a Normocaloric Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation of Female Mice with Pregestational Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:3531. [PMID: 37630722 PMCID: PMC10458167 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal programming provides explanatory mechanisms for the currently high prevalence of gestational obesity. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) participates in the regulation of energy balance, and with a high-fat diet (HFD), it is overactivated. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a nutritional intervention during pregnancy and lactation on obese female progenitors, on metabolic alterations of the offspring and on the involvement of ECS. Female mice (C57/BL/6-F0), 45 days old, and their offspring (males) were separated according to type of diet before and during gestation and lactation: CON-F1: control diet; HFD-F1 group: HFD (fat: 60% Kcal); INT-F1 group: HFD until mating and control diet (fat: 10% Kcal) afterward. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (IS) were tested at 2 and 4 months. At 120 days, mice were sacrificed, plasma was extracted for the determination of hormones, and livers for gene expression and the protein level determination of ECS components. INT-F1 group presented a lower IS compared to CON-F1, and normal levels of adiponectin and corticosterone in relation to the HFD-F1 group. The intervention increased hepatic gene expression for fatty-acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase enzymes; however, these differences were not observed at the protein expression level. Our results suggest that this intervention model normalized some hormonal parameters and hepatic mRNA levels of ECS components that were altered in the offspring of progenitors with pre-pregnancy obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Barrera
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (C.B.); (R.V.); (D.F.G.-D.)
| | - Valeska Castillo
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (C.B.); (R.V.); (D.F.G.-D.)
| | - Carina A. Valenzuela
- Eating Behavior Research Center, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Valparaíso Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile;
| | - Diego F. Garcia-Diaz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (C.B.); (R.V.); (D.F.G.-D.)
| | - Miguel Llanos
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
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19
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Piscura MK, Henderson-Redmond AN, Barnes RC, Mitra S, Guindon J, Morgan DJ. Mechanisms of cannabinoid tolerance. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 214:115665. [PMID: 37348821 PMCID: PMC10528043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis has been used recreationally and medically for centuries, yet research into understanding the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects has only recently garnered more attention. There is evidence to support the use of cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic pain, muscle spasticity, nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, improving weight gain in HIV-related cachexia, emesis, sleep disorders, managing symptoms in Tourette syndrome, and patient-reported muscle spasticity from multiple sclerosis. However, tolerance and the risk for cannabis use disorder are two significant disadvantages for cannabinoid-based therapies in humans. Recent work has revealed prominent sex differences in the acute response and tolerance to cannabinoids in both humans and animal models. This review will discuss evidence demonstrating cannabinoid tolerance in rodents, non-human primates, and humans and our current understanding of the neuroadaptations occurring at the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) that are responsible tolerance. CB1R expression is downregulated in tolerant animals and humans while there is strong evidence of CB1R desensitization in cannabinoid tolerant rodent models. Throughout the review, critical knowledge gaps are indicated and discussed, such as the lack of a neuroimaging probe to assess CB1R desensitization in humans. The review discusses the intracellular signaling pathways that are responsible for mediating CB1R desensitization and downregulation including the action of G protein-coupled receptor kinases, β-arrestin2 recruitment, c-Jun N-terminal kinases, protein kinase A, and the intracellular trafficking of CB1R. Finally, the review discusses approaches to reduce cannabinoid tolerance in humans based on our current understanding of the neuroadaptations and mechanisms responsible for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Piscura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
| | | | - Robert C Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Swarup Mitra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Josée Guindon
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Daniel J Morgan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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20
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Maliszewska K, Miniewska K, Godlewski A, Gosk W, Mojsak M, Kretowski A, Ciborowski M. Changes in plasma endocannabinoids concentrations correlate with 18F-FDG PET/MR uptake in brown adipocytes in humans. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1073683. [PMID: 37564131 PMCID: PMC10411954 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1073683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Recent data suggest a possible role of endocannabinoids in the regulation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity. Those findings indicate potential treatment options for obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between plasma endocannabinoids concentrations and the presence of BAT in humans. Methods: The study group consisted of 25 subjects divided into two groups: BAT positive BAT(+), (n = 17, median age = 25 years) and BAT negative BAT(-), (n = 8, median age = 28 years). BAT was estimated using 18F-FDG PET/MR after 2 h of cold exposure. The level of plasma endocannabinoids was assessed at baseline, 60 min and 120 min of cold exposure. Results: In both groups, BAT(+) and BAT(-), during the cooling, we observed a decrease of the same endocannabinoids: arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA), eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide (EPEA) and oleoyl ethanolamide (OEA) with a much more profound decline in BAT(+) subjects. Statistically significant fall of PEA (palmitoylethanolamide) and SEA (stearoylethanolamide) concentrations after 60 min (FC = 0.7, p = 0.007 and FC = 0.8, p = 0.03, respectively) and 120 min (FC = 0.81, p = 0.004, and FC = 0.9, p = 0.01, respectively) of cooling was observed only in individuals with BAT. Conclusion: We noticed the profound decline of endocannabinoids concentrations in subjects with increased 18F-FDG PET/MR uptake in BAT. Identification of a new molecules related to BAT activity may create a new target for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Maliszewska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Miniewska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Godlewski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wioleta Gosk
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Mojsak
- Independent Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michal Ciborowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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21
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Aguiar AFL, Campos RMP, Isaac AR, Paes-Colli Y, Carvalho VM, Sampaio LS, de Melo Reis RA. Long-Term Treatment with Cannabidiol-Enriched Cannabis Extract Induces Synaptic Changes in the Adolescent Rat Hippocampus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11775. [PMID: 37511537 PMCID: PMC10380262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (eCS) is widely distributed in mammalian tissues and it is classically formed by cannabinoid receptors, endogenous bioactive lipids and its synthesis and degradation enzymes. Due to the modulatory role of eCS in synaptic activity in the Central Nervous System (CNS), phytocannabinoids have been increasingly used for the treatment of neurological disorders, even though little is known in terms of the long-term effect of these treatments on CNS development, mainly in the timeframe that comprises childhood and adolescence. Furthermore, an increased number of clinical trials using full-spectrum Cannabis extracts has been seen, rather than the isolated form of phytocannabinoids, when exploring the therapeutical benefits of the Cannabis plant. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effect of cannabidiol (CBD)-enriched Cannabis extract on synaptic components in the hippocampus of rats from adolescence to early adulthood (postnatal day 45 to 60). Oral treatment of healthy male Wistar rats with a CBD-enriched Cannabis extract (3 mg/kg/day CBD) during 15 days did not affect food intake and water balance. There was also no negative impact on locomotor behaviour and cognitive performance. However, the hippocampal protein levels of GluA1 and GFAP were reduced in animals treated with the extract, whilst PSD95 levels were increased, which suggests rearrangement of glutamatergic synapses and modulation of astrocytic features. Microglial complexity was reduced in CA1 and CA3 regions, but no alterations in their phagocytic activity have been identified by Iba-1 and LAMP2 co-localization. Collectively, our data suggest that CBD-enriched Cannabis treatment may be safe and well-tolerated in healthy subjects, besides acting as a neuroprotective agent against hippocampal alterations related to the pathogenesis of excitatory and astrogliosis-mediated disorders in CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey F L Aguiar
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil
| | - Raquel M P Campos
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil
| | - Alinny R Isaac
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil
| | - Yolanda Paes-Colli
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil
| | - Virgínia M Carvalho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil
| | - Luzia S Sampaio
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A de Melo Reis
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil
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22
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Martinez-Torres S, Mesquida-Veny F, Del Rio JA, Hervera A. Injury-induced activation of the endocannabinoid system promotes axon regeneration. iScience 2023; 26:106814. [PMID: 37235048 PMCID: PMC10205787 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration after a peripheral nerve injury still remains a challenge, due to the limited regenerative potential of axons after injury. While the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been widely studied for its neuroprotective and analgesic effects, its role in axonal regeneration and during the conditioning lesion remains unexplored. In this study, we observed that a peripheral nerve injury induces axonal regeneration through an increase in the endocannabinoid tone. We also enhanced the regenerative capacity of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons through the inhibition of endocannabinoid degradative enzyme MAGL or a CB1R agonist. Our results suggest that the ECS, via CB1R and PI3K-pAkt pathway activation, plays an important role in promoting the intrinsic regenerative capacity of sensory neurons after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martinez-Torres
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francina Mesquida-Veny
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Del Rio
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Hervera
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Group, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (CEM-CAT), Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Bourdy R, Befort K. The Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Binge Eating Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119574. [PMID: 37298525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders are multifactorial disorders that involve maladaptive feeding behaviors. Binge eating disorder (BED), the most prevalent of these in both men and women, is characterized by recurrent episodes of eating large amounts of food in a short period of time, with a subjective loss of control over eating behavior. BED modulates the brain reward circuit in humans and animal models, which involves the dynamic regulation of the dopamine circuitry. The endocannabinoid system plays a major role in the regulation of food intake, both centrally and in the periphery. Pharmacological approaches together with research using genetically modified animals have strongly highlighted a predominant role of the endocannabinoid system in feeding behaviors, with the specific modulation of addictive-like eating behaviors. The purpose of the present review is to summarize our current knowledge on the neurobiology of BED in humans and animal models and to highlight the specific role of the endocannabinoid system in the development and maintenance of BED. A proposed model for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms involving the endocannabinoid system is discussed. Future research will be necessary to develop more specific treatment strategies to reduce BED symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Bourdy
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Université de Strasbourg, UMR7364, CNRS, 12 Rue Goethe, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Katia Befort
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Université de Strasbourg, UMR7364, CNRS, 12 Rue Goethe, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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24
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Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Metabolic Control Processes and in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome: An Update. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020306. [PMID: 36830844 PMCID: PMC9952954 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a complex disease state, which appears mostly as a consequence of an unhealthy, sedentary lifestyle. Metabolic complications include insulin resistance (IR), diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, impairing life standards and reducing life expectancy. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has an important role in signalization processes, not only in the central nervous system, but also in the peripheral tissues. Several physiological functions are affected, and overexpression or downregulation contributes to several diseases. A better understanding of the functions of cannabinoid (CB) receptors may propose potential therapeutic effects by influencing receptor signaling and enzymes involved in downstream pathways. In this review, we summarize recent information regarding the roles of the ECS and the CB1 receptor signaling in the physiology and pathophysiology of energy and metabolic homeostasis, in the development of obesity by enhancing food intake, upregulating energy balance and fat accumulation, increasing lipogenesis and glucose production, and impairing insulin sensitivity and secretion. By analyzing the roles of the ECS in physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms, we introduce some recently identified signaling pathways in the mechanism of the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. Our review emphasizes that the presence of such recently identified ECS signaling steps raises new therapeutic potential in the treatment of complex metabolic diseases such as diabetes, insulin resistance, obesity, and hypertension.
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25
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The Endocannabinoid System and Physical Exercise. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031989. [PMID: 36768332 PMCID: PMC9916354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in various processes, including brain plasticity, learning and memory, neuronal development, nociception, inflammation, appetite regulation, digestion, metabolism, energy balance, motility, and regulation of stress and emotions. Physical exercise (PE) is considered a valuable non-pharmacological therapy that is an immediately available and cost-effective method with a lot of health benefits, one of them being the activation of the endogenous cannabinoids. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are generated as a response to high-intensity activities and can act as short-term circuit breakers, generating antinociceptive responses for a short and variable period of time. A runner's high is an ephemeral feeling some sport practitioners experience during endurance activities, such as running. The release of eCBs during sustained physical exercise appears to be involved in triggering this phenomenon. The last decades have been characterized by an increased interest in this emotional state induced by exercise, as it is believed to alleviate pain, induce mild sedation, increase euphoric levels, and have anxiolytic effects. This review provides information about the current state of knowledge about endocannabinoids and physical effort and also an overview of the studies published in the specialized literature about this subject.
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26
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Hirsch S, Hinden L, Naim MBD, Baraghithy S, Permyakova A, Azar S, Nasser T, Portnoy E, Agbaria M, Nemirovski A, Golomb G, Tam J. Hepatic targeting of the centrally active cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB 1R) blocker rimonabant via PLGA nanoparticles for treating fatty liver disease and diabetes. J Control Release 2023; 353:254-269. [PMID: 36442615 PMCID: PMC9900386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Over-activation of the endocannabinoid/CB1R system is a hallmark feature of obesity and its related comorbidities, most notably type 2 diabetes (T2D), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although the use of drugs that widely block the CB1R was found to be highly effective in treating all metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity, they are no longer considered a valid therapeutic option due to their adverse neuropsychiatric side effects. Here, we describe a novel nanotechnology-based drug delivery system for repurposing the abandoned first-in-class global CB1R antagonist, rimonabant, by encapsulating it in polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) for effective hepatic targeting of CB1Rs, enabling effective treatment of NAFLD and T2D. Rimonabant-encapsulated NPs (Rimo-NPs) were mainly distributed in the liver, spleen, and kidney, and only negligible marginal levels of rimonabant were found in the brain of mice treated by iv/ip administration. In contrast to freely administered rimonabant treatment, no CNS-mediated behavioral activities were detected in animals treated with Rimo-NPs. Chronic treatment of diet-induced obese mice with Rimo-NPs resulted in reduced hepatic steatosis and liver injury as well as enhanced insulin sensitivity, which were associated with enhanced cellular uptake of the formulation into hepatocytes. Collectively, we successfully developed a method of encapsulating the centrally acting CB1R blocker in NPs with desired physicochemical properties. This novel drug delivery system allows hepatic targeting of rimonabant to restore the metabolic advantages of blocking CB1R in peripheral tissues, especially in the liver, without the negative CB1R-mediated neuropsychiatric side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Hirsch
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, POB 12065, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Liad Hinden
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, POB 12065, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Meital Ben-David Naim
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Saja Baraghithy
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, POB 12065, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Anna Permyakova
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, POB 12065, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Shahar Azar
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, POB 12065, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Taher Nasser
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Emma Portnoy
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Israel
| | - Majd Agbaria
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alina Nemirovski
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gershon Golomb
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, POB 12065, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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27
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Scheyer A, Yasmin F, Naskar S, Patel S. Endocannabinoids at the synapse and beyond: implications for neuropsychiatric disease pathophysiology and treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:37-53. [PMID: 36100658 PMCID: PMC9700791 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are lipid neuromodulators that suppress neurotransmitter release, reduce postsynaptic excitability, activate astrocyte signaling, and control cellular respiration. Here, we describe canonical and emerging eCB signaling modes and aim to link adaptations in these signaling systems to pathological states. Adaptations in eCB signaling systems have been identified in a variety of biobehavioral and physiological process relevant to neuropsychiatric disease states including stress-related disorders, epilepsy, developmental disorders, obesity, and substance use disorders. These insights have enhanced our understanding of the pathophysiology of neurological and psychiatric disorders and are contributing to the ongoing development of eCB-targeting therapeutics. We suggest future studies aimed at illuminating how adaptations in canonical as well as emerging cellular and synaptic modes of eCB signaling contribute to disease pathophysiology or resilience could further advance these novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhana Yasmin
- Northwestern Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Saptarnab Naskar
- Northwestern Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sachin Patel
- Northwestern Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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28
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Mock ED, Gagestein B, van der Stelt M. Anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines: A class of signaling lipids with therapeutic opportunities. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 89:101194. [PMID: 36150527 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), including N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA), N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA), N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA, anandamide), N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHEA, synaptamide) and their oxygenated metabolites are a lipid messenger family with numerous functions in health and disease, including inflammation, anxiety and energy metabolism. The NAEs exert their signaling role through activation of various G protein-coupled receptors (cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, GPR55, GPR110, GPR119), ion channels (TRPV1) and nuclear receptors (PPAR-α and PPAR-γ) in the brain and periphery. The biological role of the oxygenated NAEs, such as prostamides, hydroxylated anandamide and DHEA derivatives, are less studied. Evidence is accumulating that NAEs and their oxidative metabolites may be aberrantly regulated or are associated with disease severity in obesity, metabolic syndrome, cancer, neuroinflammation and liver cirrhosis. Here, we comprehensively review NAE biosynthesis and degradation, their metabolism by lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases and cytochrome P450s and the biological functions of these signaling lipids. We discuss the latest findings and therapeutic potential of modulating endogenous NAE levels by inhibition of their degradation, which is currently under clinical evaluation for neuropsychiatric disorders. We also highlight NAE biosynthesis inhibition as an emerging topic with therapeutic opportunities in endocannabinoid and NAE signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot D Mock
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Gagestein
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands.
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29
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Singlár Z, Ganbat N, Szentesi P, Osgonsandag N, Szabó L, Telek A, Fodor J, Dienes B, Gönczi M, Csernoch L, Sztretye M. Genetic Manipulation of CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors Reveals a Role in Maintaining Proper Skeletal Muscle Morphology and Function in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415653. [PMID: 36555292 PMCID: PMC9779148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) refers to a widespread signaling system and its alteration is implicated in a growing number of human diseases. Cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) are highly expressed in the central nervous system and many peripheral tissues. Evidence suggests that CB1Rs are expressed in human and murine skeletal muscle mainly in the cell membrane, but a subpopulation is present also in the mitochondria. However, very little is known about the latter population. To date, the connection between the function of CB1Rs and the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ signaling has not been investigated yet. Tamoxifen-inducible skeletal muscle-specific conditional CB1 knock-down (skmCB1-KD, hereafter referred to as Cre+/-) mice were used in this study for functional and morphological analysis. After confirming CB1R down-regulation on the mRNA and protein level, we performed in vitro muscle force measurements and found that peak twitch, tetanus, and fatigue were decreased significantly in Cre+/- mice. Resting intracellular calcium concentration, voltage dependence of the calcium transients as well as the activity dependent mitochondrial calcium uptake were essentially unaltered by Cnr1 gene manipulation. Nevertheless, we found striking differences in the ultrastructural architecture of the mitochondrial network of muscle tissue from the Cre+/- mice. Our results suggest a role of CB1Rs in maintaining physiological muscle function and morphology. Targeting ECS could be a potential tool in certain diseases, including muscular dystrophies where increased endocannabinoid levels have already been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Singlár
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nyamkhuu Ganbat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Szentesi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nomin Osgonsandag
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Szabó
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
- Cell Physiology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Telek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Fodor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beatrix Dienes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mónika Gönczi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
- Cell Physiology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
- Cell Physiology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mónika Sztretye
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
- Cell Physiology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Endocannabinoid System Regulation in Female Rats with Recurrent Episodes of Binge Eating. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315228. [PMID: 36499556 PMCID: PMC9738776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent Binge Eating (BE) episodes characterize several eating disorders. Here, we attempted to reassemble a condition closer to BE disorder, and we analyzed whether recurrent episodes might evoke molecular alterations in the hypothalamus of rats. The hypothalamus is a brain region which is sensitive to stress and relevant in motivated behaviors, such as food intake. A well-characterized animal model of BE, in which a history of intermittent food restriction and stress induce binge-like palatable food consumption, was used to analyze the transcriptional regulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). We detected, in rats showing the BE behavior, an up-regulated gene expression of cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1), sn-1-specific diacylglycerol lipase, as well as fatty acid amide hydrolase (Faah) and monoacylglycerol lipase. A selective reduction in DNA methylation was also observed at the promoter of Faah, which is consistent with the changes in the gene expression. Moreover, BE behavior in rats was associated with an increase in anandamide (AEA) levels. Our findings support the relevant role of the ECS in the regulation of food intake in rats subjected to repeated BE episodes, and, in particular, on AEA signaling, acting via CB1 and FAAH modulation. Notably, the epigenetic regulation of the Faah gene might suggest this enzyme as a possible target for developing new therapeutical approaches.
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de Paula Rodrigues BM, Coimbra NC. CB 1 receptor signalling mediates cannabidiol-induced panicolytic-like effects and defensive antinociception impairment in mice threatened by Bothrops jararaca lancehead pit vipers. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:1384-1396. [PMID: 35946605 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221115755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis sativa-derived substances such as cannabidiol (CBD) have attracted increasing clinical interest and consist in a new perspective for treating some neurological and psychiatric diseases. AIMS The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of acute treatment with CBD on panic-like defensive responses displayed by mice threatened by the venomous snake Bothrops jararaca. METHODS Mice were habituated in the enriched polygonal arena for snake panic test. After recording the baseline responses of the tail-flick test, the prey were pretreated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) administrations of the endocannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) antagonist AM251 (selective cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonist with an IC50 of 8 nM) at different doses, which were followed after 10 min by i.p. treatment with CBD (3 mg/kg). Thirty minutes after treatment with CBD, mice were subjected to confrontations by B. jararaca for 5 min, and the following defensive responses were recorded: risk assessment, oriented escape behaviour, inhibitory avoidance and prey-versus-snake interactions. Immediately after the escape behaviour was exhibited, the tail-flick latencies were recorded every 5 min for 30 min. OUTCOMES Mice threatened by snakes displayed several anti-predatory defensive and innate fear-induced antinociception responses in comparison to the control. CBD significantly decreased the risk assessment and escape responses, with a consequent decrease in defensive antinociception. The CBD panicolytic effect was reversed by i.p. treatment with AM251. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the anti-aversive effect of CBD depends at least in part on the recruitment of CB1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mangili de Paula Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- NAP-USP-Neurobiology of Emotions Research Centre (NuPNE), Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Ophidiarium LNN-FMRP-USP/INeC, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norberto Cysne Coimbra
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- NAP-USP-Neurobiology of Emotions Research Centre (NuPNE), Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Ophidiarium LNN-FMRP-USP/INeC, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Behavioural Neurosciences Institute (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Radhakrishnan R, Worhunsky PD, Zheng MQ, Najafzadeh S, Gallezot JD, Planeta B, Henry S, Nabulsi N, Ranganathan M, Skosnik PD, Pittman B, Cyril D'Souza D, Carson RE, Huang Y, Potenza MN, Matuskey D. Age, gender and body-mass-index relationships with in vivo CB 1 receptor availability in healthy humans measured with [ 11C]OMAR PET. Neuroimage 2022; 264:119674. [PMID: 36243269 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1Rs) contribute importantly to the regulation of autonomic tone, appetite, mood and cognition. Inconsistent results have been reported from positron emission tomography (PET) studies using different radioligands to examine relationships between age, gender and body mass index (BMI) and CB1R availability in healthy individuals. In this study, we examined these variables in 58 healthy individuals (age range: 18-55 years; 44 male; BMI=27.01±5.56), the largest cohort of subjects studied to date using the CB1R PET ligand [11C]OMAR. There was a significant decline in CB1R availability (VT) with age in the pallidum, cerebellum and posterior cingulate. Adjusting for BMI, age-related decline in VT remained significant in the posterior cingulate among males, and in the cerebellum among women. CB1R availability was higher in women compared to men in the thalamus, pallidum and posterior cingulate. Adjusting for age, CB1R availability negatively correlated with BMI in women but not men. These findings differ from those reported using [11C]OMAR and other radioligands such as [18F]FMPEP-d2 and [18F]MK-9470. Although reasons for these seemingly divergent findings are unclear, the choice of PET radioligand and range of BMI in the current dataset may contribute to the observed differences. This study highlights the need for cross-validation studies using both [11C]OMAR and [18F]FMPEP-d2 within the same cohort of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Radhakrishnan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicinev, New Haven, CT 06511, United States.
| | - Patrick D Worhunsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicinev, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Ming-Qiang Zheng
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Soheila Najafzadeh
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Jean-Dominique Gallezot
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Beata Planeta
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Shannan Henry
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Mohini Ranganathan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicinev, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Patrick D Skosnik
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicinev, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Brian Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicinev, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Deepak Cyril D'Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicinev, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicinev, New Haven, CT 06511, United States; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, United States; Connecticut Mental Health Center, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, United States
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicinev, New Haven, CT 06511, United States; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, United States; Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, United States
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Dasram MH, Walker RB, Khamanga SM. Recent Advances in Endocannabinoid System Targeting for Improved Specificity: Strategic Approaches to Targeted Drug Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13223. [PMID: 36362014 PMCID: PMC9658826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Opportunities for developing innovative and intelligent drug delivery technologies by targeting the endocannabinoid system are becoming more apparent. This review provides an overview of strategies to develop targeted drug delivery using the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Recent advances in endocannabinoid system targeting showcase enhanced pharmaceutical therapy specificity while minimizing undesirable side effects and overcoming formulation challenges associated with cannabinoids. This review identifies advances in targeted drug delivery technologies that may permit access to the full pharmacotherapeutic potential of the ECS. The design of optimized nanocarriers that target specific tissues can be improved by understanding the nature of the signaling pathways, distribution in the mammalian body, receptor structure, and enzymatic degradation of the ECS. A closer look at ligand-receptor complexes, endocannabinoid tone, tissue distribution, and G-protein activity leads to a better understanding of the potential of the ECS toolkit for therapeutics. The signal transduction pathways examine the modulation of downstream effector proteins, desensitization, signaling cascades, and biased signaling. An in-depth and overall view of the targeted system is achieved through homology modeling where mutagenesis and ligand binding examine the binding site and allow sequence analysis and the formation of libraries for molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations. Internalization routes exploring receptor-mediated endocytosis and lipid rafts are also considered for explicit signaling. Furthermore, the review highlights nanotechnology and surface modification aspects as a possible future approach for specific targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandile M. Khamanga
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa
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34
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Srivastava RK, Ruiz de Azua I, Conrad A, Purrio M, Lutz B. Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Deletion from Catecholaminergic Neurons Protects from Diet-Induced Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012635. [PMID: 36293486 PMCID: PMC9604114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High-calorie diets and chronic stress are major contributors to the development of obesity and metabolic disorders. These two risk factors regulate the activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). The present study showed a key role of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) in dopamine β-hydroxylase (dbh)-expressing cells in the regulation of SNS activity. In a diet-induced obesity model, CB1 deletion from these cells protected mice from diet-induced weight gain by increasing sympathetic drive, resulting in reduced adipogenesis in white adipose tissue and enhanced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. The deletion of CB1 from catecholaminergic neurons increased the plasma norepinephrine levels, norepinephrine turnover, and sympathetic activity in the visceral fat, which coincided with lowered neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels in the visceral fat of the mutant mice compared with the controls. Furthermore, the mutant mice showed decreased plasma corticosterone levels. Our study provided new insight into the mechanisms underlying the roles of the endocannabinoid system in regulating energy balance, where the CB1 deletion in dbh-positive cells protected from diet-induced weight gain via multiple mechanisms, such as increased SNS activity, reduced NPY activity, and decreased basal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kamal Srivastava
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Zoology, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Anuppur 484887, India
| | - Inigo Ruiz de Azua
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Conrad
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Purrio
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), 55122 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence:
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35
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Miranda K, Becker W, Busbee PB, Dopkins N, Abdulla OA, Zhong Y, Zhang J, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS. Yin and yang of cannabinoid CB1 receptor: CB1 deletion in immune cells causes exacerbation while deletion in non-immune cells attenuates obesity. iScience 2022; 25:104994. [PMID: 36093055 PMCID: PMC9460165 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While blockade of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) has been shown to attenuate diet-induced obesity (DIO), its relative role in different cell types has not been tested. The current study investigated the role of CB1 in immune vs non-immune cells during DIO by generating radiation-induced bone marrow chimeric mice that expressed functional CB1 in all cells except the immune cells or expressed CB1 only in immune cells. CB1−/− recipient hosts were resistant to DIO, indicating that CB1 in non-immune cells is necessary for induction of DIO. Interestingly, chimeras with CB1−/− in immune cells showed exacerbation in DIO combined with infiltration of bone-marrow-derived macrophages to the brain and visceral adipose tissue, elevated food intake, and increased glucose intolerance. These results demonstrate the opposing role of CB1 in hematopoietic versus non-hematopoietic cells during DIO and suggests that targeting immune CB1 receptors provides a new pathway to ameliorate obesity and related metabolic disorders. Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1), and not CB2, regulates diet-induced obesity (DIO) CB1 deficiency in non-immune cell types promotes DIO resistance CB1 deficiency in immune cells exacerbates DIO disease phenotype CB1 activation in immune cells is a potential therapeutic target for DIO attenuation
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36
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Pagano Zottola AC, Severi I, Cannich A, Ciofi P, Cota D, Marsicano G, Giordano A, Bellocchio L. Expression of Functional Cannabinoid Type-1 (CB 1) Receptor in Mitochondria of White Adipocytes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162582. [PMID: 36010658 PMCID: PMC9406404 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Via activation of the cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor, endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids modulate important biochemical and cellular processes in adipocytes. Several pieces of evidence suggest that alterations of mitochondrial physiology might be a possible mechanism underlying cannabinoids' effects on adipocyte biology. Many reports suggest the presence of CB1 receptor mRNA in both white and brown adipose tissue, but the detailed subcellular localization of CB1 protein in adipose cells has so far been scarcely addressed. In this study, we show the presence of the functional CB1 receptor at different subcellular locations of adipocytes from epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) depots. We observed that CB1 is located at different subcellular levels, including the plasma membrane and in close association with mitochondria (mtCB1). Functional analysis in tissue homogenates and isolated mitochondria allowed us to reveal that cannabinoids negatively regulate complex-I-dependent oxygen consumption in eWAT. This effect requires mtCB1 activation and consequent regulation of the intramitochondrial cAMP-PKA pathway. Thus, CB1 receptors are functionally present at the mitochondrial level in eWAT adipocytes, adding another possible mechanism for peripheral regulation of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Astrid Cannich
- INSERM U1215 Neurocentre Magendie, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Ciofi
- INSERM U1215 Neurocentre Magendie, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniela Cota
- INSERM U1215 Neurocentre Magendie, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM U1215 Neurocentre Magendie, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Luigi Bellocchio
- INSERM U1215 Neurocentre Magendie, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-557-573-754
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37
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Busquets-García A, Bolaños JP, Marsicano G. Metabolic Messengers: endocannabinoids. Nat Metab 2022; 4:848-855. [PMID: 35817852 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Busquets-García
- Cell-type mechanisms in normal and pathological behavior Research Group. IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan P Bolaños
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, University of Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
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38
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Piper NBC, Whitfield EA, Stewart GD, Xu X, Furness SGB. Targeting appetite and satiety in diabetes and obesity, via G protein-coupled receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115115. [PMID: 35671790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and obesity have reached pandemic proportions throughout the world, so much so that the World Health Organisation coined the term "Globesity" to help encapsulate the magnitude of the problem. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are highly tractable drug targets due to their wide involvement in all aspects of physiology and pathophysiology, indeed, GPCRs are the targets of approximately 30% of the currently approved drugs. GPCRs are also broadly involved in key physiologies that underlie type 2 diabetes and obesity including feeding reward, appetite and satiety, regulation of blood glucose levels, energy homeostasis and adipose function. Despite this, only two GPCRs are the target of approved pharmaceuticals for treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. In this review we discuss the role of these, and select other candidate GPCRs, involved in various facets of type 2 diabetic or obese pathophysiology, how they might be targeted and the potential reasons why pharmaceuticals against these targets have not progressed to clinical use. Finally, we provide a perspective on the current development pipeline of anti-obesity drugs that target GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah B C Piper
- Receptor Transducer Coupling Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Emily A Whitfield
- Receptor Transducer Coupling Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Gregory D Stewart
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Receptor Transducer Coupling Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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Meah F, Lundholm M, Emanuele N, Amjed H, Poku C, Agrawal L, Emanuele MA. The effects of cannabis and cannabinoids on the endocrine system. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:401-420. [PMID: 34460075 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09682-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in cannabis use due to policy changes and areas of decriminalization, it is important to recognize the potential impact of these substances on endocrine processes. Cannabinoids have many effects by activating the endocannabinoid system. This system plays a role in the normal functioning of nearly every organ and consists of the body's natural endocannabinoids, the cannabinoid receptors, and the enzymes and processes that regulate endocannabinoids. Exogenous cannabinoids such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are known to act through cannabinoid type 1 and 2 receptors, and have been shown to mimic endocannabinoid signaling and affect receptor expression. This review summarizes the known impacts of cannabis on thyroid, adrenal, and gonadal function in addition to glucose control, lipids, and bone metabolism, including: reduced female fertility, increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, reduced sperm counts and function, lower thyroid hormone levels with acute use, blunting of stress response with chronic use, increased risk of prediabetes but lower risk of diabetes, suggested improvement of high density lipoproteins and triglycerides, and modest increase in fracture risk. The known properties of endocannabinoids, animal data, population data, and the possible benefits and concerns of cannabinoid use on hormonal function are discussed. The interconnectivity of the endocrine and endocannabinoid systems suggests opportunities for future therapeutic modalities which are an area of active investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Meah
- Endocrinology Section, Medical Service, VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Michelle Lundholm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas Emanuele
- Endocrinology Section, Medical Service, VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Hafsa Amjed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Loyola University Health Care System, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Caroline Poku
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Loyola University Health Care System, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Lily Agrawal
- Endocrinology Section, Medical Service, VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Mary Ann Emanuele
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Loyola University Health Care System, Maywood, Illinois, USA.
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40
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Mechanisms of podocyte injury and implications for diabetic nephropathy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:493-520. [PMID: 35415751 PMCID: PMC9008595 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Albuminuria is the hallmark of both primary and secondary proteinuric glomerulopathies, including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), obesity-related nephropathy, and diabetic nephropathy (DN). Moreover, albuminuria is an important feature of all chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Podocytes play a key role in maintaining the permselectivity of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) and injury of the podocyte, leading to foot process (FP) effacement and podocyte loss, the unifying underlying mechanism of proteinuric glomerulopathies. The metabolic insult of hyperglycemia is of paramount importance in the pathogenesis of DN, while insults leading to podocyte damage are poorly defined in other proteinuric glomerulopathies. However, shared mechanisms of podocyte damage have been identified. Herein, we will review the role of haemodynamic and oxidative stress, inflammation, lipotoxicity, endocannabinoid (EC) hypertone, and both mitochondrial and autophagic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of the podocyte damage, focussing particularly on their role in the pathogenesis of DN. Gaining a better insight into the mechanisms of podocyte injury may provide novel targets for treatment. Moreover, novel strategies for boosting podocyte repair may open the way to podocyte regenerative medicine.
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Silvério R, Barth R, Heimann AS, Reckziegel P, dos Santos GJ, Romero-Zerbo SY, Bermúdez-Silva FJ, Rafacho A, Ferro ES. Pep19 Has a Positive Effect on Insulin Sensitivity and Ameliorates Both Hepatic and Adipose Tissue Phenotype of Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084082. [PMID: 35456900 PMCID: PMC9030859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide DIIADDEPLT (Pep19) has been previously suggested to improve metabolic parameters, without adverse central nervous system effects, in a murine model of diet-induced obesity. Here, we aimed to further evaluate whether Pep19 oral administration has anti-obesogenic effects, in a well-established high-fat diet-induced obesity model. Male Swiss mice, fed either a standard diet (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD), were orally administrated for 30 consecutive days, once a day, with saline vehicle or Pep19 (1 mg/kg). Next, several metabolic, morphological, and behavioral parameters were evaluated. Oral administration of Pep19 attenuated HFD body-weight gain, reduced in approximately 40% the absolute mass of the endocrine pancreas, and improved the relationship between circulating insulin and peripheral insulin sensitivity. Pep19 treatment of HFD-fed mice attenuated liver inflammation, hepatic fat distribution and accumulation, and lowered plasma alanine aminotransferase activity. The inguinal fat depot from the SD group treated with Pep19 showed multilocular brown-fat-like cells and increased mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), suggesting browning on inguinal white adipose cells. Morphological analysis of brown adipose tissue (BAT) from HFD mice showed the presence of larger white-like unilocular cells, compared to BAT from SD, Pep19-treated SD or HFD mice. Pep19 treatment produced no alterations in mice behavior. Oral administration of Pep19 ameliorates some metabolic traits altered by diet-induced obesity in a Swiss mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Silvério
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (R.B.); (G.J.d.S.)
| | - Robson Barth
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (R.B.); (G.J.d.S.)
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Andrea S. Heimann
- Proteimax BioTechnology Israel LTD, 4 Duvdevan Street, Pardes Hana, Haifa 3708973, Israel;
| | - Patrícia Reckziegel
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Gustavo J. dos Santos
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (R.B.); (G.J.d.S.)
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Silvana Y. Romero-Zerbo
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain; (S.Y.R.-Z.); (F.J.B.-S.)
- Biomedical Research Center for Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Bermúdez-Silva
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain; (S.Y.R.-Z.); (F.J.B.-S.)
- Biomedical Research Center for Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex Rafacho
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (R.B.); (G.J.d.S.)
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (E.S.F.)
| | - Emer S. Ferro
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (E.S.F.)
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Cavalheiro EKFF, Costa AB, Salla DH, da Silva MR, Mendes TF, da Silva LE, Turatti CDR, de Bitencourt RM, Rezin GT. Cannabis sativa as a Treatment for Obesity: From Anti-Inflammatory Indirect Support to a Promising Metabolic Re-Establishment Target. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022; 7:135-151. [PMID: 34242511 PMCID: PMC9070748 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity is defined as an excess of accumulation of fat that can be harmful to health. Storage of excess fat in the adipose tissue triggers an inflammatory process, which makes obesity a low-grade chronic inflammatory disease. Obesity is considered a complex and multifactorial disease; hence, no intervention strategy appears to be an ideal treatment for all individuals. Therefore, new therapeutic alternatives are often studied for the treatment of this disease. Currently, herbal medicines are gaining ground in the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. In this context, much attention is being paid to Cannabis sativa derivatives, and their therapeutic functions are being widely studied, including in treating obesity. Objective: Highlight the pharmacological properties of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabidinol (THC), and cannabidiol (CBD), the predominant isolated components of Cannabis sativa, as well as its therapeutic potential in the treatment of obesity. Methods: This is a narrative review that shows the existing scientific evidence on the clinical application of Cannabis sativa as a possible treatment for obesity. Data collection was performed in the PubMed electronic database. The following word combinations were used: Cannabis and obesity, Cannabis sativa and obesity, THCV and obesity, THC and obesity, CBD and obesity, and Cannabis sativa and inflammation. Results: Evidence shows that Cannabis sativa derivatives have therapeutic potential due to their anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, people who use cannabis have a lower body mass index than those who do not, making the plant an option to reduce and reverse inflammation and comorbidities in obesity. Conclusion: It is concluded that phytocannabinoids derived from Cannabis sativa have therapeutic potential due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties, making the plant a study option to reduce and reverse inflammation and comorbidities associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Beatriz Costa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Daniéle Hendler Salla
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Mariella Reinol da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Talita Farias Mendes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Larissa Espindola da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Cristini da Rosa Turatti
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Rafael Mariano de Bitencourt
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
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Kra G, Daddam JR, Moallem U, Kamer H, Ahmad M, Nemirovski A, Contreras GA, Tam J, Zachut M. Effects of Environmental Heat Load on Endocannabinoid System Components in Adipose Tissue of High Yielding Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:795. [PMID: 35327191 PMCID: PMC8944798 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental heat load (HL) adversely affects the performance of dairy cows. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) regulates metabolism and the stress response, thus we hypothesized that HL may affect the ECS of dairy cows. Our objective was to determine the levels of endocannabinoids (eCBs) and gene and protein expressions of the ECS components in adipose tissue (AT) and plasma of early postpartum (PP) and late-lactation cows. In addition, we examined eCBs in milk, and studied the interaction of eCBs with bovine cannabinoids receptors CB1 and CB2. In the first experiment, plasma and AT were sampled from cows calving during summer (S, n = 9) or winter (W, n = 9). Dry matter intake (DMI) and energy balance (EB) were lower in S vs. W, and relative gene expressions of transient-receptor-potential-cation-channel-subfamily-V-member-1 (TRPV1), the cannabinoid receptors CNR1 (CB1) and CNR2 (CB2), and monoglyceride lipase (MGLL) were decreased in AT of S compared to W. Protein abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated-receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) was decreased, while tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was increased in AT of S vs. W. Other components of the ECS were not different between S and W calving cows. To study whether the degree of HL may affect the ECS, we performed a second experiment with 24 late-lactation cows that were either cooled (CL) or not cooled (heat-stressed; HS) during summer. DMI was lower in HS vs. CL, AT protein abundance of PPAR-α was lower, and TRPV1 tended to be lower in HS vs. CL, but other components of the ECS were not different between groups. Milk levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) tended to increase in HS vs. CL. Additionally, modeling of the bovine cannabinoid receptors demonstrated their binding to anandamide and 2-AG. Environmental HL, possibly via lower intake, is associated with limited alterations in ECS components in AT of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitit Kra
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (G.K.); (J.R.D.); (U.M.); (H.K.)
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jayasimha Rayalu Daddam
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (G.K.); (J.R.D.); (U.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Uzi Moallem
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (G.K.); (J.R.D.); (U.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Hadar Kamer
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (G.K.); (J.R.D.); (U.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Majdoleen Ahmad
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (M.A.); (A.N.); (J.T.)
| | - Alina Nemirovski
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (M.A.); (A.N.); (J.T.)
| | - G. Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (M.A.); (A.N.); (J.T.)
| | - Maya Zachut
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (G.K.); (J.R.D.); (U.M.); (H.K.)
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The Endocannabinoid System and Physical Activity—A Robust Duo in the Novel Therapeutic Approach against Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063083. [PMID: 35328503 PMCID: PMC8948925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly increasing worldwide prevalence of obesity and related pathologies encompassing coronary heart disease, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, or type 2 diabetes constitute serious threats to global health and are associated with a significantly elevated risk of premature death. Considering the enormous burden of these pathologies, novel therapeutic and preventive patterns are indispensable. Dysregulation of one of the most complex biological systems in the human body namely, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may result in metabolic imbalance and development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Furthermore, many studies showed that physical exercises, depending on their type, intensity, and frequency, exert various alterations within the ECS. Emerging evidence suggests that targeting the ECS via physical activity may produce robust beneficial effects on the course of metabolic pathologies. However, the data showing a direct correlation between the ECS and physical activity in the aspect of metabolic health are very scarce. Therefore, the aim of this review was to provide the most up-to-date state of knowledge about the interplay between the ECS activity and physical exercises in the novel therapeutic and preventive approach toward metabolic pathologies. We believe that this paper, at least in part, will fulfill the existing gap in knowledge and encourage researchers to further explore this very complex yet interesting link between the ECS, its action in physical activity, and subsequent positive outcomes for metabolic health.
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Cisbani G, Koppel A, Metherel AH, Smith ME, Aji KN, Andreazza AC, Mizrahi R, Bazinet RP. Serum lipid analysis and isotopic enrichment is suggestive of greater lipogenesis in young long-term cannabis users: A secondary analysis of a case-control study. Lipids 2022; 57:125-140. [PMID: 35075659 PMCID: PMC8923992 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is now legal in many countries and while numerous studies have reported on its impact on cognition and appetite regulation, none have examined fatty acid metabolism in young cannabis users. We conducted an exploratory analysis to evaluate cannabis impact on fatty acid metabolism in cannabis users (n = 21) and non-cannabis users (n = 16). Serum levels of some saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, including palmitic, palmitoleic, and oleic acids were higher in cannabis users compared to nonusers. As palmitic acid can be derived from diet or lipogenesis from sugars, we evaluated lipogenesis using a de novo lipogenesis index (palmitate/linoleic acid) and carbon-specific isotope analysis, which allows for the determination of fatty acid 13 C signature. The significantly higher de novo lipogenesis index in the cannabis users group along with a more enriched 13 C signature of palmitic acid suggested an increase in lipogenesis. In addition, while serum glucose concentration did not differ between groups, pyruvate and lactate were lower in the cannabis user group, with pyruvate negatively correlating with palmitic acid. Furthermore, the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol was elevated in cannabis users and could contribute to lipogenesis by activating the cannabinoid receptor 1. Because palmitic acid has been suggested to increase inflammation, we measured peripheral cytokines and observed no changes in inflammatory cytokines. Finally, an anti-inflammatory metabolite of palmitic acid, palmitoylethanolamide was elevated in cannabis users. Our results suggest that lipogenic activity is increased in cannabis users; however, future studies, including prospective studies that control dietary intake are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cisbani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Alex Koppel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Adam H. Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Mackenzie E. Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Kankana N. Aji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Ana C. Andreazza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada,Douglas Research Center, Montreal, Canada,Corresponding author: Richard P. Bazinet, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada, Medical Sciences Building, 5th Floor, Room 5358, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, , Phone number: (416) 946-8276, Romina Mizrahi, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard Lasalle, Montréal, QC H4H 1R3,
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada,Corresponding author: Richard P. Bazinet, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada, Medical Sciences Building, 5th Floor, Room 5358, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, , Phone number: (416) 946-8276, Romina Mizrahi, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard Lasalle, Montréal, QC H4H 1R3,
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Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is found in most, if not all, mammalian organs and is involved in a variety of physiological functions, ranging from the control of synaptic plasticity in the brain to the modulation of smooth muscle motility in the gastrointestinal tract. This signaling complex consists of G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors, endogenous ligands for those receptors (endocannabinoids) and enzymes/transporters responsible for the formation and deactivation of these ligands. There are two subtypes of cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, and two major endocannabinoids, arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG), which are produced upon demand through cleavage of distinct phospholipid precursors. All molecular components of the endocannabinoid system are represented in the adipose organ, where endocannabinoid signals are thought to regulate critical homeostatic processes, including adipogenesis, lipogenesis and thermogenesis. Importantly, obesity was found to be associated with excess endocannabinoid activity in visceral fat depots, and the therapeutic potential of normalizing such activity by blocking CB1 receptors has been the focus of substantial preclinical and clinical research. Results have been mixed thus far, mostly owing to the emergence of psychiatric side effects rooted in the protective functions served by brain endocannabinoids in mood and affect regulation. Further studies about the roles played by the endocannabinoid system in the adipose organ will offer new insights into the pathogenesis of obesity and might help identify new ways to leverage this signaling complex for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, 3101 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA, 92697-1275, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, 3101 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA, 92697-1275, USA
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, 3101 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA, 92697-1275, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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Raux PL, Drutel G, Revest JM, Vallée M. New perspectives on the role of the neurosteroid pregnenolone as an endogenous regulator of type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) activity and function. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13034. [PMID: 34486765 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pregnenolone is a steroid with specific characteristics, being the first steroid to be synthesised from cholesterol at all sites of steroidogenesis, including the brain. For many years, pregnenolone was defined as an inactive precursor of all steroids because no specific target had been discovered. However, over the last decade, it has become a steroid of interest because it has been recognised as being a biomarker for brain-related disorders through the development of metabolomic approaches and advanced analytical methods. In addition, physiological roles for pregnenolone emerged when specific targets were discovered. In this review, we highlight the discovery of the selective interaction of pregnenolone with the type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R). After describing the specific characteristic of CB1Rs, we discuss the newly discovered mechanisms of their regulation by pregnenolone. In particular, we describe the action of pregnenolone as a negative allosteric modulator and a specific signalling inhibitor of the CB1R. These particular characteristics of pregnenolone provide a great strategic opportunity for therapeutic development in CB1-related disorders. Finally, we outline new perspectives using innovative genetic tools for the discovery of original regulatory mechanisms of pregnenolone on CB1-related functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Louis Raux
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Group "Physiopathology and Therapeutic Approaches of Stress-Related Disease", Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Drutel
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Group "Physiopathology and Therapeutic Approaches of Stress-Related Disease", Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Michel Revest
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Group "Physiopathology and Therapeutic Approaches of Stress-Related Disease", Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Monique Vallée
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Group "Physiopathology and Therapeutic Approaches of Stress-Related Disease", Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Effects of endocannabinoids on feed intake, stress response and whole-body energy metabolism in dairy cows. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23657. [PMID: 34880316 PMCID: PMC8655048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02970-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids, particularly anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), are instrumental in regulating energy homeostasis and stress response. However, little is known about the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in ruminants, although EC could improve dairy health and productivity, at least by increasing feed intake. In this study, we report if intraperitoneal (i.p.) AEA and 2-AG administration affects feed intake, whole-body macronutrient metabolism, isolation and restraint stress, and whether diet composition modulates circulating endocannabinoid concentrations in cows. Twenty Simmental cows in late lactation were fed a grass silage and a corn silage based diet. On each diet, cows received daily i.p. injections with either AEA (5 µg/kg; n = 7), 2-AG (2.5 µg/kg; n = 6) or saline (n = 7) for 8 days. Endocannabinoid administration for 5 days under free-ranging (non-stressed) conditions had no effect on feed intake or energy balance, but attenuated the stress-induced suppression of feed intake when housing changed to individual tie-stalls without social or tactile interaction. Endocannabinoids increased whole-body carbohydrate oxidation, reduced fat oxidation, and affected plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations and fatty acid contents of total lipids. There was no effect of endocannabinoids on plasma triglyceride concentrations or hepatic lipogenesis. Plasma AEA concentrations were not affected by diet, however, plasma 2-AG concentrations tended to be lower on the corn silage based diet. In conclusion, endocannabinoids attenuate stress-induced hypophagia, increase short-term feed intake and whole-body carbohydrate oxidation and decrease whole-body fat oxidation in cows.
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Pourrahimi AM, Abbasnejad M, Raoof M, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Kooshki R. The involvement of orexin 1 and cannabinoid 1 receptors within the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter in the modulation of migraine-induced anxiety and social behavior deficits of rats. Peptides 2021; 146:170651. [PMID: 34560171 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Orexin 1 receptors (Orx1R) and cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1R) are implicated in migraine pathophysiology. This study evaluated the potential involvement of Orx1R and CB1R within the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG) in the modulation of anxiety-like behavior and social interaction of migraineurs rats. A rat model of migraine induced by recurrent administration of nitroglycerin (NTG) (5 mg/kg/i.p.). The groups of rats (n = 6) were then subjected to intra-vlPAG microinjection of orexin-A (25, 50 pM), and Orx1R antagonist SB334867 (20, 40 nM) or AM 251 (2, 4 μg) as a CB1R antagonist. Behavioral responses were evaluated in elevated plus maze (EPM), open field (OF) and three-chambered social test apparatus. NTG produced a marked anxiety like behaviors, in both EPM and OF tasks. It did also decrease social performance. NTG-related anxiety and social conflicts were attenuated by orexin-A (25, 50 pM). However, NTG effects were exacerbated by SB334867 (40 nM) and AM251 (2, 4 μg). The orexin-A-mediated suppression of NTG-induced anxiety and social conflicts were prevented by either SB334867 (20 nM) or AM251 (2 μg). The findings suggest roles for Orx1R and CB1R signaling within vlPAG in the modulation of migraine-induced anxiety-like behavior and social dysfunction in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohammad Pourrahimi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abbasnejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Raoof
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Endodontology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Razieh Kooshki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
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Soti M, Ranjbar H, Kohlmeier KA, Shabani M. Parkinson's disease related alterations in cannabinoid transmission. Brain Res Bull 2021; 178:82-96. [PMID: 34808322 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) by neurodegeneration. Recent findings in animal models of PD propose tonic inhibition of the remaining DA neurons through GABA release from reactive glial cells. Movement dysfunctions could be ameliorated by promotion of activity in dormant DA cells. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is extensively present in basal ganglia (BG) and is known as an indirect modulator of DAergic neurotransmission, thus drugs designed to target this system have shown promising therapeutic potential in PD patients. Interestingly, down/up-regulation of cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) varies across the different stages of PD, suggesting that some of the motor/ non-motor deficits may be related to changes in CBRs. Determination of the profile of changes of these receptors across the different stages of PD as well as their neural distribution within the BG could improve understanding of PD and identify pathways important in disease pathobiology. In this review, we focus on temporal and spatial alterations of CBRs during PD in the BG. At present, as inconclusive, but suggestive results have been obtained, future investigations should be conducted to extend preclinical studies examining CBRs changes within each stage in controlled clinical trials in order to determine the potential of targeting CBRs in management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monavareh Soti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hoda Ranjbar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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