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Tan X, Li G, Li C, Kong C, Li H, Wu S. Animal models, treatment options, and biomaterials for female stress urinary incontinence. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1414323. [PMID: 39267906 PMCID: PMC11390547 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1414323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In the quest to tackle stress urinary incontinence (SUI), the synthesis of cutting-edge biomaterials and regenerative materials has emerged as a promising frontier. Briefly, animal models like vaginal distension and bilateral ovariectomy serve as crucial platforms for unraveling the intricacies of SUI, facilitating the evaluation of innovative treatments. The spotlight, however, shines on the development and application of novel biomaterials-ranging from urethral bulking agents to nano-gel composites-which aim to bolster urethral support and foster tissue regeneration. Furthermore, the exploration of stem cell therapies, particularly those derived from adipose tissues and urine, heralds a new era of regenerative medicine, offering potential for significant improvements in urinary function. This review encapsulates the progress in biomaterials and regenerative strategies, highlighting their pivotal role in advancing the treatment of SUI, thereby opening new avenues for effective and minimally invasive solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyang Tan
- Shenzhen Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guangzhi Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenchen Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenfan Kong
- Shenzhen Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Song Wu
- Shenzhen Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Bernard M, Menet R, Lecordier S, ElAli A. Endothelial PDGF-D contributes to neurovascular protection after ischemic stroke by rescuing pericyte functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:225. [PMID: 38769116 PMCID: PMC11106055 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05244-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke induces neovascularization of the injured tissue as an attempt to promote structural repair and neurological recovery. Angiogenesis is regulated by pericytes that potently react to ischemic stroke stressors, ranging from death to dysfunction. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor (PDGFR)β controls pericyte survival, migration, and interaction with brain endothelial cells. PDGF-D a specific ligand of PDGFRβ is expressed in the brain, yet its regulation and role in ischemic stroke pathobiology remains unexplored. Using experimental ischemic stroke mouse model, we found that PDGF-D is transiently induced in brain endothelial cells at the injury site in the subacute phase. To investigate the biological significance of PDGF-D post-ischemic stroke regulation, its subacute expression was either downregulated using siRNA or upregulated using an active recombinant form. Attenuation of PDGF-D subacute induction exacerbates neuronal loss, impairs microvascular density, alters vascular permeability, and increases microvascular stalling. Increasing PDGF-D subacute bioavailability rescues neuronal survival and improves neurological recovery. PDGF-D subacute enhanced bioavailability promotes stable neovascularization of the injured tissue and improves brain perfusion. Notably, PDGF-D enhanced bioavailability improves pericyte association with brain endothelial cells. Cell-based assays using human brain pericyte and brain endothelial cells exposed to ischemia-like conditions were applied to investigate the underlying mechanisms. PDGF-D stimulation attenuates pericyte loss and fibrotic transition, while increasing the secretion of pro-angiogenic and vascular protective factors. Moreover, PDGF-D stimulates pericyte migration required for optimal endothelial coverage and promotes angiogenesis. Our study unravels new insights into PDGF-D contribution to neurovascular protection after ischemic stroke by rescuing the functions of pericytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Bernard
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec (CHUQ)-Université Laval, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Romain Menet
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec (CHUQ)-Université Laval, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sarah Lecordier
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec (CHUQ)-Université Laval, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Ayman ElAli
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec (CHUQ)-Université Laval, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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3
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Yao Y, Liu F, Gu Z, Wang J, Xu L, Yu Y, Cai J, Ren R. Emerging diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets in post-stroke hemorrhagic transformation and brain edema. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1286351. [PMID: 38178909 PMCID: PMC10764516 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1286351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating condition that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. The aftermath of a stroke, particularly hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and brain edema, can significantly impact the prognosis of patients. Early detection and effective management of these complications are crucial for improving outcomes in stroke patients. This review highlights the emerging diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets including claudin, occludin, zonula occluden, s100β, albumin, MMP-9, MMP-2, MMP-12, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-10, IL-4, IL-13, MCP-1/CCL2, CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCL12, CCL5, CX3CL1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin, E-selectin, PECAM-1/CD31, JAMs, HMGB1, vWF, VEGF, ROS, NAC, and AQP4. The clinical significance and implications of these biomarkers were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yao
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaowen Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lintao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Reng Ren
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Edgar KS, Cunning C, Gardiner TA, McDonald DM. BH4 supplementation reduces retinal cell death in ischaemic retinopathy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21292. [PMID: 38042898 PMCID: PMC10693630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of nitric oxide (NO) production can cause ischaemic retinal injury and result in blindness. How this dysregulation occurs is poorly understood but thought to be due to an impairment in NO synthase function (NOS) and nitro-oxidative stress. Here we investigated the possibility of correcting this defective NOS activity by supplementation with the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin, BH4. Retinal ischaemia was examined using the oxygen-induced retinopathy model and BH4 deficient Hph-1 mice used to establish the relationship between NOS activity and BH4. Mice were treated with the stable BH4 precursor sepiapterin at the onset of hypoxia and their retinas assessed 48 h later. HPLC analysis confirmed elevated BH4 levels in all sepiapterin supplemented groups and increased NOS activity. Sepiapterin treatment caused a significant decrease in neuronal cell death in the inner nuclear layer that was most notable in WT animals and was associated with significantly diminished superoxide and local peroxynitrite formation. Interestingly, sepiapterin also increased inflammatory cytokine levels but not microglia cell number. BH4 supplementation by sepiapterin improved both redox state and neuronal survival during retinal ischaemia, in spite of a paradoxical increase in inflammatory cytokines. This implicates nitro-oxidative stress in retinal neurones as the cytotoxic element in ischaemia, rather than enhanced pro-inflammatory signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Edgar
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ciara Cunning
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Tom A Gardiner
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Biomedical Sciences Education, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Denise M McDonald
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, UK.
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Wang S, Zhao Y, Hu X. Exploring the mechanism of Suanzaoren decoction in treatment of insomnia based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1145532. [PMID: 37670944 PMCID: PMC10475534 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1145532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore the functional mechanisms of Suanzaoren decoction (SZRD) for treating insomnia using network pharmacology and molecular docking. Methods: The active ingredients and corresponding targets of SZRD were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database, and then, the names of the target proteins were standardized using the UniProt database. The insomnia-related targets were obtained from the GeneCards, DisGeNET, and DrugBank databases. Next, a Venn diagram comprising the drug and disease targets was created, and the intersecting targets were used to draw the active ingredient-target network diagram using Cytoscape software. Next, the STRING database was used to build a protein-protein interaction network, followed by cluster analysis using the MCODE plug-in. The Database for Annotation, Visualization, Integrated Discovery (i.e., DAVID), and the Metascape database were used for Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. AutoDock Vina and Pymol software were used for molecular docking. Results: SZRD contained 138 active ingredients, corresponding to 239 targets. We also identified 2,062 insomnia-related targets, among which, 95 drug and disease targets intersected. The GO analysis identified 490, 62, and 114 genes related to biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions, respectively. Lipid and atherosclerosis, chemical carcinogen-receptor activation, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction were the most common pathways in the KEGG analysis. Molecular docking demonstrated that the primary active components of SZRD for insomnia had good binding capabilities with the core proteins in PPI network. Conclusion: Insomnia treatment with SZRD involves multiple targets and signaling pathways, which may improve insomnia by reducing inflammation, regulating neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiao Wang
- Internal Encephalopathy of Traditonal Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xingang Hu
- Internal Encephalopathy of Traditonal Chinese Medicine, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Tam HH, Zhu D, Ho SSK, Vong HW, Wong VKW, Mok SWF, Wong IN. Potential enhancement of post-stroke angiogenic response by targeting the oligomeric aggregation of p53 protein. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1193362. [PMID: 37534043 PMCID: PMC10393283 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1193362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor gene p53 and its aggregate have been found to be involved in many angiogenesis-related pathways. We explored the possible p53 aggregation formation mechanisms commonly occur after ischemic stroke, such as hypoxia and the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The angiogenic pathways involving p53 mainly occur in nucleus or cytoplasm, with one exception that occurs in mitochondria. Considering the high mitochondrial density in brain and endothelial cells, we proposed that the cyclophilin D (CypD)-dependent vascular endothelial cell (VECs) necrosis pathway occurring in the mitochondria is one of the major factors that affects angiogenesis. Hence, targeting p53 aggregation, a key intermediate in the pathway, could be an alternative therapeutic target for post-stroke management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Hei Tam
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Dongxing Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Samuel Sze King Ho
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Heng Wai Vong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Simon Wing-Fai Mok
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Io Nam Wong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
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7
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Mohan M, Mannan A, Singh TG. Therapeutic implication of Sonic Hedgehog as a potential modulator in ischemic injury. Pharmacol Rep 2023:10.1007/s43440-023-00505-0. [PMID: 37347388 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (SHh) is a homology protein that is involved in the modeling and development of embryonic tissues. As SHh plays both protective and harmful roles in ischemia, any disruption in the transduction and regulation of the SHh signaling pathway causes ischemia to worsen. The SHh signal activation occurs when SHh binds to the receptor complex of Ptc-mediated Smoothened (Smo) (Ptc-smo), which initiates the downstream signaling cascade. This article will shed light on how pharmacological modifications to the SHh signaling pathway transduction mechanism alter ischemic conditions via canonical and non-canonical pathways by activating certain downstream signaling cascades with respect to protein kinase pathways, angiogenic cytokines, inflammatory mediators, oxidative parameters, and apoptotic pathways. The canonical pathway includes direct activation of interleukins (ILs), angiogenic cytokines like hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF-), which modulate ischemia. The non-canonical pathway includes indirect activation of certain pathways like mTOR, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, RhoA/ROCK, Wnt/-catenin, NOTCH, Forkhead box protein (FOXF), Toll-like receptors (TLR), oxidative parameters such as GSH, SOD, and CAT, and some apoptotic parameters such as Bcl2. This review provides comprehensive insights that contribute to our knowledge of how SHh impacts the progression and outcomes of ischemic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh Mohan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.
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Nguyen LTT, Le XT, Pham HNT, Van Nguyen T, Nguyen PT, Van Thi Pham A, Nguyen TBT, Matsumoto K. Therapeutic effects of a standardized-flavonoid Diospyros kaki L.f. leaf extract on transient focal cerebral ischemia-induced brain injury in mice. J Nat Med 2023; 77:544-560. [PMID: 37115470 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective and therapeutic effects of Diospyros kaki L.f. leaves (DK) on transient focal cerebral ischemic injury and underlying mechanisms using a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of mice. The animals received the MCAO operation on day 0. The daily administrations of DK (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o) and edaravone (6 mg/kg, i.v), a reference drug with radical scavenging activity, were started 7 days before (pre-treatment) or immediately after the MCAO operation (post-treatment) and continued during the experimental period. Histochemical, biochemical, and neurological changes and cognitive performance were evaluated. MCAO caused cerebral infarction and neuronal cell loss in the cortex, striatum, and hippocampus in a manner accompanied by spatial cognitive deficits. These neurological and cognitive impairments caused by MCAO were significantly attenuated by pre- and post-ischemic treatments with DK and edaravone, suggesting that DK, like edaravone, has therapeutic potential for cerebral ischemia-induced brain damage. DK and edaravone suppressed MCAO-induced changes in biomarkers for apoptosis (TUNEL-positive cell number and cleaved caspase-3 protein expression) and oxidative stress (glutathione and malondialdehyde contents) in the brain. Interestingly, DK, but not edaravone, mitigated an increase in blood-brain permeability and down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor protein expression caused by MCAO. Although the exact chemical constituents implicated in the effects of DK remain to be clarified, the present results indicate that DK exerts neuroprotective and therapeutic activity against transient focal cerebral ischemia-induced injury probably by suppressing oxidative stress, apoptotic process, and mechanisms impairing blood-brain barrier integrity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loan Thanh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, National Institute of Medicinal Materials, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
- Department of Pharmacology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Xoan Thi Le
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, National Institute of Medicinal Materials, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.
| | - Hang Nguyet Thi Pham
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, National Institute of Medicinal Materials, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tai Van Nguyen
- Department of Phytochemistry, National Institute of Medicinal Materials, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Thi Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, National Institute of Medicinal Materials, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Anh Van Thi Pham
- Department of Pharmacology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | | | - Kinzo Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
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Badawi AS, Mogharbel GH, Aljohani SA, Surrati AM. Predictive Factors and Interventional Modalities of Post-stroke Motor Recovery: An Overview. Cureus 2023; 15:e35971. [PMID: 37041905 PMCID: PMC10082951 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the most common cause of motor impairment worldwide. Therefore, many factors are being investigated for their predictive and facilitatory effects on recovery of motor function after stroke. Motor recovery can be predicted through several factors, such as clinical assessment, clinical biomarkers, and gene-based variations. As for interventions, many methods are under experimental investigation that aim to improve motor recovery, including different types of pharmacological interventions, non-invasive stimulation, and rehabilitation training by inducing cortical reorganization, neuroplasticity, angiogenesis, changing the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, and altering the inflammatory and apoptotic processes occurring after stroke. Studies have shown that clinical biomarkers combined with clinical assessment and gene-based variations are reliable factors for predicting motor recovery after stroke. Moreover, different types of interventions such as pharmacological agents (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors {SSRI}, noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors {NARIs}, levodopa, and amphetamine), non-invasive stimulation, and rehabilitation training have shown significant results in improving functional and motor recovery.
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10
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The Active Role of Pericytes During Neuroinflammation in the Adult Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:525-541. [PMID: 35195811 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microvessels in the central nervous system (CNS) have one of the highest populations of pericytes, indicating their crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. Pericytes are heterogeneous cells located around brain microvessels; they present three different morphologies along the CNS vascular tree: ensheathing, mesh, and thin-strand pericytes. At the arteriole-capillary transition ensheathing pericytes are found, while mesh and thin-strand pericytes are located at capillary beds. Brain pericytes are essential for the establishment and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, which restricts the passage of soluble and potentially toxic molecules from the circulatory system to the brain parenchyma. Pericytes play a key role in regulating local inflammation at the CNS. Pericytes can respond differentially, depending on the degree of inflammation, by secreting a set of neurotrophic factors to promote cell survival and regeneration, or by potentiating inflammation through the release of inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines and chemokines), and the overexpression of cell adhesion molecules. Under inflammatory conditions, pericytes may regulate immune cell trafficking to the CNS and play a role in perpetuating local inflammation. In this review, we describe pericyte responses during acute and chronic neuroinflammation.
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11
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Wu X, You J, Chen X, Zhou M, Ma H, Zhang T, Huang C. An overview of hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning against ischemic stroke. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:855-872. [PMID: 36729260 PMCID: PMC10106353 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) has become the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the prevention of IS should be given high priority. Recent studies have indicated that hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning (HBO-PC) may be a protective nonpharmacological method, but its underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. This study comprehensively reviewed the pathophysiology of IS and revealed the underlying mechanism of HBO-PC in protection against IS. The preventive effects of HBO-PC against IS may include inducing antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis capacity; activating autophagy and immune responses; upregulating heat shock proteins, hypoxia-inducible factor-1, and erythropoietin; and exerting protective effects upon the blood-brain barrier. In addition, HBO-PC may be considered a safe and effective method to prevent IS in combination with stem cell therapy. Although the benefits of HBO-PC on IS have been widely observed in recent research, the implementation of this technique is still controversial due to regimen differences. Transferring the results to clinical application needs to be taken carefully, and screening for the optimal regimen would be a daunting task. In addition, whether we should prescribe an individualized preconditioning regimen to each stroke patient needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyi Wu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiuhong You
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianle Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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12
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Hu X, Li L, Gong Y, Fang Y, Yang Y, Xu J, Chu L. Buyang Huanwu decoction promotes angiogenesis of rat brain microvascular endothelial cells after oxygen-glucose deprivation reperfusion injury via activation of PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2022; 51:544-551. [PMID: 36581575 PMCID: PMC10264995 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2022-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and mechanism of Buyang Huanwu decoction (BYHWD) on angiogenesis of rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (RBMECs) after oxygen-glucose deprivation reperfusion (OGD/R) injury. METHODS RBMECs were pretreated with BYHWD containing serum 24 h before OGD/R injury was induced. Cells were randomly divided into blank control group, model control group, BYHWD group (provided BYHWD containing serum) and LY294002 group [treated with phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 for 1 h before provided BYHWD containing serum]. The cell viability, migration and tube formation abilities of RBMECs were detected by CCK-8, scratch wound healing, Transwell migration and tube formation assays, respectively. The protein expression levels of PI3K, p-PI3K, protein kinase B (AKT), p-AKT, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with model control group, cell viability, migration and tube formation abilities of RBMECs were significantly improved in BYHWD group (all P<0.01), the protein expression levels of p-PI3K, p-AKT, HIF-1α and VEGF were up-regulated (all P<0.05); while above effects were blocked by LY294002. CONCLUSION BYHWD can promote angiogenesis of RBMECs after OGD/R injury, which may be related to the increased protein expression of HIF-1α and VEGF through activation of PI3K-AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Hu
- 1. College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Lin Li
- 1. College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yingying Gong
- 2. The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yan Fang
- 1. College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yan Yang
- 1. College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jiadong Xu
- 1. College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Lisheng Chu
- 1. College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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13
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Kot M, Neglur PK, Pietraszewska A, Buzanska L. Boosting Neurogenesis in the Adult Hippocampus Using Antidepressants and Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203234. [PMID: 36291101 PMCID: PMC9600461 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is one of the few privileged regions (neural stem cell niche) of the brain, where neural stem cells differentiate into new neurons throughout adulthood. However, dysregulation of hippocampal neurogenesis with aging, injury, depression and neurodegenerative disease leads to debilitating cognitive impacts. These debilitating symptoms deteriorate the quality of life in the afflicted individuals. Impaired hippocampal neurogenesis is especially difficult to rescue with increasing age and neurodegeneration. However, the potential to boost endogenous Wnt signaling by influencing pathway modulators such as receptors, agonists, and antagonists through drug and cell therapy-based interventions offers hope. Restoration and augmentation of hampered Wnt signaling to facilitate increased hippocampal neurogenesis would serve as an endogenous repair mechanism and contribute to hippocampal structural and functional plasticity. This review focuses on the possible interaction between neurogenesis and Wnt signaling under the control of antidepressants and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to overcome debilitating symptoms caused by age, diseases, or environmental factors such as stress. It will also address some current limitations hindering the direct extrapolation of research from animal models to human application, and the technical challenges associated with the MSCs and their cellular products as potential therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kot
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-60-86-563
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14
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Ghori A, Prinz V, Nieminen-Kehlä M, Bayerl SH, Kremenetskaia I, Riecke J, Krechel H, Broggini T, Scherschinski L, Licht T, Keshet E, Vajkoczy P. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Augments the Tolerance Towards Cerebral Stroke by Enhancing Neurovascular Repair Mechanism. Transl Stroke Res 2022; 13:774-791. [PMID: 35175562 PMCID: PMC9391249 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-00991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical event in the development of secondary brain injury after stroke. Among the cellular hallmarks in the acute phase after stroke are a downregulation of tight-junction molecules and the loss of microvascular pericyte coverage and endothelial sealing. Thus, a rapid repair of blood vessel integrity and re-stabilization of the BBB is considered an important strategy to reduce secondary brain damage. However, the mechanisms underlying BBB disruption remain poorly understood. Especially, the role of VEGF in this context remains inconclusive. With the conditional and reversible VEGF expression systems, we studied the time windows of deleterious and beneficial VEGF actions on blood vessel integrity in mice. Using genetic systems for gain of function and loss of function experiments, we activated and inhibited VEGF signaling prior and simultaneously to ischemic stroke onset. In both scenarios, VEGF seems to play a vital role in containing the stroke-induced damage after cerebral ischemia. We report that the transgenic overexpression of VEGF (GOF) prior to the stroke stabilizes the vasculature and prevents blood-brain barrier disruption in young and aged animals after stroke. Whereas inhibition of signals for endogenous VEGF (LOF) prior to stroke results in bigger infarction with massive brain swelling and enhanced BBB permeability, furthermore, activating or blocking VEGF signaling after ischemic stroke onset had comparable effects on BBB repair and cerebral edema. VEGF can function as an anti-permeability factor, and a VEGF-based therapy in the context of stroke prevention and recovery has an enormous potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Ghori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vincent Prinz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Simon. H. Bayerl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Irina Kremenetskaia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Riecke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanna Krechel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Broggini
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lea Scherschinski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamar Licht
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Keshet
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Zhang Y, Liu L, Zhao X, Yan S, Zeng F, Zhou D. New insight into ischemic stroke: Circadian rhythm in post-stroke angiogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:927506. [PMID: 36016550 PMCID: PMC9395980 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.927506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm is an endogenous clock system that coordinates and optimizes various physiological and pathophysiological processes, which accord with the master and the peripheral clock. Increasing evidence indicates that endogenous circadian rhythm disruption is involved in the lesion volume and recovery of ischemic stroke. As a critical recovery mechanism in post-stroke, angiogenesis reestablishes the regional blood supply and enhances cognitive and behavioral abilities, which is mainly composed of the following processes: endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and pericyte recruitment. The available evidence revealed that the circadian governs many aspects of angiogenesis. This study reviews the mechanism by which circadian rhythms regulate the process of angiogenesis and its contribution to functional recovery in post-stroke at the aspects of the molecular level. A comprehensive understanding of the circadian clock regulating angiogenesis in post-stroke is expected to develop new strategies for the treatment of cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Zhang
- The Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- The Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Siyang Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fukang Zeng
- The Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Desheng Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Desheng Zhou,
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16
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Chen H, Ma D, Yue F, Qi Y, Dou M, Cui L, Xing Y. The Potential Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 in the Progression and Therapy of Central Nervous System Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1651-1666. [PMID: 34325641 PMCID: PMC9881070 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210729123137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a heterodimer protein composed of an oxygenregulated functional subunit, HIF-1α, and a structural subunit, HIF-1β, belonging to the basic helixloop- helix family. Strict regulation of HIF-1 protein stability and subsequent transcriptional activity involves various molecular interactions and is primarily controlled by post-transcriptional modifications. Hypoxia, owing to impaired cerebral blood flow, has been implicated in a range of central nervous system (CNS) diseases by exerting a deleterious effect on brain function. As a master oxygen- sensitive transcription regulator, HIF-1 is responsible for upregulating a wide spectrum of target genes involved in glucose metabolism, angiogenesis, and erythropoiesis to generate the adaptive response to avoid, or at least minimize, hypoxic brain injury. However, prolonged, severe oxygen deprivation may directly contribute to the role-conversion of HIF-1, namely, from neuroprotection to the promotion of cell death. Currently, an increasing number of studies support the fact HIF-1 is involved in a variety of CNS-related diseases, such as intracranial atherosclerosis, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review article chiefly focuses on the effect of HIF-1 on the pathogenesis and mechanism of progression of numerous CNS-related disorders by mediating the expression of various downstream genes and extensive biological functional events and presents robust evidence that HIF-1 may represent a potential therapeutic target for CNS-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiu Chen
- Department of Vascular Ultrasonography, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; ,Beijing Diagnostic Center of Vascular Ultrasound, Beijing, China; ,Center of Vascular Ultrasonography, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China; ,Hongxiu Chen and Di Ma contributed equally to this work.
| | - Di Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,Hongxiu Chen and Di Ma contributed equally to this work.
| | - Feixue Yue
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yajie Qi
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Manman Dou
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liuping Cui
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingqi Xing
- Department of Vascular Ultrasonography, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; ,Beijing Diagnostic Center of Vascular Ultrasound, Beijing, China; ,Center of Vascular Ultrasonography, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China; ,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Vascular Ultrasonography, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Diagnostic Center of Vascular Ultrasound, Center of Vascular Ultrasonography, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, 45 Changchun Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China; E-mail: This work is recommended by Pro Jiachun Feng, The First Hospital of Jilin University.
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17
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Li Y, Ma T, Zhu X, Zhang M, Zhao L, Wang P, Liang J. Zinc improves neurological recovery by promoting angiogenesis via the astrocyte-mediated HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway in experimental stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1790-1799. [PMID: 35855611 PMCID: PMC9532912 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is a serious cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and disability. Zinc accumulation has been shown to play a vital role in neuronal death and blood-brain barrier damage following ischemia in acute stage. However, almost nothing is known about whether zinc is involved in neurological recovery in ischemic prolonged period. This study investigates whether zinc promotes neurological recovery through astrocytes-induced angiogenesis during ischemic repair phase. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 2 h ischemia/14, 21, and 28 days reperfusion by middle cerebral artery occlusion, then administered ZnCl2 (10 mg/kg) via intraperitoneally daily from 7 days to tissue collection to observe brain tissue morphology, neurological function recovery by cortical width index, Adhesive removal test, and Forelimb placing test. Angiogenesis, astrocyte activation, and HIF-1α/VEGF pathway were assessed via Western blot, immunofluorescence, and BrdU method in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS The results showed that zinc significantly alleviated brain atrophy and improved neurological function recovery during the cerebral ischemia repair stage. Zinc significantly increased the protein levels of HIF-1α, VEGF-A, and VEGF-R2 in astrocytes, and promoted angiogenesis during cerebral ischemia repair. In vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that zinc promoted angiogenesis via the astrocyte-mediated HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Zinc significantly improves neurological function recovery during the cerebral ischemia repair stage, providing new evidence supporting zinc as a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke by promoting astrocyte induced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Institution of Life Science, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Tingting Ma
- Institution of Life Science, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Institution of Life Science, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Mingqi Zhang
- Institution of Life Science, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Liaoning Province, Department of Neurobiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jia Liang
- Institution of Life Science, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Liaoning Province, Department of Neurobiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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18
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Kim J, Park J, Mikami T. Regular Low-Intensity Exercise Prevents Cognitive Decline and a Depressive-Like State Induced by Physical Inactivity in Mice: A New Physical Inactivity Experiment Model. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:866405. [PMID: 35600989 PMCID: PMC9121131 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.866405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise has already been established as a vital strategy for maintaining physical health via experimental results in humans and animals. In addition, numerous human studies have reported that physical inactivity is a primary factor that causes obesity, muscle atrophy, metabolic diseases, and deterioration in cognitive function and mental health. Regardless, an established animal experimental method to examine the effect of physical inactivity on physiological, biochemical, and neuroscientific parameters is yet to be reported. In this study, we made a new housing cage, named as the physical inactivity (PI) cage, to investigate the effect of physical inactivity on cognitive function and depressive-like states in mice and obtained the following experimental results by its use. We first compared the daily physical activity of mice housed in the PI and standard cages using the nano-tag method. The mice’s physical activity levels in the PI cage decreased to approximately half of that in the mice housed in the standard cage. Second, we examined whether housing in the PI cage affected plasma corticosterone concentration. The plasma corticosterone concentration did not alter before, 1 week, or 10 weeks after housing. Third, we investigated whether housing in the PI cage for 10 weeks affected cognitive function and depressive behavior. Housing in an inactive state caused a cognitive decline and depressive state in the mice without increasing body weight and plasma corticosterone. Finally, we examined the effect of regular low-intensity exercise on cognitive function and depressive state in the mice housed in the PI cage. Physical inactivity decreased neuronal cell proliferation, blood vessel density, and gene expressions of vascular endothelial growth factors and brain-derived neurotrophic factors in the hippocampus. In addition, regular low-intensity exercise, 30 min of treadmill running at a 5–15 m/min treadmill speed 3 days per week, prevented cognitive decline and the onset of a depressive-like state caused by physical inactivity. These results showed that our novel physical inactivity model, housing the mice in the PI cage, would be an adequate and valuable experimental method for examining the effect of physical inactivity on cognitive function and a depressive-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jonghyuk Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Mikami
- Department of Health and Sports Science, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Toshio Mikami,
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19
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Long L, Zang Q, Jia G, Fan M, Zhang L, Qi Y, Liu Y, Yu L, Wang S. Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Promotes White Matter Repair and Improves Dysphagia Symptoms in Cerebral Ischemia Model Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:811419. [PMID: 35493949 PMCID: PMC9051615 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.811419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical and animal studies have shown that transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (ta-VNS) exerts neuroprotection following cerebral ischemia. Studies have revealed that white matter damage after ischemia is related to swallowing defects, and the degree of white matter damage is related to the severity of dysphagia. However, the effect of ta-VNS on dysphagia symptoms and white matter damage in dysphagic animals after an ischemic stroke has not been investigated. Methods Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats were randomly divided into the sham, control and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) group, which subsequently received ta-VNS for 3 weeks. The swallowing reflex was measured once weekly by electromyography (EMG). White matter remyelination, volume, angiogenesis and the inflammatory response in the white matter were assessed by electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, stereology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. Results ta-VNS significantly increased the number of swallows within 20 s and reduced the onset latency to the first swallow. ta-VNS significantly improved remyelination but did not alleviate white matter shrinkage after MCAO. Stereology revealed that ta-VNS significantly increased the density of capillaries and increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) expression in the white matter. ta-VNS significantly alleviated the increase inTLR4, MyD88, phosphorylated MAPK and NF-κB protein levels and suppressed the expression of the proinflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α. Conclusion These results indicated ta-VNS slightly improved dysphagia symptoms after ischemic stroke, possibly by increasing remyelination, inducing angiogenesis, and inhibiting the inflammatory response in the white matter of cerebral ischaemia model rats, implying that ta-VNS may be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of dysphagia after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Long
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianwen Zang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gongwei Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Fan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weinan Central Hospital, Weinan, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingqiang Qi
- Center of Electron Microscope, Institute of Life Science of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yilin Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lehua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sanrong Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Sanrong Wang
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20
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Salehi MS, Safari A, Pandamooz S, Jurek B, Hooshmandi E, Owjfard M, Bayat M, Zafarmand SS, Miyan JA, Borhani-Haghighi A. The Beneficial Potential of Genetically Modified Stem Cells in the Treatment of Stroke: a Review. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:412-440. [PMID: 34033001 PMCID: PMC8144279 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed a surge in investigations proposing stem cells as a promising strategy to treat stroke. Since growth factor release is considered as one of the most important aspects of cell-based therapy, stem cells over-expressing growth factors are hypothesized to yield higher levels of therapeutic efficiency. In pre-clinical studies of the last 15 years that were investigating the efficiency of stem cell therapy for stroke, a variety of stem cell types were genetically modified to over-express various factors. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on the therapeutic efficiency of stem cell-derived growth factors, encompassing techniques employed and time points to evaluate. In addition, we discuss several types of stem cells, including the recently developed model of epidermal neural crest stem cells, and genetically modified stem cells over-expressing specific factors, which could elevate the restorative potential of naive stem cells. The restorative potential is based on enhanced survival/differentiation potential of transplanted cells, apoptosis inhibition, infarct volume reduction, neovascularization or functional improvement. Since the majority of studies have focused on the short-term curative effects of genetically engineered stem cells, we emphasize the need to address their long-term impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saied Salehi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Anahid Safari
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sareh Pandamooz
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Benjamin Jurek
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Etrat Hooshmandi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Owjfard
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Bayat
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Jaleel A Miyan
- Faculty of Biology, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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21
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Gallo A, Cuscino N, Contino F, Bulati M, Pampalone M, Amico G, Zito G, Carcione C, Centi C, Bertani A, Conaldi PG, Miceli V. Changes in the Transcriptome Profiles of Human Amnion-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells Induced by Three-Dimensional Culture: A Potential Priming Strategy to Improve Their Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020863. [PMID: 35055049 PMCID: PMC8778321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are believed to function in vivo as a homeostatic tool that shows therapeutic properties for tissue repair/regeneration. Conventionally, these cells are expanded in two-dimensional (2D) cultures, and, in that case, MSCs undergo genotypic/phenotypic changes resulting in a loss of their therapeutic capabilities. Moreover, several clinical trials using MSCs have shown controversial results with moderate/insufficient therapeutic responses. Different priming methods were tested to improve MSC effects, and three-dimensional (3D) culturing techniques were also examined. MSC spheroids display increased therapeutic properties, and, in this context, it is crucial to understand molecular changes underlying spheroid generation. To address these limitations, we performed RNA-seq on human amnion-derived MSCs (hAMSCs) cultured in both 2D and 3D conditions and examined the transcriptome changes associated with hAMSC spheroid formation. We found a large number of 3D culture-sensitive genes and identified selected genes related to 3D hAMSC therapeutic effects. In particular, we observed that these genes can regulate proliferation/differentiation, as well as immunomodulatory and angiogenic processes. We validated RNA-seq results by qRT-PCR and methylome analysis and investigation of secreted factors. Overall, our results showed that hAMSC spheroid culture represents a promising approach to cell-based therapy that could significantly impact hAMSC application in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Gallo
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (N.C.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (G.Z.); (C.C.); (P.G.C.)
| | - Nicola Cuscino
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (N.C.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (G.Z.); (C.C.); (P.G.C.)
| | - Flavia Contino
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (N.C.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (G.Z.); (C.C.); (P.G.C.)
| | - Matteo Bulati
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (N.C.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (G.Z.); (C.C.); (P.G.C.)
| | - Mariangela Pampalone
- Fondazione Ri.MED, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.); (G.A.); (C.C.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Amico
- Fondazione Ri.MED, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.); (G.A.); (C.C.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zito
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (N.C.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (G.Z.); (C.C.); (P.G.C.)
| | | | - Claudio Centi
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (N.C.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (G.Z.); (C.C.); (P.G.C.)
| | - Alessandro Bertani
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation Unit, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Pier Giulio Conaldi
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (N.C.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (G.Z.); (C.C.); (P.G.C.)
| | - Vitale Miceli
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (N.C.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (G.Z.); (C.C.); (P.G.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-09-1219-2430
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22
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He Q, Ma Y, Liu J, Zhang D, Ren J, Zhao R, Chang J, Guo ZN, Yang Y. Biological Functions and Regulatory Mechanisms of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α in Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2021; 12:801985. [PMID: 34966392 PMCID: PMC8710457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.801985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is caused by insufficient cerebrovascular blood and oxygen supply. It is a major contributor to death or disability worldwide and has become a heavy societal and clinical burden. To date, effective treatments for ischemic stroke are limited, and innovative therapeutic methods are urgently needed. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a sensitive regulator of oxygen homeostasis, and its expression is rapidly induced after hypoxia/ischemia. It plays an extensive role in the pathophysiology of stroke, including neuronal survival, neuroinflammation, angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, and blood brain barrier regulation. In addition, the spatiotemporal expression profile of HIF-1α in the brain shifts with the progression of ischemic stroke; this has led to contradictory findings regarding its function in previous studies. Therefore, unveiling the Janus face of HIF-1α and its target genes in different type of cells and exploring the role of HIF-1α in inflammatory responses after ischemia is of great importance for revealing the pathogenesis and identifying new therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke. Herein, we provide a succinct overview of the current approaches targeting HIF-1α and summarize novel findings concerning HIF-1α regulation in different types of cells within neurovascular units, including neurons, endothelial cells, astrocytes, and microglia, during the different stages of ischemic stroke. The current representative translational approaches focused on neuroprotection by targeting HIF-1α are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyan He
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yinzhong Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dianhui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruoyu Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - JunLei Chang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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23
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Li J, Li C, Loreno EG, Miriyala S, Panchatcharam M, Lu X, Sun H. Chronic Low-Dose Alcohol Consumption Promotes Cerebral Angiogenesis in Mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:681627. [PMID: 34869620 PMCID: PMC8635527 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.681627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption dose-dependently affects the incidence and prognosis of ischemic stroke. We determined the influence of chronic alcohol consumption on cerebral angiogenesis under physiological conditions and following ischemic stroke. In in vitro studies, acute exposure to low-concentration ethanol significantly increased angiogenic capability and upregulated vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in C57BL/6J mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (MBMVECs). The increased angiogenic capability was abolished in the presence of a VEGFR2 inhibitor. In addition, the increased angiogenic capability and upregulated VEGF-A and VEGFR2 remained in chronically low-concentration ethanol-exposed MBMVECs. In in vivo studies, 8-week gavage feeding with low-dose ethanol significantly increased vessel density and vessel branches and upregulated VEGF-A and VEGFR2 in the cerebral cortex under physiological conditions. Furthermore, vessel density, vessel branches, and expression of VEGF-A and VEGFR2 in the peri-infarct cortex were significantly greater in low-dose ethanol-fed mice at 72 h of reperfusion. Although low-dose ethanol did not alter cerebral vasoreactivity and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) either before or during ischemia, it significantly augmented post-ischemic hyperemia during reperfusion. In contrast, exposure to high-concentration ethanol and 8-week gavage feeding with high-dose ethanol only had a mild inhibitory effect on angiogenic capability and cerebral angiogenesis, respectively. We conclude that heavy alcohol consumption may not dramatically alter cerebral angiogenesis, whereas light alcohol consumption significantly promotes cerebral angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyu Li
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Ethyn G Loreno
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Sumitra Miriyala
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Manikandan Panchatcharam
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Xiaohong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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24
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Moradpour S, Aliaghaei A, Bigdeli M. Effect of Sertoli Cell Transplant and Rapamycin Pretreatment on Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion-Induced Brain Ischemia in a Rat Model. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2021; 19:1204-1211. [PMID: 34812711 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2021.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Stroke exacts a heavy toll on death and disability worldwide. In animal studies, cell transplant has shown a positive effect by inducing neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and modulating inflammation. Cell transplant therapy could provide researchers with new strategies for treating stroke. The mechanistic target of rapamycin is a central signaling pathway for coordination and control; the administration of rapamycin, a key modulator of this pathway, could be a new therapeutic approach in neurological disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult rats were grouped into 5 main groups: control, sham, rapamycin receiving, Sertoli cell receiving, and rapamycin plus Sertoli cell receiving groups. Sertoli cells were taken from another rat tissue and injected into the right striatum region. After 5 days, ischemic induction was performed, and rapamycin injection (300 mg/kg) was performed 1 hour before surgery. After 24 hours, some regions of the brain, including the cortex, striatum, and piriform cortex-amygdala, were isolated for evaluation. RESULTS Our results showed that infarct volume, brain edema, and blood-brain barrier permeability assessments were significantly reduced in some areas of the brain in rats that received rapamycin plus Sertoli cells compared with results shown in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment with Sertoli cell transplant plus rapamycin injection may enhance neural survival during ischemia through increased glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor, inhibiting the mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway and increasing autophagy performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moradpour
- From the Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Yaguchi A, Oshikawa M, Watanabe G, Hiramatsu H, Uchida N, Hara C, Kaneko N, Sawamoto K, Muraoka T, Ajioka I. Efficient protein incorporation and release by a jigsaw-shaped self-assembling peptide hydrogel for injured brain regeneration. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6623. [PMID: 34799548 PMCID: PMC8604910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During injured tissue regeneration, the extracellular matrix plays a key role in controlling and coordinating various cellular events by binding and releasing secreted proteins in addition to promoting cell adhesion. Herein, we develop a cell-adhesive fiber-forming peptide that mimics the jigsaw-shaped hydrophobic surface in the dovetail-packing motif of glycophorin A as an artificial extracellular matrix for regenerative therapy. We show that the jigsaw-shaped self-assembling peptide forms several-micrometer-long supramolecular nanofibers through a helix-to-strand transition to afford a hydrogel under physiological conditions and disperses homogeneously in the hydrogel. The molecular- and macro-scale supramolecular properties of the jigsaw-shaped self-assembling peptide hydrogel allow efficient incorporation and sustained release of vascular endothelial growth factor, and demonstrate cell transplantation-free regenerative therapeutic effects in a subacute-chronic phase mouse stroke model. This research highlights a therapeutic strategy for injured tissue regeneration using the jigsaw-shaped self-assembling peptide supramolecular hydrogel. The extracellular matrix contributes to tissue regeneration by binding and releasing growth factors. Here the authors present the jigsaw-shaped self-assembling peptide JigSAP as an artificial ECM and show that VEGF-JigSAP has therapeutic effects on the subacute-chronic phase of brain stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuya Yaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Mio Oshikawa
- Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.,Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), Kanagawa, 243-0435, Japan
| | - Go Watanabe
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), Kanagawa, 243-0435, Japan.,Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Hiramatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan.,Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Noriyuki Uchida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Chikako Hara
- Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.,Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), Kanagawa, 243-0435, Japan
| | - Naoko Kaneko
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan.,Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Muraoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan. .,Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), Kanagawa, 243-0435, Japan.
| | - Itsuki Ajioka
- Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan. .,Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), Kanagawa, 243-0435, Japan.
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26
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Alrafiah A, Alofi E, Almohaya Y, Hamami A, Qadah T, Almaghrabi S, Hakami N, Alrawaili MS, Tayeb HO. Angiogenesis Biomarkers in Ischemic Stroke Patients. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:4893-4900. [PMID: 34588795 PMCID: PMC8473716 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s331868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stroke is a global health issue, and ischemic stroke is among the most common strokes affecting many people worldwide. Throughout ischemic stroke, various immune cells counter its effect by releasing cytokines, chemokines, and angiogenic molecules. These molecules can work as potential biomarkers in the diagnosis and monitoring of the progress of ischemic stroke. The current study investigated the use of angiogenic molecules as biomarkers in ischemic stroke patients. Methods The samples were obtained from twenty healthy subjects and nineteen patients with ischemic stroke. Multiplex assay was used to measure the serum levels of angiogenic biomarkers, including endoglin, VEGF-A, endothelin-1, G-CSF, and angiopoietin-2. All data were analyzed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. Correlations between measured parameters were made using Pearson correlations. Results Angiopoietin-2, VEGF-A, endothelin-1, and endoglin levels in stroke patients were significantly higher compared to healthy controls. Nevertheless, G-CSF level showed a non-significant increase in patients compared to controls. The correlation coefficient of measured angiogenic biomarkers among patients showed significant correlations between endoglin, angiopoietin, VEGF-A, and endothelin-1. Discussion The angiogenic factors were significantly increased in patients with ischemic stroke, which may help in the early detection of ischemic stroke and consequently prompt treatment and better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Alrafiah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtisam Alofi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Almohaya
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Hamami
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal Qadah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safa Almaghrabi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora Hakami
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moafaq S Alrawaili
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haythum O Tayeb
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Xu J, Zhang P, Chen Y, Xu Y, Luan P, Zhu Y, Zhang J. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate ameliorates cerebral ischemic injury through regulation of angiogenesis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1122. [PMID: 34504576 PMCID: PMC8383733 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling and neuroprotection are two major adaptable methods for treating ischemic stroke. Edaravone is a protective agent for the treatment of stroke and was used as a positive control in the present study. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) has demonstrated therapeutic clinical effects in cerebral infarction in China, while its mechanisms of action in ischemic stroke have remained elusive. The angiogenesis and neuroprotective effects of STS were evaluated in a rat model induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion and 3 days of reperfusion. When used at the same dose, the magnitude of the therapeutic effect of STS was similar to that of edaravone in terms of decreased blood-brain barrier damage as indicated by reduced Evans blue leakage, improved neurological deficits, alleviated cerebral edema and inhibition of histopathological changes caused by ischemia/reperfusion. The TUNEL assay demonstrated that the ability of STS to inhibit neuronal apoptosis was equivalent to that of edaravone. Immunofluorescence detection of CD31 and α-smooth muscle actin indicated that the vascular density was significantly reduced in the vehicle group compared with that in the sham operation group, STS increased the microvessel density in the ischemic area. Furthermore, in the vehicle group the protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR) as determined by fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry was significantly reduced compared with that in the sham group. However, STS promoted their expression compared to the vehicle group respectively, and increaed the mRNA expression of VEGF, VEGFR, CD31 and angiopoietin-1 as determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, but these changes were not significant or not present for edaravone apart from Ang-1. In conclusion, STS protected against ischemic brain injury by promoting angiogenesis in ischemic areas and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. These results provide a potential treatment for stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhen Xu
- Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yao Chen
- Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yulan Xu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Pengwei Luan
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yuying Zhu
- Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jiange Zhang
- Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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28
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Kim HK, Zai G, Hennings JM, Müller DJ, Kloiber S. Changes in RNA expression levels during antidepressant treatment: a systematic review. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1461-1477. [PMID: 34415438 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
More than a third of patients treated with antidepressants experience treatment resistance. Furthermore, molecular pathways involved in antidepressant effect have yet to be fully understood. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of clinical studies that examined changes in RNA expression levels produced by antidepressant treatment. Literature search was performed through April 2021 for peer-reviewed studies measuring changes in mRNA or non-coding RNA levels before and after antidepressant treatment in human participants following PRISMA guidelines. Thirty-one studies were included in qualitative synthesis. We identified a large amount of heterogeneity between the studies for genes/RNAs measured, antidepressants used, and treatment duration. Of the six RNAs examined by more than one study, expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene and genes in the inflammation pathway, particularly IL-1β, were consistently reported to be altered by antidepressant treatment. Limitations of this review include heterogeneity of the studies, possibility of positive publication bias, and risk of false-negative findings secondary to small sample sizes. In conclusion, our systematic review provides an updated synthesis of RNA expression changes produced by antidepressant treatment in human participants, where genes in the BDNF and inflammatory pathways were identified as potential targets of antidepressant effect. Importantly, these findings also highlight the need for replication of the included studies in multiple strong, placebo-controlled studies for the identification of evidence-based markers that can be targeted to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gwyneth Zai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Stokes Street, Toronto, ON, M6H 1J4, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Stokes Street, Toronto, ON, M6H 1J4, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stefan Kloiber
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Stokes Street, Toronto, ON, M6H 1J4, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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29
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Moon S, Chang MS, Koh SH, Choi YK. Repair Mechanisms of the Neurovascular Unit after Ischemic Stroke with a Focus on VEGF. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168543. [PMID: 34445248 PMCID: PMC8395233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional neural circuits are partially repaired after an ischemic stroke in the central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, neurovascular units, including neurons, endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes maintain homeostasis; however, these cellular networks are damaged after an ischemic stroke. The present review discusses the repair potential of stem cells (i.e., mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial precursor cells, and neural stem cells) and gaseous molecules (i.e., nitric oxide and carbon monoxide) with respect to neuroprotection in the acute phase and regeneration in the late phase after an ischemic stroke. Commonly shared molecular mechanisms in the neurovascular unit are associated with the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its related factors. Stem cells and gaseous molecules may exert therapeutic effects by diminishing VEGF-mediated vascular leakage and facilitating VEGF-mediated regenerative capacity. This review presents an in-depth discussion of the regeneration ability by which endogenous neural stem cells and endothelial cells produce neurons and vessels capable of replacing injured neurons and vessels in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhong Moon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Mi-Sook Chang
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri 11923, Korea;
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-0558; Fax: +82-2-444-3490
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30
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Wierońska JM, Cieślik P, Kalinowski L. Nitric Oxide-Dependent Pathways as Critical Factors in the Consequences and Recovery after Brain Ischemic Hypoxia. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081097. [PMID: 34439764 PMCID: PMC8392725 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain ischemia is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Nitric oxide (NO•), a molecule that is involved in the regulation of proper blood flow, vasodilation, neuronal and glial activity constitutes the crucial factor that contributes to the development of pathological changes after stroke. One of the early consequences of a sudden interruption in the cerebral blood flow is the massive production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in neurons due to NO• synthase uncoupling, which leads to neurotoxicity. Progression of apoptotic or necrotic neuronal damage activates reactive astrocytes and attracts microglia or lymphocytes to migrate to place of inflammation. Those inflammatory cells start to produce large amounts of inflammatory proteins, including pathological, inducible form of NOS (iNOS), which generates nitrosative stress that further contributes to brain tissue damage, forming vicious circle of detrimental processes in the late stage of ischemia. S-nitrosylation, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and HIF-1α-dependent genes activated in reactive astrocytes play essential roles in this process. The review summarizes the roles of NO•-dependent pathways in the early and late aftermath of stroke and treatments based on the stimulation or inhibition of particular NO• synthases and the stabilization of HIF-1α activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wierońska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (J.M.W.); (P.C.)
| | - Paulina Cieślik
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (J.M.W.); (P.C.)
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics—Biobank Fahrenheit BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure Poland (BBMRI.PL), Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- BioTechMed Center/Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-223 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-349-1182
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31
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Przykaza Ł, Kozniewska E. Ligands of the Neuropeptide Y Y2 Receptors as a Potential Multitarget Therapeutic Approach for the Protection of the Neurovascular Unit Against Acute Ischemia/Reperfusion: View from the Perspective of the Laboratory Bench. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 13:12-24. [PMID: 34292517 PMCID: PMC8766383 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the third leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with no available satisfactory prevention or treatment approach. The current treatment is limited to the use of “reperfusion methods,” i.e., an intravenous or intra-arterial infusion of a fibrinolytic agent, mechanical removal of the clot by thrombectomy, or a combination of both methods. It should be stressed, however, that only approximately 5% of all acute strokes are eligible for fibrinolytic treatment and fewer than 10% for thrombectomy. Despite the tremendous progress in understanding of the pathomechanisms of cerebral ischemia, the promising results of basic research on neuroprotection are not currently transferable to human stroke. A possible explanation for this failure is that experiments on in vivo animal models involve healthy young animals, and the experimental protocols seldom consider the importance of protecting the whole neurovascular unit (NVU), which ensures intracranial homeostasis and is seriously damaged by ischemia/reperfusion. One of the endogenous protective systems activated during ischemia and in neurodegenerative diseases is represented by neuropeptide Y (NPY). It has been demonstrated that activation of NPY Y2 receptors (Y2R) by a specific ligand decreases the volume of the postischemic infarction and improves performance in functional tests of rats with arterial hypertension subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion. This functional improvement suggests the protection of the NVU. In this review, we focus on NPY and discuss the potential, multidirectional protective effects of Y2R agonists against acute focal ischemia/reperfusion injury, with special reference to the NVU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Przykaza
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego Str. 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Kozniewska
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego Str. 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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Hamblin MH, Lee JP. Neural Stem Cells for Early Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147703. [PMID: 34299322 PMCID: PMC8306669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical treatments for ischemic stroke are limited. Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation can be a promising therapy. Clinically, ischemia and subsequent reperfusion lead to extensive neurovascular injury that involves inflammation, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and brain cell death. NSCs exhibit multiple potentially therapeutic actions against neurovascular injury. Currently, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only FDA-approved clot-dissolving agent. While tPA’s thrombolytic role within the vasculature is beneficial, tPA’s non-thrombolytic deleterious effects aggravates neurovascular injury, restricting the treatment time window (time-sensitive) and tPA eligibility. Thus, new strategies are needed to mitigate tPA’s detrimental effects and quickly mediate vascular repair after stroke. Up to date, clinical trials focus on the impact of stem cell therapy on neuro-restoration by delivering cells during the chronic stroke stage. Also, NSCs secrete factors that stimulate endogenous repair mechanisms for early-stage ischemic stroke. This review will present an integrated view of the preclinical perspectives of NSC transplantation as a promising treatment for neurovascular injury, with an emphasis on early-stage ischemic stroke. Further, this will highlight the impact of early sub-acute NSC delivery on improving short-term and long-term stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton H. Hamblin
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: (M.H.H.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Jean-Pyo Lee
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: (M.H.H.); (J.-P.L.)
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33
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Lohkamp KJ, Kiliaan AJ, Shenk J, Verweij V, Wiesmann M. The Impact of Voluntary Exercise on Stroke Recovery. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:695138. [PMID: 34321996 PMCID: PMC8311567 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.695138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke treatment is limited to time-critical thrombectomy and rehabilitation by physiotherapy. Studies report beneficial effects of exercise; however, a knowledge gap exists regarding underlying mechanisms that benefit recovery of brain networks and cognition. This study aims to unravel therapeutic effects of voluntary exercise in stroke-induced mice to develop better personalized treatments. Male C57Bl6/JOlaHsd mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. After surgery, the animals were divided in a voluntary exercise group with access to running wheels (RW), and a control group without running wheels (NRW). During 6 days post-stroke, activity/walking patterns were measured 24/7 in digital ventilated cages. Day 7 post-surgery, animals underwent MRI scanning (11.7T) to investigate functional connectivity (rsfMRI) and white matter (WM) integrity (DTI). Additionally, postmortem polarized light imaging (PLI) was performed to quantify WM fiber density and orientation. After MRI the animals were sacrificed and neuroinflammation and cerebral vascularisation studied. Voluntary exercise promoted myelin density recovery corresponding to higher fractional anisotropy. The deteriorating impact of stroke on WM dispersion was detected only in NRW mice. Moreover, rsfMRI revealed increased functional connectivity, cerebral blood flow and vascular quality leading to improved motor skills in the RW group. Furthermore, voluntary exercise showed immunomodulatory properties post-stroke. This study not only helped determining the therapeutic value of voluntary exercise, but also provided understanding of pathological mechanisms involved in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara J Lohkamp
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Preclinical Imaging Center - PRIME, Radboud Alzheimer Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Amanda J Kiliaan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Preclinical Imaging Center - PRIME, Radboud Alzheimer Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Justin Shenk
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Preclinical Imaging Center - PRIME, Radboud Alzheimer Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Vivienne Verweij
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Preclinical Imaging Center - PRIME, Radboud Alzheimer Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Wiesmann
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Preclinical Imaging Center - PRIME, Radboud Alzheimer Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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34
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Gene expression studies in Depression development and treatment: an overview of the underlying molecular mechanisms and biological processes to identify biomarkers. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:354. [PMID: 34103475 PMCID: PMC8187383 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01469-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A combination of different risk factors, such as genetic, environmental and psychological factors, together with immune system, stress response, brain neuroplasticity and the regulation of neurotransmitters, is thought to lead to the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). A growing number of studies have tried to investigate the underlying mechanisms of MDD by analysing the expression levels of genes involved in such biological processes. These studies have shown that MDD is not just a brain disorder, but also a body disorder, and this is mainly due to the interplay between the periphery and the Central Nervous System (CNS). To this purpose, most of the studies conducted so far have mainly dedicated to the analysis of the gene expression levels using postmortem brain tissue as well as peripheral blood samples of MDD patients. In this paper, we reviewed the current literature on candidate gene expression alterations and the few existing transcriptomics studies in MDD focusing on inflammation, neuroplasticity, neurotransmitters and stress-related genes. Moreover, we focused our attention on studies, which have investigated mRNA levels as biomarkers to predict therapy outcomes. This is important as many patients do not respond to antidepressant medication or could experience adverse side effects, leading to the interruption of treatment. Unfortunately, the right choice of antidepressant for each individual still remains largely a matter of taking an educated guess.
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Yu R, Kim NS, Li Y, Jeong JY, Park SJ, Zhou B, Oh WJ. Vascular Sema3E-Plexin-D1 Signaling Reactivation Promotes Post-stroke Recovery through VEGF Downregulation in Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 13:142-159. [PMID: 33978913 PMCID: PMC8766426 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00914-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Post-stroke vascular remodeling, including angiogenesis, facilitates functional recovery. Proper vascular repair is important for efficient post-stroke recovery; however, the underlying mechanisms coordinating the diverse signaling pathways involved in vascular remodeling remain largely unknown. Recently, axon guidance molecules were revealed as key players in injured vessel remodeling. One such molecule, Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E), and its receptor, Plexin-D1, control vascular development by regulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. In this study, using a mouse model of transient brain infarction, we aimed to investigate whether Sema3E-Plexin-D1 signaling was involved in cerebrovascular remodeling after ischemic injury. We found that ischemic damage rapidly induced Sema3e expression in the neurons of peri-infarct regions, followed by Plexin-D1 upregulation in remodeling vessels. Interestingly, Plexin-D1 reemergence was concurrent with brain vessels entering an active angiogenic process. In line with this, Plxnd1 ablation worsened neurological deficits, infarct volume, neuronal survival rate, and blood flow recovery. Furthermore, reduced and abnormal vascular morphogenesis was caused by aberrantly increased VEGF signaling. In Plxnd1 knockout mice, we observed significant extravasation of intravenously administered tracers in the brain parenchyma, junctional protein downregulation, and mislocalization in regenerating vessels. This suggested that the absence of Sema3E-Plexin-D1 signaling is associated with blood–brain barrier (BBB) impairment. Finally, the abnormal behavioral performance, aberrant vascular phenotype, and BBB breakdown defects in Plxnd1 knockout mice were restored following the inhibition of VEGF signaling during vascular remodeling. These findings demonstrate that Sema3E-Plexin-D1 signaling can promote functional recovery by downregulating VEGF signaling in the injured adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri Yu
- Neurovascular Biology Laboratory, Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Suk Kim
- Neurovascular Biology Laboratory, Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Li
- Neurovascular Biology Laboratory, Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Jeong
- Neurovascular Biology Laboratory, Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Joon Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Bin Zhou
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Won-Jong Oh
- Neurovascular Biology Laboratory, Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Guo YS, Yuan M, Han Y, Shen XY, Gao ZK, Bi X. Therapeutic Potential of Cytokines in Demyelinating Lesions After Stroke. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2035-2052. [PMID: 33970426 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
White matter damage is a component of most human stroke and usually accounts for at least half of the lesion volume. Subcortical white matter stroke (WMS) accounts for 25% of all strokes and causes severe motor and cognitive dysfunction. The adult brain has a very limited ability to repair white matter damage. Pathological analysis shows that demyelination or myelin loss is the main feature of white matter injury and plays an important role in long-term sensorimotor and cognitive dysfunction. This suggests that demyelination is a major therapeutic target for ischemic stroke injury. An acute inflammatory reaction is triggered by brain ischemia, which is accompanied by cytokine production. The production of cytokines is an important factor affecting demyelination and myelin regeneration. Different cytokines have different effects on myelin damage and myelin regeneration. Exploring the role of cytokines in demyelination and remyelination after stroke and the underlying molecular mechanisms of demyelination and myelin regeneration after ischemic injury is very important for the development of rehabilitation treatment strategies. This review focuses on recent findings on the effects of cytokines on myelin damage and remyelination as well as the progress of research on the role of cytokines in ischemic stroke prognosis to provide a new treatment approach for amelioration of white matter damage after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sha Guo
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yu Han
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xin-Ya Shen
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhen-Kun Gao
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xia Bi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China.
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37
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Galectin-1 Contributes to Vascular Remodeling and Blood Flow Recovery After Cerebral Ischemia in Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 13:160-170. [PMID: 33973144 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00913-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-1 is found in the vasculature and has been confirmed to promote angiogenesis in several cancer models. Furthermore, galectin-1 has been demonstrated to improve the recovery of cerebral ischemia. However, whether vascular remodeling contributes to this improvement is still unknown. In the present study, photochemical cerebral ischemia was induced in both galectin-1-treated (2 μg/day, i.c.v, 3 days) and galectin-1 knockout mice. Laser speckle imaging and immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that circulation and vascular remodeling in the ischemic cortex were improved by galectin-1 treatment but disrupted in galectin-1 knockout mice. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of matrix metallopeptidase-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was regulated by galectin-1 in vivo. To determine how galectin-1 influences endothelial cells, the expression of galectin-1 in bEnd.3 cells was increased by transfection with an expression plasmid and knocked down by siRNA. As demonstrated by quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis, the expression of metallopeptidase-9, VEGF, and VEGF receptors was upregulated by galectin-1 overexpression but downregulated after galectin-1 knockdown. Flow cytometry, Transwell assay, and capillary-like tube formation assay were performed on cells after gene manipulation as well as cells treated by exogenous galectin-1 after anoxia. It demonstrated that galectin-1 potentiated the cell proliferation, migration capacity, and tube formation ability. Taken together, these data suggest that by targeting vascular remodeling, galectin-1 contributes to the restoration of blood flow, which promotes the recovery of mice after cerebral ischemic insults.
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38
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Maeta N, Tamura K, Ezuka F, Takemitsu H. Comparative analysis of canine mesenchymal stem cells and bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells. Vet World 2021; 14:1028-1037. [PMID: 34083956 PMCID: PMC8167527 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1028-1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which have multi-lineage differentiation potentials, are a promising source for regenerative medicine. However, the focus of study of MSCs is shifting from the characterization of the differentiation potential to their secretion potential for cell transplantation. Tissue regeneration and the attenuation of immune responses are thought to be affected by the secretion of multiple growth factors and cytokines by MSCs. However, the secretion potential of MSCs profiling remains incompletely characterized. In this study, we focused on the secretion ability related and protein mRNA expression of dog adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AT-MSC), bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs, and BM-derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNC). Materials and Methods: Real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed mRNA expression of nine growth factors and seven interleukins in these types of cells and three growth factors protein expression were determined using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: For the BM-MNC growth factors, the mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was the highest. For the BM-derived MSC (BM-MSC) and AT-MSC growth factors, the mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was highest. BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs showed similar expression profiles. In contrast, BM-MNCs showed unique expression profiles for hepatocyte growth factor and epidermal growth factor. The three types of cells showed a similar expression of TGF-β. Conclusion: We conclude that expression of cytokine proteins and mRNAs suggests involvement in tissue repair and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Maeta
- Aikouishida Animal Hospital, Isehara, 1195-4 Takamori, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1114, Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari, Ehime, 794-8555, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Tamura
- Aikouishida Animal Hospital, Isehara, 1195-4 Takamori, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1114, Japan
| | - Fuuna Ezuka
- Science and Humanities Master's Programme, Graduate School of Science and the Humanities, Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, 2640 Nishinoura Tsurajima Kurashiki Okayama, 712-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemitsu
- Science and Humanities Master's Programme, Graduate School of Science and the Humanities, Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, 2640 Nishinoura Tsurajima Kurashiki Okayama, 712-8505, Japan.,Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, 2640 Nishinoura Tsurajima Kurashiki Okayama, 712-8505, Japan
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39
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Purohit D, Finkel DA, Malfa A, Liao Y, Ivanova L, Kleinman GM, Hu F, Shah S, Thompson C, Joseph E, Wolin MS, Cairo MS, La Gamma EF, Vinukonda G. Human Cord Blood Derived Unrestricted Somatic Stem Cells Restore Aquaporin Channel Expression, Reduce Inflammation and Inhibit the Development of Hydrocephalus After Experimentally Induced Perinatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:633185. [PMID: 33897371 PMCID: PMC8062878 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.633185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a severe complication of preterm birth associated with cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, and commonly, accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Histologically, IVH leads to subependymal gliosis, fibrosis, and disruption of the ependymal wall. Importantly, expression of aquaporin channels 1 and 4 (AQP1 and AQP4) regulating respectively, secretion and absorption of cerebrospinal fluids is altered with IVH and are associated with development of post hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Human cord blood derived unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs), which we previously demonstrated to reduce the magnitude of hydrocephalus, as having anti-inflammatory, and beneficial behavioral effects, were injected into the cerebral ventricles of rabbit pups 18 h after glycerol-induced IVH. USSC treated IVH pups showed a reduction in ventricular size when compared to control pups at 7 and 14 days (both, P < 0.05). Histologically, USSC treatment reduced cellular infiltration and ependymal wall disruption. In the region of the choroid plexus, immuno-reactivity for AQP1 and ependymal wall AQP4 expression were suppressed after IVH but were restored following USSC administration. Effects were confirmed by analysis of mRNA from dissected choroid plexus and ependymal tissue. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) isoforms, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) mRNA, as well as protein levels, were significantly increased following IVH and restored towards normal with USSC treatment (P < 0.05). The anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA was reduced in IVH, but significantly recovered after USSC injection (P < 0.05). In conclusion, USSCs exerted anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing both TGF-β specific isoforms, CTGF and MMP-9, recovered IL-10, restored aquaporins expression towards baseline, and reduced hydrocephalus. These results support the possibility of the use of USSCs to reduce IVH consequences in prematurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Purohit
- The Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Dina A Finkel
- The Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Ana Malfa
- The Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Yanling Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Larisa Ivanova
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - George M Kleinman
- Department of Pathology, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Furong Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Shetal Shah
- The Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Carl Thompson
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Etlinger Joseph
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Michael S Wolin
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Edmund F La Gamma
- The Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Govindaiah Vinukonda
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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40
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Krull AA, Setter DO, Gendron TF, Hrstka SCL, Polzin MJ, Hart J, Dudakovic A, Madigan NN, Dietz AB, Windebank AJ, van Wijnen AJ, Staff NP. Alterations of mesenchymal stromal cells in cerebrospinal fluid: insights from transcriptomics and an ALS clinical trial. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:187. [PMID: 33736701 PMCID: PMC7977179 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been studied with increasing intensity as clinicians and researchers strive to understand the ability of MSCs to modulate disease progression and promote tissue regeneration. As MSCs are used for diverse applications, it is important to appreciate how specific physiological environments may stimulate changes that alter the phenotype of the cells. One need for neuroregenerative applications is to characterize the spectrum of MSC responses to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) environment after their injection into the intrathecal space. Mechanistic understanding of cellular biology in response to the CSF environment may predict the ability of MSCs to promote injury repair or provide neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases. Methods In this study, we characterized changes in morphology, metabolism, and gene expression occurring in human adipose-derived MSCs cultured in human (hCSF) or artificial CSF (aCSF) as well as examined relevant protein levels in the CSF of subjects treated with MSCs for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Results Our results demonstrated that, under intrathecal-like conditions, MSCs retained their morphology, though they became quiescent. Large-scale transcriptomic analysis of MSCs revealed a distinct gene expression profile for cells cultured in aCSF. The aCSF culture environment induced expression of genes related to angiogenesis and immunomodulation. In addition, MSCs in aCSF expressed genes encoding nutritional growth factors to expression levels at or above those of control cells. Furthermore, we observed a dose-dependent increase in growth factors and immunomodulatory cytokines in CSF from subjects with ALS treated intrathecally with autologous MSCs. Conclusions Overall, our results suggest that MSCs injected into the intrathecal space in ongoing clinical trials remain viable and may provide a therapeutic benefit to patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02241-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Krull
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Deborah O Setter
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Tania F Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Sybil C L Hrstka
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Michael J Polzin
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Joseph Hart
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Nicolas N Madigan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Allan B Dietz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Anthony J Windebank
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Nathan P Staff
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Clozapine protects adult neural stem cells from ketamine-induced cell death in correlation with decreased apoptosis and autophagy. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:221825. [PMID: 31919522 PMCID: PMC6981094 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, the production of newborn neurons from neural stem cells (NSCs) has been suggested to be decreased in patients with schizophrenia. A similar finding was observed in an animal model of schizophrenia, as indicated by decreased bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling cells in response to a non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. The antipsychotic drug clozapine was shown to counteract the observed decrease in BrdU-labelled cells in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). However, phenotypic determination by immunohistochemistry analysis could not reveal whether BrdU-positive cells were indeed NSCs. Using a previously established cell model for analysing NSC protection in vitro, we investigated a protective effect of clozapine on NSCs. Primary NSCs were isolated from the mouse subventricular zone (SVZ), we show that clozapine had a NSC protective activity alone, as evident by employing an ATP cell viability assay. In contrast, haloperidol did not show any NSC protective properties. Subsequently, cells were exposed to the non-competitive NMDA-receptor antagonist ketamine. Clozapine, but not haloperidol, had a NSC protective/anti-apoptotic activity against ketamine-induced cytotoxicity. The observed NSC protective activity of clozapine was associated with increased expression of the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2, decreased expression of the pro-apoptotic cleaved form of caspase-3 and associated with decreased expression of the autophagosome marker 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3-II). Collectively, our findings suggest that clozapine may have a protective/anti-apoptotic effect on NSCs, supporting previous in vivo observations, indicating a neurogenesis-promoting activity for clozapine. If the data are further confirmed in vivo, the results may encourage an expanded use of clozapine to restore impaired neurogenesis in schizophrenia.
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Systems Wide Analysis of CCM Signaling Complex Alterations in CCM-Deficient Models Using Omics Approaches. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2152:325-344. [PMID: 32524563 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0640-7_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Omics research has garnered popularity recently to integrate in-depth analysis of alterations at the molecular level to elucidate observable phenotypes resulting from knockdown/knockout models. Genomics, performed through RNA-seq, allows the user to evaluate alterations at the transcription level, oftentimes more sensitive than other types of analysis, especially when attempting to understand lack of observation of an expected phenotype. Proteomics facilitates an understanding of mechanisms being altered at the translational level allowing for an understanding of multiple layers of regulation occurring, elucidating discrepancies between what is seen at the RNA level compared to what is translated to a functional protein. Here we describe the methods currently being used to evaluate CCM-deficient strains in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVEC), zebrafish embryos as well as in vivo mouse model to evaluate impacts on various signaling cascades resulting from deficiencies in KRIT1 (CCM1), MGC4607 (CCM2), and PDCD10 (CCM3). The integration of data from genomics and proteomics analysis allows for the composition of interactomes, elucidating systems wide impacts resulting from disruption of the CCM signaling complex (CSC).
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Lu MH, Ji WL, Chen H, Sun YY, Zhao XY, Wang F, Shi Y, Hu YN, Liu BX, Wu JW, Xu DE, Zheng JW, Liu CF, Ma QH. Intranasal Transplantation of Human Neural Stem Cells Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology in a Mouse Model. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:650103. [PMID: 33776747 PMCID: PMC7987677 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.650103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory impairments, which has no effective therapy. Stem cell transplantation shows great potential in the therapy of various disease. However, the application of stem cell therapy in neurological disorders, especially the ones with a long-term disease course such as AD, is limited by the delivery approach due to the presence of the brain blood barrier. So far, the most commonly used delivery approach in the therapy of neurological disorders with stem cells in preclinical and clinical studies are intracranial injection and intrathecal injection, both of which are invasive. In the present study, we use repetitive intranasal delivery of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) to the brains of APP/PS1 transgenic mice to investigate the effect of hNSCs on the pathology of AD. The results indicate that the intranasally transplanted hNSCs survive and exhibit extensive migration and higher neuronal differentiation, with a relatively limited glial differentiation. A proportion of intranasally transplanted hNSCs differentiate to cholinergic neurons, which rescue cholinergic dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice. In addition, intranasal transplantation of hNSCs attenuates β-amyloid accumulation by upregulating the expression of β-amyloid degrading enzymes, insulin-degrading enzymes, and neprilysin. Moreover, intranasal transplantation of hNSCs ameliorates other AD-like pathology including neuroinflammation, cholinergic dysfunction, and pericytic and synaptic loss, while enhancing adult hippocampal neurogenesis, eventually rescuing the cognitive deficits of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Thus, our findings highlight that intranasal transplantation of hNSCs benefits cognition through multiple mechanisms, and exhibit the great potential of intranasal administration of stem cells as a non-invasive therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hong Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,School of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Li Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yun Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Yun Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ning Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo-Xiang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing-Wen Wu
- Department of Functional Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - De-En Xu
- Department of Neurology, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | | | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Quan-Hong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Ma R, Xie Q, Li H, Guo X, Wang J, Li Y, Ren M, Gong D, Gao T. l-Borneol Exerted the Neuroprotective Effect by Promoting Angiogenesis Coupled With Neurogenesis via Ang1-VEGF-BDNF Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:641894. [PMID: 33746762 PMCID: PMC7973462 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.641894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, Stroke is still one of the leading causes of population death worldwide and leads to disability. Traditional Chinese medicine plays an important role in the prevention or treatment of stroke. l-borneol, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used in China to treat stroke for thousands of years. However, its mechanism of action is unclear. After cerebral ischemia, promoting angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia and providing nutrition for the infarct area is an important strategy to improve the damage in the ischemic area, but it is also essential to promote neurogenesis and replenish new neurons. Here, our research shows that l-borneol can significantly improve the neurological deficits of pMCAO model rats, reduce cerebral infarction, and improve the pathological damage of cerebral ischemia. and significantly increase serum level of Ang-1 and VEGF, and significantly decrease level of ACE and Tie2 to promote angiogenesis. PCR and WB showed the same results. Immunohistochemistry also showed that l-borneol can increase the number of CD34 positive cells, further verifying that l-borneol can play a neuroprotective effect by promoting angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia injury. In addition, l-borneol can significantly promote the expression level of VEGF, BDNF and inhibit the expression levels of TGF-β1 and MMP9 to promote neurogenesis. The above suggests that l-borneol can promote angiogenesis coupled neurogenesis by regulating Ang1-VEGF-BDNF to play a neuroprotective effect. Molecular docking also shows that l-borneol has a very high binding rate with the above target, which further confirmed the target of l-borneol to improve cerebral ischemic injury. These results provide strong evidence for the treatment of cerebral ischemia with l-borneol and provide reference for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mihong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Daoyin Gong
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Gao
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Adverse Reaction Monitoring Center, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Therapeutic Potential of Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.) in Ischemia Stroke. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6643950. [PMID: 33747107 PMCID: PMC7943274 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6643950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death and a main cause of disability worldwide. The majority (approximately 80%) of strokes are ischemic. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) has been considered for medicinal purposes since ancient times. Pharmacological effects of saffron are attributed to the presence of crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal. In the present review, we summarized the reported neuroprotective effects of saffron and its active constituents against cerebral ischemia stroke. Saffron and its components exert its beneficial effects as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic agent though inhibition of biochemical, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers. Taken together, this review indicates that saffron and its ingredients could be a potent candidate in the process of new drug production for the treatment of ischemia stroke.
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Delayed Exercise-induced Upregulation of Angiogenic Proteins and Recovery of Motor Function after Photothrombotic Stroke in Mice. Neuroscience 2021; 461:57-71. [PMID: 33667592 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Treatments promoting post-stroke functional recovery continue to be an unmet therapeutic problem with physical rehabilitation being the most reproduced intervention in preclinical and clinical studies. Unfortunately, physiotherapy is typically effective at high intensity and early after stroke - requirements that are hardly attainable by stroke survivors. The aim of this study was to directly evaluate and compare the dose-dependent effect of delayed physical rehabilitation (daily 5 h or overnight voluntary wheel running; initiated on post-stroke day 7 and continuing through day 21) on recovery of motor function in the mouse photothrombotic model of ischemic stroke and correlate it with angiogenic potential of the brain. Our observations indicate that overnight but not 5 h access to running wheels facilitates recovery of motor function in mice in grid-walking test. Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy experiments evaluating the expression of angiogenesis-associated proteins VEGFR2, doppel and PDGFRβ in the peri-infarct and corresponding contralateral motor cortices indicate substantial upregulation of these proteins (≥2-fold) in the infarct core and surrounding cerebral cortex in the overnight running mice on post-stroke day 21. These findings indicate that there is a dose-dependent relationship between the extent of voluntary exercise, motor recovery and expression of angiogenesis-associated proteins in this expert-recommended mouse ischemic stroke model. Notably, our observations also point out to enhanced angiogenesis and presence of pericytes within the infarct core region during the chronic phase of stroke, suggesting a potential contribution of this tissue area in the mechanisms governing post-stroke functional recovery.
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Wang Q, Wills M, Han Z, Geng X, Ding Y. Mini Review (Part I): An Experimental Concept on Exercise and Ischemic Conditioning in Stroke Rehabilitation. Brain Circ 2021; 6:242-247. [PMID: 33506146 PMCID: PMC7821806 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_63_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of adult death and disability. Poststroke rehabilitation is vital for reducing the long-term sequelae of brain ischemia. Recently, physical exercise training has been well established as an effective rehabilitation tool, but its efficacy depends on exercise parameters and the patient's capacities, which are often altered following a major cerebrovascular event. Thus, ischemic conditioning as a rehabilitation intervention was considered an “exercise equivalent,” but the investigation is still in its relative infancy. In this mini-review, we discuss the potential for physical exercise or ischemic conditioning and its relation to angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and plasticity in stroke rehabilitation. This allows the readers to understand the context of the research and the application of ischemic conditioning in poststroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhu Wang
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Melissa Wills
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Han
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Research and Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Neuroprotective Effect of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor on Motoneurons of the Oculomotor System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020814. [PMID: 33467517 PMCID: PMC7830098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was initially characterized as a potent angiogenic factor based on its activity on the vascular system. However, it is now well established that VEGF also plays a crucial role as a neuroprotective factor in the nervous system. A deficit of VEGF has been related to motoneuronal degeneration, such as that occurring in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Strikingly, motoneurons of the oculomotor system show lesser vulnerability to neurodegeneration in ALS compared to other motoneurons. These motoneurons presented higher amounts of VEGF and its receptor Flk-1 than other brainstem pools. That higher VEGF level could be due to an enhanced retrograde input from their target muscles, but it can also be produced by the motoneurons themselves and act in an autocrine way. By contrast, VEGF’s paracrine supply from the vicinity cells, such as glial cells, seems to represent a minor source of VEGF for brainstem motoneurons. In addition, ocular motoneurons experiment an increase in VEGF and Flk-1 level in response to axotomy, not observed in facial or hypoglossal motoneurons. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the differences in VEGF availability that could contribute to the higher resistance of extraocular motoneurons to injury and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Khan RS, Ross AG, Willett K, Dine K, Banas R, Brown LR, Shindler KS. Amnion-Derived Multipotent Progenitor Cells Suppress Experimental Optic Neuritis and Myelitis. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:448-459. [PMID: 33067748 PMCID: PMC8116466 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00949-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human amnion has been used for decades in wound healing, particularly burns. Amnion epithelial cells (AECs) have been the focus of extensive research based on their possible pluripotent differentiation ability. A novel, cultured cell population derived from AECs, termed human amnion-derived multipotent progenitor (AMP) cells, secrete numerous cytokines and growth factors that enhance tissue regeneration and reduce inflammation. This AMP cell secretome, termed ST266, is a unique biological solution that accumulates in eyes and optic nerves following intranasal delivery, resulting in selective suppression of optic neuritis in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis, but not myelitis at the administered dose. We tested the hypothesis that systemic AMP cell administration could suppress both optic neuritis and myelitis in EAE. Intravenous and intraperitoneal administration of AMP cells significantly reduced ascending paralysis and attenuated visual dysfunction in EAE mice. AMP cell treatment increased retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and decreased optic nerve inflammation, with variable improvement in optic nerve demyelination and spinal cord inflammation and demyelination. Results show systemic AMP cell administration inhibits RGC loss and visual dysfunction similar to previously demonstrated effects of intranasally delivered ST266. Importantly, AMP cells also promote neuroprotective effects in EAE spinal cords, marked by reduced paralysis. Protective effects of systemically administered AMP cells suggest they may serve as a potential novel treatment for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reas S Khan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ahmara G Ross
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Keirnan Willett
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly Dine
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rick Banas
- Noveome Biotherapeutics, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Kenneth S Shindler
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Scheie Eye Institute, Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 3rd Floor, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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ZHUGE L, FANG Y, JIN H, LI L, YANG Y, HU X, CHU L. [Chinese medicine Buyang Huanwu decoction promotes neurogenesis and angiogenesis in ischemic stroke rats by upregulating miR-199a-5p expression]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2020; 49:687-696. [PMID: 33448171 PMCID: PMC10412415 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.12.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism of Chinese medicine Buyang Huanwu decoction (BYHWD) promoting neurogenesis and angiogenesis in ischemic stroke rats. METHODS Male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, model group, BYHWD group, antagonist group and antagonist control group with 14 rats in each. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery for 90 min with intraluminal filament and reperfusion for 14 d in all groups except sham operation group. BYHWD (13 g/kg) was administrated by gastrogavage in BYHWD group, antagonist group and antagonist control group at 24 h after modeling respectively, and BrdU (50 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally in all groups once a day for 14 consecutive days. miR-199a-5p antagomir or NC (10 nmol) was injected into the lateral ventricle at d5 after ischemia in antagonist and antagonist control groups, respectively. The neurological deficits were evaluated by the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and the corner test, and the infract volume was measured by toluidine blue staining. Neurogenesis and angiogenesis were detected by immunofluorescence double labeling method. The expression level of miR-199a-5p was tested by real-time RT-PCR, and the protein expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS BYHWD treatment significantly promoted the recovery of neurological function (P<0.05 or P<0.01), reduced the infarct volume (P<0.05), increased the number of BrdU+/DCX+, BrdU+/NeuN+ and BrdU+/vWF+ cells (all P<0.01), upregulated the expression of miR-199a-5p (P<0.01), and increased the protein expression of VEGF and BDNF at d14 after cerebral ischemia (all P<0.05). The above effects were reversed by intracerebroventricular injection of miR-199a-5p antagomir. CONCLUSIONS Buyang Huanwu decoction promotes neurogenesis and angiogenesis in rats with cerebral ischemia, which may be related to increased protein expression of VEGF and BDNF through upregulating miR-199a-5p.
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