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Bildstein T, Charbit-Henrion F, Azabdaftari A, Cerf-Bensussan N, Uhlig HH. Cellular and molecular basis of proximal small intestine disorders. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024:10.1038/s41575-024-00962-9. [PMID: 39117867 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-00962-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The proximal part of the small intestine, including duodenum and jejunum, is not only dedicated to nutrient digestion and absorption but is also a highly regulated immune site exposed to environmental factors. Host-protective responses against pathogens and tolerance to food antigens are essential functions in the small intestine. The cellular ecology and molecular pathways to maintain those functions are complex. Maladaptation is highlighted by common immune-mediated diseases such as coeliac disease, environmental enteric dysfunction or duodenal Crohn's disease. An expanding spectrum of more than 100 rare monogenic disorders inform on causative molecular mechanisms of nutrient absorption, epithelial homeostasis and barrier function, as well as inflammatory immune responses and immune regulation. Here, after summarizing the architectural and cellular traits that underlie the functions of the proximal intestine, we discuss how the integration of tissue immunopathology and molecular mechanisms can contribute towards our understanding of disease and guide diagnosis. We propose an integrated mechanism-based taxonomy and discuss the latest experimental approaches to gain new mechanistic insight into these disorders with large disease burden worldwide as well as implications for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Bildstein
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, London, UK
| | - Fabienne Charbit-Henrion
- Department of Genomic Medicine for Rare Diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, University of Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR1163, Intestinal Immunity, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Aline Azabdaftari
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
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Samanta A, Sen Sarma M, Singh SK, Srivastava A, Poddar U, Mandelia A, Agrawal V, Yachha SK, Lal R. Discrimination of pediatric cryptogenic multifocal ulcerous stenosing enteritis from small bowel Crohn's disease and gastrointestinal tuberculosis: A retrospective study (with videos). Indian J Gastroenterol 2024:10.1007/s12664-024-01604-3. [PMID: 38902474 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-024-01604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cryptogenic multifocal ulcerous stenosing enteritis (CMUSE) is a rare entity that mimics various inflammatory strictures of the small intestine. Pediatric literature is scarce. We analyzed the clinical, radiological, endoscopic and histopathological features of children with CMUSE that differentiate it from small bowel Crohn's disease (SBCD) and gastrointestinal tuberculosis (GITB). METHODS CMUSE was diagnosed by the following criteria: (1) unexplained small bowel strictures with superficial ulcers, (2) chronic/relapsing ulcers of small bowel after resection, (3) no signs of systemic inflammation, (4) absence of other known etiologies of small bowel ulcers. SBCD and GITB were diagnosed based on standard criteria. The clinical features, laboratory parameters, radioimaging, endoscopy (including video capsule endoscopy [VCE], intra-operative endoscopy), histopathological features and treatment outcome were noted. RESULTS Out of 48, CMUSE was diagnosed in 13 (27%) isolated small bowel and ileocecal strictures, while GITB and SBCD accounted for 41% and 21% cases, respectively. Common presentations were sub-acute obstruction (46%), obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (38%) and protein-losing enteropathy (38%). CMUSE patients had significantly longer disease duration compared to SBCD and GITB (p < 0.001). SBCD (90.0%) and GITB (85%) cases had elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), none with CMUSE had elevated CRP (p < 0.001). The disease was localized in jejunum (100%) and proximal ileum (56%) in CMUSE, ileocecal region (85%) in GITB, but evenly distributed in small intestine in SBCD. Endoscopy showed evenly placed, superficial, circumferential ulcers with strictures in CMUSE, deep linear ulcers in SBCD and circumferential ulcers in GITB. Upfront immunosuppression was given in four; three (75%) of them relapsed. Only surgery was done in three with one (25%) having relapse. Upfront surgery followed by immunosuppression was used in six, but all relapsed and two required repeat surgery. CONCLUSION CMUSE is important but underdiagnosed in children. Lack of constitutional symptoms, normal inflammatory parameters and characteristic ulcers with strictures helped in differentiating CMUSE from GITB and SBCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Samanta
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 014, India
| | - Moinak Sen Sarma
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 014, India.
| | - Sumit Kumar Singh
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 014, India
| | - Anshu Srivastava
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 014, India
| | - Ujjal Poddar
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 014, India
| | - Ankur Mandelia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226 014, India
| | - Vinita Agrawal
- Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226 014, India
| | - Surendra Kumar Yachha
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 014, India
| | - Richa Lal
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226 014, India
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Tang YJ, Zhang J, Wang J, Tian RD, Zhong WW, Yao BS, Hou BY, Chen YH, He W, He YH. Link between mutations in ACVRL1 and PLA2G4A genes and chronic intestinal ulcers: A case report and review of literature. World J Gastrointest Surg 2024; 16:932-943. [PMID: 38577076 PMCID: PMC10989323 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v16.i3.932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors of chronic intestinal ulcers are increasingly garnering attention. We present a case of chronic intestinal ulcers and bleeding associated with mutations of the activin A receptor type II-like 1 (ACVRL1) and phospholipase A2 group IVA (PLA2G4A) genes and review the available relevant literature. CASE SUMMARY A 20-year-old man was admitted to our center with a 6-year history of recurrent abdominal pain, diarrhea, and dark stools. At the onset 6 years ago, the patient had received treatment at a local hospital for abdominal pain persisting for 7 d, under the diagnosis of diffuse peritonitis, acute gangrenous appendicitis with perforation, adhesive intestinal obstruction, and pelvic abscess. The surgical treatment included exploratory laparotomy, appendectomy, intestinal adhesiolysis, and pelvic abscess removal. The patient's condition improved and he was discharged. However, the recurrent episodes of abdominal pain and passage of black stools started again one year after discharge. On the basis of these features and results of subsequent colonoscopy, the clinical diagnosis was established as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Accordingly, aminosalicylic acid, immunotherapy, and related symptomatic treatment were administered, but the symptoms of the patient did not improve significantly. Further investigations revealed mutations in the ACVRL1 and PLA2G4A genes. ACVRL1 and PLA2G4A are involved in angiogenesis and coagulation, respectively. This suggests that the chronic intestinal ulcers and bleeding in this case may be linked to mutations in the ACVRL1 and PLA2G4A genes. Oral Kangfuxin liquid was administered to promote healing of the intestinal mucosa and effectively manage clinical symptoms. CONCLUSION Mutations in the ACVRL1 and PLA2G4A genes may be one of the causes of chronic intestinal ulcers and bleeding in IBD. Orally administered Kangfuxin liquid may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jing Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dafang County People's Hospital, Bijie 551600, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Puchang Branch, Medical Community, Suiyang County People's Hospital, Zunyi 563300, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ren-Dong Tian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jingmen Central Hospital, Jingmen 448000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ben-Sheng Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dafang County People's Hospital, Bijie 551600, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Bing-Yu Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dafang County People's Hospital, Bijie 551600, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ying-Hua Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yi-Huai He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
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Chicanne G, Darcourt J, Bertrand-Michel J, Garcia C, Ribes A, Payrastre B. What can we learn from the platelet lipidome? Platelets 2023; 34:2182180. [PMID: 36880158 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2023.2182180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Besides their proteome, platelets use, in all responses to the environmental cues, a huge and diverse family of hydrophobic and amphipathic small molecules involved in structural, metabolic and signaling functions; the lipids. Studying how platelet lipidome changes modulate platelet function is an old story constantly renewed through the impressive technical advances allowing the discovery of new lipids, functions and metabolic pathways. Technical progress in analytical lipidomic profiling by top-of-the-line approaches such as nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry enables either large-scale analysis of lipids or targeted lipidomics. With the support of bioinformatics tools and databases, it is now possible to investigate thousands of lipids over a concentration range of several orders of magnitude. The lipidomic landscape of platelets is considered a treasure trove, not only able to expand our knowledge of platelet biology and pathologies but also to bring diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities. The aim of this commentary article is to summarize the advances in the field and to highlight what lipidomics can tell us about platelet biology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Chicanne
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease, Inserm UMR1297 and University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Darcourt
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease, Inserm UMR1297 and University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Justine Bertrand-Michel
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease, Inserm UMR1297 and University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.,MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Garcia
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease, Inserm UMR1297 and University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.,Laboratory of Haematology, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Agnès Ribes
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease, Inserm UMR1297 and University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.,Laboratory of Haematology, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease, Inserm UMR1297 and University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.,Laboratory of Haematology, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Larsen HJ, Byrne D, Özpolat T, Chauhan A, Bailey SL, Rhoads N, Reed F, Stolla MC, Adili R, Holinstat M, Fu X, Stolla M. Loss of 12-Lipoxygenase Improves the Post-Transfusion Function of Stored Platelets. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1990-2007. [PMID: 37650322 PMCID: PMC10538391 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets for transfusion are stored for 5 to 7 days. Previous studies have shown that HETE levels in the storage bag negatively correlate with platelet performance in vivo, suggesting that the dysregulation of bioactive lipid mediators may contribute to the storage lesion. In the current study, we sought to understand how genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of 12-LOX (12-lipoxygenase) affects platelets during storage and after transfusion. METHODS Platelets from 12-LOX+/+ (wild-type [WT]) and 12-LOX-/- mice were stored for 24 and 48 hours and profiled using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-multiple reaction monitoring or transfused into thrombocytopenic hIL4R (human interleukin 4 receptor)-transgenic mice. Platelet function was assessed by flow cytometry and in vivo thrombosis and hemostasis models. To test the role of the COX-1 (cyclooxygenase-1) pathway, donor mice were treated with acetylsalicylic acid. Human platelets were treated with the 12-LOX inhibitor, VLX-1005, or vehicle, stored, and transfused to NOD/SCID (nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency) mice. RESULTS Polyunsaturated fatty acids increased significantly in stored platelets from 12-LOX-/- mice, whereas oxylipin concentrations were significantly higher in WT platelets. After transfusion to thrombocytopenic mice, we observed significantly more baseline αIIbβ3 integrin activation in 12-LOX-/- platelets than in WT platelets. Stored platelets from 12-LOX-/- mice occluded vessels significantly faster than stored WT platelets. In hemostasis models, significantly more stored 12-LOX-/- than WT platelets accumulated at the site of venous injury leading to reduced blood loss. Inhibition of COX-1 abrogated both increased integrin activation and thromboxane generation in stored 12-LOX-/- platelets, highlighting the critical role of this pathway for improved post-transfusion function. Consistent with our mouse studies, human platelets stored with VLX-1005, showed increased integrin activation compared with vehicle-treated platelets after transfusion. CONCLUSIONS Deleting 12-LOX improves the post-transfusion function of stored murine platelets by increasing thromboxane generation through COX-1-dependent arachidonic acid metabolism. Future studies should determine the feasibility and safety of 12-LOX-inhibited platelets transfused to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daire Byrne
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | - Nicole Rhoads
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Franklin Reed
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Massiel C. Stolla
- University of Washington Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Seattle, WA
| | - Reheman Adili
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Xiaoyun Fu
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- University of Washington Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Seattle, WA
| | - Moritz Stolla
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- University of Washington Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Seattle, WA
- University of Washington Medical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Seattle, WA
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Kimura K, Jimbo K, Arai N, Sato M, Suzuki M, Kudo T, Yano T, Shimizu T. Eosinophilic enteritis requiring differentiation from chronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1 gene: A case report. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:1757-1764. [PMID: 37077520 PMCID: PMC10107214 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i11.1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease (EGID) is a disorder characterized by infiltration of eosinophils causing mucosal damage and dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract. The endoscopic findings of eosinophilic enteritis (EoN), an EGID variant, are nonspecific and occasionally difficult to diagnose. In contrast, chronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1 (CEAS) is a chronic persistent small intestinal disorder characterized by endoscopic findings such as multiple oblique and circular ulcers.
CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 10-year-old boy who had suffered abdominal pain and fatigue for the preceding 6 mo. He was referred to our institute for investigation of suspected gastrointestinal bleeding because of severe anemia with hypoproteinemia and positive fecal human hemoglobin. The upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopic findings were normal; however, double-balloon small bowel endoscopy showed multiple oblique and circular ulcers with discrete margins and mild constriction of the intestinal lumen in the ileum. The findings were highly consistent with CEAS, but urine prostaglandin metabolites were within normal limits, and no previously reported mutations in the SLCO2A1 gene were identified. Histological evaluation demonstrated moderate to severe eosinophilic infiltration localized to the small intestine suggesting a diagnosis of EoN. Clinical remission was maintained with montelukast and a partial elemental diet, but emergent surgery for bowel obstruction due to small intestinal stenosis was performed two years after the initial treatment.
CONCLUSION EoN should be considered in the differential diagnosis of CEAS-like small intestinal ulcerative lesions and normal urinary prostaglandin metabolite levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantaro Kimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Keisuke Jimbo
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Arai
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masamichi Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kudo
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomonori Yano
- Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Zhang N, Peng Y, Zhao L, He P, Zhu J, Liu Y, Liu X, Liu X, Deng G, Zhang Z, Feng M. Integrated Analysis of Gut Microbiome and Lipid Metabolism in Mice Infected with Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12100892. [PMID: 36295794 PMCID: PMC9609999 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The disturbance in gut microbiota composition and metabolism has been implicated in the process of pathogenic bacteria infection. However, the characteristics of the microbiota and the metabolic interaction of commensals−host during pathogen invasion remain more than vague. In this study, the potential associations of gut microbes with disturbed lipid metabolism in mice upon carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CRE) infection were explored by the biochemical and multi-omics approaches including metagenomics, metabolomics and lipidomics, and then the key metabolites−reaction−enzyme−gene interaction network was constructed. Results showed that intestinal Erysipelotrichaceae family was strongly associated with the hepatic total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol, as well as a few sera and fecal metabolites involved in lipid metabolism such as 24, 25-dihydrolanosterol. A high-coverage lipidomic analysis further demonstrated that a total of 529 lipid molecules was significantly enriched and 520 were depleted in the liver of mice infected with CRE. Among them, 35 lipid species showed high correlations (|r| > 0.8 and p < 0.05) with the Erysipelotrichaceae family, including phosphatidylglycerol (42:2), phosphatidylglycerol (42:3), phosphatidylglycerol (38:5), phosphatidylcholine (42:4), ceramide (d17:1/16:0), ceramide (d18:1/16:0) and diacylglycerol (20:2), with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9. In conclusion, the systematic multi-omics study improved the understanding of the complicated connection between the microbiota and the host during pathogen invasion, which thereby is expected to lead to the future discovery and establishment of novel control strategies for CRE infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Intelligent Equipment, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular Noncoding RNA, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yuanyuan Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Intelligent Equipment, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular Noncoding RNA, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Linjing Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Intelligent Equipment, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular Noncoding RNA, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-6779-1214
| | - Peng He
- Minhang Hospital & School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutic, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiamin Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Intelligent Equipment, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular Noncoding RNA, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yumin Liu
- Instrumental Analysis Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xijian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Intelligent Equipment, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular Noncoding RNA, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Intelligent Equipment, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular Noncoding RNA, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Guoying Deng
- Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Nursing Department, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Meiqing Feng
- Minhang Hospital & School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutic, Shanghai 201203, China
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Identification of AGR2 Gene-Specific Expression Patterns Associated with Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810845. [PMID: 36142758 PMCID: PMC9504245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β signaling pathway is involved in numerous cellular processes, and its deregulation may result in cancer development. One of the key processes in tumor progression and metastasis is epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), in which TGF-β signaling plays important roles. Recently, AGR2 was identified as a crucial component of the cellular machinery responsible for maintaining the epithelial phenotype, thereby interfering with the induction of mesenchymal phenotype cells by TGF-β effects in cancer. Here, we performed transcriptomic profiling of A549 lung cancer cells with CRISPR-Cas9 mediated AGR2 knockout with and without TGF-β treatment. We identified significant changes in transcripts associated with focal adhesion and eicosanoid production, in particular arachidonic acid metabolism. Changes in transcripts associated with the focal adhesion pathway were validated by RT-qPCR of COL4A1, COL4A2, FLNA, VAV3, VEGFA, and VINC mRNAs. In addition, immunofluorescence showed the formation of stress fibers and vinculin foci in cells without AGR2 and in response to TGF-β treatment, with synergistic effects observed. These findings imply that both AGR2 downregulation and TGF-β have a role in focal adhesion formation and cancer cell migration and invasion. Transcripts associated with arachidonic acid metabolism were downregulated after both AGR2 knockout and TGF-β treatment and were validated by RT-qPCR of GPX2, PTGS2, and PLA2G4A. Since PGE2 is a product of arachidonic acid metabolism, its lowered concentration in media from AGR2-knockout cells was confirmed by ELISA. Together, our results demonstrate that AGR2 downregulation and TGF-β have an essential role in focal adhesion formation; moreover, we have identified AGR2 as an important component of the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway.
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Yan P, Li K, Cao Y, Wu D, Li J, Qian J, Zhou W, Li J. What is the appropriate treatment strategy for cryptogenic multifocal ulcerative stenosing enteritis? A single-center experience from China. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:926800. [PMID: 36035430 PMCID: PMC9405664 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.926800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThere are few reports on standard treatment and long-term prognosis in patients with cryptogenic multifocal ulcerative stenosing enteritis (CMUSE), particularly in patients in whom remission could not be induced by steroids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment response and progression-free periods of patients with CMUSE and to identify the factors predictive of steroid resistance.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study that included 25 patients with clinically confirmed CMUSE between 1984 and 2021 from the enteropathy clinic of a tertiary care center. For statistical analyses, chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test were used for categorical variables. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method.ResultsThe overall median progression-free period was 48 months (range, 1–108 months) after comprehensive therapy, and initial manifestation with severe bleeding rather than ileus was associated with the long-term efficacy. Patients with steroid resistance (N = 10, 55.6%) had poor prognosis, and non-responders had more favorable baseline clinical characteristics, with a higher percentage of female patients (60% vs. 12.5%), earlier disease onset (26.5 years vs. 39 years), rapid progression (42 vs. 108 months), severe anemia (80% vs. 50%), and hypoalbuminemia (50% vs. 0%), in accord with lymphangiectasia or angioectasia identified in pathology.ConclusionThere is no guaranteed treatment strategy in the maintenance of long-term clinical remission for CMUSE patients, particularly in whom with steroid resistance. Female patients with early symptoms onset, severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage and hypoalbuminemia seem to have poor long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengguang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Gut Microbiota Translational Medicine Research, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kemin Li
- Key Laboratory of Gut Microbiota Translational Medicine Research, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Gut Microbiota Translational Medicine Research, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Li
- Key Laboratory of Gut Microbiota Translational Medicine Research, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Qian
- Key Laboratory of Gut Microbiota Translational Medicine Research, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weixun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Gut Microbiota Translational Medicine Research, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jingnan Li,
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10
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Huang H, Wang X, Ou D, Liu X, Wu B, Zhou B, Wang Y, Shi X. Four Variants of SLCO2A1 Identified in Three Chinese Patients with Chronic Enteropathy Associated with the SLCO2A1 Gene. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:2992-3001. [PMID: 33000396 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic enteropathy associated with the SLCO2A1 gene (CEAS) is an enteropathy characterized by multiple small intestinal ulcers of nonspecific histology, also known as chronic nonspecific multiple ulcers of the small intestine. The SLCO2A1 gene encodes a prostaglandin transporter (PGT). AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of ten Chinese patients with intestinal ulcers of unknown origin, screen them for variants of SLCO2A1, and to investigate the expression of PGT in the small intestinal mucosa of patients with CEAS. METHODS Ten Chinese patients with intestinal ulcers of unknown origin were included in this study. Blood samples were collected for whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing of candidate gene variants. Immunohistochemical staining was used to investigate the expression of PGT. RESULTS These ten patients were clinically diagnosed with intestinal ulcers of unknown origin based on criteria established according to earlier publications. Three of them were genetically diagnosed as having CEAS and four candidate variants of the SLCO2A1 gene were identified, among which c.941-1G>A, c.178G>A and c.1681C>T were detected in patients with CEAS for the first time. The terminal ileum was involved in all three patients with CEAS in our study, which was different from the results of Japanese patients. The expression of PGT in the vascular endothelial cells of the intestinal mucosa tissues of patients with CEAS was negative or intermediate. CONCLUSION We summarized the clinical data of ten Chinese patients with intestinal ulcers of unknown origin and identified three novel SLCO2A1 variants from three patients with CEAS. This study improves our understanding of CEAS and broadens the spectrum of SLCO2A1 variants known to cause CEAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xuehong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Dalian Ou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Boda Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Bai Zhou
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiaoliu Shi
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
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11
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Knuplez E, Sturm EM, Marsche G. Emerging Role of Phospholipase-Derived Cleavage Products in Regulating Eosinophil Activity: Focus on Lysophospholipids, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4356. [PMID: 33919453 PMCID: PMC8122506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are important effector cells involved in allergic inflammation. When stimulated, eosinophils release a variety of mediators initiating, propagating, and maintaining local inflammation. Both, the activity and concentration of secreted and cytosolic phospholipases (PLAs) are increased in allergic inflammation, promoting the cleavage of phospholipids and thus the production of reactive lipid mediators. Eosinophils express high levels of secreted phospholipase A2 compared to other leukocytes, indicating their direct involvement in the production of lipid mediators during allergic inflammation. On the other side, eosinophils have also been recognized as crucial mediators with regulatory and homeostatic roles in local immunity and repair. Thus, targeting the complex network of lipid mediators offer a unique opportunity to target the over-activation and 'pro-inflammatory' phenotype of eosinophils without compromising the survival and functions of tissue-resident and homeostatic eosinophils. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the critical role of phospholipase-derived lipid mediators in modulating eosinophil activity in health and disease. We focus on lysophospholipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and eicosanoids with exciting new perspectives for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gunther Marsche
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (E.K.); (E.M.S.)
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12
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Nurden P, Stritt S, Favier R, Nurden AT. Inherited platelet diseases with normal platelet count: phenotypes, genotypes and diagnostic strategy. Haematologica 2021; 106:337-350. [PMID: 33147934 PMCID: PMC7849565 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.248153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited platelet disorders resulting from platelet function defects and a normal platelet count cause a moderate or severe bleeding diathesis. Since the description of Glanzmann thrombasthenia resulting from defects of ITGA2B and ITGB3, new inherited platelet disorders have been discovered, facilitated by the use of high throughput sequencing and genomic analyses. Defects of RASGRP2 and FERMT3 responsible for severe bleeding syndromes and integrin activation have illustrated the critical role of signaling molecules. Important are mutations of P2RY12 encoding the major ADP receptor causal for an inherited platelet disorder with inheritance characteristics that depend on the variant identified. Interestingly, variants of GP6 encoding the major subunit of the collagen receptor GPVI/FcRγ associate only with mild bleeding. The numbers of genes involved in dense granule defects including Hermansky-Pudlak and Chediak Higashi syndromes continue to progress and are updated. The ANO6 gene encoding a Ca2+-activated ion channel required for phospholipid scrambling is responsible for the rare Scott syndrome and decreased procoagulant activity. A novel EPHB2 defect in a familial bleeding syndrome demonstrates a role for this tyrosine kinase receptor independent of the classical model of its interaction with ephrins. Such advances highlight the large diversity of variants affecting platelet function but not their production, despite the difficulties in establishing a clear phenotype when few families are affected. They have provided insights into essential pathways of platelet function and have been at the origin of new and improved therapies for ischemic disease. Nevertheless, many patients remain without a diagnosis and requiring new strategies that are now discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Stritt
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala
| | - Remi Favier
- French National Reference Center for Inherited Platelet Disorders, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris
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13
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Patel P, Shaik NF, Zhou Y, Golla K, McKenzie SE, Naik UP. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 regulates immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, and systemic shock. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:3013-3028. [PMID: 32767736 PMCID: PMC7831975 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune complexes (ICs) bind to and activate platelets via FcγRIIA, causing patients to experience thrombocytopenia, as well as an increased risk of forming occlusive thrombi. Although platelets have been shown to mediate IC-induced pathologies, the mechanisms involved have yet to be fully elucidated. We identified that apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is present in both human and mouse platelets and potentiates many platelet functions. OBJECTIVES Here we set out to study ASK1's role in regulating IC-mediated platelet functions in vitro and IC-induced pathologies using an in vivo mouse model. METHODS Using human platelets treated with an ASK1-specific inhibitor and platelets from FCGR2A/Ask1-/- transgenic mice, we examined various platelet functions induced by model ICs in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We found that ASK1 was activated in human platelets following cross-linking of FcγRIIA using either anti-hCD9 or IV.3 + goat-anti-mouse. Although genetic deletion or inhibition of ASK1 significantly attenuated anti-CD9-induced platelet aggregation, activation of the canonical FcγRIIA signaling targets Syk and PLCγ2 was unaffected. We further found that anti-mCD9-induced cPla2 phosphorylation and TxA2 generation is delayed in Ask1 null transgenic mouse platelets leading to diminished δ-granule secretion. In vivo, absence of Ask1 protected FCGR2A transgenic mice from thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, and systemic shock following injection of anti-mCD9. In whole blood microfluidics, platelet adhesion and thrombus formation on fibrinogen was enhanced by Ask1. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that ASK1 inhibition may be a potential target for the treatment of IC-induced shock and other immune-mediated thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Patel
- Cardeza Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Noor F. Shaik
- Cardeza Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yuhang Zhou
- Cardeza Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- Dell Children’s Hospital, University of Texas, Austin, TX
| | - Kalyan Golla
- Cardeza Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Blood Research, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steven E. McKenzie
- Cardeza Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ulhas P. Naik
- Cardeza Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyang Shen
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Philipp Niethammer
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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15
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Singh A. Cryptogenic Multifocal Ulcerating Stenosing Enteropathy(CMUSE) and/or Chronic Non-specific Multiple Ulcers of the Small Intestine(CNSU) and Non-granulomatous Ulcerating Jejunoileitis (NGUJI). Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2019; 21:53. [PMID: 31501950 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-019-0721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose is to make aware of the existence of the rare and exclusive small intestine (SI) diseases, namely cryptogenic multifocal ulcerating stenosing enteropathy (CMUSE) or chronic non-specific multiple ulcers of the small intestine (CNSU) and non-granulomatous ulcerating jejunoileitis (NGUJI). The article will elucidate their epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, differentiating features and management. RECENT FINDINGS Recent papers have published the clinical features and diagnostic criteria of CMUSE/CNSU and NGUJI. CNSU/CMUSE is caused by gene mutations involved in the prostaglandin pathways. Although capsule endoscopy can detect these lesions, it carries a risk of retention. TNF antagonists and azathioprine have shown response in few cases. CMUSE/CNSU and NGUJI are uncommon diseases that cause relapsing SI obstruction and bleed due to short-segment strictures and multiple shallow ulcers. This article focuses on current knowledge and novel insights regarding their pathogenesis, genetics, clinical features, diagnostic criteria and management. Multicentric clinical and genetic studies are the need of the hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaskanta Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatobiliary Sciences, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan, deemed to be University, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 751003, India.
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16
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Stamenkovic A, Ganguly R, Aliani M, Ravandi A, Pierce GN. Overcoming the Bitter Taste of Oils Enriched in Fatty Acids to Obtain Their Effects on the Heart in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1179. [PMID: 31137794 PMCID: PMC6566568 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids come in a variety of structures and, because of this, create a variety of functions for these lipids. Some fatty acids have a role to play in energy metabolism, some help in lipid storage, cell structure, the physical state of the lipid, and even in food stability. Fatty acid metabolism plays a particularly important role in meeting the energy demands of the heart. It is the primary source of myocardial energy in control conditions. Its role changes dramatically in disease states in the heart, but the pathologic role these fatty acids play depends upon the type of cardiovascular disease and the type of fatty acid. However, no matter how good a food is for one's health, its taste will ultimately become a deciding factor in its influence on human health. No food will provide health benefits if it is not ingested. This review discusses the taste characteristics of culinary oils that contain fatty acids and how these fatty acids affect the performance of the heart during healthy and diseased conditions. The contrasting contributions that different fatty acid molecules have in either promoting cardiac pathologies or protecting the heart from cardiovascular disease is also highlighted in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Stamenkovic
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W3, Canada.
| | - Riya Ganguly
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W3, Canada.
| | - Michel Aliani
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), Albrechtsen Research Centre, St Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada.
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada.
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W3, Canada.
- Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W3, Canada.
| | - Grant N Pierce
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W3, Canada.
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), Albrechtsen Research Centre, St Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada.
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17
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Matsuno Y, Umeno J, Esaki M, Hirakawa Y, Fuyuno Y, Okamoto Y, Hirano A, Yasukawa S, Hirai F, Matsui T, Hosomi S, Watanabe K, Hosoe N, Ogata H, Hisamatsu T, Yanai S, Kochi S, Kurahara K, Yao T, Torisu T, Kitazono T, Matsumoto T. Measurement of prostaglandin metabolites is useful in diagnosis of small bowel ulcerations. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:1753-1763. [PMID: 31011259 PMCID: PMC6465938 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i14.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently reported on a hereditary enteropathy associated with a gene encoding a prostaglandin transporter and referred to as chronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1 gene (CEAS). Crohn’s disease (CD) is a major differential diagnosis of CEAS, because these diseases share some clinical features. Therefore, there is a need to develop a convenient screening test to distinguish CEAS from CD.
AIM To examine whether prostaglandin E major urinary metabolites (PGE-MUM) can serve as a biomarker to distinguish CEAS from CD.
METHODS This was a transactional study of 20 patients with CEAS and 98 patients with CD. CEAS was diagnosed by the confirmation of homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation of SLCO2A1. We measured the concentration of PGE-MUM in spot urine by radioimmunoassay, and the concentration was compared between the two groups of patients. We also determined the optimal cut-off value of PGE-MUM to distinguish CEAS from CD by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.
RESULTS Twenty Japanese patients with CEAS and 98 patients with CD were enrolled. PGE-MUM concentration in patients with CEAS was significantly higher than that in patients with CD (median 102.7 vs 27.9 μg/g × Cre, P < 0.0001). One log unit increase in PGE-MUM contributed to 7.3 increase in the likelihood for the diagnosis of CEAS [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-16.7]. A logistic regression analysis revealed that the association was significant even after adjusting confounding factors (adjusted odds ratio 29.6, 95%CI 4.7-185.7). ROC curve analysis revealed the optimal PGE-MUM cut-off value for the distinction of CEAS from CD to be 48.9 μg/g × Cre with 95.0% sensitivity and 79.6% specificity.
CONCLUSION PGE-MUM measurement is a convenient, non-invasive and useful test for the distinction of CEAS from CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Matsuno
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Junji Umeno
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Motohiro Esaki
- Department of Endoscopic Diagnostics and Therapeutic, Saga University Hospital, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Hirakawa
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuta Fuyuno
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Okamoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirano
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Yasukawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino 818-8502, Japan
| | - Fumihito Hirai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino 818-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino 818-8502, Japan
| | - Shuhei Hosomi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8586, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Intestinal Inflammation Research, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosoe
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Ogata
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
| | - Tadakazu Hisamatsu
- the Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shunichi Yanai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
| | - Shuji Kochi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama 790-8524, Japan
| | - Koichi Kurahara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama 790-8524, Japan
| | - Tsuneyoshi Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sada Hospital, Fukuoka 810-0004, Japan
| | - Takehiro Torisu
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takayuki Matsumoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
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18
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Mitchell JA, Kirkby NS. Eicosanoids, prostacyclin and cyclooxygenase in the cardiovascular system. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1038-1050. [PMID: 29468666 PMCID: PMC6451069 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids represent a diverse family of lipid mediators with fundamental roles in physiology and disease. Within the eicosanoid superfamily are prostanoids, which are specifically derived from arachidonic acid by the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). COX has two isoforms; COX-1 and COX-2. COX-2 is the therapeutic target for the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class of pain medications. Of the prostanoids, prostacyclin, first discovered by Sir John Vane in 1976, remains amongst the best studied and retains an impressive pedigree as one of the fundamental cardiovascular protective pathways. Since this time, we have learnt much about how eicosanoids, COX enzymes and prostacyclin function in the cardiovascular system, knowledge that has allowed us, for example, to harness the power of prostacyclin as therapy to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension and peripheral vascular disease. However, there remain many unanswered questions in our basic understanding of the pathways, and how they can be used to improve human health. Perhaps, the most important and controversial outstanding question in the field remains; 'how do NSAIDs produce their much publicized cardiovascular side-effects?' This review summarizes the history, biology and cardiovascular function of key eicosanoids with particular focus on prostacyclin and other COX products and discusses how our knowledge of these pathways can applied in future drug discovery and be used to explain the cardiovascular side-effects of NSAIDs. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Eicosanoids 35 years from the 1982 Nobel: where are we now? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.8/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Mitchell
- Cardiothoracic PharmacologyNational Heart and Lung InstituteLondonUK
| | - Nicholas S Kirkby
- Cardiothoracic PharmacologyNational Heart and Lung InstituteLondonUK
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19
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Maurer SF, Dieckmann S, Kleigrewe K, Colson C, Amri EZ, Klingenspor M. Fatty Acid Metabolites as Novel Regulators of Non-shivering Thermogenesis. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 251:183-214. [PMID: 30141101 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids are essential contributors to adipocyte-based non-shivering thermogenesis by acting as activators of uncoupling protein 1 and serving as fuel for mitochondrial heat production. Novel evidence suggests a contribution to this thermogenic mechanism by their conversion to bioactive compounds. Mammalian cells produce a plethora of oxylipins and endocannabinoids, some of which have been identified to affect the abundance or thermogenic activity of brown and brite adipocytes. These effectors are produced locally or at distant sites and signal toward thermogenic adipocytes via a direct interaction with these cells or indirectly via secondary mechanisms. These interactions are evoked by the activation of receptor-mediated pathways. The endogenous production of these compounds is prone to modulation by the dietary intake of the respective precursor fatty acids. The effect of nutritional interventions on uncoupling protein 1-derived thermogenesis may thus at least in part be conferred by the production of a supportive oxylipin and endocannabinoid profile. The manipulation of this system in future studies will help to elucidate the physiological potential of these compounds as novel, endogenous regulators of non-shivering thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie F Maurer
- Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Dieckmann
- Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Karin Kleigrewe
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Klingenspor
- Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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20
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Umeno J, Matsumoto T, Hirano A, Fuyuno Y, Esaki M. Genetic analysis is helpful for the diagnosis of small bowel ulceration. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:3198-3200. [PMID: 30065566 PMCID: PMC6064963 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i28.3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of capsule endoscopy and balloon-assisted endoscopy has provided easy access for detailed mucosal assessment of the small intestine. However, the diagnosis of rare small bowel diseases, such as cryptogenic multifocal ulcerous stenosing enteritis (CMUSE), remains difficult because clinical and morphological features of these diseases are obscure even for gastroenterologists. In an issue of this journal in 2017, Hwang et al reviewed and summarized clinical and radiographic features of 20 patients with an established diagnosis of CMUSE. Recently, recessive mutations in the PLA2G4A and SLCO2A1 genes have been shown to cause small intestinal diseases. The small bowel ulcers in each disease mimic those in the other and furthermore those found in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy. These recent and novel findings suggest that a clinical diagnosis exclusively based on the characteristics of small bowel lesions is possibly imprecise. Genetic analyses seem to be inevitable for the diagnosis of rare small bowel disorders such as CMUSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Umeno
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takayuki Matsumoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirano
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuta Fuyuno
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Motohiro Esaki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Endoscopic Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Saga University Hospital, Saga 849-8501, Japan
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21
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Mitchell JA, Knowles RB, Kirkby NS, Reed DM, Edin ML, White WE, Chan MV, Longhurst H, Yaqoob MM, Milne GL, Zeldin DC, Warner TD. Kidney Transplantation in a Patient Lacking Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2 Proves Renal Origins of Urinary PGI-M and TX-M. Circ Res 2018; 122:555-559. [PMID: 29298774 PMCID: PMC5816977 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.312144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The balance between vascular prostacyclin, which is antithrombotic, and platelet thromboxane A2, which is prothrombotic, is fundamental to cardiovascular health. Prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 are formed after the concerted actions of cPLA2α (cytosolic phospholipase A2) and COX (cyclooxygenase). Urinary 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1α (PGI-M) and 11-dehydro-TXB2 (TX-M) have been taken as biomarkers of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 formation within the circulation and used to explain COX biology and patient phenotypes, despite concerns that urinary PGI-M and TX-M originate in the kidney. OBJECTIVE We report data from a remarkable patient carrying an extremely rare genetic mutation in cPLA2α, causing almost complete loss of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2, who was transplanted with a normal kidney resulting in an experimental scenario of whole-body cPLA2α knockout, kidney-specific knockin. By studying this patient, we can determine definitively the contribution of the kidney to the productions of PGI-M and TX-M and test their validity as markers of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 in the circulation. METHODS AND RESULTS Metabolites were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Endothelial cells were grown from blood progenitors. Before kidney transplantation, the patient's endothelial cells and platelets released negligible levels of prostacyclin (measured as 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α) and thromboxane A2 (measured as TXB2), respectively. Likewise, the urinary levels of PGI-M and TX-M were very low. After transplantation and the establishment of normal renal function, the levels of PGI-M and TX-M in the patient's urine rose to within normal ranges, whereas endothelial production of prostacyclin and platelet production of thromboxane A2 remained negligible. CONCLUSIONS These data show that PGI-M and TX-M can be derived exclusively from the kidney without contribution from prostacyclin made by endothelial cells or thromboxane A2 by platelets in the general circulation. Previous work relying on urinary metabolites of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 as markers of whole-body endothelial and platelet function now requires reevaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Mitchell
- From the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (J.A.M., N.S.K., D.M.R.); Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (R.B.K., W.E.W., M.V.C., M.M.Y., T.D.W.); National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC (M.L.E., D.C.Z.); Department of Nephrology (W.E.W., M.M.Y.) and Immunology Department (H.L.), Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (G.L.M.)
| | - Rebecca B Knowles
- From the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (J.A.M., N.S.K., D.M.R.); Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (R.B.K., W.E.W., M.V.C., M.M.Y., T.D.W.); National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC (M.L.E., D.C.Z.); Department of Nephrology (W.E.W., M.M.Y.) and Immunology Department (H.L.), Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (G.L.M.)
| | - Nicholas S Kirkby
- From the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (J.A.M., N.S.K., D.M.R.); Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (R.B.K., W.E.W., M.V.C., M.M.Y., T.D.W.); National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC (M.L.E., D.C.Z.); Department of Nephrology (W.E.W., M.M.Y.) and Immunology Department (H.L.), Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (G.L.M.)
| | - Daniel M Reed
- From the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (J.A.M., N.S.K., D.M.R.); Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (R.B.K., W.E.W., M.V.C., M.M.Y., T.D.W.); National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC (M.L.E., D.C.Z.); Department of Nephrology (W.E.W., M.M.Y.) and Immunology Department (H.L.), Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (G.L.M.)
| | - Matthew L Edin
- From the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (J.A.M., N.S.K., D.M.R.); Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (R.B.K., W.E.W., M.V.C., M.M.Y., T.D.W.); National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC (M.L.E., D.C.Z.); Department of Nephrology (W.E.W., M.M.Y.) and Immunology Department (H.L.), Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (G.L.M.)
| | - William E White
- From the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (J.A.M., N.S.K., D.M.R.); Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (R.B.K., W.E.W., M.V.C., M.M.Y., T.D.W.); National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC (M.L.E., D.C.Z.); Department of Nephrology (W.E.W., M.M.Y.) and Immunology Department (H.L.), Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (G.L.M.)
| | - Melissa V Chan
- From the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (J.A.M., N.S.K., D.M.R.); Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (R.B.K., W.E.W., M.V.C., M.M.Y., T.D.W.); National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC (M.L.E., D.C.Z.); Department of Nephrology (W.E.W., M.M.Y.) and Immunology Department (H.L.), Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (G.L.M.)
| | - Hilary Longhurst
- From the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (J.A.M., N.S.K., D.M.R.); Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (R.B.K., W.E.W., M.V.C., M.M.Y., T.D.W.); National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC (M.L.E., D.C.Z.); Department of Nephrology (W.E.W., M.M.Y.) and Immunology Department (H.L.), Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (G.L.M.)
| | - Magdi M Yaqoob
- From the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (J.A.M., N.S.K., D.M.R.); Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (R.B.K., W.E.W., M.V.C., M.M.Y., T.D.W.); National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC (M.L.E., D.C.Z.); Department of Nephrology (W.E.W., M.M.Y.) and Immunology Department (H.L.), Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (G.L.M.)
| | - Ginger L Milne
- From the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (J.A.M., N.S.K., D.M.R.); Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (R.B.K., W.E.W., M.V.C., M.M.Y., T.D.W.); National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC (M.L.E., D.C.Z.); Department of Nephrology (W.E.W., M.M.Y.) and Immunology Department (H.L.), Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (G.L.M.)
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- From the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (J.A.M., N.S.K., D.M.R.); Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (R.B.K., W.E.W., M.V.C., M.M.Y., T.D.W.); National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC (M.L.E., D.C.Z.); Department of Nephrology (W.E.W., M.M.Y.) and Immunology Department (H.L.), Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (G.L.M.)
| | - Timothy D Warner
- From the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (J.A.M., N.S.K., D.M.R.); Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (R.B.K., W.E.W., M.V.C., M.M.Y., T.D.W.); National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC (M.L.E., D.C.Z.); Department of Nephrology (W.E.W., M.M.Y.) and Immunology Department (H.L.), Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (G.L.M.).
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22
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Abstract
Phospholipases are lipolytic enzymes that hydrolyze phospholipid substrates at specific ester bonds. Phospholipases are widespread in nature and play very diverse roles from aggression in snake venom to signal transduction, lipid mediator production, and metabolite digestion in humans. Phospholipases vary considerably in structure, function, regulation, and mode of action. Tremendous advances in understanding the structure and function of phospholipases have occurred in the last decades. This introductory chapter is aimed at providing a general framework of the current understanding of phospholipases and a discussion of their mechanisms of action and emerging biological functions.
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Nakanishi T, Tamai I. Roles of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 2A1 (OATP2A1/SLCO2A1) in Regulating the Pathophysiological Actions of Prostaglandins. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 20:13. [PMID: 29204966 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 (OATP2A1, encoded by the SLCO2A1 gene), which was initially identified as prostaglandin transporter (PGT), is expressed ubiquitously in tissues and mediates the distribution of prostanoids, such as PGE2, PGF2α, PGD2 and TxB2. It is well known to play a key role in the metabolic clearance of prostaglandins, which are taken up into the cell by OATP2A1 and then oxidatively inactivated by 15-ketoprostaglandin dehydrogenase (encoded by HPGD); indeed, OATP2A1-mediated uptake is the rate-limiting step of PGE2 catabolism. Consequently, since OATP2A1 activity is required for termination of prostaglandin signaling via prostanoid receptors, its inhibition can enhance such signaling. On the other hand, OATP2A1 can also function as an organic anion exchanger, mediating efflux of prostaglandins in exchange for import of anions such as lactate, and in this context, it plays a role in the release of newly synthesized prostaglandins from cells. These different functions likely operate in different compartments within the cell. OATP2A1 is reported to function at cytoplasmic vesicle/organelle membranes. As a regulator of the levels of physiologically active prostaglandins, OATP2A1 is implicated in diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes in many organs. Recently, whole exome analysis has revealed that recessive mutations in SLCO2A1 cause refractory diseases in humans, including primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) and chronic non-specific ulcers in small intestine (CNSU). Here, we review and summarize recent information on the molecular functions of OATP2A1 and on its physiological and pathological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Nakanishi
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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24
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Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2α Promotes Pulmonary Inflammation and Systemic Disease during Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00280-17. [PMID: 28808157 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00280-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae is characterized by a robust alveolar infiltration of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear cells [PMNs]) that can promote systemic spread of the infection if not resolved. We previously showed that 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX), which is required to generate the PMN chemoattractant hepoxilin A3 (HXA3) from arachidonic acid (AA), promotes acute pulmonary inflammation and systemic infection after lung challenge with S. pneumoniae As phospholipase A2 (PLA2) promotes the release of AA, we investigated the role of PLA2 in local and systemic disease during S. pneumoniae infection. The group IVA cytosolic isoform of PLA2 (cPLA2α) was activated upon S. pneumoniae infection of cultured lung epithelial cells and was critical for AA release from membrane phospholipids. Pharmacological inhibition of this enzyme blocked S. pneumoniae-induced PMN transepithelial migration in vitro Genetic ablation of the cPLA2 isoform cPLA2α dramatically reduced lung inflammation in mice upon high-dose pulmonary challenge with S. pneumoniae The cPLA2α-deficient mice also suffered no bacteremia and survived a pulmonary challenge that was lethal to wild-type mice. Our data suggest that cPLA2α plays a crucial role in eliciting pulmonary inflammation during pneumococcal infection and is required for lethal systemic infection following S. pneumoniae lung challenge.
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25
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Estevez B, Du X. New Concepts and Mechanisms of Platelet Activation Signaling. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:162-177. [PMID: 28228483 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00020.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon blood vessel injury, platelets are exposed to adhesive proteins in the vascular wall and soluble agonists, which initiate platelet activation, leading to formation of hemostatic thrombi. Pathological activation of platelets can induce occlusive thrombosis, resulting in ischemic events such as heart attack and stroke, which are leading causes of death globally. Platelet activation requires intracellular signal transduction initiated by platelet receptors for adhesion proteins and soluble agonists. Whereas many platelet activation signaling pathways have been established for many years, significant recent progress reveals much more complex and sophisticated signaling and amplification networks. With the discovery of new receptor signaling pathways and regulatory networks, some of the long-standing concepts of platelet signaling have been challenged. This review provides an overview of the new developments and concepts in platelet activation signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Estevez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaoping Du
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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26
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Caligiuri SPB, Parikh M, Stamenkovic A, Pierce GN, Aukema HM. Dietary modulation of oxylipins in cardiovascular disease and aging. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H903-H918. [PMID: 28801523 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00201.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are a group of fatty acid metabolites generated via oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and are involved in processes such as inflammation, immunity, pain, vascular tone, and coagulation. As a result, oxylipins have been implicated in many conditions characterized by these processes, including cardiovascular disease and aging. The best characterized oxylipins in relation to cardiovascular disease are derived from the ω-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid. These oxylipins generally increase inflammation, hypertension, and platelet aggregation, although not universally. Similarly, oxylipins derived from the ω-6 fatty acid linoleic acid generally have more adverse than beneficial cardiovascular effects. Alternatively, most oxylipins derived from 20- and 22-carbon ω-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory, antiaggregatory, and vasodilatory effects that help explain the cardioprotective effects of these fatty acids. Much less is known regarding the oxylipins derived from the 18-carbon ω-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid, but clinical trials with flaxseed supplementation have indicated that these oxylipins can have positive effects on blood pressure. Normal aging also is associated with changes in oxylipin levels in the brain, vasculature, and other tissues, indicating that oxylipin changes with aging may be involved in age-related changes in these tissues. A small number of trials in humans and animals with interventions that contain either 18-carbon or 20- and 22-carbon ω-3 fatty acids have indicated that dietary-induced changes in oxylipins may be beneficial in slowing the changes associated with normal aging. In summary, oxylipins are an important group of molecules amenable to dietary manipulation to target cardiovascular disease and age-related degeneration.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Oxylipins are an important group of fatty acid metabolites amenable to dietary manipulation. Because of the role they play in cardiovascular disease and in age-related degeneration, oxylipins are gaining recognition as viable targets for specific dietary interventions focused on manipulating oxylipin composition to control these biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie P B Caligiuri
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mihir Parikh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Stamenkovic
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Grant N Pierce
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; and .,Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, Albrechtsen Research Centre, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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27
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Mao G, Songdej N, Voora D, Goldfinger LE, Del Carpio-Cano FE, Myers RA, Rao AK. Transcription Factor RUNX1 Regulates Platelet PCTP (Phosphatidylcholine Transfer Protein): Implications for Cardiovascular Events: Differential Effects of RUNX1 Variants. Circulation 2017; 136:927-939. [PMID: 28676520 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.023711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PCTP (phosphatidylcholine transfer protein) regulates the intermembrane transfer of phosphatidylcholine. Higher platelet PCTP expression is associated with increased platelet responses on activation of protease-activated receptor 4 thrombin receptors noted in black subjects compared with white subjects. Little is known about the regulation of platelet PCTP. Haplodeficiency of RUNX1, a major hematopoietic transcription factor, is associated with thrombocytopenia and impaired platelet responses on activation. Platelet expression profiling of a patient with a RUNX1 loss-of-function mutation revealed a 10-fold downregulation of the PCTP gene compared with healthy controls. METHODS We pursued the hypothesis that PCTP is regulated by RUNX1 and that PCTP expression is correlated with cardiovascular events. We studied RUNX1 binding to the PCTP promoter using DNA-protein binding studies and human erythroleukemia cells and promoter activity using luciferase reporter studies. We assessed the relationship between RUNX1 and PCTP in peripheral blood RNA and PCTP and death or myocardial infarction in 2 separate patient cohorts (587 total patients) with cardiovascular disease. RESULTS Platelet PCTP protein in the patient was reduced by ≈50%. DNA-protein binding studies showed RUNX1 binding to consensus sites in ≈1 kB of PCTP promoter. PCTP expression was increased with RUNX1 overexpression and reduced with RUNX1 knockdown in human erythroleukemia cells, indicating that PCTP is regulated by RUNX1. Studies in 2 cohorts of patients showed that RUNX1 expression in blood correlated with PCTP gene expression; PCTP expression was higher in black compared with white subjects and was associated with future death/myocardial infarction after adjustment for age, sex, and race (odds ratio, 2.05; 95% confidence interval 1.6-2.7; P<0.0001). RUNX1 expression is known to initiate at 2 alternative promoters, a distal P1 and a proximal P2 promoter. In patient cohorts, there were differential effects of RUNX1 isoforms on PCTP expression with a negative correlation in blood between RUNX1 expressed from the P1 promoter and PCTP expression. CONCLUSIONS PCTP is a direct transcriptional target of RUNX1. PCTP expression is associated with death/myocardial infarction in patients with cardiovascular disease. RUNX1 regulation of PCTP may play a role in the pathogenesis of platelet-mediated cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfen Mao
- From Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (G.M., N.S., F.E.D.C.-C., L.E.G., A.K.R.), Hematology Section, Department of Medicine (N.S., A.K.R.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.E.G.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (D.V., R.A.M.)
| | - Natthapol Songdej
- From Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (G.M., N.S., F.E.D.C.-C., L.E.G., A.K.R.), Hematology Section, Department of Medicine (N.S., A.K.R.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.E.G.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (D.V., R.A.M.)
| | - Deepak Voora
- From Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (G.M., N.S., F.E.D.C.-C., L.E.G., A.K.R.), Hematology Section, Department of Medicine (N.S., A.K.R.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.E.G.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (D.V., R.A.M.)
| | - Lawrence E Goldfinger
- From Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (G.M., N.S., F.E.D.C.-C., L.E.G., A.K.R.), Hematology Section, Department of Medicine (N.S., A.K.R.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.E.G.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (D.V., R.A.M.)
| | - Fabiola E Del Carpio-Cano
- From Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (G.M., N.S., F.E.D.C.-C., L.E.G., A.K.R.), Hematology Section, Department of Medicine (N.S., A.K.R.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.E.G.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (D.V., R.A.M.)
| | - Rachel A Myers
- From Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (G.M., N.S., F.E.D.C.-C., L.E.G., A.K.R.), Hematology Section, Department of Medicine (N.S., A.K.R.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.E.G.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (D.V., R.A.M.)
| | - A Koneti Rao
- From Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (G.M., N.S., F.E.D.C.-C., L.E.G., A.K.R.), Hematology Section, Department of Medicine (N.S., A.K.R.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.E.G.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (D.V., R.A.M.).
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MURAKAMI M. Lipoquality control by phospholipase A 2 enzymes. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:677-702. [PMID: 29129849 PMCID: PMC5743847 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family comprises a group of lipolytic enzymes that typically hydrolyze the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to give rise to fatty acids and lysophospholipids. The mammalian genome encodes more than 50 PLA2s or related enzymes, which are classified into several subfamilies on the basis of their structures and functions. From a general viewpoint, the PLA2 family has mainly been implicated in signal transduction, producing bioactive lipid mediators derived from fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Recent evidence indicates that PLA2s also contribute to phospholipid remodeling for membrane homeostasis or energy production for fatty acid β-oxidation. Accordingly, PLA2 enzymes can be regarded as one of the key regulators of the quality of lipids, which I herein refer to as lipoquality. Disturbance of PLA2-regulated lipoquality hampers tissue and cellular homeostasis and can be linked to various diseases. Here I overview the current state of understanding of the classification, enzymatic properties, and physiological functions of the PLA2 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto MURAKAMI
- Laboratory of Environmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: M. Murakami, Laboratory of Environmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan (e-mail: )
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Boutaud O, Sosa IR, Amin T, Oram D, Adler D, Hwang HS, Crews BC, Milne G, Harris BK, Hoeksema M, Knollmann BC, Lammers PE, Marnett LJ, Massion PP, Oates JA. Inhibition of the Biosynthesis of Prostaglandin E2 By Low-Dose Aspirin: Implications for Adenocarcinoma Metastasis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:855-865. [PMID: 27554763 PMCID: PMC5093073 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analyses have demonstrated that low-dose aspirin reduces the risk of developing adenocarcinoma metastasis, and when colon cancer is detected during aspirin treatment, there is a remarkable 83% reduction in risk of metastasis. As platelets participate in the metastatic process, the antiplatelet action of low-dose aspirin likely contributes to its antimetastatic effect. Cycloxooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) also contributes to metastasis, and we addressed the hypothesis that low-dose aspirin also inhibits PGE2 biosynthesis. We show that low-dose aspirin inhibits systemic PGE2 biosynthesis by 45% in healthy volunteers (P < 0.0001). Aspirin is found to be more potent in colon adenocarcinoma cells than in the platelet, and in lung adenocarcinoma cells, its inhibition is equivalent to that in the platelet. Inhibition of COX by aspirin in colon cancer cells is in the context of the metastasis of colon cancer primarily to the liver, the organ exposed to the same high concentrations of aspirin as the platelet. We find that the interaction of activated platelets with lung adenocarcinoma cells upregulates COX-2 expression and PGE2 biosynthesis, and inhibition of platelet COX-1 by aspirin inhibits PGE2 production by the platelet-tumor cell aggregates. In conclusion, low-dose aspirin has a significant effect on extraplatelet cyclooxygenase and potently inhibits COX-2 in lung and colon adenocarcinoma cells. This supports a hypothesis that the remarkable prevention of metastasis from adenocarcinomas, and particularly from colon adenocarcinomas, by low-dose aspirin results from its effect on platelet COX-1 combined with inhibition of PGE2 biosynthesis in metastasizing tumor cells. Cancer Prev Res; 9(11); 855-65. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boutaud
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - I. Romina Sosa
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Taneem Amin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Denise Oram
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - David Adler
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Hyun S. Hwang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Brenda C. Crews
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Ginger Milne
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Bradford K. Harris
- Department of Cancer Biology, the Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Megan Hoeksema
- Department of Cancer Biology, the Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Bjorn C. Knollmann
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Philip E. Lammers
- Department of Cancer Biology, the Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602,Department of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Pierre P. Massion
- Department of Cancer Biology, the Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - John A. Oates
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
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30
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Jayaraja S, Dakhama A, Yun B, Ghosh M, Lee H, Redente EF, Uhlson CL, Murphy RC, Leslie CC. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 contributes to innate immune defense against Candida albicans lung infection. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:27. [PMID: 27501951 PMCID: PMC4977843 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lung is exposed to airborne fungal spores, and fungi that colonize the oral cavity such as Candida albicans, but does not develop disease to opportunistic fungal pathogens unless the immune system is compromised. The Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α) is activated in response to Candida albicans infection resulting in the release of arachidonic acid for eicosanoid production. Although eicosanoids such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes modulate inflammation and immune responses, the role of cPLA2α and eicosanoids in regulating C. albicans lung infection is not understood. METHODS The responses of cPLA2α(+/+) and cPLA2α(-/-) Balb/c mice to intratracheal instillation of C. albicans were compared. After challenge, we evaluated weight loss, organ fungal burden, and the recruitment of cells and the levels of cytokines and eicosanoids in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The ability of macrophages and neutrophils from cPLA2α(+/+) and cPLA2α(-/-) mice to recognize and kill C. albicans was also compared. RESULTS After C. albicans instillation, cPLA2α(+/+) mice recovered a modest weight loss by 48 h and completely cleared fungi from the lung by 12 h with no dissemination to the kidneys. In cPLA2α(-/-) mice, weight loss continued for 72 h, C. albicans was not completely cleared from the lung and disseminated to the kidneys. cPLA2α(-/-) mice exhibited greater signs of inflammation including higher neutrophil influx, and elevated levels of albumin and pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (IL1α, IL1β, TNFα, IL6, CSF2, CXCL1, CCL20) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The amounts of cysteinyl leukotrienes, thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2 were significantly lower in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from C. albicans-infected cPLA2α(-/-) mice compared to cPLA2α(+/+) mice. Alveolar macrophages and neutrophils from uninfected cPLA2α(-/-) mice exhibited less killing of C. albicans in vitro than cells from cPLA2α(+/+) mice. In addition alveolar macrophages from cPLA2α(-/-) mice isolated 6 h after instillation of GFP-C. albicans contained fewer internalized fungi than cPLA2α(+/+) macrophages. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that cPLA2α contributes to immune surveillance and host defense in the lung to prevent infection by the commensal fungus C. albicans and to dampen inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarirajan Jayaraja
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, Colorado, 80206, USA
| | - Azzeddine Dakhama
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, Colorado, 80206, USA
| | - Bogeon Yun
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, Colorado, 80206, USA
| | - Moumita Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, Colorado, 80206, USA
| | - HeeJung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, Colorado, 80206, USA
| | - Elizabeth F Redente
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, Colorado, 80206, USA
| | - Charis L Uhlson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christina C Leslie
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, Colorado, 80206, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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31
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Inherited platelet disorders: toward DNA-based diagnosis. Blood 2016; 127:2814-23. [PMID: 27095789 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-378588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in platelet number, volume, and function are largely genetically controlled, and many loci associated with platelet traits have been identified by genome-wide association studies (GWASs).(1) The genome also contains a large number of rare variants, of which a tiny fraction underlies the inherited diseases of humans. Research over the last 3 decades has led to the discovery of 51 genes harboring variants responsible for inherited platelet disorders (IPDs). However, the majority of patients with an IPD still do not receive a molecular diagnosis. Alongside the scientific interest, molecular or genetic diagnosis is important for patients. There is increasing recognition that a number of IPDs are associated with severe pathologies, including an increased risk of malignancy, and a definitive diagnosis can inform prognosis and care. In this review, we give an overview of these disorders grouped according to their effect on platelet biology and their clinical characteristics. We also discuss the challenge of identifying candidate genes and causal variants therein, how IPDs have been historically diagnosed, and how this is changing with the introduction of high-throughput sequencing. Finally, we describe how integration of large genomic, epigenomic, and phenotypic datasets, including whole genome sequencing data, GWASs, epigenomic profiling, protein-protein interaction networks, and standardized clinical phenotype coding, will drive the discovery of novel mechanisms of disease in the near future to improve patient diagnosis and management.
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32
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Umeno J, Hisamatsu T, Esaki M, Hirano A, Kubokura N, Asano K, Kochi S, Yanai S, Fuyuno Y, Shimamura K, Hosoe N, Ogata H, Watanabe T, Aoyagi K, Ooi H, Watanabe K, Yasukawa S, Hirai F, Matsui T, Iida M, Yao T, Hibi T, Kosaki K, Kanai T, Kitazono T, Matsumoto T. A Hereditary Enteropathy Caused by Mutations in the SLCO2A1 Gene, Encoding a Prostaglandin Transporter. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005581. [PMID: 26539716 PMCID: PMC4634957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we proposed a rare autosomal recessive inherited enteropathy characterized by persistent blood and protein loss from the small intestine as chronic nonspecific multiple ulcers of the small intestine (CNSU). By whole-exome sequencing in five Japanese patients with CNSU and one unaffected individual, we found four candidate mutations in the SLCO2A1 gene, encoding a prostaglandin transporter. The pathogenicity of the mutations was supported by segregation analysis and genotyping data in controls. By Sanger sequencing of the coding regions, 11 of 12 other CNSU patients and 2 of 603 patients with a diagnosis of Crohn’s disease were found to have homozygous or compound heterozygous SLCO2A1 mutations. In total, we identified recessive SLCO2A1 mutations located at seven sites. Using RT-PCR, we demonstrated that the identified splice-site mutations altered the RNA splicing, and introduced a premature stop codon. Tracer prostaglandin E2 uptake analysis showed that the mutant SLCO2A1 protein for each mutation exhibited impaired prostaglandin transport. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that SLCO2A1 protein was expressed on the cellular membrane of vascular endothelial cells in the small intestinal mucosa in control subjects, but was not detected in affected individuals. These findings indicate that loss-of-function mutations in the SLCO2A1 gene encoding a prostaglandin transporter cause the hereditary enteropathy CNSU. We suggest a more appropriate nomenclature of “chronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1 gene” (CEAS). Advanced diagnostic innovations such as capsule endoscopy and balloon endoscopy have provided better understanding of endoscopic findings of small bowel diseases. However, it remains difficult to diagnose small intestinal diseases such as Crohn’s disease, intestinal tuberculosis, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy by the endoscopic findings alone. We previously reported a rare autosomal recessive inherited enteropathy characterized by persistent blood and protein loss from the small intestine. This enteropathy has an intractable clinical course with ineffectiveness of immunosuppressive treatment. In this study, we identified recessive mutations in the SLCO2A1 gene, encoding a prostaglandin transporter, as causative variants of this disorder by exome sequencing of four families, and showed that this disease is distinct from Crohn’s disease. We also showed that the mutations found in the patients caused functional impairment of prostaglandin E2 uptake within cells. The present findings suggest that genetic analysis together with detailed clinical information is invaluable for diagnosis of the disease, and that there may be a concept of enteropathy referred to as “prostaglandin-associated enteropathy”, irrespective of ethnic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Umeno
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tadakazu Hisamatsu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (TH); (TM)
| | - Motohiro Esaki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirano
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoya Kubokura
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kouichi Asano
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shuji Kochi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Shunichi Yanai
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuta Fuyuno
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Shimamura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosoe
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Ogata
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Aoyagi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Ooi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Imamura Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Yasukawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Fumihito Hirai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Iida
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Kyushu Central Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tsuneyoshi Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
- Sada Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Hibi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
- * E-mail: (TH); (TM)
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Gabbs M, Leng S, Devassy JG, Monirujjaman M, Aukema HM. Advances in Our Understanding of Oxylipins Derived from Dietary PUFAs. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:513-40. [PMID: 26374175 PMCID: PMC4561827 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins formed from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the main mediators of PUFA effects in the body. They are formed via cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and cytochrome P450 pathways, resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, mono-, di-, and tri-hydroxy fatty acids (FAs), epoxy FAs, lipoxins, eoxins, hepoxilins, resolvins, protectins (also called neuroprotectins in the brain), and maresins. In addition to the well-known eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid, recent developments in lipidomic methodologies have raised awareness of and interest in the large number of oxylipins formed from other PUFAs, including those from the essential FAs and the longer-chain n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs. Oxylipins have essential roles in normal physiology and function, but can also have detrimental effects. Compared with the oxylipins derived from n-3 PUFAs, oxylipins from n-6 PUFAs generally have greater activity and more inflammatory, vasoconstrictory, and proliferative effects, although there are notable exceptions. Because PUFA composition does not necessarily reflect oxylipin composition, comprehensive analysis of the oxylipin profile is necessary to understand the overall physiologic effects of PUFAs mediated through their oxylipins. These analyses should include oxylipins derived from linoleic and α-linolenic acids, because these largely unexplored bioactive oxylipins constitute more than one-half of oxylipins present in tissues. Because collated information on oxylipins formed from different PUFAs is currently unavailable, this review provides a detailed compilation of the main oxylipins formed from PUFAs and describes their functions. Much remains to be elucidated in this emerging field, including the discovery of more oxylipins, and the understanding of the differing biological potencies, kinetics, and isomer-specific activities of these novel PUFA metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Harold M Aukema
- Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; and Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
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34
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Duvernay MT, Matafonov A, Lindsley CW, Hamm HE. Platelet Lipidomic Profiling: Novel Insight into Cytosolic Phospholipase A2α Activity and Its Role in Human Platelet Activation. Biochemistry 2015; 54:5578-88. [PMID: 26295742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With a newer, more selective and efficacious cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) inhibitor available, we revisited the role of cPLA2α activity in platelet activation and discovered that a component of platelet signaling, even larger than previously appreciated, relies on this enzyme. In a whole blood shear-based flow chamber assay, giripladib, a cPLA2α inhibitor, reduced platelet adhesion and accumulation on collagen. Moreover, giripladib differentially affected P-selectin expression and GPIIbIIIa activation depending on the agonist employed. While protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1)-mediated platelet activation was unaffected by giripladib, the levels of PAR4- and GPVI-mediated platelet activation were significantly reduced. Meanwhile, the thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist SQ29548 had no effect on PAR-, GPVI-, or puriniergic receptor-mediated platelet activation, suggesting that another eicosanoid produced downstream of arachidonic acid liberation by cPLA2α was responsible for this large component of PAR4- and GPVI-mediated platelet activation. In parallel, we profiled PAR-mediated changes in glycerophospholipid (GPL) mass with and without giripladib to better understand cPLA2α-mediated lipid metabolism. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) demonstrated the largest consumption of mass during thrombin stimulation. Additionally, we confirm phosphatidylinositol as a major substrate of cPLA2α. A comparison of PAR1- and PAR4-induced metabolism revealed the consumption of more putative arachidonyl-PE species downstream of PAR1 activation. Instead of enhanced cPLA2α activity and therefore more arachidonic acid liberation downstream of PAR4, these results indicate the major role that cPLA2α activity plays in platelet function and suggest that a novel eicosanoid is produced in response to platelet activation that represents a large component of PAR4- and GPVI-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Duvernay
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Anton Matafonov
- Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Heidi E Hamm
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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35
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Kirkby NS, Reed DM, Edin ML, Rauzi F, Mataragka S, Vojnovic I, Bishop-Bailey D, Milne GL, Longhurst H, Zeldin DC, Mitchell JA, Warner TD. Inherited human group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 deficiency abolishes platelet, endothelial, and leucocyte eicosanoid generation. FASEB J 2015; 29:4568-78. [PMID: 26183771 PMCID: PMC4608906 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-275065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are important vascular regulators, but the phospholipase A2
(PLA2) isoforms supporting their production within the cardiovascular
system are not fully understood. To address this, we have studied platelets,
endothelial cells, and leukocytes from 2 siblings with a homozygous loss-of-function
mutation in group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2
(cPLA2α). Chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to determine
levels of a broad range of eicosanoids produced by isolated vascular cells, and in
plasma and urine. Eicosanoid release data were paired with studies of cellular
function. Absence of cPLA2α almost abolished eicosanoid synthesis
in platelets (e.g., thromboxane A2, control 20.5 ±
1.4 ng/ml vs. patient 0.1 ng/ml) and leukocytes
[e.g., prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), control
21.9 ± 7.4 ng/ml vs. patient 1.9 ng/ml], and this was
associated with impaired platelet activation and enhanced inflammatory responses.
cPLA2α-deficient endothelial cells showed reduced, but not
absent, formation of prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin; control 956 ±
422 pg/ml vs. patient 196 pg/ml) and were primed for inflammation.
In the urine, prostaglandin metabolites were selectively influenced by
cPLA2α deficiency. For example, prostacyclin metabolites were
strongly reduced (18.4% of control) in patients lacking cPLA2α,
whereas PGE2 metabolites (77.8% of control) were similar to healthy
volunteer levels. These studies constitute a definitive account, demonstrating the
fundamental role of cPLA2α to eicosanoid formation and cellular
responses within the human circulation.—Kirkby, N. S., Reed, D. M., Edin, M.
L., Rauzi, F., Mataragka, S., Vojnovic, I., Bishop-Bailey, D., Milne, G. L.,
Longhurst, H., Zeldin, D. C., Mitchell, J. A., Warner, T. D. Inherited human group
IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 deficiency abolishes platelet, endothelial,
and leucocyte eicosanoid generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Kirkby
- *National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Immunology Department, Barts Health and the London National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M Reed
- *National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Immunology Department, Barts Health and the London National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew L Edin
- *National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Immunology Department, Barts Health and the London National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Rauzi
- *National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Immunology Department, Barts Health and the London National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Mataragka
- *National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Immunology Department, Barts Health and the London National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ivana Vojnovic
- *National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Immunology Department, Barts Health and the London National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Bishop-Bailey
- *National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Immunology Department, Barts Health and the London National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ginger L Milne
- *National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Immunology Department, Barts Health and the London National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary Longhurst
- *National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Immunology Department, Barts Health and the London National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- *National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Immunology Department, Barts Health and the London National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A Mitchell
- *National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Immunology Department, Barts Health and the London National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D Warner
- *National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Immunology Department, Barts Health and the London National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Leslie CC. Cytosolic phospholipase A₂: physiological function and role in disease. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1386-402. [PMID: 25838312 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r057588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The group IV phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family is comprised of six intracellular enzymes (GIVA, -B, -C, -D, -E, and -F) commonly referred to as cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2)α, -β, -γ, -δ, -ε, and -ζ. They contain a Ser-Asp catalytic dyad and all except cPLA2γ have a C2 domain, but differences in their catalytic activities and subcellular localization suggest unique regulation and function. With the exception of cPLA2α, the focus of this review, little is known about the in vivo function of group IV enzymes. cPLA2α catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids to arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids that are precursors of numerous bioactive lipids. The regulation of cPLA2α is complex, involving transcriptional and posttranslational processes, particularly increases in calcium and phosphorylation. cPLA2α is a highly conserved widely expressed enzyme that promotes lipid mediator production in human and rodent cells from a variety of tissues. The diverse bioactive lipids produced as a result of cPLA2α activation regulate normal physiological processes and disease pathogenesis in many organ systems, as shown using cPLA2α KO mice. However, humans recently identified with cPLA2α deficiency exhibit more pronounced effects on health than observed in mice lacking cPLA2α, indicating that much remains to be learned about this interesting enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Leslie
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; and Departments of Pathology and Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
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Esaki M, Umeno J, Kitazono T, Matsumoto T. Clinicopathologic features of chronic nonspecific multiple ulcers of the small intestine. Clin J Gastroenterol 2015; 8:57-62. [PMID: 25788296 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-015-0559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic nonspecific multiple ulcers of the small intestine is a rare but distinct clinical condition, characterized by multiple small intestinal ulcers of nonspecific histology and chronic, persistent gastrointestinal bleeding without nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. However, because of the term "nonspecific" in its nomenclature, some gastroenterologists have misinterpreted the disease as the condition with small intestinal ulcers caused by undetermined etiologies without considering clinical features. Such misinterpretation has led to the heterogeneity of clinicopathologic features of the disease, as well as to ambiguity regarding a possible genetic contribution. It thus seems necessary to recognize the clinical entity of the disease precisely to avoid misinterpretation. In this review, we describe the clinicopathologic features, differential diagnosis, and the possibility of a genetic contribution to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Esaki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan,
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Schreiber R, Zechner R. Lipolysis meets inflammation: arachidonic acid mobilization from fat. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2447-9. [PMID: 25332433 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.c055673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Austria
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O'Donnell VB, Murphy RC, Watson SP. Platelet lipidomics: modern day perspective on lipid discovery and characterization in platelets. Circ Res 2014; 114:1185-203. [PMID: 24677238 PMCID: PMC4021279 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.301597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are diverse families of biomolecules that perform essential structural and signaling roles in platelets. Their formation and metabolism are tightly controlled by enzymes and signal transduction pathways, and their dysregulation leads to significant defects in platelet function and disease. Platelet activation is associated with significant changes to membrane lipids, and formation of diverse bioactive lipids plays essential roles in hemostasis. In recent years, new generation mass spectrometry analysis of lipids (termed lipidomics) has begun to alter our understanding of how these molecules participate in key cellular processes. Although the application of lipidomics to platelet biology is still in its infancy, seminal earlier studies have shaped our knowledge of how lipids regulate key aspects of platelet biology, including aggregation, shape change, coagulation, and degranulation, as well as how lipids generated by platelets influence other cells, such as leukocytes and the vascular wall, and thus how they regulate hemostasis, vascular integrity, and inflammation, as well as contribute to pathologies, including arterial/deep vein thrombosis and atherosclerosis. This review will provide a brief historical perspective on the characterization of lipids in platelets, then an overview of the new generation lipidomic approaches, their recent application to platelet biology, and future perspectives for research in this area. The major platelet-regulatory lipid families, their formation, metabolism, and their role in health and disease, will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B O'Donnell
- From the Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (V.B.O'D.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora (R.C.M.); and Birmingham Platelet Group, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom (S.P.W.)
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Tourdot BE, Ahmed I, Holinstat M. The emerging role of oxylipins in thrombosis and diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2014; 4:176. [PMID: 24432004 PMCID: PMC3882718 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death in the US, is predicted to increase due to the shift in age of the general population and increase in CVD risk factors such as obesity and diabetes. New therapies are required to decrease the prevalence of CVD risk factors (obesity and diabetes) as well as reduce atherothrombosis, the major cause of CVD related mortality. Oxylipins, bioactive metabolites derived from the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, play a role in the progression of CVD risk factors and thrombosis. Aspirin, a cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor, decreases atherothrombotic associated mortality by 25%. These potent effects of aspirin have shown the utility of modulating oxylipin signaling pathways to decrease CVD mortality. The role of many oxylipins in the progression of CVD, however, is still uncertain or controversial. An increased understanding of the role oxylipins play in CVD risk factors and thrombosis could lead to new therapies to decrease the prevalence of CVD and its associated mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Tourdot
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Intekhab Ahmed
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Michael Holinstat
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA, USA
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Bain G, King CD, Schaab K, Rewolinski M, Norris V, Ambery C, Bentley J, Yamada M, Santini AM, van de Wetering de Rooij J, Stock N, Zunic J, Hutchinson JH, Evans JF. Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety of GSK2190915, a novel oral anti-inflammatory 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitor. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:779-90. [PMID: 22803688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of the 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitor, GSK2190915, after oral dosing in two independent phase I studies, one in Western European and one in Japanese subjects, utilizing different formulations. METHOD Western European subjects received single (50-1000 mg) or multiple (10-450 mg) oral doses of GSK2190915 or placebo in a dose-escalating manner. Japanese subjects received three of four GSK2190915 doses (10-200 mg) plus placebo once in a four period crossover design. Blood samples were collected for GSK2190915 concentrations and blood and urine were collected to measure leukotriene B₄ and leukotriene E₄, respectively, as pharmacodynamic markers of drug activity. RESULTS There was no clear difference in adverse events between placebo and active drug-treated subjects in either study. Maximum plasma concentrations of GSK2190915 and area under the curve increased in a dose-related manner and mean half-life values ranged from 16-34 h. Dose-dependent inhibition of blood leukotriene B₄ production was observed and near complete inhibition of urinary leukotriene E₄ excretion was shown at all doses except the lowest dose. The EC₅₀ values for inhibition of LTB₄ were 85 nM and 89 nM in the Western European and Japanese studies, respectively. CONCLUSION GSK2190915 is well-tolerated with pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in Western European and Japanese subjects that support once daily dosing for 24 h inhibition of leukotrienes. Doses of ≥50 mg show near complete inhibition of urinary leukotriene E₄ at 24 h post-dose, whereas doses of ≥150 mg are required for 24 h inhibition of blood LTB₄.
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Pniewska E, Pawliczak R. The involvement of phospholipases A2 in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:793505. [PMID: 24089590 PMCID: PMC3780701 DOI: 10.1155/2013/793505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased morbidity, mortality, and ineffective treatment associated with the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have generated much research interest. The key role is played by phospholipases from the A2 superfamily: enzymes which are involved in inflammation through participation in pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators production and have an impact on many immunocompetent cells. The 30 members of the A2 superfamily are divided into 7 groups. Their role in asthma and COPD has been studied in vitro and in vivo (animal models, cell cultures, and patients). This paper contains complete and updated information about the involvement of particular enzymes in the etiology and course of asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pniewska
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, 7/9 Zeligowskiego Street, Building 2, Room 122, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, 7/9 Zeligowskiego Street, Building 2, Room 122, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
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Navab M, Reddy ST, Van Lenten BJ, Buga GM, Hough G, Wagner AC, Fogelman AM. High-density lipoprotein and 4F peptide reduce systemic inflammation by modulating intestinal oxidized lipid metabolism: novel hypotheses and review of literature. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2553-60. [PMID: 23077141 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids are found in the vasculature of animal models of atherosclerosis, in human atherosclerotic lesions, and in other inflammatory diseases. Oxidized phospholipids cause vascular and nonvascular cells to initiate an inflammatory reaction. Metabolites of arachidonic acid, such as 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, can mimic some of the inflammatory properties of oxidized phospholipids. In vitro and in vivo normal high-density lipoprotein (HDL), normal apolipoprotein A-I, and apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptides, each likely acting in a different manner, prevent the inflammatory reaction characteristic of atherosclerosis, and this is associated with decreased levels of oxidized lipids in tissues and cells. HDL from animal models of atherosclerosis or from humans with atherosclerosis or from humans or animals with other chronic inflammatory diseases does not prevent the inflammatory reaction characteristic of atherosclerosis and may even enhance the inflammatory reaction. In mice and perhaps humans, ≈30% of the steady-state plasma HDL-cholesterol pool is derived from the small intestine. The metabolism of phospholipids by gut bacteria has been recently implicated in atherosclerosis in both mice and humans. Studies with apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptides suggest that the small intestine is a major tissue regulating systemic inflammation in mouse models of atherosclerosis and may be important for determining the functionality of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Navab
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Room A2-237 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA.
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Analysis of candidate colitis genes in the Gdac1 locus of mice deficient in glutathione peroxidase-1 and -2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44262. [PMID: 22970191 PMCID: PMC3435402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mice that are deficient for glutathione peroxidases 1 and 2 (GPX) show large variations in the penetrance and severity of colitis in C57BL/6J and 129S1/SvImJ backgrounds. We mapped a locus contributing to this difference to distal chromosome 2 (∼119–133 mbp) and named it glutathione peroxidase-deficiency-associated colitis 1 (Gdac1). The aim of this study was to identify the best gene candidates within the Gdac1 locus contributing to the murine colitis phenotype. Method/Principal Findings We refined the boundaries of Gdac1 to 118–125 mbp (95% confidence interval) by increasing sample size and marker density across the interval. The narrowed region contains 128 well-annotated protein coding genes but it excludes Fermt1, a human inflammatory bowel disease candidate that was within the original boundaries of Gdac1. The locus we identified may be the Cdcs3 locus mapped by others studying IL10-knockout mice. Using in silico analysis of the 128 genes, based on published colon expression data, the relevance of pathways to colitis, gene mutations, presence of non-synonymous-single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) and whether the nsSNPs are predicted to have an impact on protein function or expression, we excluded 42 genes. Based on a similar analysis, twenty-five genes from the remaining 86 genes were analyzed for expression-quantitative-trait loci, and another 15 genes were excluded. Conclusion/Significance Among the remaining 10 genes, we identified Pla2g4f and Duox2 as the most likely colitis gene candidates, because GPX metabolizes PLA2G4F and DUOX2 products. Pla2g4f is a phospholipase A2 that has three potentially significant nsSNP variants and showed expression differences across mouse strains. PLA2G4F produces arachidonic acid, which is a substrate for lipoxygenases and, in turn, for GPXs. DUOX2 produces H2O2 and may control microbial populations. DUOX-1 and -2 control microbial populations in mammalian lung and in the gut of several insects and zebrafish. Dysbiosis is a phenotype that differentiates 129S1/SvImJ from C57BL/6J and may be due to strain differences in DUOX2 activity.
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Smith JP, Haddad EV, Taylor MB, Oram D, Blakemore D, Chen Q, Boutaud O, Oates JA. Suboptimal inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase-1 by aspirin in metabolic syndrome. Hypertension 2012; 59:719-25. [PMID: 22311905 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.181404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interindividual variation in the ability of aspirin to inhibit platelet cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) could account for some on-treatment cardiovascular events. Here, we sought to determine whether there are clinical phenotypes that are associated with a suboptimal pharmacological effect of aspirin. In a prospective, 2-week study, we evaluated the effect of aspirin (81 mg) on platelet COX-1 in 135 patients with stable coronary artery disease by measuring serum thromboxane B(2) (sTxB(2)) as an indicator of inhibition of platelet COX-1. A nested randomized study compared enteric-coated with immediate-release formulations of aspirin. We found that sTxB(2) was systematically higher among the 83 patients with metabolic syndrome than among the 52 patients without (median: 4.0 versus 3.02 ng/mL; P=0.013). Twelve patients (14%) with metabolic syndrome, but none without metabolic syndrome, had sTxB(2) levels consistent with inadequate inhibition of COX (sTxB(2) ≥13 ng/mL). In linear regression models, metabolic syndrome (but none of its individual components) significantly associated with higher levels of log-transformed sTxB(2) (P=0.006). Higher levels of sTxB(2) associated with greater residual platelet function measured by aggregometry-based methods. Among the randomized subset, sTxB(2) levels were systematically higher among patients receiving enteric-coated aspirin. Last, urinary 11-dehydro thromboxane B(2) did not correlate with sTxB(2), suggesting that the former should not be used to quantitate aspirin's pharmacological effect on platelets. In conclusion, metabolic syndrome, which places patients at high risk for thrombotic cardiovascular events, strongly and uniquely associates with less effective inhibition of platelet COX-1 by aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Smith
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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46
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Bechler ME, de Figueiredo P, Brown WJ. A PLA1-2 punch regulates the Golgi complex. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 22:116-24. [PMID: 22130221 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian Golgi complex, trans Golgi network (TGN) and ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) are comprised of membrane cisternae, coated vesicles and membrane tubules, all of which contribute to membrane trafficking and maintenance of their unique architectures. Recently, a new cast of players was discovered to regulate the Golgi and ERGIC: four unrelated cytoplasmic phospholipase A (PLA) enzymes, cPLA(2)α (GIVA cPLA(2)), PAFAH Ib (GVIII PLA(2)), iPLA(2)-β (GVIA-2 iPLA(2)) and iPLA(1)γ. These ubiquitously expressed enzymes regulate membrane trafficking from specific Golgi subcompartments, although there is evidence for some functional redundancy between PAFAH Ib and cPLA(2)α. Three of these enzymes, PAFAH Ib, cPLA(2)α and iPLA(2)-β, exert effects on Golgi structure and function by inducing the formation of membrane tubules. We review our current understanding of how PLA enzymes regulate Golgi and ERGIC morphology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Bechler
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Reed KA, Tucker DE, Aloulou A, Adler D, Ghomashchi F, Gelb MH, Leslie CC, Oates JA, Boutaud O. Functional characterization of mutations in inherited human cPLA₂ deficiency. Biochemistry 2011; 50:1731-8. [PMID: 21247147 DOI: 10.1021/bi101877n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)α) catalyzes the first step in the arachidonic acid cascade leading to the synthesis of important lipid mediators, the prostaglandins and leukotrienes. We previously described a patient deficient in cPLA(2)α activity, which was associated with mutations in both alleles encoding the enzyme. In this paper, we describe the biochemical characterization of each of these mutations. Using saturating concentrations of calcium, we showed that the R485H mutant was nearly devoid of any catalytic activity, that the S111P mutation did not affect the enzyme activity, and that the known K651R polymorphism was associated with activity slightly higher than that of the wild type. Using MDCK cells, we showed that translocation to the Golgi in response to serum activation was impaired for the S111P mutant but not for the other mutants. Using immortalized mouse lung fibroblasts lacking endogenous cPLA(2)α activity, we showed that both mutations S111P and R485H/K651R caused a profound defect in the enzyme catalytic activity in response to cell stimulation with serum. Taken together, our results show that the S111P mutation hampers calcium binding and membrane translocation without affecting the catalytic activity, and that the mutation R485H does not affect membrane translocation but blocks catalytic activity that leads to inactivation of the enzyme. Interestingly, our results show that the common K651R polymorphism confers slightly higher activity to the enzyme, suggesting a role of this residue in favoring a catalytically active conformation of cPLA(2)α. Our results define how the mutations negatively influence cPLA(2)α function and explain the inability of the proband to release arachidonic acid for eicosanoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Reed
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602, United States
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48
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Holinstat M, Boutaud O, Apopa PL, Vesci J, Bala M, Oates JA, Hamm HE. Protease-activated receptor signaling in platelets activates cytosolic phospholipase A2α differently for cyclooxygenase-1 and 12-lipoxygenase catalysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 31:435-42. [PMID: 21127289 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.219527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) by platelets is activation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2α) (cPLA(2α)), which releases arachidonic acid, which is the substrate for cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and 12-lipoxygenase. We evaluated signaling via the human platelet thrombin receptors, protease-activated receptor (PAR) 1 and PAR4, to the activation of cPLA(2α), which provides a substrate for the biosynthesis of TxA(2) and 12-HETE. METHODS AND RESULTS Stimulating washed human platelets resulted in delayed biosynthesis of 12-HETE, which continues after maximal formation of TxA(2) is completed, suggesting that 12-HETE is not formed by the same pool of arachidonic acid that provides a substrate to COX-1. PAR1-induced formation of TxA(2) was inhibited by the phosphatidylinositol kinase inhibitor LY294002, whereas this inhibitor did not block 12-HETE biosynthesis. Both 1-butanol and propranolol also blocked TxA(2) biosynthesis but did not inhibit 12-HETE formation. CONCLUSIONS The concerted evidence indicates that the platelet thrombin receptors signal activation of cPLA(2α) coupled to COX-1 by a pathway different from that signaling activation of the cPLA(2α) coupled to 12-lipoxygenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Holinstat
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Lipid based therapy for ulcerative colitis-modulation of intestinal mucus membrane phospholipids as a tool to influence inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:4149-64. [PMID: 21152327 PMCID: PMC2996791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11104149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is the result of an inappropriate colonic inflammatory response triggered by environmental and genetic factors. We have recently shown that mucus from UC patients has a decreased phosphatidylcholine (PC) content, while clinical trials revealed that therapeutic addition of PC to the colonic mucus alleviated the inflammatory activity. The mechanisms behind this are still unclear. We hypothesized that PC has at least two possible functions in the intestine: First, it establishes the surface hydrophobicity of the mucus and therefore protects the underlying tissue against intraluminal aggressors; recent experiments on surgical specimens revealed reduced surface tension and hydrophobicity in UC patients. Second, mucus phospholipids might also be integrated into the plasma membranes of enterocytes and thereby influence the signaling state of the mucosa. PC has been shown to inhibit TNF-α induced pro-inflammatory responses including: (1) assembly of plasma membrane actin; (2) activation of MAP kinases ERK and p38; and (3) activation of NF-κB and synthesis of pro-inflammatory gene products. Other phospholipids like phosphatidylethanolamine or sphingomyelin had no effect. PC also inhibited latex bead phagosome actin assembly, killing of M. tuberculosis in macrophages, and sphingosine-1-phosphate induced actin assembly in macrophages. Collectively, these results provide a molecular foundation that shows PC, firstly, as an anti-inflammatory, and secondly, as a surface hydrophobicity increasing compound with promising therapeutic potential in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Montrose DC, Kadaveru K, Ilsley JNM, Root SH, Rajan TV, Ramesh M, Nichols FC, Liang BT, Sonin D, Hand AR, Zarini S, Murphy RC, Belinsky GS, Nakanishi M, Rosenberg DW. cPLA2 is protective against COX inhibitor-induced intestinal damage. Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:122-32. [PMID: 20562220 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) is the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for the generation of prostaglandins (PGs), which are bioactive lipids that play critical roles in maintaining gastrointestinal (GI) homeostasis. There has been a long-standing association between administration of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors and GI toxicity. GI injury is thought to be induced by suppressed production of GI-protective PGs as well as direct injury to enterocytes. The present study sought to determine how pan-suppression of PG production via a genetic deletion of cPLA(2) impacts the susceptibility to COX inhibitor-induced GI injury. A panel of COX inhibitors including celecoxib, rofecoxib, sulindac, and aspirin were administered via diet to cPLA(2)(-/-) and cPLA(2)(+/+) littermates. Administration of celecoxib, rofecoxib, and sulindac, but not aspirin, resulted in acute lethality (within 2 weeks) in cPLA(2)(-/-) mice, but not in wild-type littermates. Histomorphological analysis revealed severe GI damage following celecoxib exposure associated with acute bacteremia and sepsis. Intestinal PG levels were reduced equivalently in both genotypes following celecoxib exposure, indicating that PG production was not likely responsible for the differential sensitivity. Gene expression profiling in the small intestines of mice identified drug-related changes among a panel of genes including those involved in mitochondrial function in cPLA(2)(-/-) mice. Further analysis of enterocytic mitochondria showed abnormal morphology as well as impaired ATP production in the intestines from celecoxib-exposed cPLA(2)(-/-) mice. Our data demonstrate that cPLA(2) appears to be an important component in conferring protection against COX inhibitor-induced enteropathy, which may be mediated through affects on enterocytic mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Montrose
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Colon Cancer Prevention Program, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA.
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